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{{short description|Syrian-singer (1912-1944)}}
{{Original research|date=July 2009}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2009}}
{{Infobox musical artist {{Infobox musical artist
| name = Asmahan<br/>{{nobold|{{lang|ar|أسمهان}}}}
|Name = Asmahan
|Img = Asmahan photo.jpg | image = Asmahan photo.jpg
| image_size =
|Img_capt = Asmahan
| caption = Asmahan
|Img_size = 250
| birth_name = Amal al-Atrash<br/>{{lang|ar|آمال الأطرش}}
|Background = solo_singer
| alias =
|Birth_name = Amal Al-Atrash
| birth_date = November 25, 1912
|Alias =
| birth_place =
|Born = 18 November 1918<ref name="imdb">{{imdb name|0039543}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|1944|7|14|1912|11|25}}
|Died = 14 July 1944, ]
| death_place = ], ]
|Origin =
| genre = ]
|Instrument =
| occupation = ], ]
|Genre = ] (], ])
| instrument =
|Occupation = ], ]
| years_active = 1931–1944
|Years_active =
| label =
|Label =
| past_member_of = ]
|Associated_acts =
| website =
|URL =
|Current_members =
|Past_members =
}} }}


'''Amal al-Atrash''' ({{langx|ar|آمال الأطرش}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|Āmāl al-Aṭrash}}'', <small> ]</small> {{IPA|ar|(ʔ)æːmæːl lˈ(ʔ)ætˤrɑʃ}}; November 25, 1912 – July 14, 1944),<ref name="al-mada"> {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130111235017/http://almadapaper.net/paper.php?source=akbar&mlf=interpage&sid=64405 |date=2013-01-11 }}, ''Al-Mada''</ref> better known by her stage name '''Asmahan''' ({{lang|ar|أسمهان}}, {{IPA|ar|ʔasmahaːn}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|Asmahān}}''), was a Syrian ].<ref name="Swayd2015">{{cite book|author=Samy Swayd|title=Historical Dictionary of the Druzes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eL0qBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|date=10 March 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-4617-1|page=57}}</ref>
'''Asmahan''' ({{lang-ar|<big>أسمهان</big>}} ''{{transl|ar|Asmahān}}''; birth name: '''Amal al-Atrash'''; November 18, 1918 &ndash; July 14, 1944){{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} was a ]ian<ref name="alquds.co.uk">], "وحصلت الأسرة علي الجنسية المصرية وظلت تنعم بها ومنهم اسمهان بالطبع"]</ref> singer and actor of ]n-] origin. She was the sister of ].


Having immigrated to Egypt at the age of three years old from Syria, her family knew the composer ], and she sang the compositions of ] and ].<ref name="lebarmy.gov.lb">{{cite web|url=http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/article.asp?ln=ar&id=8358|title=Lebanese Army Journal, Issue Number 241, July 2005|access-date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111224421/http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/article.asp?ln=ar&id=8358|archive-date=2013-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>al-Atrash, Majid (2005), Asmahan: Amirat at-tarab was-saif wan-nada (Asmahan: The princess of music, war and grace) al-'Adyat magazine, p.75–77, in Arabic</ref> She also sang the compositions of ] and her brother ], a then rising star musician in his own right. Her voice was one of the few female voices in Arab music world to pose serious competition to that of ],<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=85}}</ref> who is considered to be one of the ]'s most distinguished singers of the 20th century.<ref></ref> Her mysterious death in an automobile accident shocked the public. Journalists spread gossip about her turbulent personal life and an alleged ] role in ].
==Early life==
]
Asmahan was born to Fahd al-Atrash, a ]n Druze from ], and 'Alia al-Mundhir, a ] Druze from ]. Her father was married twice and had two children before marrying 'Alia al-Mundhir. <ref name="Enchantment 81">Images of enchantment, pp.81</ref> Her mother was a singer and an ] player who played a big part in her children's musical upbringing. Asmahan's brother, ], was a musician, singer and an oud player; he composed several of her songs.<ref name="Enchantment 83">Images of enchantment pp.83</ref> She also had an older brother, Fuad, and a sister and brother, Widad and Anwar who both had died at a very young age.<ref>Asmahan's Secrets, p.29.</ref><ref>Asmahan's Secrets, p.38.</ref>


== Early life ==
In October 1918, during ], as the ] were advancing against the ] in the ]s, Asmahan's father feared being attacked by ] Allied troops, due to his post as the Ottoman-appointed governor of ]. Thus, upon being warned of the arrival of Greek troops, he fled to ] with his two sons (Fu'ad, the eldest, and Farid) and his pregnant wife.<ref>Asmahan's Secrets, pp.24-25.</ref> From Izmir, they boarded a boat to ]. On November 23, while still on the trip, Asmahan was born. Fahd suggested naming her "Bahriyya" (meaning "of the sea" in Arabic), but her mother objected and decided to name her "Amal", meaning "hope".<ref>Asmahan's Secrets, p.26.</ref> Fahd was later appointed as a judge in ].<ref name="Enchantment 81"/>
Asmahan was born to Fahd al-Atrash, a ]n ] from ], and 'Alia al-Mundhir, a ] Druze from ]. Her father came from the Druze ] clan, well known in Syria for its role in fighting against the ] occupation.<ref>{{Citation|last=Provence|first=Michael |title=The great Syrian revolt and the rise of Arab nationalism|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2005|edition=illustrated|pages=72|isbn=978-0-292-70680-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej8ZMk1822sC&q=sultan+al+atrash&pg=PA72}}</ref>
===Al Atrash clan===
The al-] clan is a notorious Syrian Druze family, known for its role in the ] and the resistance against the ] in the 1920s.<ref>http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/Joshua_Landis_Druze_and_Shishakli.htm</ref><ref>(The Great Syrian Revolt) http://books.google.com/books?id=Ej8ZMk1822sC&pg=PA72&dq=sultan+al+atrash</ref> Trouble erupted with the colonial power after ] defeat and the ] incident which ] and his men had participated in. The fighting with the french continued for almost a year after. 'Alia couldn't endure the hostilities anymore. She was still mourning the deaths of Widad and Anwar, and felt that she must protect her other children. When shelling of the al-Atrash home in Suwayda began she left for ] and refused to return. Fahd sent his cousin Salim al-Atrash to bring her back together with his kids. After receiving Fahds message 'Alia told him that the only way her children would return to Suwayda was if he killed her, but that Fahd in return would be cursed for the deaths of their children (as in they would be killed of the fighting in Suwayda) Salim gave her all the money he had, thinking she would eventually return when the chaos would end in Suwayda.


