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			{{Short description\|Radical right-wing nationalist ideology}}
	{{hatnote\|This article is specifically about the National-Anarchist movement. See ] for general information about fusions of nationalist and anarchist ideas.}}
			{{about\|the radical right-wing nationalist ideology\|postcolonial anarchism\|Postcolonial anarchism\|the general discussion of anarchist and nationalist ideas\|Anarchism and nationalism}}
	{{Primarysources\|date=January 2009}}
			{{Page numbers needed\|date=February 2023}}
	</ref>]]
			{{nationalism sidebar}}
	'''National-Anarchism''' is a ] that developed in the 1990s out of an attempt by former ]ists to reconcile ] with ] and in some cases ] and/or ].<ref name="transcending">{{cite web
			{{neo-fascism}}
	\| last = Southgate
			]
	\| first = Troy
			'''National-anarchism''' is a ]<ref name="Griffin 2003">{{Harvnb\|Griffin\|2003}}.</ref><ref name=BlackSun>{{Harvnb\|Goodrick-Clarke\|2003}}.</ref><ref name="Sykes 2005">{{Harvnb\|Sykes\|2005}}.</ref><ref name="Macklin 2005">{{Harvnb\|Macklin\|2005}}.</ref> ] ideology which advocates ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref name="Sunshine 2008">{{Harvnb\|Sunshine\|2008}}.</ref><ref name="Sanchez 2009">{{Harvnb\|Sanchez\|2009}}.</ref> National-anarchists ] ] with ], mainly in their support for a ], while rejecting anarchist social philosophy.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> The main ideological innovation of national-anarchism is its anti-state ].<ref name="Griffin 2003"/> National-anarchists advocate ] ] in place of the ]. National-anarchists claim that those of different ] or ] groups would be free to develop ] in their own ]s while striving to be politically ], economically non-], ecologically ], and socially and culturally ].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>
	\| authorlink = Troy Southgate
	\| title = Transcending the Beyond: From Third Position to National-Anarchism
	\| work = Synthesis
	\| publisher = Circle de la Rose Noire
	\| date = January 2002
	\| url = http://www.rosenoire.org/articles/transcending.php
	\| accessdate = 2009-02-18}}</ref> It has intellectual roots in the writings of ] and the neo-] ],<ref name=nur21>Fyodorov, Miron (February 2006). "". ''New Right''.</ref> and includes ], ], ], ], and ] among its influences.<ref name=nur21/>

			Although the term ''national-anarchism'' dates back as far as the 1920s, the contemporary national-anarchist movement has been put forward since the late 1990s by British neo-Nazi ], who positions it as being "]".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Scholars who have studied national-anarchism conclude that it represents a further evolution in the thinking of the radical right rather than an entirely new dimension on the political spectrum.<ref name="Griffin 2003"/><ref name=BlackSun/><ref name="Sykes 2005"/> National-anarchism is considered by other anarchists{{Whom?\|date=February 2024}} as being a rebranding of ] and an ].
	The term was coined simultaneously by ] (England), Peter Töpfer (Germany) and Hans Cany (France), and was used by the now defunct ''National Revolutionary Faction'' to describe its ideology.<ref name=NAI>Unattr. "". ''Nationalanarchismus''.</ref>

			National-anarchism has elicited skepticism and outright hostility from both ] and ] critics.<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Critics accuse national-anarchists of being ethnonationalists who promote a ] and ] form of ethnic and racial separatism while "wanting" the ] of calling themselves ''anarchists'' without historical and philosophical baggage that would be said to have to accompany such a claim, including the ] ] anarchist philosophy and the contributions of ].<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Most scholars agree that implementing national-anarchism would not result in an expansion of freedom and describe it as an authoritarian ] that would result in ] and oppression, only on a smaller scale.<ref name="Lyons 2011">{{Harvnb\|Lyons\|2011}}.</ref>
	==History==
			{{toc limit\|2}}
	Historically the term ''national anarchist'' dates back as far as the 1920s, when ], a ] writer involved with the ], used it to describe his political outlook.<ref name=NAI/> In the ] during the early 1980s, the ] group promulgated ideas which it described as ''national anarchist'' and ''anarcho-nationalist''.<ref>''Black Ram'' 1: 12, 18.</ref> However, the present usage derives from the French National-Anarchist Hans Cany, who first made use of this term in the early 1990s, along with the related terms ''national-libertarian'' and ''anarcho-identitarian''.<ref name=NAI/><ref>Cany, Hans (2004). "". ''Nationalanarchismus''.</ref> Around the same time, ] left the editorial board of '']'', due to a disagreement over political strategies, and formed his own journal, '']''.<ref name=Hunt></ref> The remaining ''Green Anarchist'' staff constantly accused Hunt of supporting ], while the left-wing writer/activist ] accused both ''Alternative Green'' and ''Green Anarchist'' of supporting ].<ref name=StewartHome></ref>

			== History ==
	In the mid-1990s, ], a ] former member of the ] and ], began to move towards Hunt's green anarchism, and fused it with racial separatism (which Hunt did not support) to create a newer form of National-Anarchism.<ref name=Sturgeon>Sturgeon, Wayne John (2001). "". ''Synthesis''.</ref> In 1998 Southgate formed the National Revolutionary Faction (NRF), officiating as its national secretary.<ref name=nur53>{{cite journal
			=== Origins and Troy Southgate ===
	\| last = Macklin
			The term ''national-anarchist'' dates back as far as the 1920s, when Helmut Franke, a German conservative writer, used it to describe his political stance. However, it would be the writings of other members of the ] such as ] which would later provide the philosophical foundation of the contemporary national-anarchist movement.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Keith Preston, an influence on the American national-anarchist movement, "blends U.S-based influences" such as "], ]ist, ], and ]" with ideas drawn from the ] of the ], a "] ]" offshoot of "]" and from the German conservative revolutionary movement of the 1920s and 1930s, whose figures "influenced but mostly stood outside of the ]".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
	\| first = Graham D.
	\| authorlink =
	\| title = Co-opting the counter culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction
	\| journal = ]
	\| volume = 39
	\| issue = 3
	\| pages = 301-326
	\| date = September 2005
	\| url = http://www.new-right.org/?p=53
	\| issn = 0031-322X
	\| doi = 10.1080/00313220500198292
	\| accessdate = 2009-02-17}}</ref> For a period, he was also a member of ''Alternative Green'''s editorial board.<ref name=nur53>Co-opting the counter culture</ref> Later, Southgate disavowed the concept of the revolutionary cell-group and in 2003 the NRF disbanded, shortly after he and other NRF associates had become involved with a ]-based ] forum, the ''Cercle de la Rose Noire'', of which Southgate is president.<ref name=nur53/><ref></ref> Southgate is also an organiser for the ], a group which is inspired by the French ] movement.<ref>Macklin, Graham (n.d.). "". ''Synthesis''.</ref>

			]
	{{Third Position}}
			In the mid-1990s, ], a former member of the ] ] and founder of the ], began to move away from ] and Catholic ] towards ] and the ] ] articulated in ]'s 1997 book ''To End Poverty: The Starvation of the Periphery by the Core''.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> However, Southgate fused his ] with the radical ] of Italian esotericist ] and the ] and ] of French ] philosopher ] to create a newer form of ] called "national-anarchism".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>

			Graham D. Macklin writes that although "t first glance the 'total insanity’ of this incongruous ideological syncretism might be dismissed as little more than a quixotic attempt to hammer a square peg into a round hole or a mischievous act of fascist Dadaism'", national-anarchism "appears as one of many groupuscular responses to globalization, popular antipathy towards which Southgate sought to harness by aligning the NRF with the resurgence of anarchism whose heroes and slogans it arrogated, and whose sophisticated critiques of global capitalist institutions and state power it absorbed and, in the case of anarchist artist ], whose evocative imagery it misappropriated".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>
	==Views==

			Southgate claimed that his desire for a "mono-racial England" was not "racist" and that he sought "] (i.e. racial apartheid) to defend "indigenous" white culture from the 'death' of multiracial society".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> In claiming to defend "human diversity", Southgate "advocated 'humane' repatriation and the reordering of the globe according to racially segregated colour blocs" and "a radical policy of economic and political decentralization" in which the ] "were to be governed according to the economic principles of Catholic distributism and a wealth redistribution scheme modelled on the mediaeval guild system. The ensuing growth of private enterprise and common ownership of the means of production would end 'class war' and, ergo, the raison d'être for Marxism, and would also encourage an organic nationalist economy insulated from 'foreign' intervention".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Politically, "the regions would be governed by the concept of 'popular rule' extolled by ]. The resulting restoration of economic and political freedom would re-establish the link between 'blood and soil' enabling the people to overcome the 'tidal wave of evil and liberal filth now sweeping over our entire continent'. 'Natural law' would be upheld and abortion, race mixing and homosexuality forbidden".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>
	National-Anarchists see the hierarchies inherent in government and ] as oppressive. They advocate collective action organized along the lines of ]ality, identity, and tribes, and advocate for a ] social order wherein like-minded individuals maintain distinct communities.<ref name="transcending"/>

			About Southgate's vision of Western culture, Graham D. Macklin writes that it is "saturated with a profound pessimism tempered by the optimistic belief that only by 'complete and utter defeat' can tepid materialism be expunged and replaced by the 'golden age' of Evolian Tradition: a return of the ] of the Middle Ages or the 'medieval imperium' of the ] before it collapsed into the 'internecine struggle' and 'imperialistic shenanigans' of the nation-state".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Southgate's desire "to create a decentralized '']'' identity has its roots in the ideological ferment gripping ''National Front News'' and ''Nationalism Today'' in the 1980s".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>
	National-Anarchism shares with most ] a desire to reorganize human relationships, with an emphasis on replacing the hierarchical structures of government and ] with local, communal decision-making. Troy Southgate has stated:
	<blockquote>
	''We believe in political, social and economic decentralisation. In other words, we wish to see a positive downward trend whereby all bureaucratic concepts such as the ], ], the ], the ] and even nation-states like ] and ] are eradicated and consequently replaced by autonomous village-communities.''<ref name=WhatIsNA>Southgate, Troy. "" (in question-and-answer format). ''''.</ref></blockquote>

