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{{short description|Urban legend}} | |||
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{{for|the ''Beavis and Butt-Head'' episode|Cow Tipping (Beavis and Butt-Head episode){{!}}Cow Tipping (''Beavis and Butt-Head'' episode)}} | |||
'''Cow tipping''' is a pastime allegedly common in rural areas, in which participants sneak up on an upright ]ing ] and then push it over for ]. Some variants of this ] state that the cow is then unable to get up. | |||
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{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2018}} | |||
{{Use American English|date=May 2018}} | |||
] | |||
'''Cow tipping''' is the purported activity of sneaking up on any unsuspecting or sleeping upright ] and pushing it over for entertainment. The practice of cow tipping is generally considered an ]<ref>{{cite book |title = American Folklore: An Encyclopedia |last = Zotti |first = Ed |editor = Brunvand, Jan Harold |page = 354 |publisher = Garland Publishing |location = New York and London |year = 1996 |isbn = 0-8153-3350-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oJuvqhxFXH8C&pg=354 |via = Google Books |access-date = May 23, 2016 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205257/https://books.google.com/books?id=oJuvqhxFXH8C&pg=354#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status = live }}</ref> and stories of such feats viewed as ]s.<ref name=Eaton /> The implication that ] citizens seek such entertainment due to lack of alternatives is viewed as a ].<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Winter |first1 = Sam A. |title = Who You Calling a Hick?: Treatise of a Disgruntled Kansan |url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/3/6/who-you-calling-a-hick-i/ |access-date = December 28, 2014 |work = The Harvard Crimson |date = March 6, 2003 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150604031730/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/3/6/who-you-calling-a-hick-i/ |archive-date = June 4, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page = 107 |title = The Book of Common Fallacies: Falsehoods, Misconceptions, Flawed Facts, and Half-Truths That Are Ruining Your Life |first = Philip |last = Ward |publisher = Skyhorse Publishing |location = New York, N.Y. |year = 2012 |isbn = 978-1-61608-336-6 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q48k0bavIh8C&pg=PT107 |quote = In his article at the ''Harvard Crimson'', John Larew insists that since he arrived at college, every time he has told someone (especially someone from the city) where he grew up (deep in the country), they inevitably ask what he does for fun, and whether or not he's been cow tipping...he ''New York Times''... perpetuates the mistake when the editor writes 'Saturday night is associated with pleasure and abandon, with toppling cows in rural Pennsylvania'. |via = Google Books |access-date = November 29, 2015 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205258/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q48k0bavIh8C&pg=PT107 |url-status = live }}</ref> The concept of cow tipping apparently developed in the 1970s, though tales of animals that cannot rise if they fall has historical antecedents dating to the ]. | |||
The appeal of this myth derives from the belief that cows are slow-witted and top-heavy, and the corollary assumption that relatively little force would need to be applied to the top of such apparently precarious ] to tip them over. | |||
Cows routinely lie down and can easily regain their footing unless sick or injured. Scientific studies have been conducted to determine if cow tipping is theoretically possible, with varying conclusions. All agree that cows are large animals that are difficult to surprise and will generally resist attempts to be tipped. Estimates suggest a force of between {{convert|3000|and|4000|N|abbr=off}} is needed, and that at least four and possibly as many as fourteen people would be required to achieve this. In real-life situations where cattle have to be laid on the ground, or "cast", such as for ], ] care or veterinary treatment, either rope restraints are required or specialized mechanical equipment is used that confines the cow and then tips it over. On rare occasions, cattle can lie down or fall down in proximity to a ditch or hill that restricts their normal ability to rise without help. Cow tipping has many references in popular culture and is also used as a ]. | |||
==Evidence that cow tipping is an urban myth== | |||
There is no evidence aside from (mostly unreliable) eyewitness reports that any cows have ever been tipped in this manner. In addition, there are a number of problems with typical accounts of cow tipping. Unlike ]s, cows do not 'lock their legs' when they sleep. Cows lie down while sleeping . Most of their sleep is very light and easily disturbed — typical of herd prey animals; they take only short naps at regular intervals throughout a 24 hour period, which means that at any given time, some members of the herd are aware and alert. The vision field of a cow is larger than that of a human, and they have acute senses of hearing and smell. Thus, cows are not easy to sneak up on. If startled, they quickly communicate to the rest of the herd that something is amiss. | |||
== Scientific study == | |||
Cows are large, and would be very difficult to tip, even for several people working together. A grown cow can be over 1.5 m (5 feet) high with a mass of on the order of 700 ] (1,500 ]) and sometimes reaching 900 kg (2000 lb). By way of comparison, a typical ] wrestler masses only 140 kg (310 lb). The four corners of a large "American-style" domestic ] fairly closely approximate the spread of a cow's legs. If the refrigerator were cut down to 1.5 m (5 feet), filled with 400 kg (880 lb) of weights, and placed in a muddy field, tipping it would offer a comparable challenge to tipping a cow. | |||
] | |||
Some versions of the urban legend suggest that because cows sleep standing up, it is possible to approach them and push them over without the animals reacting.<ref name="Haines" /> However, cows only sleep lightly while standing up, and they are easily awakened.<ref name = Cow1>{{cite news |last = Malvern |first = Jack |title = Cow-Tipping Myth Hasn't Got a Leg to Stand On |newspaper = Times Online |url = http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article1940322.ece |access-date = October 28, 2006 |location = London |date = November 5, 2005 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629083548/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article586737.ece |archive-date = June 29, 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> They lie down to sleep deeply.<ref name=collins /> Furthermore, numerous sources have questioned the practice's feasibility, since most cows weigh over {{convert|450|kg|lb|abbr=off}} and easily resist any lesser force.<ref name = Cow1 /><ref>{{cite web |last = Semke |first = Matt |title = The Statics of Cow Tipping |publisher = University of Nebraska – Lincoln (UNL) College of Engineering and Mechanics Course Project |url = http://emweb.unl.edu/Mechanics-Pages/Matt-Semke/The%20Statics%20of%20Cow%20Tipping.htm |access-date = April 17, 2007 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080827083454/http://emweb.unl.edu/Mechanics-Pages/Matt-Semke/The%20Statics%20of%20Cow%20Tipping.htm |archive-date = August 27, 2008 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> | |||