Asmahan's father supposedly served as governor of the district of ] in ], during the last days of the ], when he fled the country with his children and pregnant wife. On 25 November 1912, they embarked on a ship from ] to ], and Asmahan was born on board. She was named "Amal", meaning "hope". She was also called "Emily", but always preferred the name "Amal". After the French came into power, the family returned to ].<ref name="Enchantment 83">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|1998|p=81}}</ref>
===Immigration to Egypt===
'Alia and her children moved on to ] but after being notified that she might be arrested by the french to force a ceasefire in Suwayda, they headed to ] to escape the french altogether. She drove south with her children, Fuad, Farid, and Amal al-Atrash, to ] in ], where, on Fuad's advice, she sold the car and they boarded the train toward Egypt.<ref></ref> They finally arrived in ] where they were naturalized later on.<ref name="Enchantment 81"/><ref name="Secrets">Asmahan's Secrets,pp. 37-38 and 98</ref> 'Alia chose to escape to ] because Egypt was under British, as opposed to French, mandate and she knew of a written correspondence relationship between ] and Egypt’s then popular prime minister ], each fighting colonial occupation on his respective turf.<ref></ref> At the immigration check-point in Al-Arish, they were confronted by Egyptian immigration officials, for they possessed no passports. 'Alia asked a border official to call Saad Zaghloul and tell him that 'Alia Al-Mundhir Al-Atrash, from the House of Sultan Al-Atrash, asked him to stand as sponsor. Zaghloul came online and agreed to personally sponsor the family into Egypt. Asmahan and her family were later naturalized as Egyptian citizens.<ref name="alquds.co.uk"/>


Following the ] in 1922, the al-Atrash home in ] (a town in ]) was bombed by French forces. 'Alia fled with her children to ] and, despite orders from Fahd, refused to return.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|pp=38}}</ref> Asmahan later recalled her childhood years in Jabal al-Druze as "untouched by anything truly bad".<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=36}}</ref> 'Alia and the three children travelled to ], but, after discovering that the French were searching for them there, they stopped in ] in ], and travelled from there to Egypt, where she sought political asylum for herself and her three children; they were later granted the right of political asylum in 1926 by the ], thus naturalized as Egyptian citizens.<ref name="Zuhur 2000 p=38-39">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|pp=38–39}}</ref>
She and her children hid under a pseudonym, fearing French action against the al-Atrash family in Egypt.<ref name="secrets 53">Asmahan's Secrets, p.53.</ref> 'Alia started to take laundry, sew, sing at private parties and record songs to support herself and her children. This gave her musical connections which she used to provide Farid and Amal professional musical training.<ref name="Enchantment 81"/> `Alia refused to return to Syria from Egypt when her husband asked her to do so, so she did without support in order to obtain her freedom. Her husband remarried and later, Asmahan would meet her half-siblings.


==Immigration to Egypt== ===Immigration to Egypt===
]
'Alia chose to escape to ] because Egypt was under British, as opposed to French, mandate and she knew of a written correspondence relationship between ] and Egypt’s then popular prime minister ], each fighting colonial occupation on his respective turf.<ref></ref> 'Alia drove south with her children, Fuad, Farid, and Amal al-Atrash, to ] in ], where, on Fuad's advice, she sold the car and they boarded the train toward Egypt. At the immigration check-point in Al-Arish, they were confronted by Egyptian immigration officials, for they possessed no passports. 'Alia asked a border official to call Saad Zaghloul and tell him that 'Alia Al-Mundhir Al-Atrash, from the House of Sultan Al-Atrash, asked him to stand as sponsor. Zaghloul came online and agreed to personally sponsor the family into Egypt.<ref></ref> Asmahan and her family were later naturalized as Egyptian citizens.<ref name="alquds.co.uk"/>
'Alia chose to immigrate to ], because she knew that Egypt's then ] prime minister ] and her husband's relative, ] were on corresponding terms.<ref name="Zuhur 2000 p=38-39"/><ref>{{YouTube|WoFmMGNOxLs|Interview with Fuad al-Atrash. Time 4:34.}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=39}}</ref> According to family accounts, 'Alia was permitted to enter ] under the sponsorship of Saad Zaghloul. Many other Syrians and Lebanese were present in Egypt in this period.


Asmahan and her family first lived in an apartment in a humble section of Cairo. Her mother did laundry and sewing to support the family.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=41}}</ref> She had an excellent voice, could play the ], sang at parties and made some recordings. Asmahan and her brothers attended a French Catholic school. In order to receive waivers for the high cost of tuition, 'Alia registered them under the alias ''Kusah'' (meaning "courgette") rather than trying to convince school officials that members of the wealthy{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} al-Atrash family were destitute.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|pp=41, 53}}</ref> 'Alia received a monthly stipend from a secret benefactor rumored to be ] (of the ]) according to one Egyptian journalist. This allowed her to cover the costs of her children's school's tuition, and a nicer apartment on Habib Shalabi Street.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|pp=42, 44}}</ref>
Asmahan’s immigration to Egypt as a child of five years old was undisputedly the most important turning point in her life, for without it, she would have had no musical career and Arab music would have missed out on her talent entirely. Asmahan's older brother, Fuad, and other Druze relatives considered a career in entertainment for a girl to be disgraceful.<ref name="Images of Enchantment. p. 82"></ref> It was difficult for Asmahan's relatives to imagine a daughter, niece, or cousin feeling at home in the burgeoning, heterogeneous Egyptian social scene. The clearly-defined divisions, along religious lines, of the Syrian countryside did not operate in Egypt. During two bouts of marriage to her cousin and relocation to Syria, Asmahan's musical career would come to a complete halt, and when she ultimately rejected a return to "respectability" on her relatives’ terms, by returning to Egypt and her singing career, Asmahan was reviled by her relatives and Syrian society.<ref>Introduction to Asmahan's Secrets, a biography (ISBN 978-0-292-79807-6)</ref> When her first film, “Intisar al-Shabab,” was released in Syria, one young Druze shot at the screen when the character played by Asmahan appeared.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 98"></ref>


==Career==
Culturally, Egypt was a planetary distance from the small villages of the Druze.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 54"></ref> Asmahan grew so accustomed to cosmopolitan<ref>Rodenbeck, Max. Cairo: The City Victorious. Alfred Knoff Publisher. New York, 1999</ref> life in Cairo that she would long for it, and would make “spending her winters in Cairo” one of her conditions to marrying her Druze cousin.<ref></ref> Asmahan was regarded as "a sophisticated foreigner, a binational, or a trans-national" by her own clan<ref></ref>, and when the marriage to her cousin failed, she returned immediately to Egypt, before she had divorce documents in hand.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 98"/> Asmahan's quest for her own happiness may indeed have been more strongly motivated than her patriotism to her clan.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 216"></ref> In her final confrontation with her cousin at ] Hotel in Giza, she told him, "I stood with you for independence and liberation, I did. But, I was created for another purpose. I prefer the work of Farid, and the work of ], and of art." He would divorce her immediately, and in Egypt, she remained for the rest of her short life.<ref></ref>


==Identity== ===Musical debut===
Amal's vocal talent was discovered at an early age. Once, when her brother Farid received one of Egypt's most famous composers, Dawood Hosni, in their home, the latter overheard her singing in her room, and insisted on seeing her immediately. He then asked her to sing again. He was much impressed by the performance, and suggested the stage name of Asmahan to her. Amal began using that name.
When Asmahan talked about her status and background she always refferd to her father and Sultan al Atrash to clarify her lineage. She once said to a friend questioning her about her mission during WW2: ''"Don't you know who I am? Why I am the daughter of Fahd al Atrash and cousin to the Amir al Atrash and the Druze revolutionary hero Sultan al-Atrash"''<ref>Asmahans Secrets pp, 37</ref> Speaking about her childhood in Jabal Druze she said that she saw the Jabal as her home rather then her family's houses in Lebanon or Turkey.<ref>Asmahans Secrets pp, 36</ref>


Asmahan rose to fame quickly: she was not even fourteen (or seventeen, since her birth date is disputed) years old when she was introduced to the public at a concert at the prestigious ].<ref name="Images of Enchantment. p. 82"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/exzuhasp.html|title=University of Texas Press|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> She sang and recorded songs composed by Farid Ghosn, Dawood Hosni, Mohamed El Qasabgi, and Zakariyya Ahmad. At fourteen, Asmahan was invited by an Egyptian record company to make her first album, featuring her first song "Ya Nar Fouadi" by Farid Ghosn.
==Musical debut==
Amal's vocal talent was discovered at an early age. She used to sing at home and in the school's special celebrations.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} She loved particularly to sing songs by ] and ]<ref></ref>.


A variety of teachers advanced her vocal and musical studies. Hosni volunteered to instruct Asmahan on how to play the ]; Qasabgi comments however on the mature level of her sight reading and musicality by the time she performed his work, some years later. However, her brothers wanted her to marry and return to Syria. Her cousin, Hassan al-Atrash travelled to Egypt, bringing with him a different cousin interested in Asmahan, however, once Hassan, who had already married five times, saw Asmahan, he pursued her and she returned to Syria for at least four years, interrupting her musical career.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
Once, her brother Farid was receiving at home one of Egypt’s most important musicians, the famous composer ]. He happened to hear Amal singing while she was in her room, so he demanded to see her immediately and asked her to sing again. Amal sang one more time and Hussnei was very impressed and pleased. After Amal finished her singing, he told her she reminded him of a musical student he once had, who possessed a beautiful voice but died at a very young age before knowing the fame she deserved. He proposed that student’s name, Asmahan, as a stage name for Amal, and Amal henceforth became Asmahan.<ref name="Images of Enchantment. p. 82"/>


===Egypt's influence===
Asmahan's rise to fame was very quick; she was not even fourteen years old when she was presented at the prestigious Cairo Opera House, in a concert setting, on the Columbia Records label,<ref name="Images of Enchantment. p. 82"/><ref></ref> and she performed songs composed by her mentors, composers Farid Ghosn, Dawood Hussnei, ] and ]. At the age of sixteen, Asmahan was solicited by Columbia Records in Egypt to register her first album which featured her first song “Ya Nar Fouadi” by Farid Ghosn. Asmahan chose to drop out of school, but she had already joined one of the most prestigious music academies in Egypt. Her mentors gave her vocal training and music lessons. With their help, she was offered a contract with Columbia Records.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 54"/>
Since Asmahan sang in Egypt, the lyrics of her songs were written in classical Arabic and in a more colloquial Arabic, but she also sang in the Eastern dialect of Arabic. Asmahan was said to have preciously replicated songs by ].<ref>{{Harvnb|Al-Taba'i|2008|p=82}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Al-Taba'i|2008|p=26}}</ref> When asked to sing about cultural patriotism and love, she sang of Egypt."<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 216">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=216}}</ref> Since singers and studios depended on the elites, Asmahan had to sing songs on uplifting nationalist themes or in praise of the Egyptian royal family.<ref name="Zuhur 2000 p=13">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=13}}</ref> At the beginning of her career she sang in the nightclub owned by Mary Mansour, Sala Masriyya.


Asmahan's older brother, Fuad, and other Druze relatives considered a career in entertainment for a girl to be disgraceful.<ref name="Images of Enchantment. p. 82">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|1998|p=82}}</ref> For them, culturally, "Egypt was a planetary distance from the small villages of the Druze."<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 54">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=54}}</ref> and it was difficult for her relatives to accept Asmahan's integration into the heterogeneous Egyptian social scene. The clearly defined divisions, along religious lines, of the Syrian countryside did not operate in Egypt. During the period when she was married to her cousin, Hassan, and then later in 1941, when she remarried him and returned to Egypt, her musical career came to a standstill. When the marriage first broke up, she left for Egypt immediately, even before she had obtained the bill of divorce.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 98"/> With her return to Egypt and a singing career, she finally repudiated "respectability" by appearing onscreen (she had not appeared in "Layla Majun" but her voice is featured) leaving both her relatives and Syrian Druze society furious. When her first film, ''Intisar al-Shabab'', was released in Syria, one young Druze shot at the screen when the character played by Asmahan appeared.<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 98">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=98}}</ref> Asmahan, bi-national or, in contemporary parlance, trans-national by then, had become "a sophisticated ''foreigner'' to the young men in the Jabal Druze."<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=95}}</ref>
To help support her mother and family<ref name="Asmahan's Secrets. p. 216"/>, she featured in the private celebrations of Egyptian elite and at Mary Mansour's night club alongside her brother Farid, though she hated these venues due to the demands of the audience.<ref name="Images of Enchantment. p. 82"/>


==Marriages and Personal Life== ==Personal life==
]
]
In 1933, Asmahan's cousin, Hassan al-Atrash, came to Cairo and proposed marriage, requesting that Asmahan abandon her musical career.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al-Taba'i|2008|p=51}}</ref> She agreed on three conditions: that they live in Damascus rather than ], winter in Cairo, and that she would never be required to wear the traditional ].<ref name="Zuhur 2000">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydFpAAAAMAAJ|title=Steel and Silk|first=Sami M.|last=Moubayed|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Cune Press, LLC|isbn=9781885942418|access-date=5 August 2016|via=Google Books}}</ref> They married and moved first to ] where the al-Atrash retain a large home, and then built their own home in Suwayda. Asmahan gave birth to her daughter, Kamellia. Eventually, Asmahan missed her career and her life in Cairo;<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|pp=69–70}}</ref> and in 1939, she and Hassan were divorced. In her final confrontation with her cousin at ] Hotel in ], she told him, "I stood with you for independence and liberation, I did. But, I was created for another purpose. I prefer the work of Farid, and the work of Umm Kulthum, and of art."<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=99}}</ref> She returned to Cairo and resumed her singing career, entering a short marriage to Egyptian director ].<ref>{{Cite news|title=The lost honor of Farid al-Atrash, Egyptian legend|url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-the-lost-honor-of-farid-al-atrash-1.5355155|access-date=2021-02-18|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en}}</ref>


In 1941, she returned to Syria in a dramatic and secret journey under the auspices of the British. Hassan agreed to meet with her, and used the occasion to successfully entreat her to remarry him. During the time they were married, she twice attempted suicide. Tabloid newspapers suggested that this was so that she could obtain a second divorce from Hassan; however, it seemed he actually agreed due to her visits to ], Jerusalem where wild rumours attached to her behaviour and overspending. Her third and final marriage was to the Egyptian director Ahmed Salem, supposedly to facilitate her return to Egypt over impositions by government authorities. It is unclear how that would occur, however, and she had an ongoing studio contract in Egypt. Asmahan was close friends with the al Othman family and met with them when she travelled to Haifa, Palestine, when they helped her.
In 1937<ref></ref>, Asmahan's cousin, Prince ], came to Cairo and asked for her hand in marriage. So she returned to her Syrian homeland,<ref name="Secrets 19"> Asmahan's Secrets pp.19</ref> She was nineteen. Hassan's only condition was for Asmahan to abandon her musical career. Asmahan agreed to the marriage proposal on three conditions of her own: to live in Damascus as opposed to the Druze mountain (the Jabal); to not be forced to don the veil (hijab); and to spend her winters in Cairo.<ref></ref> Hassan had acquired the title, Amir (or prince), and it was then that Egyptian press dubbed Asmahan as "The Princess of the Mountain". Asmahan had not actually lived in the Jabal in childhood; she had spent those early years in the family's residences in Lebanon and Turkey and only been to the Jabal for visits.<ref></ref><ref></ref> Asmahan lived, initially in Damascus then, foresaking her marriage conditions to support her husband's responsibilities to his people, later in the Jabal. She lived in ], her family's home town,<ref name="Secrets 19"/><ref name="Colors">Colors of enchantment pp. 281</ref> <ref></ref> She gave birth to a daughter, Camellia. However, Asmahan didn't take well to the hardships of Druze life in the Jabal, and began to despise married life.<ref></ref> She longed for life in Cairo and her musical career. Asmahan and Hassan divorced three years later.<ref></ref>


Also in 1941, Asmahan met Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Egypt's most distinguished singer and composer, and starred with him in his operetta ''Magnun Layla'' ("''Besotted with Layla''").<ref name="weekly.ahram.org.eg"> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725070959/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/933/ee2.htm |date=July 25, 2009 }}</ref> Abdel Wahab introduced her to the journalist, ], who suggests that she was in love with him, but the tone of his writing indicates that he was in love with her, but did not respect her. He suggests she had affairs or at least an ongoing relationship with the royal chamberlain ] but this might be exaggerted. Her brothers, Fuad and Farid, were no longer able to monitor her movements.<ref name="Enchantment 83"/> Her brother was a noted gambler; she and her friends also partied, smoked, drank and gambled. She became very ill for a period, but recordings show that her voice did not suffer.
In 1939, Asmahan returned to ] and resumed her singing career. For the following two years, her private life may have been too public. Jounalists wallowed in her racy conduct in Cairo, Jerusalem, and Beirut. There were alleged affairs with a succession of prominent Egyptian men, including journalist Muhammad al-Tabaʿi, banker ], and royal aide ]. Her brothers, Fuad and Farid, were no longer able to chaperone her.<ref></ref> She was, in many respects, her own worst enemy. Her habits of cigarettes, alcohol, and late nights had a deleterious effect on her voice.<ref>Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, by the Gale Group, Inc.</ref>


Asmahan was proud of her family background,<ref name="Zuhur 2000 p=13"/> and always mentioned her father and his cousin, ], to clarify her ancestry — once saying to al-Taba'i, after he had just insulted her, "Don't you know who I am? Why I am the daughter of Fahd al-Atrash and cousin to the Amir al-Atrash and the Druze revolutionary hero Sultan al-Atrash.<ref name="Zuhur 2000 p=37">{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=37}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Al-Taba'i|2008|pp=108–109}}</ref> Asmahan was not a first cousin of Hassan's, but referred to him as "ibn 'ammi" to the Egyptians, in fact, she was his second cousin, twice removed (by generation).<ref name="Zuhur 2000 p=37"/>
In 1941, Asmahan's first film, Intissar al-Shabab (Triumph of the Youth), was released, and in the process of making this film, she fell in love with and married the film director, Egyptian ]. The marriage was to last only forty days due to Asmahan's family objections because Badrakhan was not Druze. Asmahan's family claimed that she had not been legally divorced from Hassan; she had not remained in Syria long enough to obtain divorce documents before returning to Egypt, although she insisted that Hassan had divorced her.<ref></ref> Intissar al-Shabab and Asmahan's appearance on screen were not well received by her relatives and the Druze community in Syria. However, in the same year, Asmahan returned to Jabal-al-Druze and remarried her cousin, Hassan, arguably as a cover to espionage activity on behalf of the Allies, which did little to enhance her popularity.<ref>Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, by the Gale Group, Inc.</ref> This marriage, too, was short-lived, perhaps because Asmahan wanted financial freedom. On her way back to Egypt by land, Asmahan met Egyptian film director ] in Jerusalem and they were married and together they returned to Egypt. By remarrying Hassan, Asmahan had regained Syrian citizenship, and it was alleged that on these grounds, the Egyptian palace wished to strip her of her Egyptian citizenship<ref></ref>, but the real reason could have been Asmahan’s earlier failed attempts to contact the Nazis or jealousy by Egyptian Queen Nazli for her lover, Ahmed Pasha Hassanein.<ref></ref> It was also alleged that Asmahan entered into the marriage with Salim to maintain her Egyptian citizenship.<ref>], "وكانت رغبتها الأساسية استعاده الجنسية المصرية"]</ref> This marriage, too, was turbulent. Two weeks before her death, a shooting incident occurred during a domestic dispute and Salim was hospitalized with a gun wound to the lung.<ref></ref>


== Vocal characteristics ==
In 1944, Asmahan featured in her second and last film, Gharam wa Intiqam (Love and Revenge), with Egyptian actor and director ].
{{Original research section|date=July 2009}}
]
Asmahan's noted wide vocal range included ] and dramatic ] (as one can hear in her rendition of "Ya Tuyur" where she reaches a high A with ease and brio). Asmahan's voice has been compared to Fairuz and Sabah.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&q=Asmahan%27s+voice+has+been+compared+to+Fairuz+and+Sabah&pg=PA24|title=Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia|last=Shoup|first=John A.|date=2011-10-31|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598843620|language=en}}</ref> However, as she began her career more than two decades earlier, she had not in fact, adopted the Italian singing technique known as ], but rather learned singing from many admirable models of her own period and in Egypt where a much more diverse group of singers performed, and at a time when Arabic singing utilized both nasal and chest resonance.

Asmahan's voice was powerful, but also agile. She generally sang in her chest register but could use her head register and sing in a very controlled tone. It is not incorrect to say that she was the first or one of the first Arabic singers to use the classical western technique, also very few performers are able to alternate two different styles of interpretation and technique in one song (western and arab).<ref name="Zuhur">Zuhur</ref>


== Role in World War II == == Role in World War II ==
In 1941, during ], Asmahan was asked by the Allies to go to Syria on a secret mission to convince her people in ] to allow the ] and ] to enter ] through their territory without a fight. Syria was under the rule of ] at that time. The instructions were for her to not enter Syria illegally. So, at the border, she summoned her half-brother Talal, and when he heard her, he told her to wait for Hassan to come down the arduous journey to the border to hear her in person. Hassan did not allow her across the border until she made a personal promise to remarry him, and she accepted. It was alleged that Asmahan had been paid a handsome sum (£40,000) for her services to the Allies.<ref></ref> The British and Free French also promised the independence of ] in return, and the ] agreed.<ref>Asmahan's Secrets, pp.112-116</ref> In 1941, during ], Asmahan returned to the ] (Syria, then under the rule of ]) at the request of the British and the Free French. She was on a secret mission to notify her people in Jabal al-Druze that the ] and ] would be invading ] through their territory, and to convince them they should not fight. The British and Free French had promised the independence of Syria and Lebanon to all inhabitants on the date of the invasion. The ] agreed, even though some groups did not receive word in time and fought the invading forces. After the Allies secured ] during the ], General ] visited Syria. When the Allies failed to carry out their promise for Syrian independence, Asmahan tried to contact the ] in Turkey, but was stopped at the border and sent to Lebanon. It was also possible that Asmahan needed money because her husband had cut off her expenses, so she may have tried to reach the Germans simply to obtain funds.<ref name="Zuhur 2000"/>


Asmahan told Mohamed al-Taba'i that she was to receive the sum of £40,000 from the British for her services to the allies.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al-Taba'i|2008|pp=142–146}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zuhur |first1=Sherifa |title=Asmahan's Secrets: Art, Gender and Cultural Disputations |journal=] |date=2000a |volume=88 |pages=41–44 |doi=10.32380/alrj.v0i0.606|doi-access=free}}</ref> General ]'s representative in Cairo was General ]. Catroux's délégué in Damascus, Colonel Collet, stated that the British gave money to Asmahan (and to other Druze men, in his presence) and sent her to the Jabal to secure the support of the Druze before the Allies' invasion.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NvPEnnpsnwC|title=Syria's Quest for Independence, 1939-1945|first=Salma Mardam|last=Bey|date=1 September 1997|publisher=Ithaca|access-date=5 August 2016|via=Google Books|isbn= 978-0863721755}}</ref> The same information is stated by ] in his memoirs.<ref name="Zuhur"/>
The Allies managed to expel the Vichy forces from Syria, however, Asmahan received death threats from pro-Vichy Druze. She escaped by night on horseback, disguised as a male horseman and rode from Damascus all the way to the Palestinian border. After the Allies secured ] during the ], she returned to Damascus where she paraded through the streets with her husband Hassan. General ] visited ] where he met Asmahan, and congratulated her on a successful mission.<ref></ref>
The Allies reneged on their promises for Syrian independence and Asmahan, disgruntled, shifted allegiance to the Nazis. Asmahan boarded a train to Ankara, where she wanted to meet Hitler's ambassador to Turkey and master of Nazi espionage in the Middle East. British officials at the Turkish border refused to let her pass, and she was deported to Beirut.<ref></ref>


==Death== == Death ==
On 14 July 1944, a car carrying Asmahan and a female friend of hers crashed into the River ] after the driver lost control. Without a door on their side both ladies got stuck and drowned. Nevertheless, the driver managed to escape. On 14 July 1944, a car carrying Asmahan and a female friend crashed and went into a canal at the side of the road, after the driver lost control near the city of ], Egypt.<ref name="Zuhur 2000"/> The car was a two-door model and the women were sitting in the backseat. They were presumed to be rendered unconscious and subsequently drowned. The driver, however, managed to escape.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hanan al-Shaykh|title=Beirut Blues|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=2013|page=277|isbn=9780307831132}}</ref>


These suspicious circumstances gave rise to many rumors and much controversy. Tabloids were rife with conspiracy theories. Among those accused were British intelligence – after many reports claiming she was working with them – of getting rid of her after she handed over some military information to the Germans. The German ] was also accused of killing her for helping the British. These circumstances gave rise to many suspicions, rumours and conspiracy theories. British intelligence, for example, after many reports circulated claiming she had been working for them, was accused of having got rid of her after she had attempted to meet with German agents. The German ] was also accused of murdering her for the help she had given the British. Her husband at the time had fought violently with her, and her family's honour had been besmirched by the many rumours.


Asmahan was buried in Egypt in accordance with her wishes<ref>{{Harvnb|Zuhur|2000|p=165}}</ref> as, years later, were her two brothers, Fouad and ],<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912032423/http://www.classicalarabicmusic.com/fareed_al_atrach.htm |date=2010-09-12 }}</ref> in the ] plain in Cairo, which she and brother Farid, along with ],<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809041701/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/943/ee1.htm |date=August 9, 2009 }}</ref> had restored to some of its former glory.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OJ0-tXE_9MC&q=%22farid%20al-atrash%22%20buried%20egypt&pg=PA96|title=Architecture for the Dead : Cairo's Medieval Necropolis|first1=Galila El|last1=Kadi|first2=Alain|last2=Bonnamy|date=1 January 2007|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=9789774160745|access-date=5 August 2016|via=Google Books}}</ref>
==Legacy==
Her house in Syria is located in the French Quarter of ]. Years after her death, that house was seized by the Syrian government, and became – like much of the French Quarter – a property of the Syrian Army. It took the government sixty-two years to give in to the demands to turn the house into a museum for Asmahan and Farid.


== Legacy ==
The Ministry of Tourism acquired the house in September 2006, but work on it has yet to start.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
The ] and a private investor jointly produced a television series depicting the life (and death) of Asmahan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=45775321720080802231457|title=صحيفة الثورة|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> The Arabic series debuted during the month of Ramadan in 2008. Asmahan was played by Syrian actress ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/|title=Homepage|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> On 25 November 2015, Google celebrated Asmahan's 103rd birthday using a ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Asmahan's 103rd Birthday|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/asmahans-103rd-birthday/|website=Google|access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref>


==Filmography==
A television series in Arabic debuted in 2008 depicting her life and was shown during the month of Ramadan. Asmahan was played by ].
* '']'' ("''Triumph of the Youth''"), 1941
* '']'' ("''Love and Revenge''"), 1944

==See also==
*]


==References== ==References==
Line 91: Line 94:


==Sources== ==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Zuhur|first=Sherifa |title=Images of enchantment: visual and performing arts of the Middle East|publisher=] Press|date=1998|isbn=9774244672}} *{{citation|last=al-Taba'i|first=Muhammad |title=Asmahan Tells Her Story|year=2008|publisher=Dar al-Shorouk Press|ref=CITEREFAl-Taba'i2008}}
*{{cite book|last=Zuhur|first=Sherifa|title=Asmahan's Secrets: Woman, War, and Song|publisher=University of Texas Press|date=2000|isbn=9780292798076}} and London: Al Saqi, 2001; in Arabic, Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo, 2007. *{{citation|last=Zuhur|first=Sherifa |title=Images of Enchantment: Visual and Performing Arts of the Middle East|publisher=]|year=1998|isbn=977-424-467-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Zuhur|first=Sherifa |title=Colors of enchantment: theater, dance, music and the visual arts of the Middle East|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|date=2001|isbn=9774246071}} *{{citation|last=Zuhur|first=Sherifa|title=Asmahan's Secrets: Woman, War, and Song|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-292-79807-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/asmahanssecretsw00zuhu}}
*{{citation|last=Zuhur|first=Sherifa |title=Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance, Music and the Visual Arts of the Middle East|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|year=2001|isbn=977-424-607-1}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Portal|Egypt|Asia|Biography|Film|Music}}
{{Commons cat|Asmahan}}
{{Commons category|Asmahan}}
* {{imdb name|0039543}}
* {{IMDb name|0039543}}
*
*
* , a biography (ISBN 978-0-292-79807-6)
* , a biography ({{ISBN|978-0-292-79807-6}})


{{Arabic Pop}} {{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 23:39, 23 October 2024

Syrian-singer (1912-1944)
Asmahan
أسمهان
AsmahanAsmahan
Background information
Birth nameAmal al-Atrash
آمال الأطرش
BornNovember 25, 1912
DiedJuly 14, 1944(1944-07-14) (aged 31)
Mansoura, Kingdom of Egypt
GenresArabic music
Occupation(s)Singer, actor
Years active1931–1944
Formerly ofFarid al-Atrash
Musical artist

Amal al-Atrash (Arabic: آمال الأطرش Āmāl al-Aṭrash, North Levantine Arabic pronunciation: [(ʔ)æːmæːl lˈ(ʔ)ætˤrɑʃ]; November 25, 1912 – July 14, 1944), better known by her stage name Asmahan (أسمهان, Arabic pronunciation: [ʔasmahaːn] Asmahān), was a Syrian singer.

Having immigrated to Egypt at the age of three years old from Syria, her family knew the composer Dawood Hosni, and she sang the compositions of Mohamed El Qasabgi and Zakariyya Ahmad. She also sang the compositions of Mohammed Abdel Wahab and her brother Farid al-Atrash, a then rising star musician in his own right. Her voice was one of the few female voices in Arab music world to pose serious competition to that of Umm Kulthum, who is considered to be one of the Arab world's most distinguished singers of the 20th century. Her mysterious death in an automobile accident shocked the public. Journalists spread gossip about her turbulent personal life and an alleged espionage role in World War II.

Early life

Asmahan was born to Fahd al-Atrash, a Syrian Druze from Suwayda, and 'Alia al-Mundhir, a Lebanese Druze from Hasbaya. Her father came from the Druze al-Atrash clan, well known in Syria for its role in fighting against the French occupation.

Asmahan's father supposedly served as governor of the district of Demirci in Turkey, during the last days of the Ottoman Empire, when he fled the country with his children and pregnant wife. On 25 November 1912, they embarked on a ship from İzmir to Beirut, and Asmahan was born on board. She was named "Amal", meaning "hope". She was also called "Emily", but always preferred the name "Amal". After the French came into power, the family returned to Jabal al-Druze.

Following the Adham Khanjar incident in 1922, the al-Atrash home in al-Qrayya (a town in Jabal al-Druze) was bombed by French forces. 'Alia fled with her children to Damascus and, despite orders from Fahd, refused to return. Asmahan later recalled her childhood years in Jabal al-Druze as "untouched by anything truly bad". 'Alia and the three children travelled to Beirut, but, after discovering that the French were searching for them there, they stopped in Haifa in Palestine, and travelled from there to Egypt, where she sought political asylum for herself and her three children; they were later granted the right of political asylum in 1926 by the Egyptian Government, thus naturalized as Egyptian citizens.

Immigration to Egypt

'Alia and her children after arrival in Egypt

'Alia chose to immigrate to Cairo, because she knew that Egypt's then nationalist prime minister Saad Zaghloul and her husband's relative, Sultan al-Atrash were on corresponding terms. According to family accounts, 'Alia was permitted to enter Egypt under the sponsorship of Saad Zaghloul. Many other Syrians and Lebanese were present in Egypt in this period.

Asmahan and her family first lived in an apartment in a humble section of Cairo. Her mother did laundry and sewing to support the family. She had an excellent voice, could play the `ud, sang at parties and made some recordings. Asmahan and her brothers attended a French Catholic school. In order to receive waivers for the high cost of tuition, 'Alia registered them under the alias Kusah (meaning "courgette") rather than trying to convince school officials that members of the wealthy al-Atrash family were destitute. 'Alia received a monthly stipend from a secret benefactor rumored to be "Baron" Crane (of the King–Crane Commission) according to one Egyptian journalist. This allowed her to cover the costs of her children's school's tuition, and a nicer apartment on Habib Shalabi Street.

Career

Musical debut

Amal's vocal talent was discovered at an early age. Once, when her brother Farid received one of Egypt's most famous composers, Dawood Hosni, in their home, the latter overheard her singing in her room, and insisted on seeing her immediately. He then asked her to sing again. He was much impressed by the performance, and suggested the stage name of Asmahan to her. Amal began using that name.

Asmahan rose to fame quickly: she was not even fourteen (or seventeen, since her birth date is disputed) years old when she was introduced to the public at a concert at the prestigious Cairo Opera House. She sang and recorded songs composed by Farid Ghosn, Dawood Hosni, Mohamed El Qasabgi, and Zakariyya Ahmad. At fourteen, Asmahan was invited by an Egyptian record company to make her first album, featuring her first song "Ya Nar Fouadi" by Farid Ghosn.

A variety of teachers advanced her vocal and musical studies. Hosni volunteered to instruct Asmahan on how to play the oud; Qasabgi comments however on the mature level of her sight reading and musicality by the time she performed his work, some years later. However, her brothers wanted her to marry and return to Syria. Her cousin, Hassan al-Atrash travelled to Egypt, bringing with him a different cousin interested in Asmahan, however, once Hassan, who had already married five times, saw Asmahan, he pursued her and she returned to Syria for at least four years, interrupting her musical career.

Egypt's influence

Since Asmahan sang in Egypt, the lyrics of her songs were written in classical Arabic and in a more colloquial Arabic, but she also sang in the Eastern dialect of Arabic. Asmahan was said to have preciously replicated songs by Umm Kulthoum. When asked to sing about cultural patriotism and love, she sang of Egypt." Since singers and studios depended on the elites, Asmahan had to sing songs on uplifting nationalist themes or in praise of the Egyptian royal family. At the beginning of her career she sang in the nightclub owned by Mary Mansour, Sala Masriyya.

Asmahan's older brother, Fuad, and other Druze relatives considered a career in entertainment for a girl to be disgraceful. For them, culturally, "Egypt was a planetary distance from the small villages of the Druze." and it was difficult for her relatives to accept Asmahan's integration into the heterogeneous Egyptian social scene. The clearly defined divisions, along religious lines, of the Syrian countryside did not operate in Egypt. During the period when she was married to her cousin, Hassan, and then later in 1941, when she remarried him and returned to Egypt, her musical career came to a standstill. When the marriage first broke up, she left for Egypt immediately, even before she had obtained the bill of divorce. With her return to Egypt and a singing career, she finally repudiated "respectability" by appearing onscreen (she had not appeared in "Layla Majun" but her voice is featured) leaving both her relatives and Syrian Druze society furious. When her first film, Intisar al-Shabab, was released in Syria, one young Druze shot at the screen when the character played by Asmahan appeared. Asmahan, bi-national or, in contemporary parlance, trans-national by then, had become "a sophisticated foreigner to the young men in the Jabal Druze."

Personal life

Asmahan with her mother 'Alia al-Mundhir

In 1933, Asmahan's cousin, Hassan al-Atrash, came to Cairo and proposed marriage, requesting that Asmahan abandon her musical career. She agreed on three conditions: that they live in Damascus rather than Jabal al-Druze, winter in Cairo, and that she would never be required to wear the traditional hijab. They married and moved first to 'Ara where the al-Atrash retain a large home, and then built their own home in Suwayda. Asmahan gave birth to her daughter, Kamellia. Eventually, Asmahan missed her career and her life in Cairo; and in 1939, she and Hassan were divorced. In her final confrontation with her cousin at Mena House Hotel in Giza, she told him, "I stood with you for independence and liberation, I did. But, I was created for another purpose. I prefer the work of Farid, and the work of Umm Kulthum, and of art." She returned to Cairo and resumed her singing career, entering a short marriage to Egyptian director Ahmed Badrakhan.

In 1941, she returned to Syria in a dramatic and secret journey under the auspices of the British. Hassan agreed to meet with her, and used the occasion to successfully entreat her to remarry him. During the time they were married, she twice attempted suicide. Tabloid newspapers suggested that this was so that she could obtain a second divorce from Hassan; however, it seemed he actually agreed due to her visits to King David Hotel, Jerusalem where wild rumours attached to her behaviour and overspending. Her third and final marriage was to the Egyptian director Ahmed Salem, supposedly to facilitate her return to Egypt over impositions by government authorities. It is unclear how that would occur, however, and she had an ongoing studio contract in Egypt. Asmahan was close friends with the al Othman family and met with them when she travelled to Haifa, Palestine, when they helped her.

Also in 1941, Asmahan met Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Egypt's most distinguished singer and composer, and starred with him in his operetta Magnun Layla ("Besotted with Layla"). Abdel Wahab introduced her to the journalist, Mohamed al-Taba'i, who suggests that she was in love with him, but the tone of his writing indicates that he was in love with her, but did not respect her. He suggests she had affairs or at least an ongoing relationship with the royal chamberlain Ahmed Pasha Hassanein but this might be exaggerted. Her brothers, Fuad and Farid, were no longer able to monitor her movements. Her brother was a noted gambler; she and her friends also partied, smoked, drank and gambled. She became very ill for a period, but recordings show that her voice did not suffer.

Asmahan was proud of her family background, and always mentioned her father and his cousin, Sultan al-Atrash, to clarify her ancestry — once saying to al-Taba'i, after he had just insulted her, "Don't you know who I am? Why I am the daughter of Fahd al-Atrash and cousin to the Amir al-Atrash and the Druze revolutionary hero Sultan al-Atrash. Asmahan was not a first cousin of Hassan's, but referred to him as "ibn 'ammi" to the Egyptians, in fact, she was his second cousin, twice removed (by generation).

Vocal characteristics

This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Asmahan

Asmahan's noted wide vocal range included contralto and dramatic mezzo-soprano (as one can hear in her rendition of "Ya Tuyur" where she reaches a high A with ease and brio). Asmahan's voice has been compared to Fairuz and Sabah. However, as she began her career more than two decades earlier, she had not in fact, adopted the Italian singing technique known as bel canto, but rather learned singing from many admirable models of her own period and in Egypt where a much more diverse group of singers performed, and at a time when Arabic singing utilized both nasal and chest resonance.

Asmahan's voice was powerful, but also agile. She generally sang in her chest register but could use her head register and sing in a very controlled tone. It is not incorrect to say that she was the first or one of the first Arabic singers to use the classical western technique, also very few performers are able to alternate two different styles of interpretation and technique in one song (western and arab).

Role in World War II

In 1941, during World War II, Asmahan returned to the French Mandate of Syria (Syria, then under the rule of Vichy France) at the request of the British and the Free French. She was on a secret mission to notify her people in Jabal al-Druze that the British and Free French forces would be invading Syria through their territory, and to convince them they should not fight. The British and Free French had promised the independence of Syria and Lebanon to all inhabitants on the date of the invasion. The Druze agreed, even though some groups did not receive word in time and fought the invading forces. After the Allies secured Syria during the Syria-Lebanon Campaign, General Charles de Gaulle visited Syria. When the Allies failed to carry out their promise for Syrian independence, Asmahan tried to contact the Nazis in Turkey, but was stopped at the border and sent to Lebanon. It was also possible that Asmahan needed money because her husband had cut off her expenses, so she may have tried to reach the Germans simply to obtain funds.

Asmahan told Mohamed al-Taba'i that she was to receive the sum of £40,000 from the British for her services to the allies. General Charles de Gaulle's representative in Cairo was General Georges Catroux. Catroux's délégué in Damascus, Colonel Collet, stated that the British gave money to Asmahan (and to other Druze men, in his presence) and sent her to the Jabal to secure the support of the Druze before the Allies' invasion. The same information is stated by Edward Spears in his memoirs.

Death

On 14 July 1944, a car carrying Asmahan and a female friend crashed and went into a canal at the side of the road, after the driver lost control near the city of Mansoura, Egypt. The car was a two-door model and the women were sitting in the backseat. They were presumed to be rendered unconscious and subsequently drowned. The driver, however, managed to escape.

These circumstances gave rise to many suspicions, rumours and conspiracy theories. British intelligence, for example, after many reports circulated claiming she had been working for them, was accused of having got rid of her after she had attempted to meet with German agents. The German Gestapo was also accused of murdering her for the help she had given the British. Her husband at the time had fought violently with her, and her family's honour had been besmirched by the many rumours.

Asmahan was buried in Egypt in accordance with her wishes as, years later, were her two brothers, Fouad and Farid al-Atrash, in the Fustat plain in Cairo, which she and brother Farid, along with Abdel Halim Hafez, had restored to some of its former glory.

Legacy

The Egyptian Media Production City and a private investor jointly produced a television series depicting the life (and death) of Asmahan. The Arabic series debuted during the month of Ramadan in 2008. Asmahan was played by Syrian actress Sulaf Fawakherji. On 25 November 2015, Google celebrated Asmahan's 103rd birthday using a Google doodle.

Filmography

See also

References

  1. "منزل الفنانة أسمهان بات متحفاً" Archived 2013-01-11 at archive.today, Al-Mada
  2. Samy Swayd (10 March 2015). Historical Dictionary of the Druzes. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-4422-4617-1.
  3. "Lebanese Army Journal, Issue Number 241, July 2005". Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  4. al-Atrash, Majid (2005), Asmahan: Amirat at-tarab was-saif wan-nada (Asmahan: The princess of music, war and grace) al-'Adyat magazine, p.75–77, in Arabic
  5. Zuhur 2000, p. 85
  6. Prominent Egyptians - Egyptian Government State Information Service
  7. Provence, Michael (2005), The great Syrian revolt and the rise of Arab nationalism (illustrated ed.), University of Texas Press, p. 72, ISBN 978-0-292-70680-4
  8. ^ Zuhur 1998, p. 81
  9. Zuhur 2000, pp. 38
  10. Zuhur 2000, p. 36
  11. ^ Zuhur 2000, pp. 38–39
  12. Interview with Fuad al-Atrash. Time 4:34. on YouTube
  13. Zuhur 2000, p. 39
  14. Zuhur 2000, p. 41
  15. Zuhur 2000, pp. 41, 53
  16. Zuhur 2000, pp. 42, 44
  17. ^ Zuhur 1998, p. 82
  18. "University of Texas Press". Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  19. Al-Taba'i 2008, p. 82
  20. Al-Taba'i 2008, p. 26
  21. Zuhur 2000, p. 216
  22. ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 13
  23. Zuhur 2000, p. 54
  24. ^ Zuhur 2000, p. 98
  25. Zuhur 2000, p. 95
  26. Al-Taba'i 2008, p. 51
  27. ^ Zuhur 2000
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Sources

External links

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