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{{Short description|none}}
{{Righteous}}] citizens have the world's highest count<ref></ref> of individuals awarded medals of '']'', given by the ] to non-Jews who saved ] from extermination during the ]. There are 6,135 Polish men and women recognized as "Righteous" to this day, amounting to over 25 per cent of the total number of 22,765 honorary titles awarded already.<ref>{{cite news | title = First Arab Nominated for Holocaust Honor | work = | publisher = ] | date = 2007-01-30 | url = http://www.beliefnet.com/story/211/story_21108_1.html | accessdate = 2007-02-01}}</ref><ref name="jvl"> at Jewish Virtual Library</ref>
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
It is estimated that in fact hundreds of thousands of Poles concealed and aided hundreds of thousands of their ] neighbors.<ref name="Lukas" /> Many of these initiatives were carried out by individuals, but there also existed organized networks dedicated to aiding Jews—most notably, the '']'' organization.
{{Infobox
| title = Polish Righteous
| subheader = Medals and diplomas awarded at a ceremony in the ] on 17 April 2012
| image = ]
|caption = There are {{Polish Righteous count}} Polish men and women recognized as Righteous by the State of Israel
}}
{{Righteous Among the Nations}}
The citizens of ] have the highest count of individuals who have been recognized by ] as the '''Polish Righteous Among the Nations''', for saving ] from extermination during ] in World War II. There are {{Polish Righteous count|asofdate=y}} Polish men and women conferred with the honor,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/pdf-drupal/poland.pdf|title=Righteous Among the Nations Honored by Yad Vashem}}</ref> over a quarter of the {{Total Righteous count}} recognized by Yad Vashem in total.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/statistics.html|title=Names of Righteous by Country {{!}} www.yadvashem.org|website=www.yadvashem.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-29}}</ref> The list of ] is not comprehensive and it is estimated that hundreds of thousands of Poles concealed and aided tens of thousands of their ] neighbors.<ref name="HG"/> Many of these initiatives were carried out by individuals, but there also existed organized networks of ] which were dedicated to aiding Jews&nbsp;– most notably, the '']'' organization.


In ] the task of rescuing Jews was especially difficult and dangerous. All household members were punished by death if a Jew was found concealed in their home or on their property.<ref name="jvl"/> Estimates of the number of Poles who were killed by the ] for aiding Jews, among them 704 posthumously honored with medals, go as high as tens of thousands.<ref name="Lukas"/><ref name=chaim/><ref>Gunnar S. Paulsson. Yale University Press, 2002.</ref> In ], the task of rescuing Jews was difficult ]. All household members were subject to ] if a Jew was found concealed in their home or on their property.<ref name="jvl"/>{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}
{{see|Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust|The Holocaust in Poland}}


==Activities== ==Activities==
]", by the ] addressed to the ] of the then-], 1942]]
Before ], ] had numbered between 3,300,000<ref name="polex"/> and 3,500,000 persons or about 10 percent of the country's total population. During the ] ], ] from nearly every European country were sent to the '']''.<ref name=Piper62>Piper, Franciszek Piper. "The Number of Victims" in Gutman, Yisrael & Berenbaum, Michael. ''Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp'', Indiana University Press, 1994; this edition 1998, p. 62.</ref> Soon after war had broken out, ]. Most of them were quickly rounded up and imprisoned in ]s, which they were forbidden to leave.


{{Further|Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust|The Holocaust in occupied Poland}}
]
] poster in German and Polish threatening death to any Pole who aided Jews (], 1942)]]
As it became apparent that not only were conditions in the ghettos terrible (hunger, diseases, etc.) but that the Jews were being singled out for extermination at ], they increasingly tried to escape and hide in order to survive the war.
<ref name=Gil101>Martin Gilbert. ''The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust.'' Macmillan, 2003. .</ref> Many Polish ]s concealed hundreds of thousands of their Jewish neighbors. Many of these efforts arose spontaneously from individual initiatives, but there were also organized networks dedicated to aiding the Jews.<ref name="Piotrowski117">{{cite book |author=] |coauthors= |title=Poland's Holocaust |year=1997 |editor= |pages=117 |chapter=Assistance to Jews | chapterurl = |publisher=McFarland & Company |location= |id=ISBN 0-7864-0371-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&pg=PA117&vq=%22Committee+for+Rendering+Assistance+to+Jews%22&dq=Number+of+Jews+helped+by+Zegota&source=gbs_search_s |accessdate=}}</ref>


Before ], ] had numbered about 3,460,000&nbsp;– about 9.7 percent of the country's total population.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Węgrzynek |first1=Hanna |last2=Zalewska |first2=Gabriela |title=Demografia {{!}} Wirtualny Sztetl |url=https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/slownik/demografia |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=sztetl.org.pl}}</ref> Following the ], Germany's Nazi regime sent ] from every European country to the ] set up in the ] territory of occupied Poland and across the ].<ref name="Piper62"/> Most Jews were imprisoned in the ], which they were forbidden to leave. Soon after the ] had broken out in 1941, the Germans began their ] on either side of the ], parallel to the ethnic cleansing of the Polish population including ] and other minorities of Poland.<ref name="Piper62"/>
Most notably, in September 1942 a ] (''Tymczasowy Komitet Pomocy Żydom'') was founded on the initiative of Polish novelist ], of the famous artistic and literary ] family. This body soon became the ] (''Rada Pomocy Żydom''), known by the codename '']'', with ] as its president and ] as head of its children's section. <ref name=Pawlikowski110-113>John T. Pawlikowski, ''Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust'', in, in Joshua D. Zimmerman, ''Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath'', Rutgers University Press, 2003, ISBN 0813531586</ref><ref name="AS">Andrzej Sławiński, ''''. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Last accessed on March 14, 2008.</ref>


