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{{short description|11th century French saint}}
{{Infobox Saint {{Infobox saint
|name=Saint Robert of Molesme |name=Robert of Molesme
|birth_date=1028 |birth_date=1028
|death_date={{death date|1111|4|17|mf=y}} |death_date={{death date and age|1111|4|17|1028|df=y}}
|feast_day=] |feast_day=January 26 (initially April 17, subsequently April 29)
|venerated_in=] |venerated_in=]
|image=Robert de Molesme statue XVIe point peint 08345.JPG
|image=foundersofciteaux.jpg
|imagesize=250px |imagesize=250px
|caption=Robert of Molesme, 15th century statue
|caption=A painting of the founders of Citeaux, showing saints Robert, ], and ] venerating the ]
|birth_place= ], ], ] |birth_place= ], ], ]
|death_place= ], ] |death_place= ], Kingdom of France
|titles= |titles=
|beatified_date= |beatified_date=
Line 24: Line 25:
|prayer= |prayer=
|prayer_attrib= |prayer_attrib=
|honorific_prefix=Saint}}
}}


Saint '''Robert of Molesme''' (c. 1028 – 1111) was a ] ] and ], one of the founders of the ] in ]. '''Robert of Molesme''' (1028 – 17 April 1111) was an ], and a founder of the ]. He is venerated as a ] ].


==Life== ==Life==
Robert was born about 1029 near ], a younger son of Thierry and Ermengarde, nobles of ].<ref name=Staley>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thecompassnews.org/2010/04/robert-of-molesme-wanted-a-rigorous-monastic-life/ |title=Staley, Tony. "Robert of Molesme wanted a rigorous monastic life", ''The Compass News'', Diocese of Green Bay, Wisconsin, April 24, 2010 |access-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118224638/https://www.thecompassnews.org/2010/04/robert-of-molesme-wanted-a-rigorous-monastic-life/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He entered the ] abbey of Montier-la-Celle near Troyes at age fifteen and rose to the office of ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maurists |title=Acta Sanctorum |date=1900 |location=Vol. April 3 |pages=676–683}}</ref>
Robert was a member of the nobility in ], a younger son, who entered the abbey of ], near ], at age fifteen and later rose to the status of a prior. He was made the abbot of Saint Michel-de-Tonnerre at some point after the year 1060, but he was unable to reform the abbey, which had become known for its laxity, and so he returned to Montier-la-Celle. He was later a prior of Saint-Aiyoul.


He was made abbot of Saint Michel-de-Tonnerre around the year 1070, but he soon discovered that the monks were quarrelsome and disobedient, so he returned to Montier-la-Celle.<ref name="Gildas"></ref>
Some ]s living in the forest of ] sought Robert out there and asked to be put together under his direction in a new ]. He obtained the permission of ] to found a monastery at ] in ] in 1075. Initially, the establishment consisted of only huts made of branches surrounding a chapel dedicated to the ] in the forest of Molesme. The house quickly became known for its piety and sanctity, and Robert's reputation as a saintly man grew. When the house grew increasingly wealthy, new, unsuitable monks came to the area and divided the brothers, challenging Robert's severity.


Meanwhile, two hermits from a group of monks that had settled at ] went to ] and asked ] to give them Robert as their superior. The pope granted their request, and as of 1074 Robert served as their leader. Soon after, Robert moved the small community to Molesme in the valley of ] in ]. Initially, the establishment consisted of only huts made of branches surrounding a chapel in the forest, dedicated to the ]. ] quickly became known for its piety and sanctity, and Robert's reputation as a saintly man grew.<ref name=Gildas/> It is because of this renown that in 1082, ] came to Robert seeking advice. He lived with Robert's community for a time before going on to found the ], the first ] monastery.
Robert twice tried to leave Molesme and was ordered back by the ]. However, in 1098<ref name="VessGCSU">{{cite web |url= http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~dvess/ids/medieval/cist.html#intro |title= Brief Introduction to the Cistercians |author= , Department of History and Geography |work= ] |quote= }}</ref> Robert and several of his monks left Molesme with the intention of never returning. Renaud, the viscount of ], owned a desolate valley in a deep forest, which he gave to Robert and his companions, and thus they founded the monastery of ]. ] and ], two of Robert's monks from Molesme, were pivotal in founding the new house, as Robert ended up staying for only a year. In 1100, the monks of Molesme asked Robert to return and agreed to submit entirely to his interpretation of the ]. He did return and ran the monastery according to his own interpretation and example. Molesme became a major center for the ] under his tutelage. Meanwhile, the monastery at Citeaux, under the direction of Alberic, and especially ], became the cornerstone for the new Cistercian Order, which would grow to greater fame in the 12th century under ].