			In 1998, inspired by the concepts of the ] and ], Southgate formed the National Revolutionary Faction (NRF) as a ] of ] conspiring to overthrow the British state.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> The NRF stressed this was a "highly militant strategy" and advised that some members may only fund the organization.<ref>Quote taken from the NRF website. See {{Harvnb\|Macklin\|2005}} for a discussion of the NRF's membership structure.</ref> Southgate claims that the NRF took part in ] protests in August 2000 alongside ] and the ] by following a strategy of ],<ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref>{{Harvnb\|Goodrick-Clarke\|2003\|p=50}}</ref> but its only known public action under the national-anarchist name was to hold an anarchist heretics fair in October 2000 in which a number of fringe groups participated. After a coalition of ] and green anarchists blocked three further events from being held in 2001, Southgate and the NRF abandoned this strategy and retreated to purely disseminating their ideas in ]s.<ref name="Griffin 2003"/><ref name="Macklin 2005"/> The NRF had long been aware of the bridging power of the Internet which provided it with a reach and influence hitherto not available to the groupuscular right.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Whine\|1999}}.</ref> Although Southgate disbanded the group in 2003, the NRF became part of the Euro-American radical right, a virtual community of European and American right-wing extremists seeking to establish a new ] and ] identity for all people they believe belong to the "]".<ref name="BlackSun"/>
	The revolutionary conservative concept of the ] is central to National-Anarchism.<ref name=nur53/>

			Shortly after, Southgate and other NRF associates became involved with ''Synthesis'', the online journal of a forum called ''Cercle de la Rose Noire'' which sought a fusion of ], ] and ] with the contemporary concerns of the ] and ]s. Through the medium of musical subcultures (] and ] music scenes) and the creation of ]s for neo-''völkisch'' communes, national-anarchists hope to disseminate their ] ideas throughout society in order to achieve ].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> The national-anarchist idea has spread around the world over the Internet, assisted by groups such as the ] which set up websites in the 1990s.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Dahl\|1999\|p=92}}.</ref> In the United States, only a few websites have been established, but there has been a trend towards a steady increase.<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/>
	National-Anarchists view ] as a primary cause of the social decline of ]s and ].<ref name=mathaba>{{Cite news
	\| author = Unattr.
	\| title = Doing the New Right thing by people: An interview with a key organiser for the New Right and National Anarchist movements in Australia
	\| work = Destiny
	\| issue = 3
	\| publisher = ]
	\| date = March 2008
	\| url = http://www.mathaba.net/news/?x=583629
	\| format = reprint}}</ref> National-Anarchists also reject ] and ] as ] and ],<ref name=nur21/> and reject ] as a failed ] of a totalitarian government.<ref name=nur21/><ref name=mathaba/>

			=== BANA ===
			National-anarchism in the United States began as a relatively obscure movement made up of probably fewer than 200 individuals led by Andrew Yeoman of the Bay Area National Anarchists (BANA) based in the ] and a couple of other groups in Northern California and Idaho. Organizations based on national-anarchist ideology have gained a foothold in Russia and have been accused of sowing turmoil in the ] in Germany.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> There are adherents in Australia, England and Spain, among other nations.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>
			In the San Francisco Bay Area, BANA began appearing in public only in late 2007. Since then, BANA members protested alongside the ] with "Keep Our Children Safe" signs and began forming "a fleeting alliance" with the ], a ] ] group based in California.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>

			On 8 September 2007, the ] mobilized in Sydney against ] economic policies by opposing the ] summit. During the street protests, national-anarchists infiltrated the anarchist ], but the police had to protect them from being expelled by irate activists.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/><ref>]. " seemed thankful for the strong police presence. Twenty members of an anarchist movement, all wearing black hoodies with their faces covered by bandanas, were escorted away by police after marching only 20m. The group, New Right Australia and New Zealand, became a focal point for the crowd, who turned on them, accusing them of being Nazis."</ref> Since then, national-anarchists have joined other marches in Australia and in the United States.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> In April 2008, national-anarchists protested on behalf of the ] against the Chinese government during the ] in both Canberra and San Francisco.<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/> National-anarchists are carefully studying the successes and failures of their more prominent international counterparts whilst attempting to similarly win converts from the ] and ] movements in the United States.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>

			A December 2008 report by the Political Research Associates, described as "a Massachusetts-based progressive think tank", stated that "he danger National Anarchists represent is not in their marginal political strength, but in their potential to show an innovative way that ] groups can re-brand themselves and reset their project on a new footing. They have abandoned many traditional ] — including the use of overt ] references. In place they offer a more toned down, sophisticated approach often claiming not to be 'fascist' at all".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Similarly, ], who are ], have been aware of national-anarchists "attempting to infiltrate and exploit their scene" since at least 2005. ], defined as "the name given to the process of entering or infiltrating bona fide organizations, institutions and political parties with the intention of gaining control of them for our own ends", is one of national anarchists' principal tactics.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> In ''The Case for National-Anarchist Entryism'', Southgate called for national-anarchists to join political groups and then "misdirect or disrupt them for our own purposes or convert sections of their memberships to our cause".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>
	===Autonomy and separatism===
	According to ], National-Anarchists advocate a model of society in which communities that practice ] along the lines of ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation, are able to coexist alongside mixed or integrated communities without requiring force.<ref name=ARV>{{cite web
	\| last = Preston
	\| first = Keith
	\| authorlink = Keith Preston
	\| title = National-Anarchism and Classical American Ideals: Is A Reconciliation Possible?
	\| work = Food for the European Mind
	\| date = 2003
	\| url = http://european-reading.blogspot.com/2007/07/national-anarchism-and-classical.html
	\| accessdate = 2008-02-18
	\| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5eek58jcD
	\| format = ]
	\| archivedate = 2008-02-18}}</ref> He claims that "autonomous zones" could exist with their own rules for permanent residence in a community without the strict ethnic divisions and violence advocated by other ] ].<ref name=ARV/> National-Anarchists consider genocide, murder, and social conformity to be unnecessary, tyrannical and an affront to "libertarian minded people".<ref name=ARV/>

			On December 28, 2008, BANA members, dressed with hoodies emblazoned with "Smash All Dogmas" on the back and "New Right" on both sleeves, joined "a protest of several thousand against Israel's bombing of the Gaza Strip. Practicing full-blown entryism, they marched between groups carrying the Palestinian flag and the gay-pride flag, while shouting, "F---, F---, F--- Zionism!"<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> BANA members later started carrying "a black flag with the letter Q in one corner" in reference to "Yeoman's claim that his ancestors rode with ], a notoriously violent pro-] guerrilla outfit that battled for control of the border state of Missouri during the ]".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> BANA members follow ], described as "an ] Italian writer and ']' lionized by ]", in believing themselves to be "in revolt against the modern world".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> BANA's website includes "long-winded blog posts predicting the imminent collapse of ] ]" and "carries notes of high praise for ] secessionist groups like the League of the South and the Republic of South Carolina. Some of the site's content is unintentionally comical. For example, BANA exalts the lily-white town of Mayberry in the 1960s TV sitcom '']'' as 'a realized anarchist society'".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>
	Some proponents of National-Anarchism claim that ] can be achieved without ] or racial supremacy.<ref></ref> Southgate states that National Anarchists are racial separatists who oppose "miscegenation" but do not seek to impose their views on others.<ref name=WhatIsNA/> Southgate writes, "we are seeking our own space in which to live according to our own principles".<ref name=nur21/>

			Writing for the ], Casey Sanchez argues that national-anarchism "is really just another white nationalist project". According to Sanchez, national anarchists advocates "racial separatism and white racial purity. They're also fiercely anti-gay and anti-Israel". BANA envisions "a future race war leading to neo-tribal, whites-only enclaves to be called 'National Autonomous Zones'".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> BANA co-founder Andrew Yeoman told the '']'' that "e are racial separatists for a number of reasons, such as our desire to maintain our cultural continuity, the principle of voluntary association, and as a self-defensive measure to protect each other from being victimized by crime from other races".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Sanchez describes BANA members "and other likeminded national anarchists" as cloaking "their bigotry in the language of radical environmentalism and mystical tribalism, pulling recruits from both the extreme right and the far left". Sanchez quotes Yeoman as saying that BANA is "an extremely diverse group. We have ex-liberals, ex-neo-cons, we have Ron Paul supporters, we have ex-skinheads, we have apolitical people that have been turned on to our causes".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>
	In terms of the practical implementation of these views, National-Anarchists believe that areas without significant human development and borderlands would be maintained collectively, and the existence of free zones allowing trade and sharing between communities would be established with the agreement of all parties involved.<ref name=TradRev>{{Harvnb\|Southgate\|2007\|p=34}}</ref>

			On ] 2010, BANA participated in the Golden Gate ]'s march in front of San Francisco City Hall in support of ], an ] Senate bill. The march took place during ] demonstrations as an attempt to counter mass protest against the bill in ]. Local news media reported that Yeoman and four other national-anarchists were physically assaulted by about ten protesters as they left the march.<ref>]; ].</ref>
	The Bay Area National Anarchist (BANA) network foresees the development of National Autonomous Zones (NAZ) and promotes them as a model of administration suggesting that National-Anarchists can achieve "autonomy amidst adversity." NAZ theory "makes no specific demands...that adhere to a particular political ideology" or organize in a particular way.<ref name=castles>Unattr. (May 2008). "". ''Bay Area National Anarchist''.</ref> A NAZ may contain one or more of the following characteristics:

