Misplaced Pages

Chiropractic education: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 02:58, 13 July 2009 edit166.205.131.94 (talk) This is misstated and is already in another article← Previous edit Latest revision as of 21:35, 22 December 2024 edit undoMlejmle (talk | contribs)26 editsm Added further context, removed vague language 
(609 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{More citations needed|reason=The article includes several statements that should be cited, a few have been tagged as examples|date=October 2016}}
'''Chiropractic education''' trains future ] practitioners (chiropractic physicians). The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world.
'''Chiropractic education''' trains students in ].<ref name=InnesLeboeuf-Yde2016>{{cite journal|last1=Innes|first1=Stanley I.|last2=Leboeuf-Yde|first2=Charlotte|last3=Walker|first3=Bruce F.|title=Similarities and differences of graduate entry-level competencies of chiropractic councils on education: a systematic review|journal=Chiropractic & Manual Therapies|volume=24|issue=1|year=2016|page=1|issn=2045-709X|doi=10.1186/s12998-016-0084-0|pmc=4721112|pmid=26798453 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world.<ref name=WHO-guidelines>{{cite web | last=Organization | first=World Health | title=WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic | publisher=World Health Organization | date=2005 | url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/43352 | access-date=2024-06-14}}</ref> Accredited Doctor of Chiropractic programs include instruction in several academic areas including neurology, radiology, microbiology, psychology, ethics, biology, gross anatomy, biochemistry, spinal anatomy and more.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cce-usa.org/uploads/1/0/6/5/106500339/2021_cce_accreditation_standards__current_.pdf|title=July 2021 Accreditation requirements}} Council on Chiropractic Education, Retrieved 21 October 2021</ref> Prospective students are also usually trained in clinical nutrition, public health, pediatrics and other health or wellness related areas.


The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world, although in the United States programs are required to teach specific areas for accreditation purposes.
Chiropractic medicine is currently formally regulated in approximately 60 countries although chiropractors are also practicing in several other countries where there is no formal legal recognition of the profession at this time {{Fact|date=April 2008}}. To help standardize and ensure quality of chiropractic education and patient safety, in 2005 the World Health Organization published the official guidelines for basic training and safety in chiropractic <ref name=autogenerated2>http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf</ref> Most commonly, chiropractors obtain a first professional, ''second entry'', degree in Chiropractic medicine. Typically a 4 year university undergraduate education is required to apply for the chiropractic degree.<ref>http://www.ac-fpeh.com/PDF/academic/Chiropractic.pdf</ref><ref></ref> In general, the World Health Organization lists three potential educational paths involving full‐time chiropractic education across the globe. This includes: 1 – 4 years of pre-requisite training in basic sciences at university level followed by a 4 year full‐time program; DC. A 5 year integrated bachelor degree; BSc (Chiro). A 2 - 3 year Masters program following the completion of a bachelor degree; MSc (Chiro).<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> These are considered "basic guidelines", however, and in countries where the practice of chiropractic is well established, the stardards are frequently much higher.


Regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without relevant prior health care education or experience, must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full‐time education. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training.<ref name=WHO-guidelines>{{cite paper |author= World Health Organization |date=2005 |title= WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic |url=http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-03-03}}</ref> Health professionals with advanced clinical degrees, such as medical doctors, can meet the educational and clinical requirements to practice as a chiropractor in 2200 hours, which is most commonly done in countries where the profession is in its infancy. <ref name=autogenerated2 /> Upon meeting all clinical and didactic requirements of chiropractic school, a degree in chiropractic medicine is granted. However, in order to legally practice, chiropractors, like all ] health care professionals, must be ]. A 2005 ] (WHO) ] states regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without relevant prior health care education or experience must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full-time education. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training.<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> Students must pass boards administered by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE) to be licensed to practice in a U.S. state or territory. The boards consists of parts I, II, III, and IV, as well as other additional tests required by state or if desired by students such as the physiotherapy exam.


==History==
All Chiropractic Examining Board requires all candidates to complete a 12 month clinical intership to obtain licensure. Licensure is granted following successful completion of all state/provincial and national board exams so long as the chiropractor maintains ] insurance. Nonetheless, there still some variations in educational standards internationally depending on admission and graduation requirements. Chiropractic medicine is regulated in North America by state/provincial ]. The regulatory boards are responsible for protecting the public, standards of practice, disciplinary issues, quality assurance and maintenance of competency.<ref></ref>
{{expand section|additional explanation on how the education changed over time and the straight/mixer schism as it pertained to educational differences - 21 October 2021|date=October 2021}}
In 1908, chiropractic education originally began with a few months of training for chiropractic ]. Over the next several years it grew to 18 months of training. In the 1920s the education expanded again to include subjects such as anatomy, physiology and histology.<ref name=Smith-Cunnien1998/> It was not until the 1950s that chiropractic schools began requiring college coursework as a prerequisite for admission.<ref name=Smith-Cunnien1998/> While chiropractic education continued to expand its educational requirements, the education still varied between institutions due to there being no single regulatory agency overseeing chiropractic education. This changed in 1974, with the Council for Chiropractic Educate (CCE) being appointed as the official chiropractic accrediting agency.<ref name=Smith-Cunnien1998/>


As chiropractic grew, there were two distinct groups that emerged in the profession; Straights and Mixers. The Straights emphasized a ] philosophy and used spinal manipulation as their sole method of treatment.<ref name=History-Primer>{{cite web|title=Chiropractic history: a primer |author=Joseph C. Keating Jr. |author2=Cleveland CS III |author3=Menke M |url=http://www.historyofchiropractic.org/assets/documents/ChiroHistoryPrimer.pdf |year=2005 |access-date=2021-10-21 |publisher=Association for the History of Chiropractic |archive-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619204140/http://www.historyofchiropractic.org/assets/documents/ChiroHistoryPrimer.pdf}}</ref> They had the belief that all disease originated from the ]. Mixers utilized spinal manipulation, but in conjunction with other therapies such as physical therapy, nutrition, electrical muscle stimulation, and more.<ref name=History-Primer/> Mixer chiropractic schools offered more medical training, which initially resulted in significant controversy.<ref name=Smith-Cunnien1998>{{cite book|author=Susan L. Smith-Cunnien|title=A Profession of One's Own: Organized Medicine's Opposition to Chiropractic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDobc-oGPbIC&pg=PA19|year=1998|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-0943-2|pages=19–}}</ref> In 1997, American chiropractic schools tended to have lower entry requirements than medical or dental schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chiroweb.com/archives/ahcpr/uschiros.PDF|title=Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research|last=Cherkin|author2=Mootz|year=1997|page=19|access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> A 2005 report stated "Early chiropractic education included classes in some basic and clinical sciences along with philosophy of chiropractic."<ref name=Wyatt2005>{{cite journal|last=Wyatt|first=Lawrence H|author2=Stephen M Perle |author3=Donald R Murphy |author4=Thomas E Hyde |date=2005-07-07|title=The necessary future of chiropractic education: a North American perspective|journal=Chiropractic & Osteopathy|volume=13|issue=10|doi=10.1186/1746-1340-13-10|page=10|pmc=1181629|pmid=16001976 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Chiropractic degree ==
{{worldwide}}<!--this comes immediately after a section saying many countries use lesser degree titles, like Masters.-->
Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C. or DC) is an ] for ] providers. All degrees in chiropractic are considered to be ]s.<ref>Universities.com, ''First-Professional degree in Chiropractic (DC)''.</ref> A D.C. is considered a "primary health care" provider in the United States and Canada.<ref>The International Chiropractic Association, ''Chiropractic Quick Facts''.</ref><ref>The Canadian Chiropractic Association, ''The Chiropractic Profession - Within the Health Care Framework''.</ref>
This implies that a patient does not require a referral to seek treatment from a chiropractor. In this sense they are considered a "portal of entry" to the healthcare system.


