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{{Short description|First comet discovered by telescope}}
{{Infobox Comet
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
| name=C/1680 V1
{{Infobox comet
| image=
| name = C/1680 V1
| discoverer=]
| image = Staartster boven Alkmaar, 1681, RP-T-00-341.jpg
| discovery_date=1680
| caption = Night landscape with the great comet seen on a field in ] in January 1681
| designations=Great Comet of 1680, 1680 V1
| discoverer = ]
| epoch=2335000.5
| discovery_date = 14 November 1680
| semimajor=444 ]
| designations = Great Comet of 1680, 1680 V1
| perihelion=0.00622 AU
| epoch = 1680-Nov-29.0<br/>2335000.5(?)
| aphelion=889 AU
| observation_arc=125 days
| eccentricity=0.999986
| obs = 30
| period=~9356 ]
| semimajor = 444 ]
| inclination= 60.7°
| perihelion = 0.00622 au<ref name=jpldata>{{cite web
| last_p=], ]
| type = 1681-03-19 last obs (Encke: 125-day data arc)
| next_p=
| title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C/1680 V1
| url = http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=C/1680+V1
| publisher =]
| access-date = 26 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="ssdjplnasa"/>
| aphelion = 890 au
| eccentricity = 0.999986<ref name=jpldata/><ref name="ssdjplnasa"/>
| period = ~10,400 ]<ref name=barycenter/>
| inclination = 60.7°
| last_p = 18 December 1680<ref name=jpldata/><ref name="ssdjplnasa"/>
| next_p = Unknown<!-- The Solar System is not a two-body system. The previous or the next comet return cannot be calculated simply from the current value of the orbital period. Semi-major axis and orbital period change during one revolution due to gravitational perturbations from planets.-->
}} }}
'''C/1680 V1''', also called the '''Great Comet of 1680''', '''Kirch's Comet''', and '''Newton's Comet''', was the first ] discovered by ]. It was discovered by ] and was one of the brightest comets of the seventeenth century.
'''The ] of 1680''', formally known as '''C/1680 V1''', Kirch's Comet or Newton's Comet, has the distinction of being the first ] discovered by ]. Discovered by ] on ], ], it became one of the brightest comets of the 17th century--reputedly visible even in daytime--and was noted for its spectacularly long tail.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://home.att.net/~jwwerner51/Comet.html | title=The Great Comet of 1680 | author=James W. Werner | accessdate=2006-02-05}}</ref> Passing only 0.4 ] from ] on November 30, it sped around an incredibly close ] of .006 AU (898,000 km on ], ], reaching its peak brightness on ] as it rushed outward again.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/data/ELEMENTS.COMET | title=JPL DASTCOM Comet Orbital Elements | accessdate=2006-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?great_comets | title=Great Comets in History | author=Donald Yeomans | accessdate=2007-08-01}}</ref> It was last observed on ], ].<ref>{{JPL Small Body|accessdate=]}}</ref> {{As of|2008|06}} the comet was about 252 A.U. from the Sun.<ref>NASA. approximate orbit plot. (needs Java)</ref><ref>NASA. more accurate position, no plot.</ref>