			According to Matthew N. Lyons, "reedom from government tyranny has always been a central theme of right-wing politics in the United States". Lyons cites "the original ] that denounced 'northern military despotism'" and the ], "who vilify Barack Obama as a combination of Hitler and Stalin", as examples of the ], of which national-anarchism is part of, that has invoked "the evil of big government to both attract popular support and justify their own oppressive policies".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> Lyons describes "the rise of so-called National-Anarchism (NA), an offshoot of ] that has recently gained a small but fast-growing foothold in the United States", writing that national-anarchists advocate "a decentralized system of 'tribal' enclaves based on 'the right of all races, ethnicities and cultural groups to organize and live separately'".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> While criticizing "statism of both the left and the right, including classical fascism", national-anarchists "participate in neonazi networks such as ] and promote ] worthy of '']''".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> According to Lyons, ] is "a key part of National-Anarchism's appeal and helps it to deflect the charge of fascism".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
	* a homogeneous representation of spoken language, culture, religion, and ethnicity.
	* the organized delegation of tasks and economy.
	* a pre-defined relationship regulating behavior with outsiders of the NAZ.
	* a system of standard operating procedures for self-defense.
	* collective and informal decision making processes.<ref name=castles/>

			=== Keith Preston ===
	A mature NAZ is considered to have one or more traits of the Vietnamese Military Fortress concept for national defense. <ref name=gates>Unattr. (May 2008). "". ''Inside the Gates''.</ref>
			American Keith Preston, a ] of the national-anarchist movement who promotes an ] anti-statist "ecletic synthesis" called "]" and advocating "a revolutionary alliance of leftist and rightist libertarians against U.S. imperialism and the state",<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> argues that despite the ] of European national-anarchists and the patriotism of American ], classical American ideals of ] are reconcilable with national-anarchism because of their common values, namely ], ], ] and ].<ref name=ARV/> Preston's opposition to ] is linked only to the state, arguing that "the state is a unique force for destruction".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> In ''The Thoughts That Guide Me: A Personal Reflection'' (2005), Preston wrote that "what I champion is not so much the anarchist as much as the 'anarch,' the superior individual who, out of sheer strength of will, rises above the herd in defiance and contempt of both the sheep and their masters".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> Preston is described as "the moving force behind" the ] website Attack the System and the American Revolutionary Vanguard, its affiliate organization".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>

			According to Matthew N. Lyons, "Preston's own relationship with ] is much closer than he acknowledges. While he lacks fascism's drive to impose a single ideological vision on all spheres of society, he offers a closely related form of revolutionary ]. Above all, Preston and his rightist allies embody the main danger associated with fascism — to preempt the radical left as the main revolutionary opposition force".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> Lyons describes Preston as "n intelligent, prolific writer" who has "established himself over the past decade as a respected voice in ], ], and ']' circles", hence "in some ways even more dangerous" because it "represents a sophisticated reworking of far right politics that is flexible, inclusive, and appeals to widely held values such as 'live and let live'", having the potential to create a bridge that is unlike most ] ideologies between national-anarchists and "a wide variety of rightist currents such as ], ]/] groups, ], and even some ], ] ]/], and ] ] groups".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
	==Criticism==
	Critics of National Anarchism argue that they are deceptive and practice ] while pretending to be anarchists.<ref name="trojan"/><ref name="trojan2">Unattr. "".</ref> '']'' published an article accusing the National-Anarchists of being fascists with the goal of discrediting mainstream anarchism.<ref>{{Citation
	\| last = Manson
	\| first = Peter
	\| title = No case to answer
	\| newspaper = ]
	\| issue = 363
	\| date = 2000-12-07
	\| url = http://www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/363/liddle.html
	\| accessdate = }}</ref> ], a militant anti-fascist network, advocates violent physical confrontation with National-Anarchists, whom it considers to be part of the far right.<ref>Unattr. "". ''''.</ref>

			Although claiming "many leftist ideas in his political philosophy and apparently is still in touch with some actual leftists", unlike other ]ists who advocate ], Lyons describes Preston as a "former left-wing anarchist", arguing that his politics "are fundamentally right wing with a leftist gloss".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> While defending his choice to "collaborate with ] and ]", Preston has nonetheless called for "a purge, if not an outright pogrom" in an effort "to drive ] whites, ], and ] activists from the ] movement" in order to "attract more young rebels into our ranks", although Preston later claimed that critics had taken this statement "way too seriously".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> Lyons describes Preston as "an individualist who does not directly advocate the racial determinism and separatism of his friends the National-Anarchists".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> Lyons describes Preston's call for a "pan-secessionist" strategy as being based on "a coalition of those across the political spectrum who want to carve out separate, self-governing political enclaves free" of American government and imperialist control. Lyons includes "], ], ], ], ] activists, ]ists, ], ], and ] ]" as "a broad array of potential partners" for Preston's "pan-secessionist" strategy.<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
	Anarchist Nick Griffin (not to be confused with BNP leader ]) argues that National-Anarchism's concept of racial separation is intrinsically linked to racial hatred.<ref name="trojan">Griffin, Nick. "". '']''.</ref><ref>http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v23n4/rebranding_fascism.html</ref>

			Preston embraces a ] view of regarding human nature and society, whose tenets include "natural inequality of persons at both the individual and collective levels, the inevitability and legitimacy of otherness". Preston is described as being "harshly critical of ]'s ] and ]. Instead, he offers an ], ] philosophy that echoes ], ], and ]".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> While stating that it would be a mistake "to see Preston's elitism as a mask for bigotry against any specific group of people", Lyons argues that "standard right-wing prejudices periodically creep into his prose".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> Lyons states that "Preston only acknowledges oppression along lines of race, gender, sexuality, or other factors to the extent that these are directly promoted by the state, particularly through formal, legal discrimination against specific groups of people", ignoring or trivializing "the dense network of oppressive institutions and relationships that exist outside of, and sometimes in opposition to, the state".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
	{{quote\|The groupuscular right... is a constantly growing, mutating, protean counter-culture... segments of which seem to be evolving towards a synthesis of neo-anarchism.\|]<ref>{{cite journal
	\| last = Griffin
	\| first = Roger
	\| authorlink = Roger Griffin
	\| title = From slime mould to rhizome: an introduction to the groupuscular right
	\| journal = Patterns of Prejudice
	\| volume = 37
	\| issue = 1
	\| pages = 27-63
	\| date = March 2003
	\| url = http://ah.brookes.ac.uk/resources/griffin/slimemould.pdf
	\| format = ] 285.9 KB
	\| issn = 0031-322X
	\| doi = 10.1080/0031322022000054321
	\| accessdate = 2008-12-18}}</ref>}}

			According to Lyons, "t is these societally based systems of oppression, not ], that perpetuate dramatic ] between whites and people of color, widespread ] that overwhelmingly target women, and ]s much higher among ] teens than heterosexual teens, among many other examples". Lyons further argues that merely "ismantling the central state won't abolish other systems of oppression. It will simply create a power vacuum where they can function in a more fragmented, unregulated way. This is a recipe for ], a chaotic society where anyone with enough physical force can make the rules".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> In contrast to Preston, Lyons concludes that "uthoritarianism doesn't require a large ], but can operate on any scale, such as a region, a neighborhood, or a family. With no program for liberation except ending ], pan-secessionism", as advocated by national-anarchists such as Preston, "would foster many smaller-scale authoritarian societies".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
	==See also==

	* ]
			== Ideology ==
	* ]
			The ] concept of the ] as articulated by German philosopher ] is central to national-anarchism.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> National-anarchists stress that the "artificial nationalism" of the ] which they claim to oppose must be distinguished from the ] "natural nationalism" of the people ('']'') which they believe in its more consistent expressions is a legitimate rejection of both foreign domination (]) and internal domination (]). National-anarchists see "American global capitalism", ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] as the primary causes of the social decline of ]s and ].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> They propose a strategic and ideological alliance of ] and ] and ] around the world (especially in the ]), ] in Russia, ] in ] and ] everywhere to resist the ]—globalization viewed as an instrument of ] and the ] of ]—that is inevitably leading to global ] and ].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref name="Sunshine 2008"/>
	* ]

	* ]
			National-anarchism expresses a desire to reorganize human relationships with an emphasis on replacing the hierarchical structures of the state and capitalism with ] community decision-making. However, national-anarchists stress the restoration of the "]" and aim towards a ] social order where each ] builds and maintains a ] for a ] ] which is economically ], ecologically ] and socially and culturally ].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Politically, national-anarchists believe in something of a ] system, wherein leaders would rise to their positions based on their talents. These leaders, however, would not have any sort of vested authority, and would be more akin to ] than rulers.<ref name="Sykes 2005"/> Asserting the ], national-anarchists publicly advocate a model of society in which communities that wish to practice racial, ethnic, religious and/or sexual ] are able to peacefully coexist alongside mixed or integrated communities without requiring force.<ref name=ARV>{{Harvnb\|Preston\|2003}}.</ref> National-anarchists claim that "national autonomous zones" (NAZs) could exist with their own rules for permanent residence without the strict ethnic divisions and violence advocated by other forms of "]" ].<ref name=ARV/> National-anarchist Andrew Yeoman has stated that this racial segregation is actually a belief adopted from anarchists of color, who sometimes refuse to allow those of white descent into their spaces.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>
	* ]

			Some leading national-anarchists have stated in the past as having originally conceived the idea of establishing whites-only NAZs which have seceded from the state's economy as ]s for unwelcomed ethnic groups and state authorities. In their view, this was an ] strategy to foment ] and racial tensions as an essential prelude to racial civil war and the collapse of the global capitalist system.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> National-anarchists such as Keith Preston advocate "a vision of revolutionary change that centers on replacing centralized nation-states with a diverse array of small-scale political entities". According to Preston, "anarcho-pluralism" is "]" because "it rejects the view that there is one 'correct' system of politics, economics, or culture that is applicable much less obligatory for all people at all times and in all places". According to this view, "any group of people could organize and govern themselves as they wished, as long as they leave other groups free to do the same. These self-governing units could be based on ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, political philosophy, or cultural practice". For those national-anarchists, this is "the best possible method of avoiding the tyrannies and abuses of overarching Leviathan states, and accommodating the irreconcilable differences concerning any number of matters that all societies inevitably contain".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>