== Training ==
Also known as a "chiropractic physician", "chiropractic doctor" or "chiropractor", a Doctor of Chiropractic degree differs from a Doctor of Medicine degree "medical doctor" in scope and practice. In chiropractic, the practitioner ] seeks to diagnose, treat, correct, and prevent neurological, skeletal, or soft tissue dysfunction by primarily employing manual and conservative therapies; the most frequent being spinal and other articular adjustments and manipulations.<ref name="bls"> U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008-09 Edition.</ref>
], in ], ], ].]]
Chiropractic education consists of college- or university-based training and education in the field of ] as well as various certificates, certifications, licenses and diplomas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/chiropractors.htm#tab-4|title=Chiropractors - How to Become One}} Bureau of Labor Statistics, Retrieved 21 October 2021</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.acatoday.org/Communities-Related-Organizations-American-Board-of-Chiropractic-Specialties|title=American Board of Chiropractic Specialties}} American Chiropractic Association, Retrieved 21 October 2021</ref> Regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without prior health care education or experience must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full-time education. This calculates out to 21 hours per week, using a standard 50-week year. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training.<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> The gross anatomy curricula of most chiropractic programs require students to spend time performing human cadaver dissection.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ball JJ, Petrocco-Napuli KL, Zumpano MP|title=An International Survey of Gross Anatomy Courses in Chiropractic Colleges|journal=J Chiropr Educ|volume=26|issue=2|pages=175–183|year=2012|doi=10.7899/jce-12-004|pmc=3557653|pmid=23362365}}</ref> Upon meeting all clinical and didactic requirements of chiropractic school, a degree in chiropractic is granted. However, in order to legally practice, chiropractors, like all ] health care professionals, must be ]. Licensure is granted following successful completion of all state/provincial and national board exams so long as the chiropractor maintains ] insurance. Nonetheless, there are still some variations in educational standards internationally, depending on admission and graduation requirements. Chiropractic is regulated in North America by state/provincial ], and also—to some extent—by the Business and Professions Code (e.g., in the state of California)—and the Case Law. Further, it has been argued that, at least in some states (in the USA), that this license subsumed the previous "drugless practitioner" license, and includes—within its scope of practice—that of the previous discipline.{{cn|date=October 2023}}


In some countries, like the United States, chiropractors earn a ] where training is entered after obtaining between 90 and 120 credit hours of university level work (see ]) and in most cases after obtaining a bachelor's degree. The World Health Organization lists three potential educational paths involving full-time chiropractic education around the globe. This includes: one to four years of pre-requisite training in basic sciences at university level followed by a four-year full-time doctorate program; DC. A five-year integrated ]; BSc (Chiro). A two-to-three-year ] following the completion of a bachelor's degree leads to the MSc (Chiro).<ref name=WHO-guidelines/> In South Africa the Masters of Technology in Chiropractic (M.Tech. Chiro) is granted following six years of university.<ref>{{cite web|title=CHIROPRACTIC AND SOMATOLOGY|url=http://www.dut.ac.za/faculty/health_sciences/chiropractic_and_somatology/|website=Durban University of Technology|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220171902/http://www.dut.ac.za/faculty/health_sciences/chiropractic_and_somatology/|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The ] currently states:
<blockquote>'''Chiropractic'''--Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C. or B.Chiro or M.Chiro), a curriculum divided into "straight" or "progressive" chiropractic depending upon the philosophy of the institution, generally requiring 4 academic years of full-time study after 2-4 years or more of study at the associate or bachelor's degree level.<ref name=USDE></ref></blockquote>


Doctors of Chiropractic who wish to practice in ] can prescribe certain medications. These doctors are required to obtain additional license and credentials from the New Mexico Board of ] and apply for a "Chiropractic Advanced Practice" Certification from the New Mexico Department of Regulations and Licensing <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-29 |title=Pharmacy |url=http://www.rld.state.nm.us/boards/Pharmacy.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229224023/http://www.rld.state.nm.us/boards/Pharmacy.aspx |archive-date=2012-02-29 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=rld.state.nm.us}}</ref>
Although the U.S. Department of Education lists the D.C.M. (Doctor of Chiropractic Medicine) as a type of degree granted to chiropractors, the degree has never actually been conferred by any academic institution. The D.C.M. degree was first proposed by ] in 1994. Western States Chiropractic College had announced at the time its intentions of developing a post graduate D.C.M. training program that would prepare chiropractic physicians to prescribe pharmaceuticals and perform minor surgery.<ref name="titleWestern States to offer Doctor of Chiropractic Medicine degree">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldchiropracticalliance.org/tcj/1994/sep/sep1994b.htm |title=Western States to offer 'Doctor of Chiropractic Medicine' degree |accessdate=2008-01-27 |format= |work=}}</ref>


==International degrees in chiropractic==
==Chiropractic education, licensure, and regulation==
{{Globalize|section|Western|date=October 2016}}
The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at ] vary considerably around the world,{{Fact|date=June 2008}} and their curricula, paradigms and scope of practice differ accordingly to the dominant belief structures within chiropractic.
{{Further|List of chiropractic schools}}


Various degree designations for the chiropractic field exist in different countries. They generally follow the ], ], ] scheme.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shearer|first1=Kevin|title=Chiropractic Education|url=http://quantumintegratedhealth.com/chiropractic-education-2/|publisher=Quantum Integrated Health|access-date=15 July 2016}}</ref>
{{see also|List of chiropractic schools}}


