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#REDIRECT ]
'''Anatomically modern human''' (AMH) or '''early modern human''' (EMH) refers to early individuals of '']'' that are like modern humans, in distinction to more archaic forms homo sapiens ("]"), that are physically distinct from modern humans.


{{R from merge}}
Anatomically modern humans evolved from one or more populations of ] in the ], about 200,000 years ago. The oldest fossil remains of anatomically modern humans are the ] that date to 195,000 years ago. Other fossils include '']'' from Herto in Ethiopia that are 150 ]. Remains from ] and ] in Israel that are about 200 ka old are also often considered in discussion of this subject.


==Early modern humans== ]
] exhibiting a mix of archaic and modern traits]]
The ], ], ] and ] are sometimes referred to as "Early Modern Humans" sometime as ] because they skeletal remains exhibit a mix of ] and modern traits.
===Directly dated early modern humans (EMH)===
34 elements of early modern humans were unearthed in 2003 in ], ]. ] dated 42-39 ka ''Tianyuan 1'' ] are oldest, directly dated EMH bones in in eastern Eurasia. Tianyuan 1 exhibits series of typical modern, derived modern human features and few archaic ]s. Late archaic human traits, such as a large ] length, anterior to posterior dental proportions and a broad and rounded distal phalangeal tuberosityhis ] pattern imply ].<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0702169104
| year = 2007
| month = Apr
| author = Shang, H; Tong, H; Zhang, S; Chen, F; Trinkaus, E
| title = An early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, Zhoukoudian, China
| volume = 104
| issue = 16
| pages = 6573–8
| issn = 0027-8424
| pmid = 17416672
| pmc = 1871827
| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17416672
| format = Free full text
}}</ref>

The oldest European EMH remains are from ] near the ] in the ]. ''Oase 1'' ] revealed specific traits combining a variety of archaic ''Homo'', derived early modern humans]], and possibly ] features. Modern human attributes , placing it close to European early modern humans among ] samples. The fossil belongs to the few findings in Europe which could be directly dated and is considered the oldest known early modern human fossil from Europe. Two laboratories independently yielded collagen <sup>14</sup>C averaging to 34,950, +990, and –890 B.P.<ref name=Trinkhaus2>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.2035108100
| year = 2003
| month = Sep
| author = Trinkaus, E; Moldovan, O; Milota, S; Bîlgăr, A; Sarcina, L; Athreya, S; Bailey, Se; Rodrigo, R; Mircea, G; Higham, T; Ramsey, Cb; Van, Der, Plicht, J
| title = An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania
| volume = 100
| issue = 20
| pages = 11231–6
| issn = 0027-8424
| pmid = 14504393
| pmc = 208740
| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14504393
| format = Free full text
| quote = "When multiple measurements are undertaken, the mean result can be determined through averaging the activity ratios. For Oase 1, this provides a weighted average activity ratio of 〈14a〉 = 1.29 ± 0.15%, resulting in a combined OxA-GrA 14C age of 34,950, +990, and –890 B.P."
}}</ref>

] dated 32,000 c14 years, but my be older and related to older continuous culture.

===African EMH===
The human remains ''Nazlet Khater 2'' (NK2) was the earliest modern human skeleton from Egypt around 32,000 years old.<ref>http://wysinger.homestead.com/badarians.html</ref><ref>Étude anthropologique du squelette du Paléolithique supérieur de Nazlet Khater 2 (Égypte)
ISBN 9789058677051 </ref><ref>The Oxford history of ancient Egypt
By ] </ref> by the Belgian Middle Egypt Prehistoric Project. Statistical analysis on a dataset of mandible dimensions of 220 specimens suggest that variability between African populations during the early periods was more pronounced than the range of variability observed among recent African and Levantine populations and the results indicate a strong association between the sub-Saharan Middle Stone Age (MSA) specimens, and the Nazlet Khater mandible.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1006/jhev.2000.0421
| year = 2000
| month = Sep
| author = Pinhasi, R; Semal, P
| title = The position of the Nazlet Khater specimen among prehistoric and modern African and Levantine populations
| volume = 39
| issue = 3
| pages = 269–88
| issn = 0047-2484
| pmid = 10964529
| journal = Journal of human evolution
}}</ref> The African EMH differ greatly from earliest European EMH; however, they are dated to a similar period. The earliest modern humans outside of the core area of eastern Africa can be understood only if a variable degree of admixture with regional groups of late archaic humans occurred.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.030905.154913
| title = Early Modern Humans
| year = 2005
| author = Trinkaus, Erik
| journal = Annual Review of Anthropology
| volume = 34
| pages = 207
}}</ref> Comparing ''Nazlet Khater 2'' and ''Oase 1'' I. Crevecoeur conclude: "both specimens exhibit distinctly archaic morphological aspects in their mandibles and/or molars, and their expressions of these archaic features vary. These specimens therefore emphasize both the persistence of non-modern morphological aspects in these early "modern" humans, and the variable natures of the mosaics of derived modern human and retained archaic human features..."<ref>From the nile to the danube : A comparison of the Nazlet Khater 2 and Oase 1 early modern human mandibles; Anthropologie; Crevecoeur I; ISSN 0323-1119; 2004, vol. 42, no3, pp. 203-213 (1 p.3/4)</ref> NK2 Skeleton is early exmple of enthesopathy and osteoarthritis. The multiple lesions of NK 2 express a coercive life style during previous works on mining ] in perhaps world oldest Nazlet Khater mine.<ref>Paleoanthropology Society Abstracts 2007 Meetings Version Crearted: Wed 07 Mar 2007 11:07:29</ref>

] is dated to calendar 36,200 +-3,200 years south specimen. Morphometrically similar to EEMH. Younger date and uniqueness among African specimens suggest that EEMH population/geno/phenotype spread rapidly reaching afters 39k Phalagian episode to southern end of Africa in just 3000 years.<ref>sources: ]</ref> Hoverer due to lack of the context to earth other specimen implementations reasons should be considered with caution.

==Origins of or evolution to modern humans==
There are two major competing models on this subject: ] and ].

==Anatomy==
] and unspecified '']'' at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History ]]
Anatomically modern humans are distinguished from their ancestors, archaic homo sapiens, by a number of anatomical features, but the differences are fuzzy.

Archaic homo sapiens had robust skeletons, indicating that they lived a physically demanding life; this may mean that anatomically modern humans, with their more ] frames, had become more dependent on technology than on raw physical power to meet the challenges of their environment. Archaic homo sapiens also had very prominent ]s (protruding layers of bone above the ]). With the emergence of anatomically modern humans, the brow ridges had significantly reduced, and in modern humans they are, on average, barely visible. Another distinguishing feature of AMH is a prominent chin, something which is lacking in archaic homo sapiens.

AMH also have a vertical ] whereas their predecessors had foreheads that sloped backwards.<ref></ref>{{Refimprove|cited below references to Desmond Morris book 'The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body chapter The Brow do has any relation to AMH, Is any paleo-context there?|date=August 2009}} According to ], the vertical forehead in humans not only houses larger brains, but the prominent forehead plays an important role in human communication through ] movements and forehead skin wrinkling.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body|chapter=The Brow|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=Wa9zntiEKeAC&printsec=frontcover#PPA22,M1|last=Desmond Morris|authorlink=Desmond Morris|year=2007|isbn=0312338538}}</ref>

==Modern human behavior==
See:
{{Main|Behavioral modernity}}

==See also==
*]
*]
*]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*
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{{Human Evolution}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anatomically Modern Humans}}
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