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'''Guerrilla theatre''',<ref>Richard Schechner, "Guerrilla Theatre: May 1970", The Drama Review 14:3 (1970), 163-168.</ref><ref name="Gordon07"/> generally rendered "guerrilla theater" in the US, is a form of ] originated in 1965 by the ], who, in spirit of the ] writings from which the term '']'' is taken, engaged in performances in public places committed to "revolutionary sociopolitical change."<ref name="Gordon07"/> The group performances, aimed against the ] and ], sometimes contained ], ] and ] subjects that were shocking to some members of the audiences of the time.<ref name="Gordon07"/>
{{Refimprove|date=November 2007}}

{{Original research|date=December 2007}}
'''Guerrilla Theatre'''<ref> Richard Schechner, "Guerrilla Theatre: May 1970," The Drama Review 14:3 (1970), 163-168.</ref>, or '''Guerrilla Performance''' , is a style of ] popularized in the mid-late 1960s, usually political in nature. Guerrilla (Spanish for "little war") describes the act of spontaneous, surprise performances in unlikely public spaces to an unsuspecting audience. Typically these performances intend to draw attention to a political/social issue through ], ], and carnivalesque techniques. Although the exact derivation of the term is yet to be identified, most scholars place its etymology around 1965-70 , as many of these performances were a direct result of the radical ]s circa 1967-69<sup>1</sup>. Guerrilla (Spanish for "little war"), as applied to theatrical events, describes the act of spontaneous, surprise performances in unlikely public spaces to an unsuspecting audience. Typically these performances intend to draw attention to a political/social issue through ], ], and carnivalesque techniques. Many of these performances were a direct result of the radical ]s of the late 1960s through mid-1970s.<ref>Random House Webster’s College Dictionary. New York: Random House, 1992, pp.593</ref> Guerrilla Theater, also referred to as guerrilla performance, has been sometimes related to the ] of the 1930s,<ref name="Filewod03">Filewod, Alan (2003) ''Modernism and Genocide'', in Richard Paul Knowles, William B. Worthen, Joanne Tompkins , p.167</ref><ref>Brockett, Oscar. ''History of the Theatre''. 7th ed. Needham Heights, Massachusetts: Simon & Schuster, 1995, pp.&nbsp;575{{Request quotation|date=March 2011}}</ref> but it is differentiated from agitprop by the inclusion of ] performance tactics.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}


==Origins== ==Origins==
The term Guerrilla Theatre was first explained in a manifesto from the ] in 1965 by its founder R.G. Davis.<ref name="Doyle">{{cite book The term ''Guerrilla Theater'' was coined by Peter Berg, who in 1965 suggested it to ] as the title of his essay on the actions of the ], an essay that was first published in 1966.<ref name="BraunsteinDoyle02">Peter Braunstein, Michael William Doyle (2002) , p.93 note #9</ref><ref name="Doyle02Web">{{cite book
| last = Doyle | last = Doyle
| first = Michael William | first = Michael William
| coauthors = Peter Braunstein | author2 = Peter Braunstein
| title = Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of the 1960s and '70s | title = Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of the 1960s and '70s
| publisher = Routledge | publisher = Routledge
| date = 2002 | year = 2002
| url = http://www.diggers.org/guerrilla_theater.htm | url = https://archive.org/details/imaginenation00pbra
| isbn = 0415930405}} | isbn = 0-415-93040-5
| url-access = registration
⚫ </ref> Davis had studied ] and modern dance in the ] and had discovered ]. In Autumn, ] around 20 members of the San Francisco Mime Troupe broke off and started their own collective called ], who took their name from ].
}}
</ref><ref>Davis (1966) ''Guerrilla theater'' in '']'', summer 1966. Republished in '']'', 149-53. p.70</ref><ref name="DavisRethinking">Davis (1971) ''Rethinking guerrilla theater, 1971, 1985'' in Donald Lazere p.599</ref> The term "guerrilla" was inspired by a passage in a 1961 ] essay, which read:<ref name="Gordon07">Gordon, Kelly Carolyn (2007) ''Guerrilla theater'', in Gabrielle H. Cody, Evert Sprinchorn (2007) , pp.568-9</ref><ref name="Doyle02Web"/><ref>] ''Guerrilla Warfare'', Thomas M. Davies, Rowman & Littlefield, 1997, {{ISBN|0-8420-2678-9}}</ref>