{| class="sortable wikitable"
===Australia===
|- align="center" bgcolor="#d6d6d6"
In Australia, a minimum of five-years worth of chiropractic education is needed before one may register as a practising chiropractor. Chiropractic is taught at three public universities: ] in Melbourne, ] in Perth and ] in Sydney. The RMIT and Macquarie programs graduate chiropractors with a bachelors degree followed by a masters degree while Murdoch University graduates attain a double bachelors degree, any of which is necessary for registration with state registration boards.
|class="unsortable" | '''Degree'''
|'''Full Name'''
|'''Country in which it is awarded'''
|-
|D.C. and M.S. (Chiro)
|Doctor of Chiropractic & Master of Science (Chiropractic)
|South Korea
|-
|B.App.Sc. (clin). & B.C.Sc.
|Bachelor of Applied Science (Clinical Science) & Bachelor of Chiropractic Science
|
|-
|B.Sc. (chiro) & B.C.
|Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic) & Bachelor of Chiropractic
|Australia
|-
|B.App.Sc. (Compl) & M.Clin.Chiro.
|Bachelor of Applied Science (Complementary Medicine) & Master of Clinical Chiropractic
|Australia
|-
|B.Chiro.
|Bachelor of Chiropractic
|New Zealand
|-
|B.Chiro. & M.Chiro
|Bachelor of Chiropractic & Master of Chiropractic
|Australia
|-
|B.Sc. (Hons) Chiro
|Bachelor of Science (Hons) Chiropractic
|Malaysia<ref>{{cite web|title=ABOUT THE CHIROPRACTIC DEGREE|url=http://www.imu.edu.my/imu/programmes/undergraduate/chiropractic/|website=imu.edu|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|B.Tech. (chiro) and M.Tech. (chiro)
|Bachelor in Technology (Chiropractic) & Master in Technology (Chiropractic)
|South Africa<ref>{{cite web|title=Higher Degrees|url=http://www.dut.ac.za/postgrad/higher_degrees/|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|D.C.
|Doctor of Chiropractic
|Brazil, Canada, France, Mexico, Spain, Sweden{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}, United States
|-
|M.C. or M.Chiro.
|Master of Chiropractic
|Australia, Switzerland, UK
|-
|M.C.B.
|Master in Clinical Biomechanics
|Denmark<ref>{{cite web|title=Master of Science in Clinical biomechanics - the chiropractic programme|url=http://www.sdu.dk/en/uddannelse/kandidat/klinisk_biomekanik|website=sdu.dk|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|M.Sc.(Chiro) or M.Chiro
|Master of Science (Chiropractic)
|Turkey<ref>{{cite web|title=Master of Science (Chiropractic)|url=https://bau.edu.tr/icerik/9570-kayropraktik-yuksek-lisans-programi-program-tanimi|website=yukseklisans.bau.edu.tr|access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|}


== Licensure and regulation ==
A graduate of RMIT will have attained a Bachelor of Applied Science (Complementary Medicine - Chiropractic) and a Master of Clinical Chiropractic.<ref></ref> Similarly, a typical graduate of Macquarie University will have a Bachelor of Chiropractic Science followed by a Master of Chiropractic.<ref></ref> Murdoch University graduates possess the double-degree of Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic Science) / Bachelor of Chiropractic.<ref></ref>
{{Globalize|section|Western|date=October 2016}}
Regulations for chiropractic practice vary considerably from country to country. In some countries, such as the United States of America, Canada and some European countries, chiropractic has been legally recognized. In these countries, the profession is regulated and the prescribed educational qualifications are generally consistent, satisfying the requirements of the respective accrediting agencies. However, many countries have not yet developed chiropractic education or established laws to regulate the qualified practice of chiropractic. In addition, in some countries, other qualified health professionals and lay practitioners may use techniques of spinal manipulation and claim to provide chiropractic services, although they may not have received chiropractic training in an accredited program.{{cn|date=October 2023}}


Chiropractic is governed internationally by the Councils on Chiropractic Education International (CCEI). This body is recognized by the ] and the ] as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic around the world.<ref name=WHO-guidelines/>
The Council on Chiropractic Education Australasia undertakes accreditations of Australasian chiropractic courses


The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the ] is 90 semester hours. Common prerequisite classes include those of the biological, chemical, & physical sciences, including: ] and ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Admissions Requirements - D.C">{{cite web|url=http://www.palmer.edu/PrerequisitesDC/ |title=Admissions Requirements - D.C |publisher=Palmer.edu |access-date=2012-09-16}}</ref> Chiropractic programs require at least 4,200 hours of combined classroom, laboratory, and clinical experience.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
The use of honorifics by chiropractors is under the jurisdiction of each state government. For example, NSW law states "A registered chiropractor must not use the title “doctor” in the course of the practice of chiropractic unless the chiropractor is the holder of a qualification conferred by a university that entitles the chiropractor to use that title"<ref> Part 3 Division 1 Section 18</ref>


===Canada=== === Australia ===
The ] has provided instructions for students who intend on becoming registered chiropractors in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.careerindia.com/news/2011/12/07/study-to-become-a-chiropractic-practitioner.html|title= Study To Become A Chiropractic Practitioner Study To Become A Chiropractic Practitioner|author=ashwathi cr|work=]|agency=Greynium Information Technologies|date=7 December 2011}}</ref> The profession is regulated by the ] (AHPRA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency FAQ |url=https://www.ahpra.gov.au/Support/Archive-of-FAQ-as-at-01-Feb-13.aspx |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency}}</ref>
There are currently 2 schools of chiropractic in Canada; ], in Toronto, Ontario and the ], in Trois Rivieres, Quebec. Both programs are fully accredited by the Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards. Canadian Chiropractic students undergo a course of study similar to that of other doctoral-level health care professionals, including medicine, optometry and dentistry and have similar entrance requirements. Students are required to complete a minimum of three years of university before they are eligible for admission to the CMCC Doctorate of Chiropractic Degree program. Approximately 90 percent of students entering the CMCC program have completed a baccalaureate or graduate university degree.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} The CMCC program is a privately funded institution and requires four years of full-time study, including a 12-month clinical internship.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Both the CMCC and the UQTR programs include courses in anatomy, neuroanatomy, neurodiagnosis, neuroscience, biochemistry, physiology, orthopaedics, diagnosis and symptomotalogy, laboratory diagnosis, embryology, principles of chiropractic, radiology, immunology, microbiology, pathology, clinical nutrition and other basic and clinical medical sciences.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} In terms of ] skills, the technique department of CMCC teaches the diversified technique for ], and have formally introduced soft tissue techniques in 2006.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}


=== Canada ===
Canadian chiropractic schools teach an ] paradigm as opposed to the traditional ] model. The chiropractic schools state that the role of the doctor of chiropractic is ] for ] conditions.


There are currently two schools of chiropractic in Canada: ], in Toronto, Ontario and the ], in ]. Both programs are fully accredited by the Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chirofed.ca/english/accreditation.html |title=Accreditation of Educational Programmes |work=Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards |access-date=2009-10-16 }}</ref> In 2010, the majority of students (87%) entering the CMCC program had completed a baccalaureate university degree, and approximately 3% have a graduate degree.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmcc.ca/Page.aspx?pid=339 |title=An Overview of CMCC Admissions - Shortcuts: Admissions Brochure |work=Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College |access-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915232405/http://www.cmcc.ca/Page.aspx?pid=339 |archive-date=2011-09-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The CMCC program is a privately funded institution and requires four years of full-time study, including a 12-month clinical internship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmcc.ca/Page.aspx?pid=291 |title=Undergraduate education |work=] |access-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826172213/http://www.cmcc.ca/Page.aspx?pid=291 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The UQTR and CMCC programs both include courses in anatomy, biochemistry, embryology, immunology, microbiology, neurology, clinical nutrition, pathology, physiology, principles of chiropractic, radiology, and other basic and clinical medical sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chiropractic.on.ca/ChiropracticCare/WhoareChiropractors/BecomingaChiropractor.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809122141/http://www.chiropractic.on.ca/ChiropracticCare/WhoareChiropractors/BecomingaChiropractor.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-08-09 |title=Becoming a Chiropractor |publisher=Ontario Chiropractic Association |access-date=2009-10-16}}</ref>
Four Canadian public universities currently have government-funded Canada Research Chairs in Chiropractic, with plans to have at least one in each of Canada's 10 provinces in the near future. Pilot projects involving doctors of chiropractic in hospitals in the province of Ontario are underway.<ref></ref>
In August 2005, CMCC became the first private institution in Ontario to be granted the privilege of offering a professional health care degree under the Post-secondary Education Choice and Excellence Act. It sets the program within the hierarchy of education in Ontario as comparable to that of other primary contact health care professions, such as medicine, dentistry, and optometry.<ref name=autogenerated1></ref> As of 2005, graduates of CMCC are formally recognized to have at least 7–8 years of university level education which will facilitate the acceptance of credits if they choose to further their education at the post graduate level. <ref name=autogenerated1 /> Additionally, CMCC offers chiropractic ] in sport sciences, clinical sciences, and radiology following the 4 year Doctor of Chiropractic Degree <ref></ref>. CMCC also offers a 1 year continuing education programme in ]. In contrast, the doctorate of chiropractic degree in Quebec is within a publicly funded university (UQTR) and is a five-year program following graduation from CÉGEP, a system of education that is unique to the province of Quebec.