A 2005 study led by Margo Lillie, a ] at the ], and her student Tracy Boechler, concluded that tipping a cow would require a force of nearly {{convert|3000|N}}<ref name="Haines">{{cite news |last = Haines |first = Lester |title = Boffins Debunk Cow-Tipping Myth |newspaper = The Register |date = November 9, 2005 |access-date = November 30, 2012 |url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/11/09/cow_tipping |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121031144516/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/11/09/cow_tipping/ |archive-date = October 31, 2012 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> and is therefore impossible to accomplish by a single person. Her calculations found that it would require more than four people to apply enough force to push over a cow,<ref name="Haines" /> based on an estimate that a single person could exert {{convert|660|N}} of force. However, since a cow can brace itself, Lillie and Boechler suggested that five or six people would, most likely, be needed.<ref name=collins /> Further, cattle are well aware of their surroundings and are very difficult to surprise, due to excellent senses of both smell and hearing.<ref name=collins>{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10289862/Cow-tipping-myth-dispelled.html |title = Cow Tipping Myth Dispelled |first = Nick |last = Collins |work = ] |date = September 6, 2013 |access-date = May 18, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160426021919/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10289862/Cow-tipping-myth-dispelled.html |archive-date = April 26, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=Glenn>{{cite news |first = Eddie |last = Glenn |url = http://tahlequahdailypress.com/archive/x519330324 |title = Cow-Tipping: Myth or Reality? |work = Tahlequah Daily Press |date = December 15, 2006 |access-date = May 18, 2016 |archive-date = June 22, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120622203359/http://tahlequahdailypress.com/archive/x519330324 |url-status = live }}</ref> Lillie and Boechler's analysis found that if a cow did not move, the principles of static physics suggest that two people might be able to tip a cow if its ] were pushed over its hooves before the cow could react. However, cows are not rigid or unresponsive, and the faster humans have to move, the less force they can exert. Thus Lillie and Boechler concluded that it is unlikely that cows can actually be tipped over in this way.<ref name="Haines" /> Lillie stated, "It just makes the physics of it all, in my opinion, impossible."<ref name=collins /> | |||
Variants of the legend claim that successfully tipping a cow will result in its death. Although cows can die if prevented from sitting upright for an extended period of time, briefly forcing a cow onto its back will not kill it. Under typical circumstances, a cow knocked onto its back would be able to restore itself to an upright position. | |||
Although biologist Steven Vogel agrees that it would take a force of about 3,000 newtons to push over a standing cow, he thinks that the study by Lillie and Boechler overestimates the pushing ability of an individual human.<ref name="Vogel" /> Using data from Cotterell and Kamminga, who estimated that humans exert a pushing force of 280 newtons,<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Cotterell |first1 = Brian |last2 = Kamminga |first2 = Johan |title = Mechanics of Pre-industrial Technology : Introduction to the Mechanics of Ancient and Traditional Material Culture |date = 1992 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Cambridge |isbn = 978-0-521-42871-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0-xOM8y6Uc8C |via = Google Books |access-date = May 19, 2016 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205258/https://books.google.com/books?id=0-xOM8y6Uc8C |url-status = live }}</ref> Vogel suggests that someone applying force at the requisite height to topple a cow might generate a maximum push of no more than 300 newtons. By this calculation, at least 10 people would be needed to tip over a non-reacting cow. However, this combined force requirement, he says, might not be the greatest impediment to such a prank. Standing cows are not asleep and, like other animals, have ever-vigilant reflexes. "If the cow does no more than modestly widen its stance without an overall shift of its center of gravity", he says, "about 4,000 newtons or 14 pushers would be needed—quite a challenge to deploy without angering the cow."<ref name="Vogel">{{cite book |last = Vogel |first = Steven |title = Glimpses of Creatures in Their Physical Worlds |publisher = Princeton University Press |year = 2009 |page = 238 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qaOi_huPdfsC |isbn = 978-0-691-13806-0 |access-date = May 19, 2016 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205259/https://books.google.com/books?id=qaOi_huPdfsC |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
Other versions of the cow tipping story attempt to evade these objections by claiming, for example, that although cows lie down to ], they can still doze while standing. Others appeal to a paper published by the ]'s ] Physics department, which calculates that, in certain circumstances, five people could topple a cow. Such a situation, however, would be highly unlikely, meaning they effectively debunked it as an ]. | |||
== Historical origins == | |||
Finally, attempting to tip a cow is a patently dangerous activity. Despite the animal's reputation for being placid and slow-moving, a cow is easily capable of hurting someone when provoked or nervous; a ] of cows or a bull (easily mistaken for a cow in the dark) would be even more dangerous. | |||
The belief that certain animals cannot rise if pushed over has historical antecedents. ] recorded a belief that a ] had no knee joints and could not get up if it fell.<ref>{{cite book |publisher = Harper & Brothers |location = New York |last = Caesar |first = Julius |author2 = Aulus Hirtius |title = Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars |chapter = XXVII |page = 154 |year = 1879 |isbn = 0-217-45287-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Caesar |first = Caius Julius |editor = Rhys, Ernest |translator = W. A. MacDevitt |title = The Commentaries of Caius Julius Caesar: The War in Gaul |chapter = Book VI, paragraph XXVII |url = https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10657/pg10657.txt |year = 1915 |via = Project Gutenberg |access-date = May 23, 2016 |archive-date = December 1, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211201104846/https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10657/pg10657.txt |url-status = live }}</ref> ] said the same about the hind legs of an animal he called the ], which Pliny's 19th-century translators Bostock and Riley said was merely another name for the elk.<ref name="Pliny">{{cite book |author = Pliny the Elder |title = The Natural History |chapter = 16: The Animals of the North; the Elk, the Achlis, and the Bonasus |translator1 = Bostock, John |translator2 = Riley, Henry Thomas |publisher = Taylor and Francis |location = London |year = 1855 |access-date = July 31, 2013 |url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+8.16&redirect=true |via = Perseus Digital Library |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040217/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+8.16&redirect=true |archive-date = August 5, 2011 }}</ref> They noted that Pliny's belief about the jointless back legs of the achlis (elk) was false.<ref name="Pliny" /> | |||