In 1098, there were 35 dependent priories of Molesme, other annexes, and some houses of nuns. Donors from the surrounding area vied with one another in helping the monks who soon they had more than they needed, and slackened their way of life and became tepid.<ref name=Butler/> Benefactors sent their children to the abbey for education and other non-monastic activities began to dominate daily life. The vast land holdings they had acquired needed a large number of employees. As the community grew increasingly wealthy, it began to attract men seeking entry for the wrong reasons. They caused a division among the brothers, challenging Robert's severity. Robert twice tried to leave Molesme but was ordered back by the ].
Robert died on ], ]. ] ] him in 1220. His ] in the ] was fixed at first on ], but later it was transferred to ] <ref name="cathen13097d">{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13097d.htm |title= St. Robert of Molesme, Catholic Encyclopedia |author= ] |work= |quote= }}</ref>.

==Cîteaux==
] as the ].]]
In 1098,<ref name="VessGCSU">{{cite web |url= http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~dvess/ids/medieval/cist.html#intro |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20000826214634/http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~dvess/ids/medieval/cist.html#intro |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2000-08-26 |title= Brief Introduction to the Cistercians |author=Deborah Vess |work= ] }}</ref> Robert and twenty-one of his monks left Molesme with the intention of never returning. Renaud, the Viscount of ], gave this group a desolate valley in a deep forest<ref name=Staley/> where they founded ]. ] and ] – two of Robert's monks from Molesme – were pivotal in founding the new house. ], ], was persuaded that they could not subsist there without endorsement from an influential churchman, so he wrote in their favour to ], ]. Odo paid for the construction they had begun, helping the monks finance their operating expenses and giving them much land and cattle. The Bishop of Challons elevated the new monastery to the canonical status of an abbey.

In 1099, the monks of Molesme asked Robert to return and agreed to submit entirely to his interpretation of the ]; the local bishop also pressured Robert to return. He agreed, and Molesme became a major center for the Benedictines under his tutelage. Albéric was made his successor as abbot at Cîteaux, with Stephen Harding as prior.<ref></ref>

Robert died on 17 April 1111, and ] ] him in 1222. His ] in the ] is also on 17 April,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/MartRom2004/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Martyrologium Romanum |publisher=Administrationem Patrimonii Sedis Apostolicae in Civitate Vaticana |year=2004 |edition=2 |pages=239 |language=Latin}}</ref> with the ] celebrating him, along with ] and ] on February 26.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/proper-masses-for-the-use-of-the-benedictine-confederation |title=Proper Masses for the Use of the Benedictine Confederation |publisher=The Liturgical Press |year=1975 |location=Collegeville, Minnesota |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref>

The ''Vie de saint Robert de Molesme'' was written by Guy, his immediate successor as abbot of Molesme.<ref name=Butler></ref>


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}
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Latest revision as of 11:06, 20 April 2024

11th century French saint
Saint
Robert of Molesme
Robert of Molesme, 15th century statue
Born1028
Troyes, County of Champagne, Kingdom of France
Died17 April 1111(1111-04-17) (aged 82–83)
Molesme, Kingdom of France
Venerated inCatholic Church
Canonized1222 by Pope Honorius III
FeastJanuary 26 (initially April 17, subsequently April 29)

Robert of Molesme (1028 – 17 April 1111) was an abbot, and a founder of the Cistercian Order. He is venerated as a Christian saint.

Life

Robert was born about 1029 near Troyes, a younger son of Thierry and Ermengarde, nobles of Champagne. He entered the Benedictine abbey of Montier-la-Celle near Troyes at age fifteen and rose to the office of prior.

He was made abbot of Saint Michel-de-Tonnerre around the year 1070, but he soon discovered that the monks were quarrelsome and disobedient, so he returned to Montier-la-Celle.

Meanwhile, two hermits from a group of monks that had settled at Collan went to Rome and asked Pope Gregory VII to give them Robert as their superior. The pope granted their request, and as of 1074 Robert served as their leader. Soon after, Robert moved the small community to Molesme in the valley of Langres in Burgundy. Initially, the establishment consisted of only huts made of branches surrounding a chapel in the forest, dedicated to the Holy Trinity. Molesme Abbey quickly became known for its piety and sanctity, and Robert's reputation as a saintly man grew. It is because of this renown that in 1082, Bruno of Cologne came to Robert seeking advice. He lived with Robert's community for a time before going on to found the Grande Chartreuse, the first Carthusian monastery.

In 1098, there were 35 dependent priories of Molesme, other annexes, and some houses of nuns. Donors from the surrounding area vied with one another in helping the monks who soon they had more than they needed, and slackened their way of life and became tepid. Benefactors sent their children to the abbey for education and other non-monastic activities began to dominate daily life. The vast land holdings they had acquired needed a large number of employees. As the community grew increasingly wealthy, it began to attract men seeking entry for the wrong reasons. They caused a division among the brothers, challenging Robert's severity. Robert twice tried to leave Molesme but was ordered back by the Pope.

Cîteaux

Modern icon of the founders of Cîteaux Abbey: Saints Robert (kneeling), Albéric and Stephen Harding venerate the Blessed Virgin Mary as the Theotokos of the Sign.

In 1098, Robert and twenty-one of his monks left Molesme with the intention of never returning. Renaud, the Viscount of Beaune, gave this group a desolate valley in a deep forest where they founded Cîteaux Abbey. Stephen Harding and Albéric – two of Robert's monks from Molesme – were pivotal in founding the new house. Hugh of Die, Archbishop of Lyons, was persuaded that they could not subsist there without endorsement from an influential churchman, so he wrote in their favour to Odo I, Duke of Burgundy. Odo paid for the construction they had begun, helping the monks finance their operating expenses and giving them much land and cattle. The Bishop of Challons elevated the new monastery to the canonical status of an abbey.

In 1099, the monks of Molesme asked Robert to return and agreed to submit entirely to his interpretation of the Rule of Saint Benedict; the local bishop also pressured Robert to return. He agreed, and Molesme became a major center for the Benedictines under his tutelage. Albéric was made his successor as abbot at Cîteaux, with Stephen Harding as prior.

Robert died on 17 April 1111, and Pope Honorius III canonized him in 1222. His feast day in the Roman Catholic Church is also on 17 April, with the Benedictines celebrating him, along with Alberic of Cîteaux and Stephen Harding on February 26.

The Vie de saint Robert de Molesme was written by Guy, his immediate successor as abbot of Molesme.

References

  1. ^ "Staley, Tony. "Robert of Molesme wanted a rigorous monastic life", The Compass News, Diocese of Green Bay, Wisconsin, April 24, 2010". Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  2. Maurists (1900). Acta Sanctorum. Vol. April 3. pp. 676–683.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Gildas, Marie. "St. Robert of Molesme." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 30 Mar. 2015
  4. ^ Butler, Alban. "St. Robert, Abbot of Molesme, Founder of the Cistercians", The Lives of the Saints, Vol.IV, 1866
  5. Deborah Vess. "Brief Introduction to the Cistercians". Georgia College & State University. Archived from the original on 2000-08-26.
  6. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "St. Robert of Molesme". Encyclopedia Britannica
  7. Martyrologium Romanum (in Latin) (2 ed.). Administrationem Patrimonii Sedis Apostolicae in Civitate Vaticana. 2004. p. 239.
  8. Proper Masses for the Use of the Benedictine Confederation. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. 1975. p. 9.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Robert of Molesme". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

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