Pilot projects involving doctors of chiropractic in hospital emergency rooms in the province of Ontario were underway in 2011, but as of 2020 the website states chiropractors only see patients based on referral.<ref name=StMichaels>{{cite web |url=http://www.stmichaelshospital.com/programs/chiropractic/index.php |title=Chiropractic Services |publisher=St. Michael's Health Centre |access-date=2011-11-08}}</ref> Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board requires all candidates to complete a 12-month clinical internship to obtain licensure, as well as write a total of three exams in their fourth year of study. Candidates must successfully pass Components A and B (Written Cognitive Skills Examination) to be eligible for the Clinical Skills Examination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cceb.ca/english/exam/index.htm|title=Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board|work=cceb.ca|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307084041/http://www.cceb.ca/english/exam/index.htm|archive-date=2007-03-07}}</ref>
In addition to the academic program, chiropractic education requires hands-on clinical experience under faculity supervision. This experience includes clinical assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and referral protocols. The multi-disciplinary faculty at both CMCC and UQTR have diverse backgrounds including MD's and PhD's that offer students a wide range of expertise in the medical and clinical sciences. Both the CMCC and the UQTR programs include courses in anatomy, neuroanatomy, neurodiagnosis, neuroscience, biochemistry, physiology, orthopaedics, diagnosis and symptomotalogy, laboratory diagnosis, embryology, principles of chiropractic, radiology, immunology, microbiology, pathology, clinical nutrition and other basic and clinical medical sciences. Additionally, four Canadian public universities currently have government-funded Canada Research Chairs in Chiropractic, with plans to have at least one in each of Canada's 10 provinces in the near future.


=== Germany ===
Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board requires all candidates to complete a 12 month clinical internship to obtain licensure, as well as write a total of 3 exams in their 4th year of study. Candidates must successfully pass Components A and B (Written Cognitive Skills Examination) to be eligible for the Clinical Skills Examination. <ref> </ref> Canadian accrediting standards are higher than the United States, and admission requirements into the Doctorate of Chiropractic Degree programme are the strictest in North America.<ref></ref>


In December 2009, Jann-Oliver Broschinski and Friso Krüger had founded the ] (Chiropractic Academy) from the Berlin Chiropractic School. The aim of the academy is the training of principled chiropractors who meet the standard of the WHO Guidelines for the Training and Safety for Chiropractors.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hong Kong Chiropractors Mar2018|url=http://www.cda.org.hk/ckfinder/userfiles/files/CDAHKe-NewsletterMar2018.pdf|work=Chiropractic Doctors Association of Hong Kong|date=July 22, 2018}}</ref> The academy is located in ], ],<ref name="Chiropraktik Akademie">{{cite web|url =https://www.chiropraktik-akademie.de/homepage.html|title=Chiropraktik Akademie|date=July 22, 2018}}</ref> and received its accreditation from Stiftung Akkreditierungsrat (German Accreditation Council) in Bachelor and Master of Science in Chiropractic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chiropractic Institutes|url=https://www.wfc.org/website/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141&Itemid=140&lang=en|work=World Federation of Chiropractic|date=July 22, 2018}}</ref> As of now, the Chiropraktik Akademie's programmes are not accredited by the European Council for Chiropractic Education (ECCE), which is the European organization to accredit officially recognized programmes of Chiropractic education.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cce-europe.com/accredited-institutions.html | title=Institutions with accredited programmes - ECCE - the European Council on Chiropractic Education e.V. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wfc.org/website/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141&Itemid=140&lang=en#nogo | title=Chiropractic Educational Institutions }}</ref> Furthermore, the Chiropraktik Akademie is not listed as one of the NBCE approved colleges to take the American national board exams, which are the oldest chiropractic licensing exams existing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbce.org/connections/links-colleges/ |title=Links to Chiropractic Colleges - National Board of Chiropractic Examiners |website=www.nbce.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404000534/https://www.nbce.org/connections/links-colleges/ |archive-date=2019-04-04}}</ref>
===South Africa===
In SA (South Africa) there are two schools of chiropractic{{Fact|date=June 2008}}: 1.] and, 2. ] Doornfontein campus. They are both 6 year full-time courses leading to an MTECH or Masters of technology in Chiropractic.


=== South Africa ===
It's a legal requirement that chiropractors must be registered with the the governmental statutory body in order to practice Chiropractic in SA. Being a member of the is voluntary. CASA is the only voluntary national association in the country and aims to promote the profession through publications in newspaper, interviews, internet and public enquires over the phone.
In ] (SA) there are two schools offering chiropractic: the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chiropractic.co.za/index.html?lf=1;pg=14 |title=CASA : Student Info |access-date=2009-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604212715/http://www.chiropractic.co.za/index.html?lf=1;pg=14 |archive-date=2008-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Both offer a 6-year full-time course leading to a ] (M.Tech.) in Chiropractic; the course comprises two years of basic sciences followed by four years specialising in chiropractic, and incorporates a research ]. In order to practice in SA chiropractors are required to complete an ], and must be registered with the the relevant governmental statutory body. Membership of the is voluntary; CASA is the profession's sole national association and aims to promote Chiropractic through publications in newspaper, interviews, internet and other public inquiries.


=== South Korea ===
Currently continuing education is not compulsory in order to stay registered with the AHPCSA.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
], located in Seosan, South Korea, has a CCEA accredited chiropractic program,<ref>{{cite news|last1=DiDanieli|first1=Maria|title=Korea and China: Recent chiropractic advances in the Far East|url=https://www.canadianchiropractor.ca/case-studies/korea-and-china-recent-chiropractic-advances-in-the-far-east-1172|work=Canadian Chiropractor|date=August 15, 2008|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Micozzi|first1=Marc S.|title=Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine - E-Book|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323298940|page=308|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7HSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA308|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Accredited programs|url=http://www.ccea.com.au/index.php/accreditation/accredited-programs/|publisher=CCEA -- Council on Chiropractic Education Australasia|access-date=25 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> the planning for which started in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|title=South Korean University to Begin Chiropractic Course|url=http://www.dynamicchiropractic.com/mpacms/dc/article.php?id=38206|work=Dynamic Chiropractic Newsletter|date=April 7, 1997}}</ref>