== Possibility that cow tipping may be achievable == | |||
] | |||
'']'' (London) of ] ], contains two letters on the subject, including one that appears to describe a method by which the task might be achievable by three people. This follows some earlier discussions on the subject in ''The Times'' (see reference under External Links, below). | |||
In 1255, ] gave an elephant to ] for his ] in the ].<ref name="Fine Rolls">{{cite web |last1 = Cassidy |first1 = Richard |last2 = Clasby |first2 = Michael |title = Matthew Paris and Henry III's Elephant |work = Henry III Fine Rolls Project |publisher = The National Archives and King's College London |url = http://www.finerollshenry3.org.uk/redist/pdf/fm-06-2012.pdf |pages = 1–4 |access-date = May 19, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160113065519/http://www.finerollshenry3.org.uk/redist/pdf/fm-06-2012.pdf |archive-date = January 13, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> A drawing by the historian ] for his '']'' can be seen in his ] at ] of ].<ref name ="Fine Rolls" /> An accompanying text cites elephant lore suggesting that elephants did not have knees and were unable to get up if they fell.<ref>{{cite book |last = Clark |first = Willene B. |title = A Medieval Book of Beasts: The Second-Family Bestiary: Commentary, Art, Text and Translation |publisher = The Boydell Press |location = Woodbridge, United Kingdom |year = 2006 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0olPRmCoE8MC&pg=PA128 |page = 128 |via = Google Books |isbn = 0-85115-682-7 |access-date = September 27, 2016 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205332/https://books.google.com/books?id=0olPRmCoE8MC&pg=PA128#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
A reader in Hawaii wrote: | |||
:"Cow tipping is possible, it is very simple and I've done it. It requires three people (note: be very quiet, but sobriety may be a hindrance), one person on one side of the cow, two on the other. The lone person pushes very hard on his side, and waiting for the balancing response from the startled animal, the other two then push very hard on their side to overbalance her. Works like a charm." | |||
Journalist Jake Steelhammer believes the American urban myth of cow tipping originated in the 1970s. It "stampeded into the '80s", he says, "when movies like '']'' and '']'' featured cow tipping expeditions."<ref name=Steelhammer2013>{{citation|title=Settling a Beef with Cow Tipping|newspaper=]|location=Charleston, West Virginia|date=September 22, 2013|last=Steelhammer|first=Rick|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-35161437.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220213216/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-35161437.html|archive-date=February 20, 2016|df=mdy-all|access-date=November 29, 2015}}</ref> Stories about cow tipping tend to be second-hand, he says, told by someone who does not claim to have tipped a cow but who knows someone else who says they did.<ref name=Steelhammer2013 /> | |||
Another reader, a ] at ], suggested one person could slam a cow down with a running start: "I have calculated that an 80kg (175lb) person would only need to run at the cow at about 18km/h (12mph) in order to tip it." | |||
== Veterinary and husbandry practices == | |||
== Cow tipping in popular culture == | |||
] | |||
* In an episode of ]'s "]", a cow is tipped by the two of them. | |||
* It is mentioned in '']'' as something the kids did. | |||
* The film ] features a scene in which a crowd of drunken ]s participate in a spot of cow tipping in which, unusually, the tippers suffer more humiliation than the tippee. | |||
* In 1991, ] broadcast a half-hour radio play called "Cow Tipping," a comedy about five hapless college-aged cow tippers in ]. Produced by the Midwest Radio Theatre Workshop. | |||
* It is an often discussed topic on the popular breakfast radio show ]. | |||
* It was also featured in ]'s movie, ], in which Farley and Rob Lowe attempted and failed to tip a slumbering cow. | |||
* In the computer video game ], there is a random encounter on the world map that puts the player characters into a field with cows that can be tipped. | |||
* In '']'' #28 ''The Experiment'', ] is in a cow pasture when a few drunk college students wander in. Ax is an alien who looks like a horse but with a tail and two stalk eyes above. ] sighs and says that they're probably trying to do cow tipping. Ax attempts to hunch over in hopes that they won't notice, but the college students approach. Ax whips his tail around and knocks them out. | |||
* In the '']'' episode "Ghostesses in the Slot Machine", Wooldoor Sockbat and Ling-Ling pushed Toot Braunstein over while she was standing in a field eating grass, causing her to moo. The joke is that Toot is always being made fun of for being fat (like a cow). | |||
] | |||
==See also== | |||
*] in which a running steer is "tipped". | |||
Cattle may need to be deliberately thrown or tipped over for certain types of ] practices and medical treatment. When done for medical purposes, this is often called "casting", and when performed without mechanical assistance requires the attachment of {{convert|30|to|40|ft|m|order=flip|0}} of rope around the body and legs of the animal. After the rope is secured by non-slip ] knots, it is pulled to the rear until the animal is off-balance. Once the cow is forced to lie down in ] recumbency (on its chest), it can be rolled onto its side and its legs tied to prevent kicking.<ref>{{cite web |title = Rope Squeeze |url = http://research.vet.upenn.edu/Dairy/Restraint/CastingRestraints/RopeSqueeze/tabid/3917/Default.aspx |website = University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Medicine |access-date = May 16, 2016 |date = 2016 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160523185855/http://research.vet.upenn.edu/Dairy/Restraint/CastingRestraints/RopeSqueeze/tabid/3917/Default.aspx |archive-date = May 23, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Burley Method of Casting |url = http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/fieldservice/Dairy/RESTR/burley.htm |website = New Bolton Center Field Service Department |access-date = May 16, 2016 |date = 2003 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160525221519/http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/fieldservice/Dairy/RESTR/burley.htm |archive-date = May 25, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> | |||