			In terms of cultural and religious views, national-anarchists are influenced by the radical ] and ] of ], who called for a "]".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> National-anarchists have a pessimistic vision of modern ] yet optimistically believe that "]" will pave the way for its materialism to be expunged and replaced by the ] of the primordial tradition.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Although some adhere to a form of ], most of its members within the national-anarchist movement reject Christianity because those national-anarchists believe it to be a ] that usurped the "]" racial legacy of ] as the historically dominant religion and moral system of the West.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> National-anarchists embrace a spiritual anarchism based on different forms of ], ] and the ] of ], especially ] which they view as genuine expressions of Western spirituality, culture and identity that can also serve as an antidote to the ] effects of ]. National-anarchists hold ] and ] through the establishment of ]s of autonomous neo-'']'' communes as the ultimate barrier against globalized ] and ].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>

			== Position on the political spectrum ==
			Scholars who have examined national-anarchism consider it to be on the ].<ref name="Griffin 2003"/><ref name="Sykes 2005"/><ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref name="Sunshine 2008"/>

			In his 2003 essay "From Slime Mould to Rhizome: An Introduction to the Groupuscular Right", ] argued that national-anarchism is a segment of the groupuscular right which has evolved towards a "mazeway resynthesis" between "classic fascism, third positionism, neo-anarchism and new types of anti-systemic politics born of the anti-globalization movement", whose main ideological innovation is a ] ].<ref name="Griffin 2003"/>

			In his 2005 essay "Co-opting the Counter Culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction", described as a "case study of the National Revolutionary Faction (NRF)" which "provides a salutary example of fascism's cogent syncretic core and its ability to produce novel and pragmatic syntheses", Graham D. Macklin argued that the ] concept of the ] provides sanction for the ideological shapeshifting and unrestrained ] of national-anarchism, allowing its adherents to assert they have transcended the dichotomy of conventional politics to embrace higher political forms that are "beyond left and right".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> While stating that national-anarchists claim to promote "a radical anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist 'anarchist' agenda of autonomous rural communities within a decentralized, pan-European framework", Macklin further argued that despite a protean capacity for change, ] groupuscules retain some principles which he calls core fascist values (], ], ], violent ], ], ]ism and ]), describing national-anarchism as "]" and "] ]".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Macklin concludes that national-anarchism is a synthesis of ] and the radical ] of ] in a "revolt against the modern world".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Macklin concludes that "lthough Southgate's impact on left-wing counter-cultural concerns has been completely negligible, this case study of the NRF's wanton intellectual cannibalism shows that groupuscular fascism poses a clear danger, particularly for ecological subcultures whose values are profoundly different from the ecological agenda mooted by the far right. If this article is anything to go by, then anarchist, ecological and global justice movements need to remain on their guard in order to ensure that the revolution will not be national-Bolshevized".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>

			In his 2005 book ''The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP'', Alan Sykes argued that national-anarchism represents a further evolution in the thinking of the radical right rather than an entirely new dimension, a response to the new situation of the late 20th century in which the process of ] (], ] and ]) and the apparent triumph of ] ] in the form of ] and ] on a global scale requires a greater assertion of the centrality of anti-materialist and ] ].<ref name="Sykes 2005"/>

			== Analysis and reception ==
			National-anarchism has critics on both the left and right of the political spectrum as they both look upon their politics with skepticism, if not outright hostility, mainly because of the multifaceted threat they conclude it represents.<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Scholarly analysis asserts that national-anarchism is a "] for ]" and represents what many ] see as the potential new face of ].<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/><ref name="Ross 2017">{{Harvnb\|Ross\|2017}}.</ref> This analysis argues that it is a form of ] which hopes to avoid the stigma of classical fascism by ] symbols, slogans and stances of the ] movement while engaging in ] to inject some core ] into the ] and ] movements.<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> According to scholars, national-anarchists hope to draw members away from traditional white nationalist groups to their own synthesis of ideas which national-anarchists claim are "]".<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Some scholars also warn that the danger national-anarchists represent is not in their marginal political strength, but in their potential to show an innovative way that ] groups can rebrand themselves and reset their project on a new footing in order to preempt the ] as the main ] opposition force. Even if the results are modest, this can disrupt left-wing social movements and their focus on ] and ], instead spreading ] ideas based on ], ], ], ] and ] amongst grassroots activists.<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Lyons 2011"/>

			Scholars have reported how far-right critics argue that ] joining the national-anarchist movement will lead to them losing credit for the successes of their ] struggle if it is co-opted by anarchists. Scholars further noted how those far-right critics argue that national-anarchists want the ] of calling themselves '']'' without the historical and philosophical baggage that accompanies such a claim, namely the link with 19th-century ].<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Scholars such as Graham D. Macklin use apostrophes when describing national-anarchists' "anarchism" and write that "despite its alleged 'anarchism', looks favourably on the ] of Anglo-Saxon England as a model of racial 'kingship'". Macklin describes national-anarchism as "a seemingly incongruous synthesis of fascism and anarchism" that owes more the "] thought" of the ] than anarchism as it is "totally devoid of anarchism's humanistic social philosophy, which is rejected as 'infected' with feminism, homosexuality and Marxism". Macklin also argues that " political organization reveals the NRF to be closer in inspiration to the ] ']' than anarchism".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>

			Scholars such as Matthew N. Lyons argue that implementing national-anarchism would not result in an expansion of freedom as its proponents claim and that "in reality it would promote oppression and authoritarianism in smaller-scale units".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> According to Lyons, the opposition to the state of national-anarchists such as Keith Preston is based on "a radically anti-humanistic philosophy of elitism, ruthless struggle, and contempt for most people".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>

			== See also ==
			{{div col\|colwidth=20em\|content=
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]
	* ], counterpart to the NRF
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			}}

	==References==		== References ==
	{{reflist\|~~2}}~~		{{reflist\|30em\|refs=
			<ref name=star1>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.newrightausnz.com/?page_id=107 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228142620/http://www.newrightausnz.com/?page_id=107 \|archive-date=2008-12-28 \|title=Activist Resources - New Right Australia / New Zealand}}</ref>
			<ref name=star2>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.nationalanarchistausnz.com:80/blog/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216094128/http://www.nationalanarchistausnz.com:80/blog/ \|archive-date=2009-02-16 \|title=National Anarchists AUS/NZ}}</ref>
			}}

	==~~=Bibliography=~~==		== Sources ==
			=== Books and journal articles ===
	*{{Citation
			{{refbegin}}
	\| last = Southgate
			* {{cite book\|last=Dahl\|first=Göran\|title=Radical Conservatism and the Future of Politics\|publisher=SAGE Publications\|year=1999\|location=London\|isbn=978-0-7619-5414-9}}
	\| first = Troy
			* {{cite book\|last=Goodrick-Clarke\|first=Nicholas\|author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke\|title=Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity\|publisher=New York University Press\|year=2003\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0-8147-3155-0\|title-link=Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book)}}
	\| authorlink = Troy Southgate
			* {{cite journal\|last=Griffin\|first=Roger\|author-link=Roger Griffin\|title=From Slime Mould to Rhizome: An Introduction to the Groupuscular Right\|journal=Patterns of Prejudice\|volume=37\|issue=1\|pages=27–63\|date=March 2003\|doi=10.1080/0031322022000054321\|s2cid=143709925}}
	\| title = Tradition and Revolution: Collected Writings of Troy Southgate
			* {{cite journal\|last=Lyons\|first=Matthew N.\|title=Rising Above the Herd: Keith Preston's Authoritarian Anti-Statism\|journal=]\|volume=7\|issue=3\|date=Summer 2011\|url=https://newpol.org/rising-above-herd-keith-prestons-authoritarian-anti-statism/\|access-date=27 July 2019}}
	\| publisher = Integral Tradition Publishing
			* {{cite journal\|last=Macklin\|first=Graham D.\|title=Co-opting the Counter Culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction\|journal=Patterns of Prejudice\|volume=39\|issue=3\|pages=301–326\|date=September 2005\|url=https://slackbastard.anarchobase.com/?p=2439#more-2439\|doi=10.1080/00313220500198292\|s2cid=144248307}}
	\| year = 2007
			* {{cite book\|last=Preston\|first=Keith\|year=2003\|title=The Failure of Anarchism\|location=London\|publisher=Black House Publishing\|isbn=9781910881361}}
	\| location = Aarhus
			* {{cite book\|last=Ross\|first=Alexander Reid\|author-link=Alexander Reid Ross\|year=2017\|title=Against the Fascist Creep\|location=]\|publisher=]\|isbn=9781849352444\|oclc=1023827103}}
	\| isbn = 978-8792136022}}
			* {{cite web\|last=Sanchez\|first=Casey\|author-link=Casey Sanchez\|title='National Anarchism': California racists claim they're Anarchists\|work=]\|date=Summer 2009\|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2009/california-racists-claim-they%E2%80%99re-anarchists\|access-date=2 December 2009}}
			* {{cite journal\|last=Sunshine\|first=Spencer\|title=Rebranding Fascism: National-Anarchists\|journal=]\|volume=23\|issue=4\|date=Winter 2008\|pages=1, 12–19\|url=http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v23n4/rebranding_fascism.html\|access-date=12 November 2009}}
			* {{cite book\|last=Sykes\|first=Alan\|title=The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP (British History in Perspective)\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan\|year=2005\|location=New York\|isbn=978-0-333-59923-5}}
			* {{cite journal\|last=Whine\|first=Michael\|title=Cyberspace: A New Medium for Communication, Command, and Control by Extremists\|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism\|volume=22\|issue=3\|date=January 1999\|pages=231–245\|url=http://www.ict.org.il/articles/cyberspace.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022222626/http://www.ict.org.il/articles/cyberspace.htm\|archive-date=22 October 2006\|doi=10.1080/105761099265748}}
			{{refend}}