===United Kingdom=== === United Kingdom ===
In 1993, HRH Princess Diana visited the ] and became its patron. She also appeared at a news conference that launched a report calling for legislation to prevent unqualified individuals from practicing Chiropractic in the UK.<ref name=patron>{{cite journal|last=Staff|title=Chiropractic Report Calls for Registry of DCs in United Kingdom|journal=Dynamic Chiropractic |volume=11|issue=13|date=June 18, 1993|url=http://www.chiroweb.com/mpacms/dc/article.php?id=42352}}</ref> In 1994, Parliament passed legislation regulating the practice of Chiropractic, like other health care professions, and created the ] (GCC) as the regulatory board. Since that time, it is illegal to call oneself a Chiropractor in the UK without being registered with the GCC.<ref>{{cite web | title = Regulation of chiropractic | url = http://www.chiropractic-uk.co.uk/default.aspx?m=3&mi=19&ms=8&title=Regulation+of+chiropractic | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060304101709/http://www.chiropractic-uk.co.uk/default.aspx?m=3&mi=19&ms=8&title=Regulation+of+chiropractic | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2006-03-04 | access-date = 2009-02-12 }}</ref> There are currently three UK chiropractic colleges with chiropractic courses recognised by the GCC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcc-uk.org/page.cfm?page_id=25|title=Home Redirect - Contact Us - Website - GCC|work=gcc-uk.org|access-date=2007-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830045103/http://www.gcc-uk.org/page.cfm?page_id=25|archive-date=2013-08-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>
There are three UK chiropractic colleges with chiropractic courses recognised by the , the statutory governmental body responsible for the regulation of chiropractic in the UK.


The ] offers an Integrated Masters in Chiropractic (MChiro) programme<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mctimoney-college.ac.uk/undergraduate-studies/|title=Undergraduate Studies|website= McTimoney-college.ac.uk|author=McTimoney College of Chiropractic|date=15 October 2013 |access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> and two post-graduate Masters programmes in Animal Manipulation, plus a masters in Paediatric Chiropractic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mctimoney-college.ac.uk/page/7_Prospectus.html|title=McTimoney College Prospectus|work=mctimoney-college.ac.uk|date=2 May 2023 }}</ref> The Anglo-European College of Chiropractic also offers an Integrated Masters in Chiropractic (MChiro) programme<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aecc.ac.uk/undergraduate/|title=Undergraduate Courses at the AECC|website=aecc.ac.uk|author= AECC|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> as well as three post-graduate programmes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aecc.ac.uk/postgraduate-cpd/postgraduate-studies/|title=Postgraduate Studies at the AECC|website=aecc.ac.uk|author= AECC|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> The Welsh Institute of Chiropractic (WIOC) is a chiropractic training centre integrated within the University of South Wales<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wioc.southwales.ac.uk/chiropractic/|title=Chiropractic Services|website=wioc.southwales.ac.uk|author=WIOC|access-date=2017-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626091702/http://wioc.southwales.ac.uk/chiropractic/|archive-date=2017-06-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> offering an integrated undergraduate degree course in Chiropractic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southwales.ac.uk/study/subjects/chiropractic/|title=Chiropractic Degrees|website=southwales.ac.uk|author=WIOC|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref>
The McTimoney College of Chiropractic offers an Undergraduate Master Degree in human Chiropractic and 2 Post graduate Masters programmes in Animal Manipulation, plus a masters in Paediatric Chiropractic. The AECC graduates chiropractors with an undergraduate Masters degree (MChiro). The WIOC has also recently changed from a Bsc to an Mchiro programme.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
It is a legal requirement that all chiropractors in the UK register with the GCC to practice. A minimum of 30 hrs per annum Continuing Professional Development is required to retain registration .


It is a legal requirement that all chiropractors in the UK register with the GCC to practice. A minimum of 30 hours of Continuing Professional Development per year is required to remain a registered practicing chiropractor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcc-uk.org/education/continuing-professional-development/|title=Continuing Professional Development|website=GCC-UK.org|author=General Chiropractic Council UK|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref>
===United States===
Graduates of ] receive the degree ''Doctor of Chiropractic (DC)'', are referred to as "]", and are eligible to seek licensure in all jurisdictions. The ] (CCE) sets minimum guidelines for chiropractic colleges{{Fact|date=June 2008}}, but additional requirements may be needed for a license depending on the ] where a chiropractor chooses to practice.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} All 19 chiropractic institutions are accredited by the CCE.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} In 1991, the ] established its College of Chiropractic, becoming the first chiropractic school in the USA to be affiliated with a university.


=== United States ===
Students often enter chiropractic school with a Bachelor's degree, but, in 2005, only one chiropractic college required this as an admission requirement.<ref name="wyatt">{{cite journal|last=Wyatt|first=Lawrence H|coauthors=Stephen M Perle, Donald R Murphy, and Thomas E Hyde|date=2005-07-7|title=The necessary future of chiropractic education: a North American perspective|journal=Chiropractic & Osteopathy|volume=13|issue=10|doi=10.1186/1746-1340-13-10|url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1181629}}</ref> The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the CCE is 90 semester hours, and the minimum cumulative GPA for a student entering is 2.50. Commonly required classes include: ], ], ] and ], and ]. Other common medical classes are: ] or ], ], and ]. Chiropractic programs require at least 4,200 hours of combined classroom, laboratory, and clinical experience. The last 2 years stress courses in manipulation and spinal adjustment{{Fact|date=June 2008}} and provide clinical experience in physical and laboratory diagnosis, ], ], ], ], and ].
Graduates of ] receive the degree ''Doctor of Chiropractic (DC)'', and are eligible to seek licensure in all jurisdictions. The ] (CCE) sets minimum guidelines for chiropractic colleges;<ref>{{cite web|author=Council on Chiropractic Education|title=Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic Programs and Requirements for Institutional Status|year=2007|url=http://www.cce-usa.org/uploads/2007_January_STANDARDS.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129001310/http://www.cce-usa.org/uploads/2007_January_STANDARDS.pdf|archive-date=2010-11-29}}</ref> all 18 chiropractic institutions are accredited by the CCE. The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the CCE is 3 years (90 semester hours) of undergraduate study, and the minimum cumulative GPA for a student entering is 3.0 on a 4.0 scale.<ref>{{cite web|author=Council on Chiropractic Education|title=Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic Programs and Requirements for Institutional Status|year=2007|page=22|url= http://www.cce-usa.org/uploads/1/0/6/5/106500339/2018_cce_accreditation_standards.pdf}}</ref> Recommended prerequisite classes may include those of the biological, chemical, and physical sciences, including: ] and ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Admissions Requirements - D.C"/>