{{quotation|The guerrilla fighter needs full help from the people.... From the very beginning he has the intention of destroying an unjust order and therefore an intention... to replace the old with something new.}}
⚫ == Guerrilla Theatre in Practice ==

⚫ Davis had studied ] and modern dance in the 1950s and had discovered ]. In autumn 1966 around 20 members of the San Francisco Mime Troupe broke off and started their own collective called ], who took their name from ].

⚫ == Guerrilla theater in practice ==

⚫ Guerrilla theater shares its origins with many forms of political protest and street theatre including ] (agitation-propaganda), ], ], ], ], ], ]s, and, most notably, the ] movement and ].<ref>Random House ''Webster's College Dictionary''. New York: Random House, 1992, pp.&nbsp;27.</ref> Although this movement is widely studied in Theater History classrooms, the amount of research and documentation of guerrilla theater is surprisingly lacking. The term, "Guerrilla Theater" seems to have emerged during the mid-1960s primarily as an upshot of activist ] groups such as ], ], ], El ], and the ].<ref>Cohen-Cruz, Jan, ed. ''Radical Street Performance''. New York: Routledge, 1998.</ref> It also has important roots in ]'s "]s".

⚫ The first widely documented guerrilla performances were carried out under the leadership of ] and the ] (Yippies). One of their most publicized events occurred on August 24, 1967, at the ] where Hoffman and other Yippies threw dollar bills onto the trading floor below. Creating a media frenzy, the event was publicized internationally. In his later publication, ''Soon to be a Major Motion Picture'' (1980), Hoffman refers to his television appearances with specially planned subversive tactics as "guerrilla theater."<ref>Brockett, Oscar. ''History of the Theatre''. 7th ed. Needham Heights, Massachusetts: Simon & Schuster, 1995, pg. 575.</ref>

Guerrilla theater was used as a protest demonstration by the anti-war organization ]. An article from the summer of 1971 published in the glossy magazine '']'' detailed one such performance in ]:

{{quote|A squad of soldiers moved through the part adjoining the U.S. Capitol. They were grubby looking troopers, clad in jungle fatigues and "boonie hats" with wide brims turned up. Jumping a low fence, they began shouting at a group of tourists. 'All right. Hold it. Hold it. Nobody move. Nobody move.' Their voices were full of tension and anger. A man broke out of the crowd and started running. Several soldiers fired at once, and the man fell, clutching his stomach. Blood could be seen on the clean sidewalk. The tourists turned away in horror. 'Get a body count,' a soldier yelled.

Another squad of soldiers emerged from under the Capitol steps. 'All right. ID. ID,' they screeched. 'You got no ID and you ].' They quickly grabbed a young woman and led her away, binding her wrists behind her back and prodding her with their rifles.... They grabbed young man and threw him on the ground, tying his hands behind his back. Several of the soldiers kicked him, seeming to aim for his groin.

Then someone took out a long, thick hunting knife and lifted up the man's shirt, holding the knife to his bare stomach, and pushed against it slightly. 'You VC? You VC?' The man said nothing. He was pushed to his feet and shoved down again. Then he was told to get up. This time the knife was pushed to the side of his neck, and the same question was repeated. Still no answer. The man was dragged away.... Then the soldiers left, and a smaller, less angry group of men dressed in khaki fatigues passed out leaflets to the astonished tourists.