== External links == | |||
=== Articles discussing how cows could be tipped === | |||
* | |||
* | |||
<!-- Cows should be tipped 15-20%, just like any other service worker --> | |||
A calf table or calf cradle, also called a "tipping table" or a "throw down", is a relatively modern invention designed to be used on ] that are being ]. A calf is run into a ], confined, and then tipped by the equipment onto its side for easier branding and ].<ref>{{cite web |title = Working Calves in the Calf Table |url = http://thepioneerwoman.com/confessions/working-calves-in-the-calf-table/ |website = The Pioneer Woman |access-date = May 16, 2016 |language = en-US |date = June 3, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Tipping Tables |url = http://www.starkeng.com.au/tipping-tables.php |website = Stark Engineering |access-date = May 16, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203814/http://starkeng.com.au/tipping-tables.php |archive-date = April 5, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> | |||
=== Articles arguing that cow tipping is an urban legend === | |||
* | |||
Hydraulic tilt tables for adult cattle have existed since the 1970s and are designed to lift and tip cattle onto their sides to enable veterinary care, particularly of the animals' ], and for ] maintenance.<ref name="Gunville" /> (Unlike horses, cows generally do not cooperate with a ] when standing.)<ref name=CTV /> A Canadian veterinarian explained, "Using the table is much safer and easier than trying to get underneath to examine the animal", and noted that cows tipped over on a padded table usually stop struggling and become calm fairly quickly.<ref name="Gunville">{{cite web |last1 = Gunville |first1 = Lynne |title = Vet Table Tilts a Cow's World |url = http://www.canadiancattlemen.ca/2014/10/28/vet-table-tilts-a-cows-world/ |website = Canadian Cattlemen |access-date = May 16, 2016 |date = October 28, 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160601082048/http://www.canadiancattlemen.ca/2014/10/28/vet-table-tilts-a-cows-world/ |archive-date = June 1, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> One design, developed at the ] in ], ], included "cow comfort" as a unique aspect of care using this type of apparatus.<ref name=CTV>{{cite news |url = http://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=498169 |title = Stephanie Massicotte Goes Cow Tipping with Veterinarian Dr. Chris Clark |work = ] |location = Saskatoon, Saskatchewan |publisher = Bell Media |year = 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160610075849/http://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=498169 |archive-date = June 10, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> | |||
* | |||
* | |||
=== Involuntary recumbency === | |||
* | |||
Cows may inadvertently tip themselves. Due to their bulk and relatively short legs, cattle cannot roll over. Those that lie down and roll to their sides with their feet pointing uphill may become stuck and unable to rise without assistance, with potentially fatal results. In such cases, two humans can roll or flip a cow onto its other side, so that its feet are aimed downhill, thus allowing it to rise on its own.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Swearingen |first1 = Jake |title = Cow Tipping Doesn't Exist – But Cow Flipping Does – Modern Farmer |url = http://modernfarmer.com/2013/09/cow-tipping-doesnt-exist-cow-flipping/ |website = Modern Farmer |access-date = May 16, 2016 |language = en-US |date = September 9, 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160526180102/http://modernfarmer.com/2013/09/cow-tipping-doesnt-exist-cow-flipping/ |archive-date = May 26, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> In one documented case of "real-life cow tipping", a pregnant cow rolled into a gully in ] and became trapped in an inverted state until rescued by ]. The owner of the cow commented that he had seen this happen "once or twice" before.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.ledgertranscript.com/News/A-case-of-cow-tipping-on-Hancock-farmland-1321887 |title = A Case of Cow Tipping on Hancock Farmland |first = Ben |last = Conant |date = April 4, 2016 |newspaper = ] |location = Monadnock, New Hampshire |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160509170019/http://www.ledgertranscript.com/News/A-case-of-cow-tipping-on-Hancock-farmland-1321887 |archive-date = May 9, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> | |||
Trauma or illness may also result in a cow unable to rise to its feet. Such animals are sometimes called "]." Sometimes this occurs as a result of muscle and nerve damage from calving or a disease such as ].<ref name=Downer /> Leg injuries, muscle tears, or a massive infection of some sort may also be causes.<ref name="VanMetre">{{cite web |last1 = Van Metre |first1 = David C. |last2 = Garry |first2 = Frank B. |title = Figuring out down cows |url = http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/ilm/proinfo/wdn/2008/WDN%20Dec%20downers.pdf |work = Western Dairy News |access-date = May 16, 2016 |date = December 2008 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130129113039/http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/ilm/proinfo/wdn/2008/WDN%20Dec%20downers.pdf |archive-date = January 29, 2013 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Downer cows are encouraged to get to their feet and have a much greater chance of recovery if they do. If unable to rise, some have survived—with medical care—as long as 14 days and were ultimately able to get back on their feet. Appropriate medical treatment for a downer cow to prevent further injury includes rolling from one side to the other every three hours, careful and frequent feeding of small amounts of ], and access to clean water.<ref name=Downer>{{cite web |title = The Downer Cow |url = http://www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/246/the-downer-cow/ |website = The Cattle Site |access-date = May 16, 2016 |archive-date = November 12, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112034933/http://www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/246/the-downer-cow/ |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
=== Death === | |||
{{multiple image | |||
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| width1= | |||
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| image1=Dead bullock in winter.JPG | |||
| alt1=a dead red and white bullock covered with snow | |||
| caption1=Rigor mortis leads to muscle stiffening, particularly noticeable in the limbs | |||
| width2= | |||
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| image2=Dead Cow - Alien Highway (3961775674).jpg | |||
| alt2=a dead cow laying on its back with all four limbs in the air | |||
| caption2=Bloat and rigor mortis combined result in a dead cow appearing "belly up" | |||
}} | |||
Dead animals may appear to have been tipped over, but this is actually the process of ], which stiffens the muscles of the carcass,<ref name="Black's">{{cite book |editor = Boden, Edward |title = Black's Veterinary Dictionary |date = 1998 |publisher = Barnes & Noble Books |location = Lanham, Maryland |isbn = 0-389-21017-X |page = 449 |edition = 19th |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rxAD2cWqYI0C&pg=PA449 |via = Google Books |access-date = May 24, 2016 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205357/https://books.google.com/books?id=rxAD2cWqYI0C&pg=PA449#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status = live }}</ref> beginning six to eight hours after death and lasting for one to two days. It is particularly noticeable in the limbs, which stick out straight.<ref name="UGAvet">{{cite web |title = Postmortem Changes |url = http://vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/courses/VPAT5200/02_injury/postmortem/postmortem.htm |website = University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine |access-date = May 19, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160512062750/http://vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/courses/VPAT5200/02_injury/postmortem/postmortem.htm |archive-date = May 12, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Post-mortem bloat also occurs because of gas formation inside the body.<ref name="UGA5">{{cite web |title = Post Mortem Changes 5 |url = http://vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/courses/VPAT5200/02_injury/postmortem/pm05.html |website = University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine |access-date = May 19, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160518073442/http://vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/courses/VPAT5200/02_injury/postmortem/pm05.html |archive-date = May 18, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> The process may result in cattle carcasses that wind up on their back with all four feet in the air. | |||
== In popular culture == | |||
]]] | |||
Assorted individuals have claimed to have performed cow tipping,<ref>{{cite news |title = Johnny Flynn: The Brit Folkster Talks Influences, from Shakespeare to Scratchy 78s |last = Eakin |first = Marah |newspaper = ] |date = May 31, 2011 |url = http://www.avclub.com/article/johnny-flynn-55289 |access-date = May 24, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405092333/http://www.avclub.com/article/johnny-flynn-55289 |archive-date = April 5, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> often while under the influence of alcohol.<ref name=Eaton>{{cite news|title=Cow Tipping? Probably Bull|newspaper=The Roanoke Times|location=Roanoke, Virginia|date=September 6, 2006|last=Eaton|first=Joe|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-150987528.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220132809/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-150987528.html|archive-date=February 20, 2016|df=mdy-all|access-date=November 29, 2015}}</ref> These claims, to date, cannot be reliably verified,<ref name=Haines /> with Jake Swearingen of '']'' noting in 2013 that ], a popular source of videos of challenges and stunts, "fails to deliver one single actual cow-tipping video".<ref>{{cite magazine |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/the-mathematical-formula-that-proves-cow-tipping-is-a-myth/279357/ |title = The Mathematical Formula That Proves Cow-Tipping Is a Myth |magazine = The Atlantic |date = September 4, 2013 |access-date = October 9, 2016 |author = Garber, Megan |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170302053434/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/the-mathematical-formula-that-proves-cow-tipping-is-a-myth/279357/ |archive-date = March 2, 2017 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> | |||
Pranksters have sometimes pushed over artificial cows. Along Chicago's ] in 1999, two "apparently drunk" men felled six fiberglass cows that were part of a ] public art exhibit. Four other vandals removed a "Wow cow" sculpture from its lifeguard chair at ] and abandoned it in a pedestrian underpass.<ref>{{cite news |last = Cassell |first = Jennifer |title = Udder Disrespect: Beach Wow Cow Carried Off, Vandalized |work = Chicago Sun–Times |url = http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/0EB42423491CF4CF?p=AMNEWS |via = NewsBank |page = 4 |edition = Late Sports Final |date = July 16, 1999 |access-date = November 29, 2015 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A year later, New York City anchored its CowParade art cows, including "A Streetcow Named Desire", to concrete bases "to prevent the udder disrespect of cow-tippers and thieves."<ref>{{cite news |last = Stephenson |first = Heather |title = UVM Hopes to Milk Art Cow Project in New York City |url = http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/10D8385439F094A0?p=AMNEWS |work = Rutland Herald |date = June 4, 2000 |via = NewsBank |url-access = subscription |access-date = November 30, 2015 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205304/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/user/login?destination=doc/nb/news/10D8385439F094A0%3Fp%3DAMNEWS |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
Cow tipping has been featured in films from the 1980s and later, such as '']'' (1988), '']'' (1995), '' ]'' (2006), and '']'' (2009).<ref name=Steelhammer2013 /><ref>{{cite web |title = Barnyard Poster and Trailer |date = January 2, 2006 |last = Parsons |first = Ryan |work = The Can Magazine |url = http://www.canmag.com/news/4/3/2737 |publisher = Minds Eye One |access-date = May 24, 2016 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160606184535/http://www.canmag.com/news/4/3/2737 |archive-date = June 6, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Movie Review: I Love You Beth Cooper |work = Huffington Post |first = Zorianna |last = Kit |date = August 10, 2009 |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zorianna-kit/movie-review-i-love-you-b_b_229932.html |access-date = May 24, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405082256/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zorianna-kit/movie-review-i-love-you-b_b_229932.html |archive-date = April 5, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> It was also used in the title of a 1992 documentary film by ], ''Cow Tipping—The Militant Indian Waiter''.<ref>{{cite book |title = Native Americans on Film: Conversations, Teaching, and Theory |editor1-last = Marubbio |editor1-first = M. Elise |editor2-last = Buffalohead |editor2-first = Eric L. |publisher = University Press of Kentucky |year = 2013 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob0gu0LgSpkC |isbn = 978-0-8131-3665-3 |page = 294 |via = Google Books }}</ref> | |||
Variants of cow tipping have also been seen in popular media such as the film '']'' (2006), which features a vehicular variant called ]-tipping, and the video game '']'', which allows the character to sneak up on and tip over a Brahmin, the game's two-headed cow-like animal. The board game '']'' is based on the practice, with heavily armed cows having "Tipping Defense Numbers."<ref name="Battle Cattle">{{Cite web |last=Cross |first=Todd |date=May 21, 1999 |title=Review of Battle Cattle |url=https://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/classic/rev_1709.phtml |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=RPGNet |archive-date=October 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015045139/https://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/classic/rev_1709.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
In ] song "Lou Reed" from their 2006 ], ] sings about a fictional event during which musician ] tips cows in Texas.<ref>{{cite news |title = Giving Us Willies: Norah Jones and Friends Go Country |first = Mary |last = Huhn |date = February 5, 2006 |newspaper = New York Post |url = https://nypost.com/2006/02/05/giving-us-willies-norah-jones-and-friends-go-country/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705185154/http://nypost.com/2006/02/05/giving-us-willies-norah-jones-and-friends-go-country/ |archive-date = July 5, 2017 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> In another medium, '']'', a television show, uses cow tipping lore as an element to establish the nature of a rural character, ].<ref name="Farghaly Leone">{{cite book |last1 = Farghaly |first1 = Nadine |last2 = Leone |first2 = Eden |title = The Sexy Science of The Big Bang Theory: Essays on Gender in the Series |publisher = McFarland & Company |location = Jefferson, North Carolina |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-0-7864-7641-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9US7CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 |access-date = April 8, 2016 |page = 167 |via = Google Books |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205301/https://books.google.com/books?id=9US7CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status = live }}</ref> | |||
The term ''cow tipping'' is sometimes used as a ] for pushing over something big. In ''A Giant Cow-Tipping by Savages'', author John Weir Close uses the term to describe contemporary ].<ref>{{cite journal |last = Pinkerton |first = Stewart |title = Book Review: ''A Giant Cow-Tipping by Savages'', by John Weir Close |journal = The Wall Street Journal |publisher = Dow Jones & Company |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303560204579248133982873374 |date = December 12, 2013 |access-date = November 24, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208060339/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303560204579248133982873374 |archive-date = December 8, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> "Tipping ]" has been used as a deliberate ] in titles of books on Christian ministry and business management.<ref>{{citation |title = Tipping Over Sacred Cows |last = Fowlds |first = Sean |work = Ministry Today |date = April 30, 2007 |url = http://ministrytodaymag.com/index.php/ministry-today-archives/198-words/15106-tipping-over-sacred-cows |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208173841/http://ministrytodaymag.com/index.php/ministry-today-archives/198-words/15106-tipping-over-sacred-cows |archive-date = December 8, 2015 |df = mdy-all }} (review of ''Change Your Church for Good: The Art of Sacred Cow Tipping'' by Brad Powell)</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Breeden |first = Jake |title = 'Tipping Sacred Cows' Reveals Dangerous Work Behaviors |date = March 22, 2013 |publisher = CNBC |url = https://www.cnbc.com/2013/03/22/tipping-sacred-cows-reveals-dangerous-work-behaviors.html |access-date = May 19, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160524101654/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100565152 |archive-date = May 24, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> | |||
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== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
== Further reading == | |||
* {{cite journal |journal = ] |issue = 2 |year = 1999 |title = Cow Tipping: The Most Urban of all Urban Legends |last = Linse |first = Pat |volume = 7 |url = http://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/cow-tipping-the-most-urban-of-all-urban-legends/ }} | |||
* {{cite book |last1 = McCoy |first1 = Red |last2 = Rightious |first2 = Duke |title = The Official Cow Tipper's Handbook: The Original Cow Tipping Guide for Serious Cow Tippers |publisher = Falling Lane Publishers |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-9774876-0-8 }} | |||
== External links == | |||
{{portal|Agriculture}} | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728190006/http://research.udmercy.edu/find/special_collections/digital/cfa/index.php?field=keyword&term=cow%20tipping |date=July 28, 2017 }} James T. Callow Folklore Archive at ] | |||
=== Additional links about cow tipping === | |||
* |
* | ||
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230064049/http://barnyardvet.com/articles/cow-tipping-the-myth-finally-proven/16 |date=December 30, 2012 |title=The Cow Tipping Myth Debunked by a Veterinarian }} | |||
* - Funny, illustrated book about Cow Tipping | |||
{{Urban legends}} | |||
* One picture shows the player character using martial arts in a stance to focus his chi as the means to push over a three thousand pound cow. | |||
{{authority control}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 21:08, 21 December 2024
Urban legend For the Beavis and Butt-Head episode, see Cow Tipping (Beavis and Butt-Head episode).
Cow tipping is the purported activity of sneaking up on any unsuspecting or sleeping upright cow and pushing it over for entertainment. The practice of cow tipping is generally considered an urban legend and stories of such feats viewed as tall tales. The implication that rural citizens seek such entertainment due to lack of alternatives is viewed as a stereotype. The concept of cow tipping apparently developed in the 1970s, though tales of animals that cannot rise if they fall has historical antecedents dating to the Roman Empire.
Cows routinely lie down and can easily regain their footing unless sick or injured. Scientific studies have been conducted to determine if cow tipping is theoretically possible, with varying conclusions. All agree that cows are large animals that are difficult to surprise and will generally resist attempts to be tipped. Estimates suggest a force of between 3,000 and 4,000 newtons (670 and 900 pounds-force) is needed, and that at least four and possibly as many as fourteen people would be required to achieve this. In real-life situations where cattle have to be laid on the ground, or "cast", such as for branding, hoof care or veterinary treatment, either rope restraints are required or specialized mechanical equipment is used that confines the cow and then tips it over. On rare occasions, cattle can lie down or fall down in proximity to a ditch or hill that restricts their normal ability to rise without help. Cow tipping has many references in popular culture and is also used as a figure of speech.
Scientific study
Some versions of the urban legend suggest that because cows sleep standing up, it is possible to approach them and push them over without the animals reacting. However, cows only sleep lightly while standing up, and they are easily awakened. They lie down to sleep deeply. Furthermore, numerous sources have questioned the practice's feasibility, since most cows weigh over 450 kilograms (990 pounds) and easily resist any lesser force.
A 2005 study led by Margo Lillie, a zoologist at the University of British Columbia, and her student Tracy Boechler, concluded that tipping a cow would require a force of nearly 3,000 newtons (670 lbf) and is therefore impossible to accomplish by a single person. Her calculations found that it would require more than four people to apply enough force to push over a cow, based on an estimate that a single person could exert 660 newtons (150 lbf) of force. However, since a cow can brace itself, Lillie and Boechler suggested that five or six people would, most likely, be needed. Further, cattle are well aware of their surroundings and are very difficult to surprise, due to excellent senses of both smell and hearing. Lillie and Boechler's analysis found that if a cow did not move, the principles of static physics suggest that two people might be able to tip a cow if its centre of mass were pushed over its hooves before the cow could react. However, cows are not rigid or unresponsive, and the faster humans have to move, the less force they can exert. Thus Lillie and Boechler concluded that it is unlikely that cows can actually be tipped over in this way. Lillie stated, "It just makes the physics of it all, in my opinion, impossible."
Although biologist Steven Vogel agrees that it would take a force of about 3,000 newtons to push over a standing cow, he thinks that the study by Lillie and Boechler overestimates the pushing ability of an individual human. Using data from Cotterell and Kamminga, who estimated that humans exert a pushing force of 280 newtons, Vogel suggests that someone applying force at the requisite height to topple a cow might generate a maximum push of no more than 300 newtons. By this calculation, at least 10 people would be needed to tip over a non-reacting cow. However, this combined force requirement, he says, might not be the greatest impediment to such a prank. Standing cows are not asleep and, like other animals, have ever-vigilant reflexes. "If the cow does no more than modestly widen its stance without an overall shift of its center of gravity", he says, "about 4,000 newtons or 14 pushers would be needed—quite a challenge to deploy without angering the cow."
Historical origins
The belief that certain animals cannot rise if pushed over has historical antecedents. Julius Caesar recorded a belief that a European elk had no knee joints and could not get up if it fell. Pliny said the same about the hind legs of an animal he called the achlis, which Pliny's 19th-century translators Bostock and Riley said was merely another name for the elk. They noted that Pliny's belief about the jointless back legs of the achlis (elk) was false.
In 1255, Louis IX of France gave an elephant to Henry III of England for his menagerie in the Tower of London. A drawing by the historian Matthew Paris for his Chronica Majora can be seen in his bestiary at Parker Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. An accompanying text cites elephant lore suggesting that elephants did not have knees and were unable to get up if they fell.
Journalist Jake Steelhammer believes the American urban myth of cow tipping originated in the 1970s. It "stampeded into the '80s", he says, "when movies like Tommy Boy and Heathers featured cow tipping expeditions." Stories about cow tipping tend to be second-hand, he says, told by someone who does not claim to have tipped a cow but who knows someone else who says they did.
Veterinary and husbandry practices
Cattle may need to be deliberately thrown or tipped over for certain types of husbandry practices and medical treatment. When done for medical purposes, this is often called "casting", and when performed without mechanical assistance requires the attachment of 9 to 12 metres (30 to 40 ft) of rope around the body and legs of the animal. After the rope is secured by non-slip bowline knots, it is pulled to the rear until the animal is off-balance. Once the cow is forced to lie down in sternal recumbency (on its chest), it can be rolled onto its side and its legs tied to prevent kicking.
A calf table or calf cradle, also called a "tipping table" or a "throw down", is a relatively modern invention designed to be used on calves that are being branded. A calf is run into a chute, confined, and then tipped by the equipment onto its side for easier branding and castration.
Hydraulic tilt tables for adult cattle have existed since the 1970s and are designed to lift and tip cattle onto their sides to enable veterinary care, particularly of the animals' genitalia, and for hoof maintenance. (Unlike horses, cows generally do not cooperate with a farrier when standing.) A Canadian veterinarian explained, "Using the table is much safer and easier than trying to get underneath to examine the animal", and noted that cows tipped over on a padded table usually stop struggling and become calm fairly quickly. One design, developed at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, included "cow comfort" as a unique aspect of care using this type of apparatus.
Involuntary recumbency
Cows may inadvertently tip themselves. Due to their bulk and relatively short legs, cattle cannot roll over. Those that lie down and roll to their sides with their feet pointing uphill may become stuck and unable to rise without assistance, with potentially fatal results. In such cases, two humans can roll or flip a cow onto its other side, so that its feet are aimed downhill, thus allowing it to rise on its own. In one documented case of "real-life cow tipping", a pregnant cow rolled into a gully in New Hampshire and became trapped in an inverted state until rescued by volunteer fire fighters. The owner of the cow commented that he had seen this happen "once or twice" before.
Trauma or illness may also result in a cow unable to rise to its feet. Such animals are sometimes called "downers." Sometimes this occurs as a result of muscle and nerve damage from calving or a disease such as mastitis. Leg injuries, muscle tears, or a massive infection of some sort may also be causes. Downer cows are encouraged to get to their feet and have a much greater chance of recovery if they do. If unable to rise, some have survived—with medical care—as long as 14 days and were ultimately able to get back on their feet. Appropriate medical treatment for a downer cow to prevent further injury includes rolling from one side to the other every three hours, careful and frequent feeding of small amounts of fodder, and access to clean water.
Death
Rigor mortis leads to muscle stiffening, particularly noticeable in the limbsBloat and rigor mortis combined result in a dead cow appearing "belly up"Dead animals may appear to have been tipped over, but this is actually the process of rigor mortis, which stiffens the muscles of the carcass, beginning six to eight hours after death and lasting for one to two days. It is particularly noticeable in the limbs, which stick out straight. Post-mortem bloat also occurs because of gas formation inside the body. The process may result in cattle carcasses that wind up on their back with all four feet in the air.
In popular culture
Assorted individuals have claimed to have performed cow tipping, often while under the influence of alcohol. These claims, to date, cannot be reliably verified, with Jake Swearingen of Modern Farmer noting in 2013 that YouTube, a popular source of videos of challenges and stunts, "fails to deliver one single actual cow-tipping video".
Pranksters have sometimes pushed over artificial cows. Along Chicago's Michigan Avenue in 1999, two "apparently drunk" men felled six fiberglass cows that were part of a Cows on Parade public art exhibit. Four other vandals removed a "Wow cow" sculpture from its lifeguard chair at Oak Street Beach and abandoned it in a pedestrian underpass. A year later, New York City anchored its CowParade art cows, including "A Streetcow Named Desire", to concrete bases "to prevent the udder disrespect of cow-tippers and thieves."
Cow tipping has been featured in films from the 1980s and later, such as Heathers (1988), Tommy Boy (1995), Barnyard (2006), and I Love You, Beth Cooper (2009). It was also used in the title of a 1992 documentary film by Randy Redroad, Cow Tipping—The Militant Indian Waiter.
Variants of cow tipping have also been seen in popular media such as the film Cars (2006), which features a vehicular variant called tractor-tipping, and the video game Fallout: New Vegas, which allows the character to sneak up on and tip over a Brahmin, the game's two-headed cow-like animal. The board game Battle Cattle is based on the practice, with heavily armed cows having "Tipping Defense Numbers."
In the Little Willies song "Lou Reed" from their 2006 self-titled debut album, Norah Jones sings about a fictional event during which musician Lou Reed tips cows in Texas. In another medium, The Big Bang Theory, a television show, uses cow tipping lore as an element to establish the nature of a rural character, Penny.
The term cow tipping is sometimes used as a figure of speech for pushing over something big. In A Giant Cow-Tipping by Savages, author John Weir Close uses the term to describe contemporary mergers and acquisitions. "Tipping sacred cows" has been used as a deliberate mixed metaphor in titles of books on Christian ministry and business management.
References
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- ^ Eaton, Joe (September 6, 2006). "Cow Tipping? Probably Bull". The Roanoke Times. Roanoke, Virginia. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
- Winter, Sam A. (March 6, 2003). "Who You Calling a Hick?: Treatise of a Disgruntled Kansan". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on June 4, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
- Ward, Philip (2012). The Book of Common Fallacies: Falsehoods, Misconceptions, Flawed Facts, and Half-Truths That Are Ruining Your Life. New York, N.Y.: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-61608-336-6. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved November 29, 2015 – via Google Books.
In his article at the Harvard Crimson, John Larew insists that since he arrived at college, every time he has told someone (especially someone from the city) where he grew up (deep in the country), they inevitably ask what he does for fun, and whether or not he's been cow tipping...he New York Times... perpetuates the mistake when the editor writes 'Saturday night is associated with pleasure and abandon, with toppling cows in rural Pennsylvania'.
- ^ Haines, Lester (November 9, 2005). "Boffins Debunk Cow-Tipping Myth". The Register. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
- ^ Malvern, Jack (November 5, 2005). "Cow-Tipping Myth Hasn't Got a Leg to Stand On". Times Online. London. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2006.
- ^ Collins, Nick (September 6, 2013). "Cow Tipping Myth Dispelled". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
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- Cotterell, Brian; Kamminga, Johan (1992). Mechanics of Pre-industrial Technology : Introduction to the Mechanics of Ancient and Traditional Material Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42871-2. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2016 – via Google Books.
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- Caesar, Caius Julius (1915). "Book VI, paragraph XXVII". In Rhys, Ernest (ed.). The Commentaries of Caius Julius Caesar: The War in Gaul. Translated by W. A. MacDevitt. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2016 – via Project Gutenberg.
- ^ Pliny the Elder (1855). "16: The Animals of the North; the Elk, the Achlis, and the Bonasus". The Natural History. Translated by Bostock, John; Riley, Henry Thomas. London: Taylor and Francis. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2013 – via Perseus Digital Library.
- ^ Cassidy, Richard; Clasby, Michael. "Matthew Paris and Henry III's Elephant" (PDF). Henry III Fine Rolls Project. The National Archives and King's College London. pp. 1–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
- Clark, Willene B. (2006). A Medieval Book of Beasts: The Second-Family Bestiary: Commentary, Art, Text and Translation. Woodbridge, United Kingdom: The Boydell Press. p. 128. ISBN 0-85115-682-7. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved September 27, 2016 – via Google Books.
- ^ Steelhammer, Rick (September 22, 2013), "Settling a Beef with Cow Tipping", Charleston Gazette-Mail, Charleston, West Virginia, archived from the original on February 20, 2016, retrieved November 29, 2015
- "Rope Squeeze". University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Medicine. 2016. Archived from the original on May 23, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
- "Burley Method of Casting". New Bolton Center Field Service Department. 2003. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
- "Working Calves in the Calf Table". The Pioneer Woman. June 3, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
- "Tipping Tables". Stark Engineering. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
- ^ Gunville, Lynne (October 28, 2014). "Vet Table Tilts a Cow's World". Canadian Cattlemen. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
- ^ "Stephanie Massicotte Goes Cow Tipping with Veterinarian Dr. Chris Clark". CTV News. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Bell Media. 2016. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016.
- Swearingen, Jake (September 9, 2013). "Cow Tipping Doesn't Exist – But Cow Flipping Does – Modern Farmer". Modern Farmer. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
- Conant, Ben (April 4, 2016). "A Case of Cow Tipping on Hancock Farmland". Monadnock Ledger-Transcript. Monadnock, New Hampshire. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016.
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Further reading
- Linse, Pat (1999). "Cow Tipping: The Most Urban of all Urban Legends". Skeptic. 7 (2).
- McCoy, Red; Rightious, Duke (2005). The Official Cow Tipper's Handbook: The Original Cow Tipping Guide for Serious Cow Tippers. Falling Lane Publishers. ISBN 978-0-9774876-0-8.
External links
- Cow tipping Archived July 28, 2017, at the Wayback Machine James T. Callow Folklore Archive at University of Detroit Mercy
- The Straight Dope on Cow Tipping
- The Cow Tipping Myth Debunked by a Veterinarian at the Wayback Machine (archived December 30, 2012)