In 2024, ] reported on the high debt burden of students who pursued degrees in alternative medicine. Ten different chiropractic programs were ranked among the 47 US graduate programs with highest debt to earnings ratios.<ref name="opb-part2">{{cite news |last1=Camhi |first1=Tiffany |title=Oregon alternative medicine students face a long road to loan forgiveness |url=https://www.opb.org/article/2024/08/30/oregon-alternative-medicine-loan-forgiveness/ |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=OPB |date=30 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scorecard-data">{{cite web |author1=U.S. Department of Education |title=Most Recent Data by Field of Study |url=https://ed-public-download.app.cloud.gov/downloads/Most-Recent-Cohorts-Field-of-Study_06102024.zip |website=U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909175033/https://ed-public-download.app.cloud.gov/downloads/Most-Recent-Cohorts-Field-of-Study_06102024.zip |archive-date=9 September 2024}}</ref> Analyses by Quackwatch and the ] found high rates of default on Health Education Assistance Loan (HEAL) student loans used for chiropractic programs.<ref name="sunlight">{{cite web |last1=Rosiak |first1=Luke |title=Chiropractics lobbied for special student loans, defaulted in droves : Sunlight Foundation |url=https://sunlightfoundation.com/2010/01/12/chiropractics-lobbied-special-student-loans-defaulted-droves/ |website=Sunlight Foundation |access-date=29 October 2024 |date=12 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="mirtz">{{cite web |last1=Mirtz, DC |first1=Timothy |title=The Student Loan Mess: Why Chiropractic Is in Trouble|url=https://quackwatch.org/chiropractic/edu/loan/ |website=Quackwatch |access-date=29 October 2024 |date=23 April 2003}}</ref><ref name="default-rates">{{cite web |title=Chiropractic Student Loan Default Rates (1999 to 2012)|url=https://quackwatch.org/chiropractic/edu/default/ |website=Quackwatch |access-date=29 October 2024 |date=12 March 2018}}</ref> Among health professionals who were listed as in default on HEAL loans in 2012, 53% were chiropractors.<ref name="default-rates"/>
To qualify for licensure, graduates must pass at least 4 (NBCE parts I - IV) and in some juristdictions 5 (NBCE Physiotherapy) examinations from the ] and complete State specific requirements{{Fact|date=June 2008}}; most State boards require at least 2 years of undergraduate education, and an increasing number require a 4-year bachelor’s degree.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} All licensing boards in the US require the completion of a 4-year program at an accredited college leading to the DC degree.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Once licensed, most States require chiropractors to attend 12–50 hours of continuing education annually.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Chiropractic colleges also offer ] training in ], ], ], ], ], industrial consulting, ], family practice, ], and applied chiropractic sciences.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} After such training, chiropractors may take exams leading to "diplomate" status in a given specialty including orthopedics, neurology and radiology.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}


==Accreditation==
== Other governing bodies and associations ==
{{main|Councils on Chiropractic Education International}}
{{globalise}}<!--US-only?-->
Chiropractic is governed internationally by the ] (CCEI). This body is officially recognized by the ] and the ] as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic around the world.
=== Council on Chiropractic Education ===
{{main|Council on Chiropractic Education}}


In 2005, in efforts to improve consistency and equivalency in chiropractic training, the WHO published basic training and safety guidelines to provide international minimum requirements for chiropractic education and to serve as a reference for national authorities in establishing an examination and licensing system for the qualified practice of chiropractic.<ref name=WHO-guidelines/>
The Council on Chiropractic Education - USA (CCE-USA) is an agency for accreditation of programs and institutions offering the doctor of ] degree. Its accreditations are recognized by the ]. It seeks to insure the quality of chiropractic education in the United States by developing accreditation standards, encouraging educational improvement and providing public information.

=== Federation of Chiropractic Licensing Boards ===
{{main|Federation of Chiropractic Licensing Boards}}

The FCLB is a conglomeration of all 50 US state licensing boards and the District of Columbia. It also includes several Canadian provinces and US territories. Its stated purpose is to protect the public and to serve the member boards by promoting excellence in chiropractic regulation.<ref name=FCLB>Federation of Chiropractic Licensing Boards </ref>

==See also==
*]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


] ]

Latest revision as of 21:35, 22 December 2024

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Chiropractic education" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Chiropractic education trains students in chiropractic. The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world. Accredited Doctor of Chiropractic programs include instruction in several academic areas including neurology, radiology, microbiology, psychology, ethics, biology, gross anatomy, biochemistry, spinal anatomy and more. Prospective students are also usually trained in clinical nutrition, public health, pediatrics and other health or wellness related areas.

The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world, although in the United States programs are required to teach specific areas for accreditation purposes.

A 2005 World Health Organization (WHO) guideline states regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without relevant prior health care education or experience must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full-time education. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training. Students must pass boards administered by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE) to be licensed to practice in a U.S. state or territory. The boards consists of parts I, II, III, and IV, as well as other additional tests required by state or if desired by students such as the physiotherapy exam.

History

This section needs expansion with: additional explanation on how the education changed over time and the straight/mixer schism as it pertained to educational differences - 21 October 2021. You can help by adding to it. (October 2021)

In 1908, chiropractic education originally began with a few months of training for chiropractic spinal manipulation. Over the next several years it grew to 18 months of training. In the 1920s the education expanded again to include subjects such as anatomy, physiology and histology. It was not until the 1950s that chiropractic schools began requiring college coursework as a prerequisite for admission. While chiropractic education continued to expand its educational requirements, the education still varied between institutions due to there being no single regulatory agency overseeing chiropractic education. This changed in 1974, with the Council for Chiropractic Educate (CCE) being appointed as the official chiropractic accrediting agency.

As chiropractic grew, there were two distinct groups that emerged in the profession; Straights and Mixers. The Straights emphasized a vitalistic philosophy and used spinal manipulation as their sole method of treatment. They had the belief that all disease originated from the spine. Mixers utilized spinal manipulation, but in conjunction with other therapies such as physical therapy, nutrition, electrical muscle stimulation, and more. Mixer chiropractic schools offered more medical training, which initially resulted in significant controversy. In 1997, American chiropractic schools tended to have lower entry requirements than medical or dental schools. A 2005 report stated "Early chiropractic education included classes in some basic and clinical sciences along with philosophy of chiropractic."

Training

Founded in 1945, the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Chiropractic education consists of college- or university-based training and education in the field of chiropractic as well as various certificates, certifications, licenses and diplomas. Regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without prior health care education or experience must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full-time education. This calculates out to 21 hours per week, using a standard 50-week year. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training. The gross anatomy curricula of most chiropractic programs require students to spend time performing human cadaver dissection. Upon meeting all clinical and didactic requirements of chiropractic school, a degree in chiropractic is granted. However, in order to legally practice, chiropractors, like all self regulated health care professionals, must be licensed. Licensure is granted following successful completion of all state/provincial and national board exams so long as the chiropractor maintains malpractice insurance. Nonetheless, there are still some variations in educational standards internationally, depending on admission and graduation requirements. Chiropractic is regulated in North America by state/provincial statute, and also—to some extent—by the Business and Professions Code (e.g., in the state of California)—and the Case Law. Further, it has been argued that, at least in some states (in the USA), that this license subsumed the previous "drugless practitioner" license, and includes—within its scope of practice—that of the previous discipline.

In some countries, like the United States, chiropractors earn a professional doctorate where training is entered after obtaining between 90 and 120 credit hours of university level work (see second entry degree) and in most cases after obtaining a bachelor's degree. The World Health Organization lists three potential educational paths involving full-time chiropractic education around the globe. This includes: one to four years of pre-requisite training in basic sciences at university level followed by a four-year full-time doctorate program; DC. A five-year integrated bachelor degree; BSc (Chiro). A two-to-three-year master's degree following the completion of a bachelor's degree leads to the MSc (Chiro). In South Africa the Masters of Technology in Chiropractic (M.Tech. Chiro) is granted following six years of university.