''"A US Infantry platoon just passed through here!"'' the pink colored piece of paper read in big bold letters. ''"If you had been Vietnamese... We might have burned your house. We might have shot your dog. We might have shot you... HELP US END THE WAR BEFORE THEY TURN YOUR SON INTO A BUTCHER OR A CORPSE."''<ref>Art Goldberg, "Vietnam Vets: The Anti-War Army," ''Ramparts,'' vol. 10, no. 1 (July 1971), pp. 11-12.</ref>}}

== Post-1970s performance theater==

⚫ Another guerrilla performance group that continued the use of the term was the ]. This group of feminist artist-activists was established in New York City in 1985 with the purpose of bringing attention to the lack of female artists in major ] and ]s. The Guerrilla Girls began their work through guerrilla art tactics which broadened to include guerrilla theater. Some common practices in their guerrilla theater techniques that have been replicated by other groups include appearing in costume, using assumed names, and disguising their identity.

==Guerrilla theater groups==

⚫ The origins and legacy of guerrilla theater can be seen in the work of these political/performance groups:


⚫ Guerrilla Theatre shares its origins with many forms of political protest and street theatre including ] (agitation-propaganda), ], ], ], ], ], ]s, and, most notably, the ] movement and ]<sup>3</sup>. Although this movement is widely studied in Theatre History classrooms, the amount of research and documentation of "guerrilla theatre" is surprisingly lacking. The term, ìGuerrilla Theatreî seems to have emerged during the mid-1960s primarily as an upshot of radical activist theatres such as ], ], ], El ], and the Free Southern Theatre<sup>4</sup>. It also shares considerable roots in ]'s happenings.
⚫ The first widely documented Guerrilla Performances were under the leadership of ] and the ] (Yippies). One of their most publicized events occurred on August 24, 1967 at the ] where Hoffman and other Yippies threw dollar bills to the brokers below. Creating a media frenzy, the event was publicized internationally . In his later publication, Soon to be a Major Motion Picture (1980), Hoffman refers to his television appearances with specially planned subversive tactics as "guerrilla theatre.<sup>5</sup>"
⚫ Another Guerrilla Performance that helped bring the term to wide acceptance was the ]. This group of feminist artist/activists was established in ] in 1985 with the purpose of bringing attention to the lack of female artists in major ] and ]s. The Guerrilla Girls began their work through guerrilla art tactics which broadened to include guerrilla theatre. Some common practices to their guerrilla theatre techniques that have been replicated by other groups include appearing in costume, using assumed names, and disguising their identity.
⚫ The legacy of guerrilla theatre can be seen in the work of these political/performance groups:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
⚫ * ]
* ] * ]
⚫ * ] (Yippies)
* ]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
⚫ * Durland, Steven. "Witness: The Guerrilla Theater of Greenpeace." ''Radical Street Performance''. Jan Cohen-Cruz, ed. New York: Routledge, 1998, pp.&nbsp;67–73.
⚫ * Hoffman, Abbie. "America Has More Television Sets Than Toilets." ''Radical Street Performance''. Jan Cohen-Cruz, ed. New York: Routledge, 1998, pp.&nbsp;190–195.

==External links==

* Eden Silva Jequinto, Eastside Arts Alliances, Feb. 24, 2013. <small>—Video.</small>


{{Guerrilla theatre}}
==References==
<references/>
* Random House Websterís College Dictionary. New York: Random House, 1992, pp.593.
* Brockett, Oscar. History of the Theatre. 7th ed. Needham Heights, MA: Simon & Schuster, 1995, pp.575.
* Random House Webster's College Dictionary. New York: Random House, 1992, pp.27.
* Cohen-Cruz, Jan, ed. Radical Street Performance. New York: Routledge, 1998.
* Brockett, Oscar. History of the Theatre. 7th ed. Needham Heights, MA: Simon & Schuster, 1995, pp.575.
⚫ * Durland, Steven. "Witness: The Guerrilla Theatre of Greenpeace." Radical Street Performance. Jan Choen-Cruz, ed. New York: Routledge, 1998, pp. 67-73.
⚫ * Hoffman, Abbie. "America Has More Television Sets Than Toilets." Radical Street Performance. Jan Choen-Cruz, ed. New York: Routledge, 1998, pp. 190-195.


] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 01:53, 26 June 2024

Guerrilla theatre, generally rendered "guerrilla theater" in the US, is a form of guerrilla communication originated in 1965 by the San Francisco Mime Troupe, who, in spirit of the Che Guevara writings from which the term guerrilla is taken, engaged in performances in public places committed to "revolutionary sociopolitical change." The group performances, aimed against the Vietnam War and capitalism, sometimes contained nudity, profanity and taboo subjects that were shocking to some members of the audiences of the time.

Guerrilla (Spanish for "little war"), as applied to theatrical events, describes the act of spontaneous, surprise performances in unlikely public spaces to an unsuspecting audience. Typically these performances intend to draw attention to a political/social issue through satire, protest, and carnivalesque techniques. Many of these performances were a direct result of the radical social movements of the late 1960s through mid-1970s. Guerrilla Theater, also referred to as guerrilla performance, has been sometimes related to the agitprop theater of the 1930s, but it is differentiated from agitprop by the inclusion of Dada performance tactics.

Origins

The term Guerrilla Theater was coined by Peter Berg, who in 1965 suggested it to R.G. Davis as the title of his essay on the actions of the San Francisco Mime Troupe, an essay that was first published in 1966. The term "guerrilla" was inspired by a passage in a 1961 Che Guevara essay, which read:

The guerrilla fighter needs full help from the people.... From the very beginning he has the intention of destroying an unjust order and therefore an intention... to replace the old with something new.

Davis had studied mime and modern dance in the 1950s and had discovered commedia dell'arte. In autumn 1966 around 20 members of the San Francisco Mime Troupe broke off and started their own collective called the Diggers, who took their name from a group of 17th century radicals in England.

Guerrilla theater in practice

Guerrilla theater shares its origins with many forms of political protest and street theatre including agitprop (agitation-propaganda), carnival, parades, pageants, political protest, performance art, happenings, and, most notably, the Dada movement and guerrilla art. Although this movement is widely studied in Theater History classrooms, the amount of research and documentation of guerrilla theater is surprisingly lacking. The term, "Guerrilla Theater" seems to have emerged during the mid-1960s primarily as an upshot of activist Radical Theater groups such as The Living Theatre, San Francisco Mime Troupe, Bread and Puppet Theater, El Teatro Campesino, and the Free Southern Theater. It also has important roots in Allan Kaprow's "happenings".

The first widely documented guerrilla performances were carried out under the leadership of Abbie Hoffman and the Youth International Party (Yippies). One of their most publicized events occurred on August 24, 1967, at the New York Stock Exchange where Hoffman and other Yippies threw dollar bills onto the trading floor below. Creating a media frenzy, the event was publicized internationally. In his later publication, Soon to be a Major Motion Picture (1980), Hoffman refers to his television appearances with specially planned subversive tactics as "guerrilla theater."

Guerrilla theater was used as a protest demonstration by the anti-war organization Vietnam Veterans Against the War. An article from the summer of 1971 published in the glossy magazine Ramparts detailed one such performance in Washington, D.C.:

A squad of soldiers moved through the part adjoining the U.S. Capitol. They were grubby looking troopers, clad in jungle fatigues and "boonie hats" with wide brims turned up. Jumping a low fence, they began shouting at a group of tourists. 'All right. Hold it. Hold it. Nobody move. Nobody move.' Their voices were full of tension and anger. A man broke out of the crowd and started running. Several soldiers fired at once, and the man fell, clutching his stomach. Blood could be seen on the clean sidewalk. The tourists turned away in horror. 'Get a body count,' a soldier yelled.

Another squad of soldiers emerged from under the Capitol steps. 'All right. ID. ID,' they screeched. 'You got no ID and you VC.' They quickly grabbed a young woman and led her away, binding her wrists behind her back and prodding her with their rifles.... They grabbed young man and threw him on the ground, tying his hands behind his back. Several of the soldiers kicked him, seeming to aim for his groin.

Then someone took out a long, thick hunting knife and lifted up the man's shirt, holding the knife to his bare stomach, and pushed against it slightly. 'You VC? You VC?' The man said nothing. He was pushed to his feet and shoved down again. Then he was told to get up. This time the knife was pushed to the side of his neck, and the same question was repeated. Still no answer. The man was dragged away.... Then the soldiers left, and a smaller, less angry group of men dressed in khaki fatigues passed out leaflets to the astonished tourists.

"A US Infantry platoon just passed through here!" the pink colored piece of paper read in big bold letters. "If you had been Vietnamese... We might have burned your house. We might have shot your dog. We might have shot you... HELP US END THE WAR BEFORE THEY TURN YOUR SON INTO A BUTCHER OR A CORPSE."

Post-1970s performance theater

Another guerrilla performance group that continued the use of the term was the Guerrilla Girls. This group of feminist artist-activists was established in New York City in 1985 with the purpose of bringing attention to the lack of female artists in major art galleries and museums. The Guerrilla Girls began their work through guerrilla art tactics which broadened to include guerrilla theater. Some common practices in their guerrilla theater techniques that have been replicated by other groups include appearing in costume, using assumed names, and disguising their identity.

Guerrilla theater groups

The origins and legacy of guerrilla theater can be seen in the work of these political/performance groups:

Footnotes

  1. Richard Schechner, "Guerrilla Theatre: May 1970", The Drama Review 14:3 (1970), 163-168.
  2. ^ Gordon, Kelly Carolyn (2007) Guerrilla theater, in Gabrielle H. Cody, Evert Sprinchorn (2007) The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama, Volume 1, pp.568-9
  3. Random House Webster’s College Dictionary. New York: Random House, 1992, pp.593
  4. Filewod, Alan (2003) Modernism and Genocide, in Richard Paul Knowles, William B. Worthen, Joanne Tompkins Modern drama: defining the field, p.167
  5. Brockett, Oscar. History of the Theatre. 7th ed. Needham Heights, Massachusetts: Simon & Schuster, 1995, pp. 575
  6. Peter Braunstein, Michael William Doyle (2002) Imagine nation: the American counterculture of the 1960s and '70s, p.93 note #9
  7. ^ Doyle, Michael William; Peter Braunstein (2002). Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of the 1960s and '70s. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93040-5.
  8. Davis (1966) Guerrilla theater in Tulane Drama Review, summer 1966. Republished in The SFMT, 149-53. p.70
  9. Davis (1971) Rethinking guerrilla theater, 1971, 1985 in Donald Lazere American media and mass culture: left perspectives p.599
  10. Ernesto Guevara Guerrilla Warfare, Thomas M. Davies, Rowman & Littlefield, 1997, ISBN 0-8420-2678-9
  11. Random House Webster's College Dictionary. New York: Random House, 1992, pp. 27.
  12. Cohen-Cruz, Jan, ed. Radical Street Performance. New York: Routledge, 1998.
  13. Brockett, Oscar. History of the Theatre. 7th ed. Needham Heights, Massachusetts: Simon & Schuster, 1995, pg. 575.
  14. Art Goldberg, "Vietnam Vets: The Anti-War Army," Ramparts, vol. 10, no. 1 (July 1971), pp. 11-12.

Further reading

  • Durland, Steven. "Witness: The Guerrilla Theater of Greenpeace." Radical Street Performance. Jan Cohen-Cruz, ed. New York: Routledge, 1998, pp. 67–73.
  • Hoffman, Abbie. "America Has More Television Sets Than Toilets." Radical Street Performance. Jan Cohen-Cruz, ed. New York: Routledge, 1998, pp. 190–195.

External links

Guerrilla theatre and derivations
Derivations
Groups
Precursors
Theoreticians
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