			=== News articles ===

			{{refbegin}}
	==External links==
			* {{cite news\|last1=Gulezian\|first1=Lisa\|last2=Hollyfied\|first2=Amy\|title=Thousands across Bay Area protest AZ immigration law\|work=KGO-TV\|date=1 May 2010\|url=https://abc7news.com/archive/7417829/\|access-date=2 May 2010\|archive-date=4 May 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504013357/http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news%2Flocal%2Fsan_francisco&id=7417829\|url-status=live}}
	*
			* {{cite news\|last1=Mercer\|first1=Neil\|last2=Chesterton\|first2=Andrew\|title=Scaremongering - Fears of violent demonstrations unfounded\|work=The Sunday Telegraph\|date=9 September 2007\|page=14}}
	* Victoria Australia collective
			* {{cite news\|last=Smiley\|first=Lauren\|title=Post-immigration march scuffle targets National Anarchists\|work=San Francisco Weekly\|date=1 May 2010\|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2009/california-racists-claim-they%E2%80%99re-anarchists\|access-date=2 May 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224042238/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2009/california-racists-claim-they%E2%80%99re-anarchists\|url-status=live\|archive-date=24 February 2016}}
	* Group based in California
			{{refend}}
	* Videos produced by the BANA group
	* An alternative website by the East Bay Collective, part of the BANA network.
	* Christian National-Anarchist group based in Idaho
	*
	* '''', Journal du Cercle de la Rose Noire
	* essay by Spencer Sunshine

			== External links ==
			* {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107022510/http://www.national-anarchist.net/ \|date=2021-01-07 }}

	{{~~Nationalism~~}}		{{fascism}}
			{{nationalism}}
	]
			{{ethnic nationalism}}

			]
			]
			]
			]
			]
	]		]
	]		]
	]		]

	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]
	]

Latest revision as of 15:01, 13 December 2024

Radical right-wing nationalist ideology This article is about the radical right-wing nationalist ideology. For postcolonial anarchism, see Postcolonial anarchism. For the general discussion of anarchist and nationalist ideas, see Anarchism and nationalism.

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National-anarchism is a radical right-wing nationalist ideology which advocates racial separatism, racial nationalism, ethnic nationalism, and racial purity. National-anarchists syncretize ethnic nationalism with anarchism, mainly in their support for a stateless society, while rejecting anarchist social philosophy. The main ideological innovation of national-anarchism is its anti-state palingenetic ultranationalism. National-anarchists advocate homogeneous communities in place of the nation state. National-anarchists claim that those of different ethnic or racial groups would be free to develop separately in their own tribal communes while striving to be politically horizontal, economically non-capitalist, ecologically sustainable, and socially and culturally traditional.

Although the term national-anarchism dates back as far as the 1920s, the contemporary national-anarchist movement has been put forward since the late 1990s by British neo-Nazi Troy Southgate, who positions it as being "beyond left and right". Scholars who have studied national-anarchism conclude that it represents a further evolution in the thinking of the radical right rather than an entirely new dimension on the political spectrum. National-anarchism is considered by other anarchists as being a rebranding of fascism and an oxymoron.

National-anarchism has elicited skepticism and outright hostility from both left-wing and far-right critics. Critics accuse national-anarchists of being ethnonationalists who promote a communitarian and racialist form of ethnic and racial separatism while "wanting" the militant chic of calling themselves anarchists without historical and philosophical baggage that would be said to have to accompany such a claim, including the anti-racist egalitarian anarchist philosophy and the contributions of Jewish anarchists. Most scholars agree that implementing national-anarchism would not result in an expansion of freedom and describe it as an authoritarian anti-statism that would result in authoritarianism and oppression, only on a smaller scale.

History

Origins and Troy Southgate

The term national-anarchist dates back as far as the 1920s, when Helmut Franke, a German conservative writer, used it to describe his political stance. However, it would be the writings of other members of the conservative revolutionary movement such as Ernst Jünger which would later provide the philosophical foundation of the contemporary national-anarchist movement. Keith Preston, an influence on the American national-anarchist movement, "blends U.S-based influences" such as "libertarian, Christian rightist, neonazi, and Patriot movements in the United States" with ideas drawn from the European tradition of the New Right, a "right-wing decentralist" offshoot of "classical fascism" and from the German conservative revolutionary movement of the 1920s and 1930s, whose figures "influenced but mostly stood outside of the Nazi movement".

In the mid-1990s, Troy Southgate, a former member of the British far-right National Front and founder of the International Third Position, began to move away from Strasserism and Catholic distributism towards post-left anarchy and the primitivist green anarchism articulated in Richard Hunt's 1997 book To End Poverty: The Starvation of the Periphery by the Core. However, Southgate fused his ideology with the radical traditionalist conservatism of Italian esotericist Julius Evola and the ethnopluralism and pan-European nationalism of French Nouvelle Droite philosopher Alain de Benoist to create a newer form of revolutionary nationalism called "national-anarchism".

Graham D. Macklin writes that although "t first glance the 'total insanity’ of this incongruous ideological syncretism might be dismissed as little more than a quixotic attempt to hammer a square peg into a round hole or a mischievous act of fascist Dadaism'", national-anarchism "appears as one of many groupuscular responses to globalization, popular antipathy towards which Southgate sought to harness by aligning the NRF with the resurgence of anarchism whose heroes and slogans it arrogated, and whose sophisticated critiques of global capitalist institutions and state power it absorbed and, in the case of anarchist artist Clifford Harper, whose evocative imagery it misappropriated".

Southgate claimed that his desire for a "mono-racial England" was not "racist" and that he sought "ethno-pluralism (i.e. racial apartheid) to defend "indigenous" white culture from the 'death' of multiracial society". In claiming to defend "human diversity", Southgate "advocated 'humane' repatriation and the reordering of the globe according to racially segregated colour blocs" and "a radical policy of economic and political decentralization" in which the regions of the United Kingdom "were to be governed according to the economic principles of Catholic distributism and a wealth redistribution scheme modelled on the mediaeval guild system. The ensuing growth of private enterprise and common ownership of the means of production would end 'class war' and, ergo, the raison d'être for Marxism, and would also encourage an organic nationalist economy insulated from 'foreign' intervention". Politically, "the regions would be governed by the concept of 'popular rule' extolled by Gaddafi. The resulting restoration of economic and political freedom would re-establish the link between 'blood and soil' enabling the people to overcome the 'tidal wave of evil and liberal filth now sweeping over our entire continent'. 'Natural law' would be upheld and abortion, race mixing and homosexuality forbidden".

About Southgate's vision of Western culture, Graham D. Macklin writes that it is "saturated with a profound pessimism tempered by the optimistic belief that only by 'complete and utter defeat' can tepid materialism be expunged and replaced by the 'golden age' of Evolian Tradition: a return of the Ghibbelines of the Middle Ages or the 'medieval imperium' of the Holy Roman Empire before it collapsed into the 'internecine struggle' and 'imperialistic shenanigans' of the nation-state". Southgate's desire "to create a decentralized völkisch identity has its roots in the ideological ferment gripping National Front News and Nationalism Today in the 1980s".

In 1998, inspired by the concepts of the political soldier and leaderless resistance, Southgate formed the National Revolutionary Faction (NRF) as a clandestine cell system of professional revolutionaries conspiring to overthrow the British state. The NRF stressed this was a "highly militant strategy" and advised that some members may only fund the organization. Southgate claims that the NRF took part in anti-vivisection protests in August 2000 alongside hunt saboteurs and the Animal Liberation Front by following a strategy of entryism, but its only known public action under the national-anarchist name was to hold an anarchist heretics fair in October 2000 in which a number of fringe groups participated. After a coalition of anti-fascists and green anarchists blocked three further events from being held in 2001, Southgate and the NRF abandoned this strategy and retreated to purely disseminating their ideas in Internet forums. The NRF had long been aware of the bridging power of the Internet which provided it with a reach and influence hitherto not available to the groupuscular right. Although Southgate disbanded the group in 2003, the NRF became part of the Euro-American radical right, a virtual community of European and American right-wing extremists seeking to establish a new pan-national and ethnoreligious identity for all people they believe belong to the "Aryan race".

Shortly after, Southgate and other NRF associates became involved with Synthesis, the online journal of a forum called Cercle de la Rose Noire which sought a fusion of anti-statism, metapolitics and occultism with the contemporary concerns of the environmental and global justice movements. Through the medium of musical subcultures (black metal and neofolk music scenes) and the creation of permanent autonomous zones for neo-völkisch communes, national-anarchists hope to disseminate their subversive ideas throughout society in order to achieve cultural hegemony. The national-anarchist idea has spread around the world over the Internet, assisted by groups such as the Thule-Seminar which set up websites in the 1990s. In the United States, only a few websites have been established, but there has been a trend towards a steady increase.

BANA

National-anarchism in the United States began as a relatively obscure movement made up of probably fewer than 200 individuals led by Andrew Yeoman of the Bay Area National Anarchists (BANA) based in the San Francisco Bay Area and a couple of other groups in Northern California and Idaho. Organizations based on national-anarchist ideology have gained a foothold in Russia and have been accused of sowing turmoil in the environmental movement in Germany. There are adherents in Australia, England and Spain, among other nations. In the San Francisco Bay Area, BANA began appearing in public only in late 2007. Since then, BANA members protested alongside the Christian right with "Keep Our Children Safe" signs and began forming "a fleeting alliance" with the American Front, a white supremacist skinhead group based in California.

On 8 September 2007, the anti-globalization movement mobilized in Sydney against neoliberal economic policies by opposing the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. During the street protests, national-anarchists infiltrated the anarchist black bloc, but the police had to protect them from being expelled by irate activists. Since then, national-anarchists have joined other marches in Australia and in the United States. In April 2008, national-anarchists protested on behalf of the Tibetan independence movement against the Chinese government during the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay in both Canberra and San Francisco. National-anarchists are carefully studying the successes and failures of their more prominent international counterparts whilst attempting to similarly win converts from the radical environmentalist and white nationalist movements in the United States.

A December 2008 report by the Political Research Associates, described as "a Massachusetts-based progressive think tank", stated that "he danger National Anarchists represent is not in their marginal political strength, but in their potential to show an innovative way that fascist groups can re-brand themselves and reset their project on a new footing. They have abandoned many traditional fascist practices — including the use of overt neo-Nazi references. In place they offer a more toned down, sophisticated approach often claiming not to be 'fascist' at all". Similarly, anarchists, who are anti-racists, have been aware of national-anarchists "attempting to infiltrate and exploit their scene" since at least 2005. Entryism, defined as "the name given to the process of entering or infiltrating bona fide organizations, institutions and political parties with the intention of gaining control of them for our own ends", is one of national anarchists' principal tactics. In The Case for National-Anarchist Entryism, Southgate called for national-anarchists to join political groups and then "misdirect or disrupt them for our own purposes or convert sections of their memberships to our cause".

On December 28, 2008, BANA members, dressed with hoodies emblazoned with "Smash All Dogmas" on the back and "New Right" on both sleeves, joined "a protest of several thousand against Israel's bombing of the Gaza Strip. Practicing full-blown entryism, they marched between groups carrying the Palestinian flag and the gay-pride flag, while shouting, "F---, F---, F--- Zionism!" BANA members later started carrying "a black flag with the letter Q in one corner" in reference to "Yeoman's claim that his ancestors rode with Quantrill's Raiders, a notoriously violent pro-Confederate guerrilla outfit that battled for control of the border state of Missouri during the Civil War". BANA members follow Julius Evola, described as "an esoteric Italian writer and 'spiritual racist' lionized by modern-day fascists", in believing themselves to be "in revolt against the modern world". BANA's website includes "long-winded blog posts predicting the imminent collapse of multicultural liberalism" and "carries notes of high praise for neo-Confederate secessionist groups like the League of the South and the Republic of South Carolina. Some of the site's content is unintentionally comical. For example, BANA exalts the lily-white town of Mayberry in the 1960s TV sitcom The Andy Griffith Show as 'a realized anarchist society'".

Writing for the Southern Poverty Law Center, Casey Sanchez argues that national-anarchism "is really just another white nationalist project". According to Sanchez, national anarchists advocates "racial separatism and white racial purity. They're also fiercely anti-gay and anti-Israel". BANA envisions "a future race war leading to neo-tribal, whites-only enclaves to be called 'National Autonomous Zones'". BANA co-founder Andrew Yeoman told the Intelligence Report that "e are racial separatists for a number of reasons, such as our desire to maintain our cultural continuity, the principle of voluntary association, and as a self-defensive measure to protect each other from being victimized by crime from other races". Sanchez describes BANA members "and other likeminded national anarchists" as cloaking "their bigotry in the language of radical environmentalism and mystical tribalism, pulling recruits from both the extreme right and the far left". Sanchez quotes Yeoman as saying that BANA is "an extremely diverse group. We have ex-liberals, ex-neo-cons, we have Ron Paul supporters, we have ex-skinheads, we have apolitical people that have been turned on to our causes".

On May Day 2010, BANA participated in the Golden Gate Minuteman Project's march in front of San Francisco City Hall in support of Arizona SB 1070, an anti-immigration Senate bill. The march took place during International Workers' Day demonstrations as an attempt to counter mass protest against the bill in Mission District, San Francisco. Local news media reported that Yeoman and four other national-anarchists were physically assaulted by about ten protesters as they left the march.

According to Matthew N. Lyons, "reedom from government tyranny has always been a central theme of right-wing politics in the United States". Lyons cites "the original Ku Klux Klan that denounced 'northern military despotism'" and the Tea party movement, "who vilify Barack Obama as a combination of Hitler and Stalin", as examples of the radical right, of which national-anarchism is part of, that has invoked "the evil of big government to both attract popular support and justify their own oppressive policies". Lyons describes "the rise of so-called National-Anarchism (NA), an offshoot of British neonazism that has recently gained a small but fast-growing foothold in the United States", writing that national-anarchists advocate "a decentralized system of 'tribal' enclaves based on 'the right of all races, ethnicities and cultural groups to organize and live separately'". While criticizing "statism of both the left and the right, including classical fascism", national-anarchists "participate in neonazi networks such as Stormfront.org and promote anti-Jewish conspiracy theories worthy of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion". According to Lyons, anti-statism is "a key part of National-Anarchism's appeal and helps it to deflect the charge of fascism".

Keith Preston

American Keith Preston, a fellow traveller of the national-anarchist movement who promotes an authoritarian anti-statist "ecletic synthesis" called "anarcho-pluralism" and advocating "a revolutionary alliance of leftist and rightist libertarians against U.S. imperialism and the state", argues that despite the anti-Americanism of European national-anarchists and the patriotism of American paleoconservatives, classical American ideals of Jeffersonian democracy are reconcilable with national-anarchism because of their common values, namely agrarianism, localism, regionalism and traditional values. Preston's opposition to oppression is linked only to the state, arguing that "the state is a unique force for destruction". In The Thoughts That Guide Me: A Personal Reflection (2005), Preston wrote that "what I champion is not so much the anarchist as much as the 'anarch,' the superior individual who, out of sheer strength of will, rises above the herd in defiance and contempt of both the sheep and their masters". Preston is described as "the moving force behind" the anti-state website Attack the System and the American Revolutionary Vanguard, its affiliate organization".

According to Matthew N. Lyons, "Preston's own relationship with fascism is much closer than he acknowledges. While he lacks fascism's drive to impose a single ideological vision on all spheres of society, he offers a closely related form of revolutionary right-wing populism. Above all, Preston and his rightist allies embody the main danger associated with fascism — to preempt the radical left as the main revolutionary opposition force". Lyons describes Preston as "n intelligent, prolific writer" who has "established himself over the past decade as a respected voice in libertarian, paleoconservative, and 'Alternative Right' circles", hence "in some ways even more dangerous" because it "represents a sophisticated reworking of far right politics that is flexible, inclusive, and appeals to widely held values such as 'live and let live'", having the potential to create a bridge that is unlike most far-right ideologies between national-anarchists and "a wide variety of rightist currents such as white nationalists, Patriot/militia groups, Christian rightists, and even some left-wing anarchists, liberal bioregionalists/environmentalists, and nationalist people of color groups".

Although claiming "many leftist ideas in his political philosophy and apparently is still in touch with some actual leftists", unlike other far-rightists who advocate Third Position, Lyons describes Preston as a "former left-wing anarchist", arguing that his politics "are fundamentally right wing with a leftist gloss". While defending his choice to "collaborate with racialists and theocrats", Preston has nonetheless called for "a purge, if not an outright pogrom" in an effort "to drive anti-racist whites, feminists, and queer activists from the anarchist movement" in order to "attract more young rebels into our ranks", although Preston later claimed that critics had taken this statement "way too seriously". Lyons describes Preston as "an individualist who does not directly advocate the racial determinism and separatism of his friends the National-Anarchists". Lyons describes Preston's call for a "pan-secessionist" strategy as being based on "a coalition of those across the political spectrum who want to carve out separate, self-governing political enclaves free" of American government and imperialist control. Lyons includes "Marxist-Leninists, white separatists, libertarians, neo-Confederates, indigenous rights activists, Christian rightists, Islamic rightists, militant environmentalists, and anti-Zionist Orthodox Jews" as "a broad array of potential partners" for Preston's "pan-secessionist" strategy.

Preston embraces a conservative view of regarding human nature and society, whose tenets include "natural inequality of persons at both the individual and collective levels, the inevitability and legitimacy of otherness". Preston is described as being "harshly critical of the left's egalitarianism and universalism. Instead, he offers an elitist, anti-humanist philosophy that echoes Friedrich Nietzsche, Ernst Jünger, and Ayn Rand". While stating that it would be a mistake "to see Preston's elitism as a mask for bigotry against any specific group of people", Lyons argues that "standard right-wing prejudices periodically creep into his prose". Lyons states that "Preston only acknowledges oppression along lines of race, gender, sexuality, or other factors to the extent that these are directly promoted by the state, particularly through formal, legal discrimination against specific groups of people", ignoring or trivializing "the dense network of oppressive institutions and relationships that exist outside of, and sometimes in opposition to, the state".

According to Lyons, "t is these societally based systems of oppression, not state intervention, that perpetuate dramatic wealth disparities between whites and people of color, widespread domestic violence that overwhelmingly target women, and suicide rates much higher among LGBT teens than heterosexual teens, among many other examples". Lyons further argues that merely "ismantling the central state won't abolish other systems of oppression. It will simply create a power vacuum where they can function in a more fragmented, unregulated way. This is a recipe for warlordism, a chaotic society where anyone with enough physical force can make the rules". In contrast to Preston, Lyons concludes that "uthoritarianism doesn't require a large centralized state, but can operate on any scale, such as a region, a neighborhood, or a family. With no program for liberation except ending big government, pan-secessionism", as advocated by national-anarchists such as Preston, "would foster many smaller-scale authoritarian societies".

Ideology

The conservative revolutionary concept of the anarch as articulated by German philosopher Ernst Jünger is central to national-anarchism. National-anarchists stress that the "artificial nationalism" of the nation state which they claim to oppose must be distinguished from the primordial "natural nationalism" of the people (volk) which they believe in its more consistent expressions is a legitimate rejection of both foreign domination (imperialism) and internal domination (statism). National-anarchists see "American global capitalism", consumerism, globalization, immigration, liberalism, materialism, modernity, multiculturalism, multiracialism and neoliberalism as the primary causes of the social decline of nations and cultural identity. They propose a strategic and ideological alliance of ethnic and racial nationalists and separatists around the world (especially in the Global South), neo-Eurasianists in Russia, Islamists in Muslim-majority countries and anti-Zionists everywhere to resist the New World Order—globalization viewed as an instrument of American imperialism and the antisemitic canard of Jewish-dominated international banking—that is inevitably leading to global economic collapse and ecological collapse.

National-anarchism expresses a desire to reorganize human relationships with an emphasis on replacing the hierarchical structures of the state and capitalism with local community decision-making. However, national-anarchists stress the restoration of the "natural order" and aim towards a decentralized social order where each new tribe builds and maintains a permanent autonomous zone for a self-sufficient commune which is economically mutualist, ecologically sustainable and socially and culturally traditional. Politically, national-anarchists believe in something of a meritocratic system, wherein leaders would rise to their positions based on their talents. These leaders, however, would not have any sort of vested authority, and would be more akin to big men than rulers. Asserting the right to difference, national-anarchists publicly advocate a model of society in which communities that wish to practice racial, ethnic, religious and/or sexual separatism are able to peacefully coexist alongside mixed or integrated communities without requiring force. National-anarchists claim that "national autonomous zones" (NAZs) could exist with their own rules for permanent residence without the strict ethnic divisions and violence advocated by other forms of "blood and soil" ethnic nationalism. National-anarchist Andrew Yeoman has stated that this racial segregation is actually a belief adopted from anarchists of color, who sometimes refuse to allow those of white descent into their spaces.

Some leading national-anarchists have stated in the past as having originally conceived the idea of establishing whites-only NAZs which have seceded from the state's economy as no-go areas for unwelcomed ethnic groups and state authorities. In their view, this was an insurrectionary strategy to foment civil disorder and racial tensions as an essential prelude to racial civil war and the collapse of the global capitalist system. National-anarchists such as Keith Preston advocate "a vision of revolutionary change that centers on replacing centralized nation-states with a diverse array of small-scale political entities". According to Preston, "anarcho-pluralism" is "anti-universalist" because "it rejects the view that there is one 'correct' system of politics, economics, or culture that is applicable much less obligatory for all people at all times and in all places". According to this view, "any group of people could organize and govern themselves as they wished, as long as they leave other groups free to do the same. These self-governing units could be based on ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, political philosophy, or cultural practice". For those national-anarchists, this is "the best possible method of avoiding the tyrannies and abuses of overarching Leviathan states, and accommodating the irreconcilable differences concerning any number of matters that all societies inevitably contain".

In terms of cultural and religious views, national-anarchists are influenced by the radical traditionalism and spiritual racism of Julius Evola, who called for a "revolt against the modern world". National-anarchists have a pessimistic vision of modern Western culture yet optimistically believe that "the decline of the West" will pave the way for its materialism to be expunged and replaced by the idealism of the primordial tradition. Although some adhere to a form of Christian Identity, most of its members within the national-anarchist movement reject Christianity because those national-anarchists believe it to be a Semitic religion that usurped the "Aryan" racial legacy of Mithraism as the historically dominant religion and moral system of the West. National-anarchists embrace a spiritual anarchism based on different forms of neopaganism, occultism and the ethnic religion of national mysticism, especially Nordic racial paganism which they view as genuine expressions of Western spirituality, culture and identity that can also serve as an antidote to the socially alienating effects of consumer culture. National-anarchists hold racial separatism and cultural revitalization through the establishment of confederations of autonomous neo-völkisch communes as the ultimate barrier against globalized racial mixing and cultural homogenization.

Position on the political spectrum

Scholars who have examined national-anarchism consider it to be on the radical right.

In his 2003 essay "From Slime Mould to Rhizome: An Introduction to the Groupuscular Right", Roger Griffin argued that national-anarchism is a segment of the groupuscular right which has evolved towards a "mazeway resynthesis" between "classic fascism, third positionism, neo-anarchism and new types of anti-systemic politics born of the anti-globalization movement", whose main ideological innovation is a stateless palingenetic ultranationalism.

In his 2005 essay "Co-opting the Counter Culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction", described as a "case study of the National Revolutionary Faction (NRF)" which "provides a salutary example of fascism's cogent syncretic core and its ability to produce novel and pragmatic syntheses", Graham D. Macklin argued that the conservative revolutionary concept of the anarch provides sanction for the ideological shapeshifting and unrestrained syncretism of national-anarchism, allowing its adherents to assert they have transcended the dichotomy of conventional politics to embrace higher political forms that are "beyond left and right". While stating that national-anarchists claim to promote "a radical anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist 'anarchist' agenda of autonomous rural communities within a decentralized, pan-European framework", Macklin further argued that despite a protean capacity for change, far-right groupuscules retain some principles which he calls core fascist values (anti-communism, anti-liberalism, anti-Marxism, violent direct action, palingenesis, Third Positionism and ultranationalism), describing national-anarchism as "racist anti-capitalism" and "communitarian racism". Macklin concludes that national-anarchism is a synthesis of anarcho-primitivism and the radical traditionalist conservatism of Julius Evola in a "revolt against the modern world". Macklin concludes that "lthough Southgate's impact on left-wing counter-cultural concerns has been completely negligible, this case study of the NRF's wanton intellectual cannibalism shows that groupuscular fascism poses a clear danger, particularly for ecological subcultures whose values are profoundly different from the ecological agenda mooted by the far right. If this article is anything to go by, then anarchist, ecological and global justice movements need to remain on their guard in order to ensure that the revolution will not be national-Bolshevized".

In his 2005 book The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP, Alan Sykes argued that national-anarchism represents a further evolution in the thinking of the radical right rather than an entirely new dimension, a response to the new situation of the late 20th century in which the process of globalization (cultural, economic and political) and the apparent triumph of materialist capitalism in the form of economic materialism and neoliberalism on a global scale requires a greater assertion of the centrality of anti-materialist and idealistic ethnic nationalism.

Analysis and reception

National-anarchism has critics on both the left and right of the political spectrum as they both look upon their politics with skepticism, if not outright hostility, mainly because of the multifaceted threat they conclude it represents. Scholarly analysis asserts that national-anarchism is a "Trojan horse for white nationalism" and represents what many anti-fascists see as the potential new face of fascism. This analysis argues that it is a form of crypto-fascism which hopes to avoid the stigma of classical fascism by appropriating symbols, slogans and stances of the anarchist movement while engaging in entryism to inject some core fascist values into the anti-globalization and environmental movements. According to scholars, national-anarchists hope to draw members away from traditional white nationalist groups to their own synthesis of ideas which national-anarchists claim are "neither left nor right". Some scholars also warn that the danger national-anarchists represent is not in their marginal political strength, but in their potential to show an innovative way that neo-fascist groups can rebrand themselves and reset their project on a new footing in order to preempt the radical left as the main revolutionary opposition force. Even if the results are modest, this can disrupt left-wing social movements and their focus on egalitarianism and social justice, instead spreading separatist ideas based on antifeminism, antisemitism, heterosexism, naturalistic fallacy and racism amongst grassroots activists.

Scholars have reported how far-right critics argue that neo-Nazis joining the national-anarchist movement will lead to them losing credit for the successes of their anti-Zionist struggle if it is co-opted by anarchists. Scholars further noted how those far-right critics argue that national-anarchists want the militant chic of calling themselves anarchists without the historical and philosophical baggage that accompanies such a claim, namely the link with 19th-century Jewish anarchists. Scholars such as Graham D. Macklin use apostrophes when describing national-anarchists' "anarchism" and write that "despite its alleged 'anarchism', looks favourably on the heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon England as a model of racial 'kingship'". Macklin describes national-anarchism as "a seemingly incongruous synthesis of fascism and anarchism" that owes more the "conservative revolutionary thought" of the anarcha than anarchism as it is "totally devoid of anarchism's humanistic social philosophy, which is rejected as 'infected' with feminism, homosexuality and Marxism". Macklin also argues that " political organization reveals the NRF to be closer in inspiration to the Leninist 'revolutionary vanguard' than anarchism".

Scholars such as Matthew N. Lyons argue that implementing national-anarchism would not result in an expansion of freedom as its proponents claim and that "in reality it would promote oppression and authoritarianism in smaller-scale units". According to Lyons, the opposition to the state of national-anarchists such as Keith Preston is based on "a radically anti-humanistic philosophy of elitism, ruthless struggle, and contempt for most people".

References

"Activist Resources - New Right Australia / New Zealand". Archived from the original on 2008-12-28.
"National Anarchists AUS/NZ". Archived from the original on 2009-02-16.
^ Griffin 2003.
^ Goodrick-Clarke 2003.
^ Sykes 2005.
^ Macklin 2005.
^ Sunshine 2008.
^ Sanchez 2009.
^ Lyons 2011.
Quote taken from the NRF website. See Macklin 2005 for a discussion of the NRF's membership structure.
Goodrick-Clarke 2003, p. 50
Whine 1999.
Dahl 1999, p. 92.
The Sunday Telegraph, September 9, 2007. " seemed thankful for the strong police presence. Twenty members of an anarchist movement, all wearing black hoodies with their faces covered by bandanas, were escorted away by police after marching only 20m. The group, New Right Australia and New Zealand, became a focal point for the crowd, who turned on them, accusing them of being Nazis."
SF Weekly, May 1, 2010; KGO-TV report, May 1, 2010.
^ Preston 2003.
Ross 2017.

Sources

Books and journal articles

Dahl, Göran (1999). Radical Conservatism and the Future of Politics. London: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-0-7619-5414-9.
Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2003). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3155-0.
Griffin, Roger (March 2003). "From Slime Mould to Rhizome: An Introduction to the Groupuscular Right". Patterns of Prejudice. 37 (1): 27–63. doi:10.1080/0031322022000054321. S2CID 143709925.
Lyons, Matthew N. (Summer 2011). "Rising Above the Herd: Keith Preston's Authoritarian Anti-Statism". New Politics. 7 (3). Retrieved 27 July 2019.
Macklin, Graham D. (September 2005). "Co-opting the Counter Culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction". Patterns of Prejudice. 39 (3): 301–326. doi:10.1080/00313220500198292. S2CID 144248307.
Preston, Keith (2003). The Failure of Anarchism. London: Black House Publishing. ISBN 9781910881361.
Ross, Alexander Reid (2017). Against the Fascist Creep. Oakland: AK Press. ISBN 9781849352444. OCLC 1023827103.
Sanchez, Casey (Summer 2009). "'National Anarchism': California racists claim they're Anarchists". Intelligence Report. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
Sunshine, Spencer (Winter 2008). "Rebranding Fascism: National-Anarchists". The Public Eye. 23 (4): 1, 12–19. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
Sykes, Alan (2005). The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP (British History in Perspective). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-59923-5.
Whine, Michael (January 1999). "Cyberspace: A New Medium for Communication, Command, and Control by Extremists". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 22 (3): 231–245. doi:10.1080/105761099265748. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006.

News articles

Gulezian, Lisa; Hollyfied, Amy (1 May 2010). "Thousands across Bay Area protest AZ immigration law". KGO-TV. Archived from the original on 4 May 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
Mercer, Neil; Chesterton, Andrew (9 September 2007). "Scaremongering - Fears of violent demonstrations unfounded". The Sunday Telegraph. p. 14.
Smiley, Lauren (1 May 2010). "Post-immigration march scuffle targets National Anarchists". San Francisco Weekly. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

External links

National Anarchist Movement Archived 2021-01-07 at the Wayback Machine

Fascism

Themes

Core tenets

Topics

Variants

Arab
Argentine
- Nacionalismo
- Orthodox Peronism
Austrian
Banderism
Brazilian
British
Christian
- Christian Identity
- Mexican synarchism
Clerical
Confucian
Crypto
Eco
Falangism
French
- Doriotism
- Pétainism
  - Neo-Pétainism
    - Jeune Nation
    - L'Œuvre Française
- Valoisism
Hindu
Hungarism
Hutu
Irish
Islamic
- Ziaism
Italian
- Intransigent
Japanese
- Reform bureaucratism
- Statism
  - Restoration
Jewish
- Kahanism
- Revisionist Maximalism
Korean
- Ilminism
- Nyulaiteu
LaRoucheism
Latvian
Mystical
Nazism
- Austrian
- Esoteric
- Hitlerism
- Neo-Nazism
  - Russian
- Strasserism
- Swedish
Neo
- Finnish
- NRx
Pan-Turkic
Rexism
Romanian
- Legionarism
  - Neo-Legionarism
- Romanianism/Stelism
Russian
- Neo-Eurasianism
Syndicalist
Syrian Social Nationalism
Techno
Third Positionism
- National-anarchism
- National Bolshevism
- Nazi-Maoism
Uruguayan
- Marzism
- Revisionism
- Sosism
Ustašism

Movements

Africa	Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor Ossewabrandwag Young Egypt Party (1933)
Asia	Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party Nationalist Movement Party Nationalist Task Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Patrol 36 Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang
Northern / Northwestern Europe	Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blood & Honour Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League English National Association European Liberation Front Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Action (UK) National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Socialist Bloc National Socialist Dutch Workers Party National Socialist Front National Socialist League National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962) National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom) National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands National Socialist Movement of Norway National Socialist Union of Finland National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden) National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark National Socialists of Finland National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League The Nordic Realm Party Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite GRECE L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Order of Nine Angles Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance World Union of National Socialists
Central Europe	Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Social Union Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters Positive Christianity German Christians The Right (Germany) Socialist Reich Party Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend
Southern Europe	ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front
Eastern and Southeastern Europe	Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Falanga Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Community National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Radical Camp National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front National Socialism / White Power Occupy Pedophilia Order of Nine Angles Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian National Unity Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Slovak People's Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Vlajka Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR
North America	Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Aryan Nations Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Creativity Fascist League of North America German American Bund Goyim Defense League Hammerskins Identity Evropa LaRouche movement League of the South National Alliance (United States) National Renaissance Party Nationalist Social Club-131 National Socialist Legion National Socialist Liberation Front National Socialist Movement National States' Rights Party National Vanguard Nationalist Front (United States) The Order Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Third Klan Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront White Aryan Resistance Wotansvolk Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Order of Nine Angles
Oceania	Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front
South America	Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement

People

Australia	Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam
Austria	Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg
Belgium	Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele
Croatia	Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy
Finland	Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen
France	Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Myatt Valois Vial
Germany	Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Kühnen Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Remer Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel
Greece	Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos
India	Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Modi Mukherjee Savarkar Vajpayee
Iran	Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash
Israel	Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin
Italy	Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Evola Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi
Japan	Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa
Romania	Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima
Russia	Ayo Astroŭski Barkashov Borovikov Dugin Dugina Ilyin Kaminski Kuryokhin Letov Limonov Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Stojadinović Zhirinovsky
Spain	Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer
Ukraine	Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko
United Kingdom	Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Griffin Jordan Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Southgate Tyndall Wellesley
United States	Abascal Anglin Auernheimer Biggs Black Butler Carto Collins Dilling Duke Enoch Frankhouser Fuentes Garza Graves Heimbach Hall Invictus Jones Joyce Kessler Lane LaRouche Lindbergh MacDonald Mason Metzger Miller Mills Minadeo Mullins Nordean Patsalos Pelley Pierce Pound Rockwell Rubin Smith Spencer Strom Tarrio Thomson Trump Vonsyatsky Yockey
Other	Arana Osorio Arcand D'Aubuisson Bahçeli Blythe Bushati Caetano Carrasco Castillo Armas Celmiņš Cerro Clausen Coughlin Devi O'Duffy Ďurčanský Frashëri al-Gaylani Genoud Gömbös Gustloff Hácha Hamidov Hamsun Hlinka al-Husayni al-Husseini Lee Linderman Ljotić Lugones Lukov Mach Madero Martínez Merlika-Kruja Noreika Piasecki Perón Phibunsongkhram Preto Puyi Quisling Ramírez Rhee Riva-Agüero y Osma Rupnik Saadeh Salgado Sayigh Šešelj Szálasi Terre'Blanche Tiso Tsankov Vikernes Wang Weinstein

Works

Literature	1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hunter Impeachment of Man Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Siege The Turner Diaries Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders?
Periodicals	Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP
Film	L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will
Other	Allach Ethnic Cleansing
Related topics	Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Hindutva pop Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema

Organizations

Institutional	Ahnenerbe Chamber of Fasces and Corporations Grand Council of Fascism Imperial Way Faction Italian Nationalist Association National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise Quadrumvirs
Activist	Adelaide Institute Agrarian Trade Union Federation The Britons Casuals United DeVlag European Social Movement Finnish Realm Union Francisco Franco National Foundation Friends of New Germany German American Bund GRECE The Link Mladorossi National Party of Europe National Policy Institute National Popular Consciousness People's Party Our Slovakia Popular Force Party Republic (Slovakia) Resistance Records Right Club Russian Fascist Organization
Youth	Adler und Falke Albanian Lictor Youth Arab Lictor Youth Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Blue-and-Blacks Ethiopian Lictor Youth Fascist Union of Youth Frente de Juventudes Al-Futuwwa Gioventù Italiana del Littorio Great Japan Youth Party Hitler Youth Faith and Beauty Society Deutsches Jungvolk Jungmädelbund League of German Girls Jeunesse Populaire Française Juventudes de Acción Popular Korean National Youth Association Levente Mocidade Portuguesa Nationale Jeugdstorm National League of Sweden National Socialist Liberation Front National Youth (Sweden) National Youth (Italy) National Youth Alliance National Youth Organisation (Greece) Opera Nazionale Balilla Österreichisches Jungvolk Patriotic/Eureka Youth League Union of Fascist Little Ones Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys) Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls) Ustaše Youth Wiking-Jugend Youth Front
Paramilitary and terrorist	Abhinav Bharat Albanian Fascist Militia Atomwaffen Division Azov Brigade Bajrang Dal The Base Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists Black Brigades Black Legion Blackshirts Blueshirts (Canada) Blueshirts (Ireland) Column 88 Combat Terrorist Organization Confederation of the Nation Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar Croatian Defence Forces Croatian National Resistance Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Bugojno group Einsatzgruppen Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Armata Falange Militia FEAR Flemish Guard Flemish Legion Frontbann Gold Shirts Hilfspolizei Hitler Youth Greenshirts (Romania) Greyshirts Heimwehr Hirden Hlinka Guard Hungarian National Defence Association Interbrigades Iron Wolf Jewish Defense League Jewish Defense Organization Kataeb Regulatory Forces Lăncieri Legion Wasa Lehava Lehi Levente Makapili Mano Blanca National Republican Guard National Socialism / White Power New Guard The Order Ostmärkische Sturmscharen Rodobrana Russian Imperial Movement Russian National Unity (2000) S14 Schutzstaffel Serbian Volunteer Corps Sicarii Sich Battalion Silver Shirts Sturmabteilung Sudetendeutsches Freikorps Terror Against Terror Third Klan Ukrainian Insurgent Army Ukrainian People's Militsiya Ustaše Militia Volkssport Walloon Guard Walloon Legion Waffen-SS Wagner Group Rusich Group Weerbaarheidsafdeling Werwolf Westland New Post Yokusan Sonendan Youth Front
Student	Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas German Student Union National Socialist German Students' League Sindicato Español Universitario Student Action
International	Axis powers NSDAP/AO ODESSA

History

1900s	Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust
1910s	Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
1920s	March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide
1930s	March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War
1940s	World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials

Lists
Anti-fascists Books about Hitler British fascist parties Fascist movements by country (A-F G-M N-T U-Z) Nazi ideologues Nazi leaders Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Speeches by Hitler SS personnel

v t e Nationalism
Development	Nationalism in Antiquity Nationalism in the Middle Ages Anthem Colours Flag Epic God Identity Language Music Myth Religion Sport Symbol Animal Emblem Flower Treasure
By type	African Anarchist Blind Bourgeois Business Welfare Civic American French Irish Constitutional patriotism Corporate- Cyber- Ecological Economic Ethnic European Expansionist Palingenetic ultranationalism Homo- Integral Left-wing Communist Linguistic Mystic Neo-/New Pan- Queer Right-wing Racial Arab Berber Black Korean White Zionism Religious Christian Catholic Clerico- Mormon Hindu Hindutva Islamic Resource Revolutionary Ethnocacerism National syndicalist Falangism Fascism List of fascist movements Romantic Technological Territorial Terrorism Trans- Ultra- Japan
Organizations	List of nationalist organizations Nationalist Clubs
Related concepts	Anarchism and nationalism Anationalism Anti-nationalism Banal nationalism Cultural nationalism Diaspora politics Eliminationism Exceptionalism Gastronationalism Gender and nationalism Historiography and nationalism Internationalism Irredentism Jingoism Nation-building National indifference National question National revival Nation state Nationalism studies Natural border Plurinationalism Principle of nationalities [fr] Revanchism State-building

Latest revision as of 15:01, 13 December 2024

History

Origins and Troy Southgate

BANA

Keith Preston

Ideology

Position on the political spectrum

Analysis and reception

See also

References

Sources

Books and journal articles

News articles

External links