Doctors of Chiropractic who wish to practice in New Mexico can prescribe certain medications. These doctors are required to obtain additional license and credentials from the New Mexico Board of Pharmacy and apply for a "Chiropractic Advanced Practice" Certification from the New Mexico Department of Regulations and Licensing

International degrees in chiropractic

Globe icon.The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Further information: List of chiropractic schools

Various degree designations for the chiropractic field exist in different countries. They generally follow the Bachelor's, Master's, Doctorate scheme.

Degree Full Name Country in which it is awarded
D.C. and M.S. (Chiro) Doctor of Chiropractic & Master of Science (Chiropractic) South Korea
B.App.Sc. (clin). & B.C.Sc. Bachelor of Applied Science (Clinical Science) & Bachelor of Chiropractic Science
B.Sc. (chiro) & B.C. Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic) & Bachelor of Chiropractic Australia
B.App.Sc. (Compl) & M.Clin.Chiro. Bachelor of Applied Science (Complementary Medicine) & Master of Clinical Chiropractic Australia
B.Chiro. Bachelor of Chiropractic New Zealand
B.Chiro. & M.Chiro Bachelor of Chiropractic & Master of Chiropractic Australia
B.Sc. (Hons) Chiro Bachelor of Science (Hons) Chiropractic Malaysia
B.Tech. (chiro) and M.Tech. (chiro) Bachelor in Technology (Chiropractic) & Master in Technology (Chiropractic) South Africa
D.C. Doctor of Chiropractic Brazil, Canada, France, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, United States
M.C. or M.Chiro. Master of Chiropractic Australia, Switzerland, UK
M.C.B. Master in Clinical Biomechanics Denmark
M.Sc.(Chiro) or M.Chiro Master of Science (Chiropractic) Turkey

Licensure and regulation

Globe icon.The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Regulations for chiropractic practice vary considerably from country to country. In some countries, such as the United States of America, Canada and some European countries, chiropractic has been legally recognized. In these countries, the profession is regulated and the prescribed educational qualifications are generally consistent, satisfying the requirements of the respective accrediting agencies. However, many countries have not yet developed chiropractic education or established laws to regulate the qualified practice of chiropractic. In addition, in some countries, other qualified health professionals and lay practitioners may use techniques of spinal manipulation and claim to provide chiropractic services, although they may not have received chiropractic training in an accredited program.

Chiropractic is governed internationally by the Councils on Chiropractic Education International (CCEI). This body is recognized by the World Federation of Chiropractic and the World Health Organization as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic around the world.

The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the CCE is 90 semester hours. Common prerequisite classes include those of the biological, chemical, & physical sciences, including: human anatomy and physiology, embryology, genetics, microbiology, immunology, cellular biology, exercise physiology, kinesiology, general chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, toxicology/pharmacology, nutrition, nuclear medicine, physics, biomechanics, and statistics. Chiropractic programs require at least 4,200 hours of combined classroom, laboratory, and clinical experience.

Australia

The Chiropractors' Association of Australia has provided instructions for students who intend on becoming registered chiropractors in Australia. The profession is regulated by the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA).

Canada

There are currently two schools of chiropractic in Canada: Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, in Toronto, Ontario and the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, in Trois-Rivieres, Quebec. Both programs are fully accredited by the Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards. In 2010, the majority of students (87%) entering the CMCC program had completed a baccalaureate university degree, and approximately 3% have a graduate degree. The CMCC program is a privately funded institution and requires four years of full-time study, including a 12-month clinical internship. The UQTR and CMCC programs both include courses in anatomy, biochemistry, embryology, immunology, microbiology, neurology, clinical nutrition, pathology, physiology, principles of chiropractic, radiology, and other basic and clinical medical sciences.

Pilot projects involving doctors of chiropractic in hospital emergency rooms in the province of Ontario were underway in 2011, but as of 2020 the website states chiropractors only see patients based on referral. Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board requires all candidates to complete a 12-month clinical internship to obtain licensure, as well as write a total of three exams in their fourth year of study. Candidates must successfully pass Components A and B (Written Cognitive Skills Examination) to be eligible for the Clinical Skills Examination.

Germany

In December 2009, Jann-Oliver Broschinski and Friso Krüger had founded the Chiropraktik Akademie (Chiropractic Academy) from the Berlin Chiropractic School. The aim of the academy is the training of principled chiropractors who meet the standard of the WHO Guidelines for the Training and Safety for Chiropractors. The academy is located in Bad Oeynhausen, Germany, and received its accreditation from Stiftung Akkreditierungsrat (German Accreditation Council) in Bachelor and Master of Science in Chiropractic. As of now, the Chiropraktik Akademie's programmes are not accredited by the European Council for Chiropractic Education (ECCE), which is the European organization to accredit officially recognized programmes of Chiropractic education. Furthermore, the Chiropraktik Akademie is not listed as one of the NBCE approved colleges to take the American national board exams, which are the oldest chiropractic licensing exams existing.

South Africa

In South Africa (SA) there are two schools offering chiropractic: the Durban Institute of Technology and the University of Johannesburg. Both offer a 6-year full-time course leading to a Masters of Technology (M.Tech.) in Chiropractic; the course comprises two years of basic sciences followed by four years specialising in chiropractic, and incorporates a research dissertation. In order to practice in SA chiropractors are required to complete an internship, and must be registered with the Allied Health Professions Council of SA (AHPCSA) the relevant governmental statutory body. Membership of the Chiropractic Association of SA (CASA) is voluntary; CASA is the profession's sole national association and aims to promote Chiropractic through publications in newspaper, interviews, internet and other public inquiries.

South Korea

Hanseo University, located in Seosan, South Korea, has a CCEA accredited chiropractic program, the planning for which started in 1997.

United Kingdom

In 1993, HRH Princess Diana visited the Anglo-European College of Chiropractic and became its patron. She also appeared at a news conference that launched a report calling for legislation to prevent unqualified individuals from practicing Chiropractic in the UK. In 1994, Parliament passed legislation regulating the practice of Chiropractic, like other health care professions, and created the General Chiropractic Council (GCC) as the regulatory board. Since that time, it is illegal to call oneself a Chiropractor in the UK without being registered with the GCC. There are currently three UK chiropractic colleges with chiropractic courses recognised by the GCC.

The McTimoney College of Chiropractic offers an Integrated Masters in Chiropractic (MChiro) programme and two post-graduate Masters programmes in Animal Manipulation, plus a masters in Paediatric Chiropractic. The Anglo-European College of Chiropractic also offers an Integrated Masters in Chiropractic (MChiro) programme as well as three post-graduate programmes. The Welsh Institute of Chiropractic (WIOC) is a chiropractic training centre integrated within the University of South Wales offering an integrated undergraduate degree course in Chiropractic.

It is a legal requirement that all chiropractors in the UK register with the GCC to practice. A minimum of 30 hours of Continuing Professional Development per year is required to remain a registered practicing chiropractor.