As it became apparent that, not only were conditions in the ghettos terrible (hunger, diseases, executions), but that the Jews were being singled out for extermination at the ], they increasingly tried to escape from the ghettos and hide in order to survive the war.<ref name="Gil101"/> Many Polish ]s concealed their Jewish neighbors. Many of these efforts arose spontaneously from individual initiatives, but there were also organized networks dedicated to aiding the Jews. Most notably, in September 1942 a ] (''Tymczasowy Komitet Pomocy Żydom'') was founded on the initiative of Polish novelist ], of the famous artistic and literary ] family. This body soon became the ] (''Rada Pomocy Żydom''), known by the codename '']'', with ] as its president and ] as head of its children's section.<ref name="Pawlikowski110-113"/><ref name="AS"/>
It is not exactly known how many Jews were helped by ''Żegota'', but at one point in 1943 it had 2,500 Jewish children under its care in ] alone. At the end of the war, Sendler attempted to return them to their parents but nearly all of them had died at ]. It is estimated that about half of the Jews who survived the war (thus over 50,000) were aided in some shape or form by Żegota.<ref name="Piotrowski118">{{cite book |author=] |coauthors= |title=Poland's Holocaust |year=1997 |editor= |pages=118 |chapter=Assistance to Jews | chapterurl = |publisher=McFarland & Company |location= |id=ISBN 0-7864-0371-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&pg=PA118&vq=%22half+were+aided%22&dq=Number+of+Jews+helped+by+Zegota&source=gbs_search_s |accessdate=}}</ref>


It is not exactly known how many Jews were helped by ''Żegota'', but at one point in 1943 it had 2,500 Jewish children under its care in ] alone. At the end of the war, Sendler attempted to locate their parents but nearly all of them had been murdered at ]. It is estimated that about half of the Jews who survived the war (thus over 50,000) were aided in some shape or form by Żegota.<ref name="Piotrowski118"/>
Jews were ] with everyone engaged, such as in the villages of ]<ref name=IPN273>, Institute of National Rememberance</ref> and ] near ],<ref name="IPN">{{pl icon}} Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, „Polacy pomagali Żydom podczas wojny, choć groziła za to kara śmierci – o tym wie większość z nas.” (''Exhibition "Righteous among the Nations." Rzeszów, June 15, 2004. Subtitled: "The Poles were helping Jews during the war - most of us already know that."'') Last actualization November 8, 2008.</ref> ], ], ] near ], ] near ], in ] near ],<ref name="J-Ch">{{pl icon}} Jolanta Chodorska, ed., "Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny: Świadectwa," ], Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek, 2002, Part Two, pp.161–62. ISBN 8372571031</ref> ] near ]<ref name="K-W">Kalmen Wawryk, ''To Sobibor and Back: An Eyewitness Account'' (Montreal: The Concordia University Chair in Canadian Jewish Studies, and The Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, 1999), pp.66–68, 71.</ref> ], ], ], ], and ] in ]-] area,<ref name="B-L">Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, ''Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej'', ]: Wydawnictwo Znak, 1969, pp.533–34.</ref> ] near ] &ndash; where "almost the entire population" rescued Jews<ref name="D-L">{{pl icon}} ], "Polska ludność chrześcijańska wobec eksterminacji Żydów—dystrykt lubelski," in Dariusz Libionka, (Warsaw: ]–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2004), p.325.</ref> &ndash; and in many other places. Numerous families who concealed their Jewish neighbors paid the ultimate price for doing so.<ref name=IPN273 /> Most notably, several hundred Poles were massacred in ]. In ] near ], all Polish Christians and the Jewish countrymen they protected, were burned alive in a church.<ref name="M-D"> Moroz and Datko, ''Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945'', pp.385–86 and 390–91. Stanisław Łukomski, “Wspomnienia,” in ''Rozporządzenia urzędowe Łomżyńskiej Kurii Diecezjalnej'', no. 5–7 (May–July) 1974: p.62; Witold Jemielity, “Martyrologium księży diecezji łomżyńskiej 1939–1945,” in ''Rozporządzenia urzędowe Łomżyńskiej Kurii Diecezjalnej'', no. 8–9 (August-September) 1974: p.55; Jan Żaryn, “Przez pomyłkę: Ziemia łomżyńska w latach 1939–1945.” Conversation with Rev. Kazimierz Łupiński from Szumowo parish, ''Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej'', no. 8–9 (September–October 2002): pp.112–17. In Mark Paul, ''Wartime Rescue of Jews''. Page 252.</ref>


In numerous instances, Jews were ] by entire communities, with everyone engaged,<ref name="D-L"/> such as in the villages of ]<ref name="IPN273"/> and ] near ],<ref name="IPN"/> ], ], ] near ], ] near ], in ] near ],<ref name="J-Ch"/> ] near ],<ref name="K-W"/> ], ], ], ], and ] in ]-] area,<ref name="B-L"/> and ], near ]. Numerous families who concealed their Jewish neighbours were killed for doing so.<ref name="IPN273"/>
One postwar Polish source that studied the subject estimated that "the number of Jews hiding in Poland &ndash; most of them helped in some way by Gentiles &ndash; ran into the hundreds of thousands." Another informed Polish source estimated that "the number of Jews sheltered by Poles" at one time might have been "as high as 450,000."<ref name="Lukas" /> However, concealment was no guarantee of safety. Estimates of Jewish survivors of the war in Poland are lower, since many Poles and Jews were caught by the Germans, and range from about 40,000 to 200,000.<ref name="Lukas" />


==Risk== ==Risk==
{{Infobox recurring event
] of entire families, for aiding Jews, was the most draconian such Nazi practice against any nation in occupied Europe.<ref name="jvl"/><ref>Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: </ref><ref>Robert Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, ''Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, ISBN 0742546667, </ref> On November 10, 1941, the death penalty was expanded by ] to apply to Poles who helped Jews "in any way: by taking them in for the night, giving them a lift in a vehicle of any kind" or "feed runaway Jews or sell them foodstuffs." The law was made public by posters distributed in all major cities. Polish rescuers were fully conscious of the dangers facing them and their families not only from the Germans but also from betrayers (''see'':]) within the local population.<ref>Mordecai Paldiel, , page 184. Published by KTAV Publishing House Inc.</ref>
|image = Bekanntmachung General Government Poland 1942.jpg
|name = Warning of death penalty <br>for supporting Jews
|imagesize = 256px
|caption = <span style="font-size: medium; text-decoration: underline; font-family: Arial Black">NOTICE</span>
<u>Concerning:</u><br/>
<u>the Sheltering of Escaping Jews.</u><br/>
{{space|3}}There is a need for a reminder, that in accordance with paragraph 3 of the decree of 15 October 1941, on the Limitation of Residence in the ] (page 595 of the GG Register) Jews leaving the Jewish Quarter without permission will incur the death penalty.
----
{{space|3}}According to this decree, those knowingly helping these Jews by providing shelter, supplying food, or selling them foodstuffs are also subject to the death penalty.<br/>
----
{{space|3}}This is a categorical warning to the non-Jewish population against:<br/>
{{space|9}}<u>1) Providing shelter to Jews,</u><br/>
{{space|9}}<u>2) Supplying them with Food,</u><br/>
{{space|9}}<u>3) Selling them Foodstuffs.</u><br/>
Częstochowa 24/9/42{{space|5}}
{{center|'''Der Stadthauptmann<br/>Dr. Franke'''}}
}}
{{further|Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland}}
During the ], the Nazi German administration created ] surrounded by walls and ] fences in most metropolitan cities and towns, with gentile Poles on the 'Aryan side' and the ] crammed into a fraction of the city space. On 15 October 1941, the death penalty was introduced by ], governor of the ], to apply to Jews who attempted to leave the ghettos without proper authorization, and all those who "deliberately offer a hiding place to such Jews".{{Sfn|Grądzka-Rejak|Namysło|2022|p=103}} The law was made public by posters distributed in all major cities. The death penalty was also imposed for helping Jews in other Polish territories under the German occupation, but without issuing any legal act.{{Sfn|Grądzka-Rejak|Namysło|2022|p=103-104}}


Anyone from the Aryan side caught assisting those on the Jewish side in obtaining food was subject to the death penalty.<ref>Donald L. Niewyk, ], ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust'', Columbia University Press, 2000, {{ISBN|0-231-11200-9}}, </ref><ref>Antony Polonsky, '' 'My Brother's Keeper?': Recent Polish Debates on the Holocaust'', Routledge, 1990, {{ISBN|0-415-04232-1}}, </ref> The usual punishment for aiding Jews was death, applied to entire families.<ref name="jvl"/><ref name="isurvived"/><ref name="google1"/> Polish rescuers were fully conscious of the dangers facing them and their families, not only from the invading Germans, but also from blackmailers (''see'': '']s'') within the local, multi-ethnic population and the ].<ref name="google2"/> The Nazis implemented a law forbidding all non-Jews from buying from Jewish shops under the maximum penalty of death.<ref>Iwo Pogonowski, ''Jews in Poland'', Hippocrene, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7818-0604-6}}. Page 99.</ref>
Over 700 Polish "Righteous among the Nations" received their medals of honor posthumously, being murdered by the Germans for aiding or sheltering their Jewish neighbors.<ref name=chaim>Holocaustforgotten Web site.
</ref>
Estimates of the number of Poles who were killed for aiding Jews range in the tens of thousands.<ref name="Lukas"/><ref name=chaim/>


], in his work on the Jews of Warsaw, has demonstrated that, despite the much harsher conditions, Warsaw's Polish residents managed to support and conceal the same percentage of Jews as did the residents of cities in safer, supposedly less antisemitic countries of Western Europe.<ref name="hnetradz"> H-Net Review: John Radzilowski</ref> ], in his work on history of the Warsaw Jews during the Holocaust, has demonstrated that, despite the much harsher conditions, Warsaw's Polish residents managed to support and conceal the same percentage of Jews as did the residents of cities in safer countries of Western Europe, where no death penalty for saving them existed.<ref name="hnetradz"/>


==Numbers== ==Numbers==
{{seealso|List of Polish Righteous Among the Nations}}
As of 2008, there were 6,066 officially recognized Polish Righteous—the highest count among nations of the world.<ref name="jvl"/> At a 1979 international historical conference dedicated to Holocaust rescuers, J. Friedman said in reference to Poland: "If we knew the names of all the noble people who risked their lives to save the Jews, the area around ] would be full of trees and would turn into a forest."<ref name="HG">Furth, Hans G. ''One million Polish rescuers of hunted Jews?''. Journal of Genocide Research, Jun99, Vol. 1 Issue 2, p227, 6p; (AN 6025705)</ref>
There are {{Polish Righteous count}} officially recognized Polish Righteous – the highest count among nations of the world. At a 1979 international historical conference dedicated to Holocaust rescuers, J. Friedman said in reference to Poland: "If we knew the names of all the noble people who risked their lives to save the Jews, the area around ] would be full of trees and would turn into a forest."<ref name="HG"/> Polish historian Ewa Kołomańska noted that for example many individuals associated with the Polish ], involved in rescuing the Jews, did not receive the Righteous title.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Kołomańska |first1=Ewa |url=https://bip.ipn.gov.pl/download/4/11804/Zalaczniknr2doSIWZMakieta.pdf |title=Żydzi i wojsko polskie w XIX i XX wieku |last2= |first2= |date=2020 |publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej |isbn=978-83-8098-894-1 |editor-last=Domański |editor-first=Tomasz |location=Kielce Warszawa |pages=234-250 |chapter=Polskie podziemie niepodległościowe w ratowaniu Żydów na Kielecczyźnie w latach 1939–1945 |editor-last2=Majcher-Ociesa |editor-first2=Edyta}}</ref>{{Rp|page=243|quote=Jest też znaczna liczba osób powiązanych z AK, które tytułu Sprawiedliwy wśród
Narodów Świata nie otrzymały, jednak ich pomoc pozwoliła przeżyć wielu osobom
narodowości żydowskiej|translation=There is also a significant number of people associated with the Home Army who did not receive the title of Righteous Among the Nations, but their help allowed many people of Jewish nationality to survive.}} ] holds that the number of Poles who helped Jews is greatly underestimated and there might have been as many as 1,200,000 Polish rescuers.<ref name="HG"/>


Father ] (a ] priest from Chicago)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lcje-na.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/What_We_Choose_to_Remember.pdf | title=Remembering the Response of the Catholic Church | publisher=University of Portland | work=History 1933 – 1948. What we choose to remember | year=2011 | access-date=21 June 2013 | editor=Margaret Monahan Hogan | pages=85–97 | format=PDF file, direct download 1.36 MB}}</ref> remarked that the hundreds of thousands of rescuers strike him as inflated.<ref name="google3"/>
Hans G. Furth holds that the number of Poles who helped Jews is greatly underestimated and there might have been as many as 1,200,000 Polish rescuers.<ref name="HG"/> ], a wartime member of '']'', estimates that "at least several hundred thousand Poles... participated in various ways and forms in the rescue action."<ref name="Lukas" /> Recent research supports estimates that about a million Poles were involved in such rescue efforts,<ref name="Lukas" /> "but some estimates go as high as 3 million"<ref name="Lukas">Richard C. Lukas, University Press of Kentucky 1989 - 201 pages. Page 13; also in Richard C. Lukas, ''The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1944'', University Press of Kentucky 1986 - 300 pages.</ref> (the total prewar population of Polish citizens, including Jews, was estimated at 35,100,000, including 23,900,000 ethnic ]<ref name="polex"> London Nakl. Stowarzyszenia Prawników Polskich w Zjednoczonym Królestwie ,''Polska w liczbach. Poland in numbers''. Zebrali i opracowali Jan Jankowski i Antoni Serafinski. Przedmowa zaopatrzyl Stanislaw Szurlej.</ref>).
<blockquote>
How many people in Poland rescued Jews? Of those that meet Yad Vashem's criteria—perhaps 100,000. Of those that offered minor forms of help—perhaps two or three times as many. Of those who were passively protective—undoubtedly the majority of the population. <small> — '']''</small> <ref name="Paulsson">Gunnar S. Paulsson, published in ''The Journal of Holocaust Education'', volume 7, nos. 1 & 2 (summer/autumn 1998): pp.19–44. Reprinted in "Collective Rescue Efforts of the Poles," p. 256</ref>
</blockquote>

Scholars still disagree on exact numbers. Father ] remarked that the hundreds of thousands of rescuers strike him as inflated.<ref>John T. Pawlikowski. In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003.</ref> Historian ] has written that rescuers were an exception, albeit one that could be found in towns and villagers throughout Poland during the war.<ref name=Gil102-103>Martin Gilbert. ''The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust.'' Macmillan, 2003. .</ref>{{Verify source|date=February 2009}}

== Misconception ==
After 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union (''see:'' ]), there were also some incidents of mass murder of Jews by ethnic Poles in the presence of German ] in the region of Poland earlier ],<ref name="Strzembosz-Rzeczpospolita">Tomasz Strzembosz, archived by ]</ref> such as the ] and other pogroms partly triggered by ]. There were also a number of criminal or opportunist Poles (known as '']'') who blackmailed the Jews in hiding and their Polish rescuers or turned them over to the Germans for financial gains. Poles collaborating with the Germans in the prosecution of Jews however were few and estimates speak of several thousand<ref name="Lukas" /> (see ] for details). As Paulsson notes, "a single hooligan or blackmailer could wreak severe damage on Jews in hiding, but it took the silent passivity of a whole crowd to maintain their cover."<ref name="hnetradz"/>

The fact that the Polish Jewish community was decimated during World War II, coupled with well-known collaboration stories, has contributed to a ] of the Polish population having been passive in regard to, or even supportive of, Jewish suffering.<ref name="Paulsson"/><ref>Robert Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, ''Rethinking Poles and Jews'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, ISBN 0742546667, </ref>

==Notable persons==
{|
|-
|width=50% valign="Top"|
]'''</span>]]
]'''</span>]]
]]]
*], <small> delivered food for dr ] in ], beaten to death by ghetto guards<ref name=autogenerated2 /></small>
*], <small>liaison between several ] providing communication and moral support <ref>Anna Poray, </ref></small>
*] with wife Jadwiga and daughter Lucyna, (])<ref name=autogenerated2></ref>
*] <small>took care of 4,000 Jews on the "Aryan" side of Warsaw (] treasurer) <ref>Anna Poray, </ref></small>
*], <small>] assistance (]) <ref>W. Bartoszewski and Z. Lewinowna, , Yad Vashem Remembrance Authority, 2004.</ref><ref>Anna Poray, </ref></small>
*], <small>saved 17 young Jewish Zionists in her ] convent <ref>Yad Vashem Remembrance Authority 2008,
</ref></small>
*] with children, <small>saved families of 15 in a bunker near ]<ref></ref></small>
*] and family, <small>saved three families of 16 in a dugout <ref>Anna Poray, </ref></small>
*], <small>hid and supplied a Jewish family of four with food, clothing and money <ref></ref></small>
*], <small>placed Jewish children in ] convents <ref>Anna Poray, </ref></small>
*], <small>saved 12 members of close Jewish families in ] <ref> 2005</ref><ref>Anna Poray, 2004.</ref></small>
*], <small>hid a Jewish family in his apartment till the end of World War II <ref></ref></small>
*] and son, <small>killed for sheltering Alfenbeins family <ref></ref></small>
*], <small>saved three Jewish families consisting of 16 members <ref></ref></small>
*] with wife Halina, <small>rescued a large number of Jewish children (President of ]) <ref>Sylwia Kesler, </ref></small>
*], <small>rescued sixteen Jews by becoming ] mistress <ref>Curtis M. Urness, Sr., edited by Terese Pencak Schwartz, at www.holocaustforgotten.com</ref><ref>Holocaust Memorial Center, 1988 - 2007, </ref></small>
*], <small>arms and military support for the ], (]) <ref>Anna Poray, ] mayor.</ref></small>
*], <small>saved Dr. Tenenwurzel's family of three (member of resistance)<ref> at the www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</ref></small>
*] and daughter Emilia <ref>Anna Poray, </ref>
*], <small>temporarily adopting Artur Citryn <ref>http://www.warsaw-life.com/news/news/556-Poles_Honoured_by_Israel Poles Honoured by Israel</ref></small>
*], <small>helped organize Jewish resistance in the ] (] representative) <ref name=autogenerated1>Anna Poray, </ref></small>
*], <small>first reported the ] to President ] <ref>Michael T. Kaufman, , The New York Times, July 15, 2000</ref><ref>Anna Poray, </ref></small>
*], <small>helped save several thousand Jews, especially children (co-founder of ]) <ref>] Remembrance Authority, , 2008</ref></small>
|width=50% valign="Top"|
]'''</span>]]
]''']]
]''']]
]]]
]]]
]]]
*], <small>"Angel of Auschwitz" delivering food and medicine, cooking for Jewish female prisoners <ref></ref></small>
*], <small>hid 50 Jews around Warsaw (Philips employee) <ref>Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008, 28 Jun 2003</ref></small>
*], <small>alerted London and the ] about the ongoing destruction of the Jews, to no avail (]) <ref name=autogenerated1 /></small>
* ] <small>saved over 30 Jews on their two rented estates near ] <ref name="PC">Peggy Curran, Reprinted by the Canadian Foundation of Polish-Jewish Heritage, Montreal Chapter. Station Cote St.Luc, C. 284, Montreal QC, Canada H4V 2Y4. First published: ], August 5, 2003, and: Montreal Gazette, December 10, 1994.</ref></small>
* ] (George J. Lerski) <small>informed political circles abroad about the extermination and persecution of Jews <ref name=""></ref></small>
*], <small>saved ]'s diary of martyrdom, harboured several ] journalists <ref>March of the Living International, </ref><ref>Anna Poray, </ref></small>
*], his wife Janina and son Wacław, (]) <ref></ref>
*], <small>operated the only pharmacy in the ] of ] and distributed free medicine <ref name="Crowe">David M. Crowe, Published by Westview Press. Page 180.</ref></small>
*], <small>rescued several Jewish families consisting of 18 people<ref name="MP"> ''Polish Educational Foundation in North America'', Toronto 2007. "Collective Rescue Efforts of the Poles", (pdf file: 1.44 MB).</ref></small>
*The ] <small>(Stefania, 16, and Helena, 6), hid 13 Jews for two and a half years <ref> United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., 2008</ref></small>
*] <small>hid 6 Jews at their house for 17 months in ] <ref>Anna Poray, </ref></small>
*] and his mother Maria <small>harbored the Weintraubs family during World War II <ref name="Weintraubs"> - interview with Konrad Rudnicki ('''Polish''')</ref></small>
*], <small>helped rescue at least 2,500 Jewish children from the ] <ref>Monika Scislowska, Associated Press, May 12, 2008, {{cite web | url = http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jb2-kVEZARAOQGiSVSmc3d0K59NgD90KE8T02 | title = Irena Sendler, Holocaust hero | accessdate = 2008-06-10}}</ref></small>
*], <small>helped save over 5,000 Polish Jews in ] by giving them false 'arian' passports <ref>Grzegorz Łubczyk,
FKCh "ZNAK" 1999-2008, , Trybuna 120 (3717), May 24, 2002, p. Aneks 204, p. A, F.</ref></small>
*Barbara and son ], <small>harboured a pregnant ] fugitive with a 5-year-old, helped with the newborn <ref>], </ref></small>
*], his wife Zofia and daughter Genowefa, (]) <ref></ref>
*] from ], <small> harbored 8 Jews, killed together with them, and their own 6 children by German police <ref> http://sunday.niedziela.pl/artykul.php?nr=200409&dz=z_historii&id_art=00022 </ref></small>
*]
*], <small>made and supplied vaccines to two Jewish ghettos, employed Jews in hiding.<ref name="F-Z">FKCh "ZNAK" - 1999-2008, 24.07.2003, from the ]</ref></small>
*], <small>harbored 25 Jews in his apartment, helped 283 (]) <ref>Anna Poray, </ref></small>
*] and wife Maria, <small>harbored 18 Jews in their home before the ] <ref>Anna Poray, 2004</ref></small>
*] and wife Antonina, <small>sheltered hundreds of displaced Jews at his ] <ref>Yad Vashem Remembrance Authority, 2008, </ref><ref></ref></small>
|}


==See also== ==See also==
*]: a Polish midwife at the Auschwitz concentration camp
*] with mother, rescued over 50 Jews in their Warsaw apartment between 1941 and 1944
*]
*] *]
*] *]
*]


==Notes== ==Notes==
{{reflist|2}} {{reflist|1=30em|refs=
<ref name="HG">{{cite journal |last=Furth |first=Hans G. |title=One million Polish rescuers of hunted Jews? |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |year=1999 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=227–232 |doi=10.1080/14623529908413952 |url=http://www.polonistyka.uj.edu.pl/documents/41623/fa9c34c0-f1d1-4932-9640-cd4773d78632 |quote=Thousands of helping acts were done on impulse, on the spur of the moment, lasting no longer than a few seconds to a few hours: such as a quick warning from mortal danger, giving some food or water, showing the way, sheltering from cold or exhaustion for a few hours. None of these acts can be recorded in full detail, with persons and names counted; yet without them the survival of thousands of Jews would not have been possible.<sup></sup> If these people are anywhere typical of non-Jews under the Nazis, the percentage of 20 percent represents a huge number of many millions. I was truly astonished when I read these numbers...<sup></sup>}}</ref>
<ref name="Gil101">Martin Gilbert. ''The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust.'' Macmillan, 2003. .</ref>
<ref name="AS">Andrzej Sławiński, ''''. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Last accessed on 14 March 2008.</ref>
<ref name="Piper62">]. "The Number of Victims" in Gutman, Yisrael & Berenbaum, Michael. ''Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp'', Indiana University Press, 1994; this edition 1998, p. 62.</ref>
<ref name="D-L">], "Polska ludność chrześcijańska wobec eksterminacji Żydów—dystrykt lubelski," in Dariusz Libionka, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204101151/http://www.aapjs.org/reviews/Friedrich2.pdf |date=4 December 2008}} (Warsaw: ]–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2004), p.325. {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Pawlikowski110-113">John T. Pawlikowski, ''Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust'', in, in Joshua D. Zimmerman, ''Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath'', Rutgers University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-8135-3158-6}}</ref>
<ref name="IPN273">, Institute of National Remembrance</ref>
<ref name="Piotrowski118">{{cite book |author=Tadeusz Piotrowski |title=Poland's Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot |url-access=registration |year=1997 |page= |chapter=Assistance to Jews |publisher=McFarland & Company |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&q=Number+of+Jews+helped+by+Zegota&pg=PA118 |author-link= Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) |isbn=0-7864-0371-3}}</ref>
<ref name="IPN">Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, "Polacy pomagali Żydom podczas wojny, choć groziła za to kara śmierci – o tym wie większość z nas." (''Exhibition "Righteous among the Nations." Rzeszów, 15 June 2004. Subtitled: "The Poles were helping Jews during the war – most of us already know that."'') Last actualization 8 November 2008. {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
<ref name="J-Ch">Jolanta Chodorska, ed., "Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny: Świadectwa," ], Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek, 2002, Part Two, pp.161–62. {{ISBN|83-7257-103-1}} {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
<ref name="K-W">Kalmen Wawryk, ''To Sobibor and Back: An Eyewitness Account'' (Montreal: The Concordia University Chair in Canadian Jewish Studies, and The Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, 1999), pp.66–68, 71.</ref>
<ref name="B-L">Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, ''Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej'', ]: Wydawnictwo Znak, 1969, pp.533–34.</ref>
<ref name="google1">], Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, ''Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future'', Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7425-4666-7}}, </ref>
<ref name="google2">Mordecai Paldiel, , page 184. Published by ]</ref>
<ref name="hnetradz"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612051615/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=252691081495762 |date=12 June 2007}} H-Net Review: John Radzilowski</ref>
<ref name="isurvived">Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: </ref>
<ref name="jvl"> at Jewish Virtual Library</ref>
<ref name="google3">John T. Pawlikowski. In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003.</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2022 |title=Prawodawstwo niemieckie wobec Polaków i Żydów na terenie Generalnego Gubernatorstwa oraz ziem wcielonych do III Rzeszy. Analiza porównawcza |encyclopedia=Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom na ziemiach polskich pod okupacją niemiecką |publisher=] |location=] |editor-last=Domański |editor-first=Tomasz |language=pl |trans-title=German legislation towards Poles and Jews in the General Government and the lands incorporated into the Third Reich. Comparative analysis |isbn=9788382294194 |oclc=1325606240 |last2=Namysło |first2=Aleksandra |last1=Grądzka-Rejak |first1=Martyna}}


==References== ==References==
* at the ]
* Anna Poray, , with photographs and bibliography, 2004. Lists 5,400 Poles recognized as "Righteous among the Nations" by ]'s ] (December 31, 1999), including 704 who paid with their lives for saving Jews.
* Anna Poray, {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org |date=6 February 2008 |title="Saving Jews: Polish Righteous. Those Who Risked Their Lives," }} with photographs and bibliography, 2004. List of Poles recognized as "Righteous among the Nations" by ]'s ] (31 December 1999), with 5,400 awards including 704 of those who paid with their lives for saving Jews.
*Piotr Zychowicz, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410220117/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/393568_Do_Izraela_z_bohaterami.html |date=10 April 2015 }}, Rp.pl, 18 November 2009 {{in lang|pl}}

{{Holocaust Poland}} {{Holocaust Poland}}
{{Righteous footer}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Polish Righteous Among The Nations}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Polish Righteous Among The Nations}}
] ]
]
] ]
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Latest revision as of 08:49, 23 November 2024

Polish Righteous
Medals and diplomas awarded at a ceremony in the Polish Senate on 17 April 2012
There are 7,232 Polish men and women recognized as Righteous by the State of Israel
Righteous
Among the Nations
By country

The citizens of Poland have the highest count of individuals who have been recognized by Yad Vashem as the Polish Righteous Among the Nations, for saving Jews from extermination during the Holocaust in World War II. There are 7,232 (as of 1 January 2022) Polish men and women conferred with the honor, over a quarter of the 28,217 recognized by Yad Vashem in total. The list of Righteous Among the Nations is not comprehensive and it is estimated that hundreds of thousands of Poles concealed and aided tens of thousands of their Polish-Jewish neighbors. Many of these initiatives were carried out by individuals, but there also existed organized networks of Polish resistance which were dedicated to aiding Jews – most notably, the Żegota organization.

In German-occupied Poland, the task of rescuing Jews was difficult and dangerous. All household members were subject to capital punishment if a Jew was found concealed in their home or on their property.

Activities

"The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland", by the Polish government-in-exile addressed to the wartime allies of the then-United Nations, 1942
Further information: Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust and The Holocaust in occupied Poland

Before World War II, Poland's Jewish community had numbered about 3,460,000 – about 9.7 percent of the country's total population. Following the invasion of Poland, Germany's Nazi regime sent millions of deportees from every European country to the concentration and forced-labor camps set up in the General Government territory of occupied Poland and across the Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany. Most Jews were imprisoned in the Nazi ghettos, which they were forbidden to leave. Soon after the German–Soviet war had broken out in 1941, the Germans began their extermination of Polish Jews on either side of the Curzon Line, parallel to the ethnic cleansing of the Polish population including Romani and other minorities of Poland.

As it became apparent that, not only were conditions in the ghettos terrible (hunger, diseases, executions), but that the Jews were being singled out for extermination at the Nazi death camps, they increasingly tried to escape from the ghettos and hide in order to survive the war. Many Polish Gentiles concealed their Jewish neighbors. Many of these efforts arose spontaneously from individual initiatives, but there were also organized networks dedicated to aiding the Jews. Most notably, in September 1942 a Provisional Committee to Aid Jews (Tymczasowy Komitet Pomocy Żydom) was founded on the initiative of Polish novelist Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, of the famous artistic and literary Kossak family. This body soon became the Council for Aid to Jews (Rada Pomocy Żydom), known by the codename Żegota, with Julian Grobelny as its president and Irena Sendler as head of its children's section.

It is not exactly known how many Jews were helped by Żegota, but at one point in 1943 it had 2,500 Jewish children under its care in Warsaw alone. At the end of the war, Sendler attempted to locate their parents but nearly all of them had been murdered at Treblinka. It is estimated that about half of the Jews who survived the war (thus over 50,000) were aided in some shape or form by Żegota.

In numerous instances, Jews were saved by entire communities, with everyone engaged, such as in the villages of Markowa and Głuchów near Łańcut, Główne, Ozorków, Borkowo near Sierpc, Dąbrowica near Ulanów, in Głupianka near Otwock, Teresin near Chełm, Rudka, Jedlanka, Makoszka, Tyśmienica, and Bójki in Parczew-Ostrów Lubelski area, and Mętów, near Głusk. Numerous families who concealed their Jewish neighbours were killed for doing so.

Risk

Warning of death penalty
for supporting Jews
NOTICE

Concerning:
the Sheltering of Escaping Jews.
   There is a need for a reminder, that in accordance with paragraph 3 of the decree of 15 October 1941, on the Limitation of Residence in the General Government (page 595 of the GG Register) Jews leaving the Jewish Quarter without permission will incur the death penalty.

   According to this decree, those knowingly helping these Jews by providing shelter, supplying food, or selling them foodstuffs are also subject to the death penalty.

   This is a categorical warning to the non-Jewish population against:
         1) Providing shelter to Jews,
         2) Supplying them with Food,
         3) Selling them Foodstuffs.
Częstochowa 24/9/42     

Der Stadthauptmann
Dr. Franke
Further information: Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland

During the occupation of Poland (1939–1945), the Nazi German administration created hundreds of ghettos surrounded by walls and barbed-wire fences in most metropolitan cities and towns, with gentile Poles on the 'Aryan side' and the Polish Jews crammed into a fraction of the city space. On 15 October 1941, the death penalty was introduced by Hans Frank, governor of the General Government, to apply to Jews who attempted to leave the ghettos without proper authorization, and all those who "deliberately offer a hiding place to such Jews". The law was made public by posters distributed in all major cities. The death penalty was also imposed for helping Jews in other Polish territories under the German occupation, but without issuing any legal act.

Anyone from the Aryan side caught assisting those on the Jewish side in obtaining food was subject to the death penalty. The usual punishment for aiding Jews was death, applied to entire families. Polish rescuers were fully conscious of the dangers facing them and their families, not only from the invading Germans, but also from blackmailers (see: szmalcowniks) within the local, multi-ethnic population and the Volksdeutsche. The Nazis implemented a law forbidding all non-Jews from buying from Jewish shops under the maximum penalty of death.

Gunnar S. Paulsson, in his work on history of the Warsaw Jews during the Holocaust, has demonstrated that, despite the much harsher conditions, Warsaw's Polish residents managed to support and conceal the same percentage of Jews as did the residents of cities in safer countries of Western Europe, where no death penalty for saving them existed.

Numbers

See also: List of Polish Righteous Among the Nations

There are 7,232 officially recognized Polish Righteous – the highest count among nations of the world. At a 1979 international historical conference dedicated to Holocaust rescuers, J. Friedman said in reference to Poland: "If we knew the names of all the noble people who risked their lives to save the Jews, the area around Yad Vashem would be full of trees and would turn into a forest." Polish historian Ewa Kołomańska noted that for example many individuals associated with the Polish Home Army, involved in rescuing the Jews, did not receive the Righteous title. Hans G. Furth holds that the number of Poles who helped Jews is greatly underestimated and there might have been as many as 1,200,000 Polish rescuers.

Father John T. Pawlikowski (a Servite priest from Chicago) remarked that the hundreds of thousands of rescuers strike him as inflated.

See also

Notes

  1. "Righteous Among the Nations Honored by Yad Vashem" (PDF).
  2. "Names of Righteous by Country | www.yadvashem.org". www.yadvashem.org. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  3. ^ Furth, Hans G. (1999). "One million Polish rescuers of hunted Jews?". Journal of Genocide Research. 1 (2): 227–232. doi:10.1080/14623529908413952. Thousands of helping acts were done on impulse, on the spur of the moment, lasting no longer than a few seconds to a few hours: such as a quick warning from mortal danger, giving some food or water, showing the way, sheltering from cold or exhaustion for a few hours. None of these acts can be recorded in full detail, with persons and names counted; yet without them the survival of thousands of Jews would not have been possible. If these people are anywhere typical of non-Jews under the Nazis, the percentage of 20 percent represents a huge number of many millions. I was truly astonished when I read these numbers...
  4. ^ “Righteous Among the Nations” by country at Jewish Virtual Library
  5. Węgrzynek, Hanna; Zalewska, Gabriela. "Demografia | Wirtualny Sztetl". sztetl.org.pl. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  6. ^ Franciszek Piper. "The Number of Victims" in Gutman, Yisrael & Berenbaum, Michael. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, Indiana University Press, 1994; this edition 1998, p. 62.
  7. Martin Gilbert. The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust. Macmillan, 2003. pp 101.
  8. John T. Pawlikowski, Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust, in, Google Print, p. 113 in Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8135-3158-6
  9. Andrzej Sławiński, Those who helped Polish Jews during WWII. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Last accessed on 14 March 2008.
  10. Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). "Assistance to Jews". Poland's Holocaust. McFarland & Company. p. 118. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
  11. Dariusz Libionka, "Polska ludność chrześcijańska wobec eksterminacji Żydów—dystrykt lubelski," in Dariusz Libionka, Akcja Reinhardt: Zagłada Żydów w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine (Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2004), p.325. (in Polish)
  12. ^ The Righteous and their world. Markowa through the lens of Józef Ulma, by Mateusz Szpytma, Institute of National Remembrance
  13. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Wystawa „Sprawiedliwi wśród Narodów Świata”– 15 czerwca 2004 r., Rzeszów. "Polacy pomagali Żydom podczas wojny, choć groziła za to kara śmierci – o tym wie większość z nas." (Exhibition "Righteous among the Nations." Rzeszów, 15 June 2004. Subtitled: "The Poles were helping Jews during the war – most of us already know that.") Last actualization 8 November 2008. (in Polish)
  14. Jolanta Chodorska, ed., "Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny: Świadectwa," Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek, 2002, Part Two, pp.161–62. ISBN 83-7257-103-1 (in Polish)
  15. Kalmen Wawryk, To Sobibor and Back: An Eyewitness Account (Montreal: The Concordia University Chair in Canadian Jewish Studies, and The Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, 1999), pp.66–68, 71.
  16. Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak, 1969, pp.533–34.
  17. Grądzka-Rejak & Namysło 2022, p. 103.
  18. Grądzka-Rejak & Namysło 2022, p. 103-104.
  19. Donald L. Niewyk, Francis R. Nicosia, The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-231-11200-9, Google Print, p.114
  20. Antony Polonsky, 'My Brother's Keeper?': Recent Polish Debates on the Holocaust, Routledge, 1990, ISBN 0-415-04232-1, Google Print, p.149
  21. Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: Poland
  22. Robert D. Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, ISBN 0-7425-4666-7, Google Print, p.5
  23. Mordecai Paldiel, The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews, page 184. Published by KTAV Publishing House Inc.
  24. Iwo Pogonowski, Jews in Poland, Hippocrene, 1998. ISBN 0-7818-0604-6. Page 99.
  25. Unveiling the Secret City Archived 12 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine H-Net Review: John Radzilowski
  26. Kołomańska, Ewa (2020). "Polskie podziemie niepodległościowe w ratowaniu Żydów na Kielecczyźnie w latach 1939–1945". In Domański, Tomasz; Majcher-Ociesa, Edyta (eds.). Żydzi i wojsko polskie w XIX i XX wieku (PDF). Kielce Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. pp. 234–250. ISBN 978-83-8098-894-1.
  27. Margaret Monahan Hogan, ed. (2011). "Remembering the Response of the Catholic Church" (PDF file, direct download 1.36 MB). History 1933 – 1948. What we choose to remember. University of Portland. pp. 85–97. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  28. John T. Pawlikowski. Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust: Heroism, Timidity, and Collaboration. In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003.

Bibliography

  • Grądzka-Rejak, Martyna; Namysło, Aleksandra (2022). "Prawodawstwo niemieckie wobec Polaków i Żydów na terenie Generalnego Gubernatorstwa oraz ziem wcielonych do III Rzeszy. Analiza porównawcza" [German legislation towards Poles and Jews in the General Government and the lands incorporated into the Third Reich. Comparative analysis]. In Domański, Tomasz (ed.). Stan badań nad pomocą Żydom na ziemiach polskich pod okupacją niemiecką (in Polish). Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance. ISBN 9788382294194. OCLC 1325606240.

References

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