==Overview==
While the Kirch Comet of 1680-1681 was discovered and subsequently named for Gottfried Kirch, credit must also be given to the Jesuit, Eusebio Francisco Kino (1645-1711), who charted the comet’s course. During his delayed departure for Mexico, Kino began his observations of the comet in Cadíz in late 1680. Upon his arrival in Mexico City, he published his ''Exposisión astronómica de el cometa'' (Mexico City, 1681) in which he presented his findings. Kino’s ''Exposisión astronómica'' is among one of the earliest scientific treatises published by a European in the New World.<ref>H. E. BOLTON. ''Kino’s Historical Memoir of the Pimería Alta''. Cleveland, OH (USA): Arthur H. Clark, 1919. Reprint 1949.</ref>
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| image1 = Lieve Verschuier - Staartster (komeet) boven Rotterdam - 11028-A-B - Museum Rotterdam.jpg
| caption1 = The Great Comet of 1680 over ] as painted by ]
| image2 = Comet Kirch from Rotterdam on 1680-12-29.png
| caption2 = The 1680 comet seen from Rotterdam on 29 December 1680 as simulated by ]
}}
The comet was discovered by ], a German astronomer, on 14 November 1680 (]), in ], and it became one of the brightest comets of the seventeenth century – reputedly visible even in daytime – and was noted for its spectacularly long tail.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFgMAaU3vA8C&pg=PA112 |title=The Greatest Comets in History: Broom Stars and Celestial Scimitars |last=Seargent |first=David A. J. |year=2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387095134 |pages=112–113 |language=en }}</ref> Passing 0.42 ] from ] on 30 November 1680,<ref name="great"/> it sped around an extremely close ] of {{convert|0.0062|au|km mi|abbr=on|lk=on}} on 18 December 1680, reaching its peak brightness on 29 December as it swung outward.<ref name="ssdjplnasa">{{cite web|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/data/ELEMENTS.COMET |title=JPL Dastcom Comet Orbital Elements |quote=Num Name ... q ... Tp ... C/1680 V1 (1680 V1) ... 0.00622200 ... 16801218.48760 |access-date=10 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906174837/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/data/ELEMENTS.COMET |archive-date=6 September 2008 }}</ref><ref name="great">{{cite web | url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?great_comets | title=Great Comets in History | publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology (Solar System Dynamics) | author=Donald Yeomans | access-date=1 August 2007}}</ref> It was last observed on 19 March 1681.<ref name=jpldata/> ] shows the comet has roughly a barycentric ] of 10,000 years.<ref name=barycenter/> {{As of|2023}} the comet is about {{Convert|259|au|e9km|sigfig=2|abbr=unit|lk=on}} from the Sun.<ref>NASA </ref>

While the Kirch Comet of 1680–1681 was discovered by – and subsequently named for – Gottfried Kirch, credit must also be given to ], the Spanish Jesuit priest who charted the comet's course. During his delayed departure for Mexico, Kino began his observations of the comet in ] in late 1680. Upon his arrival in Mexico City, he published his ''Exposición astronómica de el cometa'' (Astronomical Account of the Comet; Mexico City, 1681) in which he presented his findings. Kino's ''Exposición astronómica'' is among the earliest scientific treatises published by a European in the New World.<ref>{{cite book |first=H. E. |last=Bolton |title=Kino's Historical Memoir of the Pimería Alta |location=Cleveland, Ohio|publisher=Arthur H. Clark |year=1919 |oclc=1730711 |url=https://archive.org/details/kinoshistoricalm00kino }} Reprint 1948.</ref>

] was serving under ] Captain ]e and made the following observation shortly before raiding the Spanish port city of ], Chile:

<blockquote>Friday, November 19th, 1680. This morning about an hour before the day we observed a comet to appear a degree N. from the bright in ]. The body thereof seemed dull, and its tail extended itself 18 or 20 degrees in length, being of a pale colour and pointing directly N.N.W. Our prisoners hereupon reported to us that the Spaniards had seen very strange sights, both at Lima, the capital city of Peru, Guayaquil, and other places, much about the time of our coming into the South Seas.<ref name="Exquemelin">{{cite book |last1=Exquemelin |first1=A. O. (Alexandre Olivier) |last2=Stallybrass |first2=William Swan |title=The buccaneers of America: a true account of the most remarkable assaults committed of late years upon the coast of the West Indies by the Buccaneers of Jamaica and Tortuga, both English and French ... |date=1992 |publisher=Rio Grande Press |location=Glorieta, N.M. |isbn=978-0-87380-176-8 |page=382 |edition=1684 |url=https://archive.org/details/buccaneersofamer0000exqu/page/n5/mode/2up |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref></blockquote>

Although it was undeniably a ], it was probably not part of the ] family.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://home.earthlink.net/~tonyhoffman/SOHOfaq.htm | title=A SOHO and Sungrazing Comet FAQ | author=Tony Hoffman | access-date=6 February 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805113942/http://home.earthlink.net/~tonyhoffman/SOHOfaq.htm | archive-date=5 August 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ] used the comet to test and verify ]'s laws.<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|last=Jardine|first=Lisa|title=A Point of View: Crowd-sourcing comets|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21802843|work=Magazine|publisher=BBC News|access-date=20 May 2013|date=15 March 2013}}</ref> ] was the first to propose that the two bright comets of 1680–1681 were the same comet, one traveling inbound to the Sun and the other outbound, and Newton originally disputed this. Newton later changed his mind, and then, with ]'s help, ] some of Flamsteed's data to verify this was the case without giving Flamsteed credit.<ref name=bbc/>
{{clear}}

==Gallery==

<gallery>
File:Staartster boven Beverwijk, 1680, RP-T-00-3653.jpg|The comet as it appeared above ] on 22 December 1680.
File:C 1680V1 Nürnberg.jpg|The Great Comet of 1680 over ]
File:Silver medal with comet illustration, Hamburg, 1681.jpg|Commemorative medal depicting the comet, Hamburg, 1681
File:Houghton PFr 275.1.9 - Cometa apparsa in Roma l'Anno 1680.jpg|"Cometa apparsa in Roma l'Anno 1680". From an issue of Mercure Galant, published in Paris
File:De komeet van 1680-1681 Comet welcher Anno 1680 und 1681 beobachtet worden (titel op object), RP-P-OB-82.513.jpg|The comet on the background of the signs of the Zodiac in the winter of 1680–1681
File:Newton Comet1680.jpg|The orbit of the comet of 1680, fit to a ], as shown in ]'s '']''<ref name="barycenter"/>
File:Richard-Cumberland-John-Maxwell-A-treatise-of-the-laws-of-nature MG 0936.tif|A 1727 chart of the solar system up to the orbit of the planet Saturn, with the track of the 1680 comet, and two others
File:Exposition astronomica de el cometa.jpg|Front page of ''Exposisión astrónomica de el cometa'' by Eusebio Francisco Kino, 1681
</gallery>

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="barycenter">{{cite web
| author=] output
| url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%271680+V1%27&TABLE_TYPE=%27ELEMENTS%27&START_TIME=%271600-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%271800-01-01%27&STEP_SIZE=%27200%20years%27&CENTER=%27@0%27&OUT_UNITS=%27AU-D%27
| title=Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/1680 V1 (C/1680 V1) }} Solution using the Solar System ]. Ephemeris Type:Elements and Center:@0 (For epoch 1800 orbit period is "PR= 3.8E+06 / 365.25 days" = ~10,400 years)</ref>


}} <!-- end of reflist-->
Although it was an undeniably a ], it was probably not part of the ] family.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://home.earthlink.net/~tonyhoffman/SOHOfaq.htm | title=A SOHO and Sungrazing Comet FAQ | author=Tony Hoffman | accessdate=2006-02-06}}</ref> Aside from its brilliance, it is probably most noted for being used by ] to test and verify ]'s laws.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.knowledgerush.com/paginated_txt/3hsci10/3hsci10_s1_p49_pages.html | title=A History of Science, Vol. 3. | author=Henry Smith Williams | accessdate=2006-02-05}}</ref>


== References == ==External links==
* (] 28 October 2013)
{{reflist}}


] {{Comets}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:1680 V1}}
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Latest revision as of 22:24, 25 December 2024

First comet discovered by telescope

C/1680 V1
Night landscape with the great comet seen on a field in Alkmaar in January 1681
Discovery
Discovered byGottfried Kirch
Discovery date14 November 1680
Designations
Alternative designationsGreat Comet of 1680, 1680 V1
Orbital characteristics
Epoch1680-Nov-29.0
2335000.5(?)
Observation arc125 days
Number of
observations		30
Aphelion890 au
Perihelion0.00622 au
Semi-major axis444 au
Eccentricity0.999986
Orbital period~10,400 yr
Inclination60.7°
Last perihelion18 December 1680
Next perihelionUnknown

C/1680 V1, also called the Great Comet of 1680, Kirch's Comet, and Newton's Comet, was the first comet discovered by telescope. It was discovered by Gottfried Kirch and was one of the brightest comets of the seventeenth century.

Overview

The Great Comet of 1680 over Rotterdam as painted by Lieve VerschuierThe 1680 comet seen from Rotterdam on 29 December 1680 as simulated by Stellarium

The comet was discovered by Gottfried Kirch, a German astronomer, on 14 November 1680 (New Style), in Coburg, and it became one of the brightest comets of the seventeenth century – reputedly visible even in daytime – and was noted for its spectacularly long tail. Passing 0.42 au from Earth on 30 November 1680, it sped around an extremely close perihelion of 0.0062 au (930,000 km; 580,000 mi) on 18 December 1680, reaching its peak brightness on 29 December as it swung outward. It was last observed on 19 March 1681. JPL Horizons shows the comet has roughly a barycentric orbital period of 10,000 years. As of 2023 the comet is about 259 au (39 billion km) from the Sun.

While the Kirch Comet of 1680–1681 was discovered by – and subsequently named for – Gottfried Kirch, credit must also be given to Eusebio Kino, the Spanish Jesuit priest who charted the comet's course. During his delayed departure for Mexico, Kino began his observations of the comet in Cádiz in late 1680. Upon his arrival in Mexico City, he published his Exposición astronómica de el cometa (Astronomical Account of the Comet; Mexico City, 1681) in which he presented his findings. Kino's Exposición astronómica is among the earliest scientific treatises published by a European in the New World.

Basil Ringrose was serving under buccaneer Captain Bartholomew Sharpe and made the following observation shortly before raiding the Spanish port city of Coquimbo, Chile:

Friday, November 19th, 1680. This morning about an hour before the day we observed a comet to appear a degree N. from the bright in Libra. The body thereof seemed dull, and its tail extended itself 18 or 20 degrees in length, being of a pale colour and pointing directly N.N.W. Our prisoners hereupon reported to us that the Spaniards had seen very strange sights, both at Lima, the capital city of Peru, Guayaquil, and other places, much about the time of our coming into the South Seas.

Although it was undeniably a sungrazing comet, it was probably not part of the Kreutz family. Isaac Newton used the comet to test and verify Kepler's laws. John Flamsteed was the first to propose that the two bright comets of 1680–1681 were the same comet, one traveling inbound to the Sun and the other outbound, and Newton originally disputed this. Newton later changed his mind, and then, with Edmond Halley's help, purloined some of Flamsteed's data to verify this was the case without giving Flamsteed credit.

Gallery

  • The comet as it appeared above Beverwijk on 22 December 1680. The comet as it appeared above Beverwijk on 22 December 1680.
  • The Great Comet of 1680 over Nuremberg The Great Comet of 1680 over Nuremberg
  • Commemorative medal depicting the comet, Hamburg, 1681 Commemorative medal depicting the comet, Hamburg, 1681
  • "Cometa apparsa in Roma l'Anno 1680". From an issue of Mercure Galant, published in Paris "Cometa apparsa in Roma l'Anno 1680". From an issue of Mercure Galant, published in Paris
  • The comet on the background of the signs of the Zodiac in the winter of 1680–1681 The comet on the background of the signs of the Zodiac in the winter of 1680–1681
  • The orbit of the comet of 1680, fit to a parabola, as shown in Isaac Newton's Principia The orbit of the comet of 1680, fit to a parabola, as shown in Isaac Newton's Principia
  • A 1727 chart of the solar system up to the orbit of the planet Saturn, with the track of the 1680 comet, and two others A 1727 chart of the solar system up to the orbit of the planet Saturn, with the track of the 1680 comet, and two others
  • Front page of Exposisión astrónomica de el cometa by Eusebio Francisco Kino, 1681 Front page of Exposisión astrónomica de el cometa by Eusebio Francisco Kino, 1681

See also

References

  1. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C/1680 V1" (1681-03-19 last obs (Encke: 125-day data arc)). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  2. ^ "JPL Dastcom Comet Orbital Elements". Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2010. Num Name ... q ... Tp ... C/1680 V1 (1680 V1) ... 0.00622200 ... 16801218.48760
  3. ^ Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/1680 V1 (C/1680 V1)". Solution using the Solar System Barycenter. Ephemeris Type:Elements and Center:@0 (For epoch 1800 orbit period is "PR= 3.8E+06 / 365.25 days" = ~10,400 years)
  4. Seargent, David A. J. (2008). The Greatest Comets in History: Broom Stars and Celestial Scimitars. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 112–113. ISBN 9780387095134.
  5. ^ Donald Yeomans. "Great Comets in History". Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology (Solar System Dynamics). Retrieved 1 August 2007.
  6. NASA JPL Horizons ephemeris 2022–2030
  7. Bolton, H. E. (1919). Kino's Historical Memoir of the Pimería Alta. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark. OCLC 1730711. Reprint 1948.
  8. Exquemelin, A. O. (Alexandre Olivier); Stallybrass, William Swan (1992). The buccaneers of America: a true account of the most remarkable assaults committed of late years upon the coast of the West Indies by the Buccaneers of Jamaica and Tortuga, both English and French ... (1684 ed.). Glorieta, N.M.: Rio Grande Press. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-87380-176-8. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  9. Tony Hoffman. "A SOHO and Sungrazing Comet FAQ". Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2006.
  10. ^ Jardine, Lisa (15 March 2013). "A Point of View: Crowd-sourcing comets". Magazine. BBC News. Retrieved 20 May 2013.

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