United States

Graduates of chiropractic schools receive the degree Doctor of Chiropractic (DC), and are eligible to seek licensure in all jurisdictions. The Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE) sets minimum guidelines for chiropractic colleges; all 18 chiropractic institutions are accredited by the CCE. The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the CCE is 3 years (90 semester hours) of undergraduate study, and the minimum cumulative GPA for a student entering is 3.0 on a 4.0 scale. Recommended prerequisite classes may include those of the biological, chemical, and physical sciences, including: human anatomy and physiology, embryology, genetics, microbiology, immunology, cellular biology, exercise physiology, kinesiology, general chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, toxicology/pharmacology, nutrition, nuclear medicine, physics, biomechanics, and statistics.

In 2024, Oregon Public Broadcasting reported on the high debt burden of students who pursued degrees in alternative medicine. Ten different chiropractic programs were ranked among the 47 US graduate programs with highest debt to earnings ratios. Analyses by Quackwatch and the Sunlight Foundation found high rates of default on Health Education Assistance Loan (HEAL) student loans used for chiropractic programs. Among health professionals who were listed as in default on HEAL loans in 2012, 53% were chiropractors.

Accreditation

Main article: Councils on Chiropractic Education International

Chiropractic is governed internationally by the Councils on Chiropractic Education International (CCEI). This body is officially recognized by the World Federation of Chiropractic and the World Health Organization as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic around the world.

In 2005, in efforts to improve consistency and equivalency in chiropractic training, the WHO published basic training and safety guidelines to provide international minimum requirements for chiropractic education and to serve as a reference for national authorities in establishing an examination and licensing system for the qualified practice of chiropractic.

References

  1. Innes, Stanley I.; Leboeuf-Yde, Charlotte; Walker, Bruce F. (2016). "Similarities and differences of graduate entry-level competencies of chiropractic councils on education: a systematic review". Chiropractic & Manual Therapies. 24 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/s12998-016-0084-0. ISSN 2045-709X. PMC 4721112. PMID 26798453.
  2. ^ Organization, World Health (2005). "WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  3. "July 2021 Accreditation requirements" (PDF). Council on Chiropractic Education, Retrieved 21 October 2021
  4. ^ Susan L. Smith-Cunnien (1998). A Profession of One's Own: Organized Medicine's Opposition to Chiropractic. University Press of America. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-0-7618-0943-2.
  5. ^ Joseph C. Keating Jr.; Cleveland CS III; Menke M (2005). "Chiropractic history: a primer" (PDF). Association for the History of Chiropractic. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
  6. Cherkin; Mootz (1997). "Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research" (PDF). p. 19. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  7. Wyatt, Lawrence H; Stephen M Perle; Donald R Murphy; Thomas E Hyde (2005-07-07). "The necessary future of chiropractic education: a North American perspective". Chiropractic & Osteopathy. 13 (10): 10. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-13-10. PMC 1181629. PMID 16001976.
  8. "Chiropractors - How to Become One". Bureau of Labor Statistics, Retrieved 21 October 2021
  9. "American Board of Chiropractic Specialties". American Chiropractic Association, Retrieved 21 October 2021
  10. Ball JJ, Petrocco-Napuli KL, Zumpano MP (2012). "An International Survey of Gross Anatomy Courses in Chiropractic Colleges". J Chiropr Educ. 26 (2): 175–183. doi:10.7899/jce-12-004. PMC 3557653. PMID 23362365.
  11. "CHIROPRACTIC AND SOMATOLOGY". Durban University of Technology. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  12. "Pharmacy". rld.state.nm.us. 2012-02-29. Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  13. Shearer, Kevin. "Chiropractic Education". Quantum Integrated Health. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  14. "ABOUT THE CHIROPRACTIC DEGREE". imu.edu. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  15. "Higher Degrees". Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  16. "Master of Science in Clinical biomechanics - the chiropractic programme". sdu.dk. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  17. "Master of Science (Chiropractic)". yukseklisans.bau.edu.tr. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  18. ^ "Admissions Requirements - D.C". Palmer.edu. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  19. ashwathi cr (7 December 2011). "Study To Become A Chiropractic Practitioner Study To Become A Chiropractic Practitioner". Oneindia. Greynium Information Technologies.
  20. "Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency FAQ". Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
  21. "Accreditation of Educational Programmes". Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  22. "An Overview of CMCC Admissions - Shortcuts: Admissions Brochure". Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College. Archived from the original on 2011-09-15. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
  23. "Undergraduate education". Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College. Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
  24. "Becoming a Chiropractor". Ontario Chiropractic Association. Archived from the original on 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  25. "Chiropractic Services". St. Michael's Health Centre. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  26. "Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board". cceb.ca. Archived from the original on 2007-03-07.
  27. "Hong Kong Chiropractors Mar2018" (PDF). Chiropractic Doctors Association of Hong Kong. July 22, 2018.
  28. "Chiropraktik Akademie". July 22, 2018.
  29. "Chiropractic Institutes". World Federation of Chiropractic. July 22, 2018.
  30. "Institutions with accredited programmes - ECCE - the European Council on Chiropractic Education e.V."
  31. "Chiropractic Educational Institutions".
  32. "Links to Chiropractic Colleges - National Board of Chiropractic Examiners". www.nbce.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-04.
  33. "CASA : Student Info". Archived from the original on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  34. DiDanieli, Maria (August 15, 2008). "Korea and China: Recent chiropractic advances in the Far East". Canadian Chiropractor.
  35. Micozzi, Marc S. (2014). Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 308. ISBN 9780323298940.
  36. "Accredited programs". CCEA -- Council on Chiropractic Education Australasia. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  37. "South Korean University to Begin Chiropractic Course". Dynamic Chiropractic Newsletter. April 7, 1997.
  38. Staff (June 18, 1993). "Chiropractic Report Calls for Registry of DCs in United Kingdom". Dynamic Chiropractic. 11 (13).
  39. "Regulation of chiropractic". Archived from the original on 2006-03-04. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  40. "Home Redirect - Contact Us - Website - GCC". gcc-uk.org. Archived from the original on 2013-08-30. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
  41. McTimoney College of Chiropractic (15 October 2013). "Undergraduate Studies". McTimoney-college.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  42. "McTimoney College Prospectus". mctimoney-college.ac.uk. 2 May 2023.
  43. AECC. "Undergraduate Courses at the AECC". aecc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  44. AECC. "Postgraduate Studies at the AECC". aecc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  45. WIOC. "Chiropractic Services". wioc.southwales.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-06-26. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  46. WIOC. "Chiropractic Degrees". southwales.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  47. General Chiropractic Council UK. "Continuing Professional Development". GCC-UK.org. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  48. Council on Chiropractic Education (2007). "Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic Programs and Requirements for Institutional Status" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-29.
  49. Council on Chiropractic Education (2007). "Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic Programs and Requirements for Institutional Status" (PDF). p. 22.
  50. Camhi, Tiffany (30 August 2024). "Oregon alternative medicine students face a long road to loan forgiveness". OPB. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  51. U.S. Department of Education. "Most Recent Data by Field of Study". U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard. Archived from the original on 9 September 2024.
  52. Rosiak, Luke (12 January 2010). "Chiropractics lobbied for special student loans, defaulted in droves : Sunlight Foundation". Sunlight Foundation. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  53. Mirtz, DC, Timothy (23 April 2003). "The Student Loan Mess: Why Chiropractic Is in Trouble". Quackwatch. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  54. ^ "Chiropractic Student Loan Default Rates (1999 to 2012)". Quackwatch. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
Category: