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{{Short description|British far-right pressure group}}
The '''Western Goals Institute''' (WGI) was a far-right pressure group in ], formed at the beginning of 1989 from ] (which originated in 1985 as an offshoot of the US ]). It was best known for its ] and for its opposition to non-white ] into Britain. The organisation folded in 2001 following the death of General Sir ], although according to Western Goals director Andrew Smith it closed down in September 1992.{{NamedRef|Guardian1993|1}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Conservatism UK|Organisations}}
'''Western Goals Institute''' ('''WGI''') was a ]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fontenot |first1=Anthony |title=Non-Design: Architecture, Liberalism, and the Market |date=9 July 2021 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-68606-6 |page=354 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEQ6EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Western+Goals+Institute%22+%22far+right%22&pg=PA354 |access-date=16 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> pressure group and think-tank<ref>{{cite news |last1=Donaldson |first1=Andrew |title=Obituary: Clive Derby-Lewis |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Obituaries/obituary-clive-derby-lewis-20161103 |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=News24 |date=3 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=West Africa |date=1992 |publisher=West Africa Publishing Company, Limited |page=676 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=We5yAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Western%20Goals%20Institute%22%20%22far%20right%22 |access-date=16 July 2022 |language=en |quote=London – based Western Goals Institute, an organisation that appears to believe that the Cold War is still going on . It is described as a far – right " think tank " ( although this discredits the concept of thinking )}}</ref> in Britain, formed in 1989 from Western Goals UK, which was founded in 1985 as an offshoot of the U.S. ].<ref name="Labour Research 1988, p. 2">''Labour Research'', November 1988, p. 2.</ref> It was ] and opposed non-white immigration.


==Early aims==
Its leading patrons were General Sir ], KCB, CBE, DSO, former ] Chief of Staff, Major-General ] from the ], US Military Intelligence, and Major ], MC, VRD, RM. In 1989 its list of Vice-Presidents included Professor ], Professor Tryggvi McDonald, Rev. ], M.P., The Tory peer ], Dr. ], former head of the Rhodesian Broadcasting Corporation (today the ]), Colonel Barry Turner, the Rev. Basil Watson, OBE, MA, RN (Retd), and ] of the ].
The Western Goals Institute was founded (as Western Goals UK) in May 1985 as the British branch of the American organisation the Western Goals Foundation. In March 1987, Western Goals UK had filed a complaint with the ] against three major British charities, ], ], and ] stating that they were involved in political campaigning work (which was then contrary to UK charity law) in support of left-wing organizations due to their campaigns against ] in South Africa. The Charities Commission partially upheld the Western Goals complaint,<ref>Charity Ads were biased politically – ruling, ], 12 June 1987</ref> obliging War on Want (which at the time was led by ], later an MP) to halt political campaigning.<ref>War on Want rapped for political ads, ], 7 June 1987</ref>


In October 1988, Western Goals held a well-attended fringe meeting at the Conservative Party Conference addressed by their patron, ], former Commander-in-Chief of NATO forces in Northern Europe, ], the MP for ], the Reverend ], Ulster Unionist MP for ], and others<ref name="Labour Research 1988, p. 2"/> on terrorism, claiming to highlight the links between the ] and the ]. Western Goals subsequently issued a paper summarising the issues raised at this meeting.<ref>''IRA/ANC: Partners in terror'', a Western Goals UK Briefing Paper, May 1989.</ref>
The group published numerous policy papers, as well as a short-lived newspaper called ''European Dawn'' (1989). The Institute was affiliated to the ] (from February 1988 as the UK chapter of the WACL's youth wing, and from 1991 as the UK chapter of the senior World League) and sent a delegation to the 22nd WACL Conference in ] in July 1990.
As a result of their expanding activities, membership and organisation, Western Goals UK was relaunched in 1989, becoming the Western Goals Institute, independent of the U.S. foundation. ], then a leading member of the ], was invited in February to join Thomas J. Bergen, Peter Dally, Professor ], Linda Catoe Guell, Dr. Joseph Labia, Tryggvi McDonald, Rev. ], MP, the ], Dr. ] and Rev. Basil Watson, OBE, as vice-presidents of the institute.<ref>''Labour Research'', November 1988, p. 2, where Dally is given as leader of the British Freedom Council, UK affiliate to the WACL, and Guell, "number two at the US-based WG Foundation."</ref><ref>Western Goals Institute ''Newsletter'' Spring, 1989 p. 2.</ref> The institute's stated aims were to "combat the insidious menace of liberalism and Communism within all sectors of British society"<ref>'']'', 13 October 1989</ref> and its initial activities included denouncing what it described as "extremist" left-wing ] candidates. The institute was also critical of the ], its Director Andrew Smith stating "western nations (when dealing with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait) have seen fit to submit themselves to the writ of the UN, a body largely composed of regimes hostile to western democratic values."<ref>''The Sunday Telegraph'', 6 January 1991.</ref>


The institute stated its aims on the ] in 1991:
==Conservative Party links==
In ], the '']'' newspaper alleged that the WGI had ties to foreign neo-fascist parties (''Independent'', 28 November 1992. '']'' later accused it of attempting "to infiltrate fascists into the ]" (''Guardian'', 18 August 1993). These claims were disputed by the WGI. The '']'' reported on 25th September 1992 that Marc Gordon, director of the libertarian ''International Freedom Foundation'' urged the Conservative Party to expel members of Western Goals, and in the same newspaper on 2nd October ] (now an M.P., then deputy head of Conservative Central Office's Research Department), said he would strongly advise local associations that Western Goals was hostile to Conservative objectives.


:"Western Goals works to establish networks and links with conservative groups dedicated to the preservation of the cultures and identities of western nations. We are conservatives who believe in traditional conservative values. A ] society does not work. We wish to protect the way of life we had before immigrants arrived. It was a mistake to permit these people to come here. Politicians must now accept this. Large numbers of immigrants reject European culture and wish to remain alien in religion and culture. We want European culture in European countries. We would seek to have treaties with countries to permit resettlement."<ref>] Radio 4 interview, 1991{{better source needed|date=November 2016}}</ref>
In a circular letter to supporters in late 1993, WGI stated that "the WGI remains opposed to a non-traditional Britain, and Europe, and we condemn the slide into general degeneracy visible everywhere. We condemn unacceptable numbers of immigrants, whether born here or not. We object to our economies being run by multi-nationals whose first consideration will never be the national good, but internationalism and profit." This last sentence would seem to set the WGI against the theories of ] promoted by ]; ironically, most people on the WGI's wing of politics had enthusiastically supported ] during the ] and for much of the ].


Initially, the Western Goals Institute drew some support from Conservative parliamentarians, and the London magazine ''City Limits'' stated that "Western Goals is talking the same blunt authoritarian language as many Tory back-benchers and rank and file Tories. It is a group to be reckoned with ... having a formidable list of honorary patrons and Vice-Presidents".<ref>''City Limits'' magazine, London, 9–16 August 1990 p. 8.</ref>
==Global links==
WGI had a links to a range of right-wing parties around the world, and invited representatives such as ] and ] to the UK. In February 1988, when WGI became the UK chapter of the WACL's youth wing, it helped organise a visit to Britain of the Angolan rebel leader ].{{NamedRef|Guardian1993|2}} Major ], leader of ]'s ], was President of Western Goals prior to his death in 1992, when he was replaced by Conservative Party of South Africa MP ].{{NamedRef|Scotsman1994|3}}


With an increasingly public role, Western Goals attracted left-wing hostility. In September 1991, the Campaign Against Fascism demonstrated outside the home of Lord Sudeley, they said, "to expose his involvement in setting up an international network of right-wing extremists". In response, Sudeley refuted the claims and described Western Goals "as being committed to the traditional values of conservatism in England". Mike Whine, Defence Director of the Board of British Jewish Deputies, described the institute as "not fascists or anti-Semitic, but they inhabit the shadowy, nether-world of the far right-wing".<ref>''The Jewish Chronicle'', 13 September 1991, p. 5.</ref>
WGI supported the ] regime of ], and hosted a visit to the UK, in June 1989, by the hierarchy of the far-right ] a hard-line breakaway from the ] which, at the time, held a third of the seats in the Republic of South Africa's parliament, including its leader Dr. ]. A press conference was held for the delegation in a committee room of the ] on ]. Conservative Party of South Africa MP ] was made an honourary vice-president of the WGI. Derby-Lewis would later be tried and convicted for his role in the ] of ] of the ].


==International links==
On the ] ] ] chaired a Western Goals dinner at ] for ]'s President, ], and his inner cabinet. The guest list included figures such as Sir ] - policy advisor to ], Lord ], Professor ], ], Dr.], Colonel Barry Turner,R.E.(Retd)., ], ], W.], and Dr.]. ]'' and '']'', Court & Social Columns, ], 89].
The institute and its predecessor were affiliated with the ].<ref name="Labour Research 1988, p. 2"/> As Western Goals delegate, Andrew Smith attended the 21st conference of the ] held in ] 27–29 August 1988, which was addressed by one of Western Goals UK's patrons, Major-General ], (the other two patrons being ] and Major Sir ], M.C.). Smith contributed an article on the speech in WACL's ''Free World Report'' the following January. In July 1990, WGI sent a delegation to the 22nd WACL Conference in ] and from 1991 WGI was the UK chapter of the senior World League.


In line with the ']' policies of its American patrons, Western Goals UK had established links with militant, and often violent, anti-Communist groups internationally. These include the Angolan ] movement (in October 1988 Western Goals facilitated the visit to London of UNITA's leader, ]) and the Salvadoran ] (ARENA) party, whose leader, ], became one of the group's international patrons.<ref>An Introduction to the Western Goals Institute, 1988.</ref> It was also claimed that Western Goals may have been used by its U.S. partners as a conduit for funds to the Nicaraguan ] following the ']' scandal.<ref>Tories linked to Contra-rebel fundraisers, '']'', 10 June 1987</ref>
In ], Western Goals gave their open support to the French ']', the political party led by ]. On ] ] WGI hosted a controversial fringe meeting at the ] Conference in ], addressed by ] MEP, ]. Western Goals also examined the possibility of links with the ] German party ], led by ], a TV presenter in ], and they also supported the ''] e.V.'' led by another media personality, ], now a parliamentarian in ].


The institute was reaching out to a variety of robustly conservative associations which were also opposed to communism. In August Lauder-Frost was forging links with ] of Die Deutschen Konservativen e.V., in ], and London's ''Time Out'' magazine carried a report headlined "Bad Taste" in September saying that the Western Goals hierarchy, in addition to courting ], and ] of the German Republikaner Party, had been dining at ], London, with ]'s Arena Party President Major ], who subsequently became one of the institute's patrons.<ref>''Time Out'' magazine, London, Sept 13–20, 1989, no.995.</ref> This was followed by a letter in ''The Times'' signed by Lord Sudeley, Sir ], Professor ] and Dr. ], on behalf of the institute, "applauding ]'s statesmanship" and calling for his government's success in defeating the Cuban and Nicaraguan-backed communist ] terrorists.<ref>''The Times'', 29 September 1989.</ref><ref>''Labour Research'', November 1988, p. 2, where Sir Alfred Sherman and his son Gideon, as well as Professor Antony Flew, are mentioned as WG members.</ref> The following year, on 21 February 1990, Lauder-Frost appeared on BBC's ''Newsnight'' opposing Labour MP ]'s support for Communist insurgents in ].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
Western Goals hosted a dinner for ] and his team at the ] in the Strand, London, at the beginning of December 1991 which was widely reported, with an exclusive appearing in "]" on ]. There was a large demonstration against the meeting outside the hotel and some damage to property took place, notably the hotel's front doors and surroundings, which were smashed. Western Goals director Andrew Smith later said that "On reflection the Le Pen visit was the zenith and also the beginning of the end."{{namedRef|Guardian1993|4}}
], ], José Manuel Pacas (] Foreign Minister), Andrew Smith (yellow tie), Dr ].]]


The institute's tabloid newspaper ''European Dawn'' also reported that in September 1990 that Burkhard Schmidt, executive director of Western Goals Europe e.V., and the American European Strategy Research Institute had contacted the institute urging them to forge links with young people opposing communism in ], and that the following month an eight-strong delegation from the institute visited Munich for discussions with the German ] which at that time had six members in the ] Parliament.
==Other activities==
The group hosted social events including an Annual Dinner at the Grosvenor Hotel at Victoria on ] ] when the guest of honour was ], who spoke out against non-European ] immigration into ] and ]. On the ] ] they hosted the ] Memorial Dinner, commemorating the anniversary of his death. This was also chaired by ]. A WGI notice in ''The Times'' argued that the late ruler of ] was "remembered as a hero against communism". Subsequently an invitation to ] to address a fringe meeting of the 1992 Conservative Party conference "caused outrage" and led to calls for a ban on her entering the country (''Daily Mail'', September 3, 1992).


===Front National===
Activities diminished and lack of finance reduced any subsequent campaigning to occasional policy papers, the glossy newsletter, and letters to editors, such as that by WGI Vice-President, ], which appeared in '']'' in October 1994, opposing constitutional ]. Another letter by Lauder-Frost, writing again as Vice-President, appeared in the London '']'' on ] ] which called for "witch-hunts" of traditionalists within the Conservative Party to cease, and for "the party to return to its original philosophies".
], MEP, speaking to the Western Goals Institute, 12 October 1989.]]
In Europe, Western Goals gave their open support to the French ], the far-right political party led by ]. On 12 October 1989, the Western Goals Institute hosted a controversial fringe meeting at the Conservative Party Conference in ], at which ], a Front National ], was the Guest Speaker.<ref>'']'', 13 & 21 October 1989.</ref> Western Goals also hosted a widely reported dinner for Jean-Marie Le Pen, whom they had invited to Britain, at the ] in the ] in December 1991. There was a large demonstration against the dinner outside the hotel and some damage to property took place, including the hotel's front doors and surroundings, which were smashed. After the visit by Le Pen, the Western Goals Institute Director Andrew Smith was quoted as saying:
Yorkshire-based ], who had been a prominent local Conservative in ], and Chairman of the ] branch of the ], became the Secretary from 1993 - 1996. The group sent representatives to ] in London on ] ]. In March 1995 the guest-of-honour at the Western Goals Annual Dinner, chaired by Gregory Lauder-Frost and held at the Grosvenor Hotel in Victoria, was Ulster ] M.P., ].
:"There is scope for a radical right alternative outside the Conservative Party. The Tories have betrayed their principles since Mrs Thatcher fell. With this contact with European leaders we are laying the foundations for a new party.".<ref>''Observer'', 8 December 1991</ref>


The possibility of founding a new right-wing party, on the model of Le Pen's Front National, appears to have been abandoned by Smith after the Conservative Party's win in the ] ensured that ] stayed off the political agenda for the foreseeable future. However even at the time, the gradual defection of the parliamentary advisory committee and the decision of the leadership of the Monday Club<ref>The Monday Club nevertheless had a letter in the London ''Evening Standard'' on 19 November 1991 stating "let us hear what Mr.Le Pen has to say. if it is rubbish he will fade from sight and sound very quickly.</ref> and associated MPs to stay away from the Le Pen Dinner made the prospect unlikely.<ref>''The Guardian'', 24 April 1993, "Guns, Goons and Western Goals, David Pallister, ] and Angela Johnson report on the international connections of Clive Derby-Lewis, arrested by Chris Hani murder investigators."</ref> The institute maintained its contacts with the FN and were invited to send delegates to their congress in Strasbourg in March 1997. The Western Goals ''Newsletter'' of January 1998 carried an article of praise, reporting on the "FN Successes in France".<ref>{{cite web |title=Archive: Western Goals Institute Winter 1997 |url=https://traditionalbritain.org/journal/archive-western-goals-institute-winter-1997/ |website=Traditional Britain Group |publisher=Western Goals Newsletter |access-date=September 15, 2023}}</ref>
In January and February 1996 WGI issued two 'opinion papers' as a Press Statements, headed "The Monarchy in Crisis - Our Opinion", and "Crush the ]" calling for the army's ] to be deployed in ], for ] to be proscribed, and for a formal declaration by the British government that ] will remain an integral part of the ] in perpetuity.


===Conservative Party of South Africa===
The group's secretary had a letter in the London ''Evening Standard'' on ] ] supporting the right of ] to be heard. In July 1997, Western Goals formally complained by letter to the ]'s Director-General that the BBC was "promoting minorities and minority opinion at the expense of the majority population" and that they had an institutionalised left-wing bias. Also in July 1997 Lauder-Frost, writing on behalf of the WGI, made a formal complaint to ] opposing the abolition of their traditional logo on plane tails, to be replaced by a logo which, in their response, BA said "represents a willingness to embrace different cultures".


] and ] in Brussels as WGI delegates to the ] Conference, 21 July 1990.]]
On the ], ] Western Goals sent a letter to the ''Evening Standard'' over their headline "] attacks ] Arsenal". The letter asked "what was the ] doing when the ] had all these weapons of mass destruction"? It called for ]'s sovereignty to be respected. On the ] that year several of the 'Old Guard' from Western Goals went on the first ] march through London, followed by a luncheon at the ].


WGI supported the continuance of white-dominated government in ], and formed close links with the South African ] which some years previously broke away from the ] after ] instituted limited reforms to ] and which the institute saw as fighting communism in the form of the ].
In January 1999 the group wrote to the '']'' on two occasions, on the 21st attacking ]'s 'instructions' to the hereditary ] not to obstruct the legislation which would remove them from the ], and on the 28th, when they commented on the report of that day that ] terrorists were now living and training in Britain, and called for a halt to ]. Their last sentence said "the alternative will be a disaster-in-waiting for all of us."


WGI hosted a visit to the UK, in June 1989, of the Conservative Party of South Africa's leader ], as well as other leading members, with close links continuing for many years.<ref>''The Independent'', 6 June 1989: "Treurnicht spells out faith in white tribe's survival".</ref> At the time the party held 22 seats in the ] of the South African Parliament making them the official opposition.<ref>, Lewis H. Gann, Hoover Press, 1991, page 13</ref> A press conference was held for the delegation in a committee room of the ] on 5 June.<ref>'']'':"Tory MPs to meet South African bigot", 2 June; and '']'' 2 and 6 June 1989</ref> Conservative Party of South Africa MP ], then one of sixty members of the integrated State President's Council, was made an honorary vice-president of the WGI and the following year joined the WGI delegation to the WACL Conference in Brussels. Derby-Lewis was described as a "right-wing extremist" by '']''; and as someone who "even by South African standards...has acquired over the years a reputation as a rabid ]" by journalist and South Africa commentator ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/08/12/wsaf12.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040829165021/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F08%2F12%2Fwsaf12.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 August 2004|date=12 August 1997|title=Apartheid's assassins appeal for amnesty|first=Alec|last=Russell|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="independent.co.uk"> ''The Independent''. 18 April 1993</ref> He later served a life sentence for conspiracy to murder ], a leader of the ] and of the ]'s ], the armed wing of the ], who was assassinated in 1993. The ] (2 July 1993) lists the Western Goals Institute as an "impediment" to the elimination of racial discrimination in South Africa, saying of the institute that it "claims to be devoted to protecting the Western way of life by offering self-defence training to white South Africans".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/755ce88dc3293fff80256763002ea6e3?Opendocument|title=unhchr.ch|website=www.unhchr.ch}}</ref>
Their December 1999 mailing carried a personal letter from General Walker on WGI notepaper, calling for vigilance against 'the enemies within' and saluting Western Goals' 15 years of activity in ].


==Relationship with the Conservative Party==
==Notes==
The WGI initially worked towards its goals via members of the British Conservative Party, and in particular via the right-wing ] with whom it also shared some members: Andrew Smith had been a former chairman of the club's Young Members Group, Paul Masson and Stuart Notholt, "one-time member of the editorial board of the Conservative 'Dreadnaught Group'", also Monday Clubbers, were all on Western Goals' first UK Directorate. Western Goals activists Lauder-Frost, Anthony Murphy, and Dr. ] all held "key positions in the Monday Club Executive".<ref>''City Limits'', 9–16 Aug 1990, p. 8,</ref> Others included Sir ] and his son Gideon.<ref name="Labour Research 1988, p. 2"/>
* {{NamedNote|Guardian1993|1}} '']'', ], 1993, "Gund, Goons and Western Goals, David Pallister, David Beresford and Angela Johnson report on the international connections of Clive Derby-Lewis, arrested by Chris Hani murder investigators"
* {{NamedNote|Guardian1993|2}} '']'', ], 1993, "Gund, Goons and Western Goals, David Pallister, David Beresford and Angela Johnson report on the international connections of Clive Derby-Lewis, arrested by Chris Hani murder investigators"
* {{NamedNote|Scotsman1994|3}} '']'', ], 1994, "Court turns down appeals by murderers of Chris Hani"
* {{NamedNote|Guardian1993|4}} '']'', ], 1993, "Gund, Goons and Western Goals, David Pallister, David Beresford and Angela Johnson report on the international connections of Clive Derby-Lewis, arrested by Chris Hani murder investigators"


From the mid-1980s, Western Goals had established a parliamentary advisory committee of Conservative MPs which included Sir ], ], ] and ], as well as ] of the ] for Belfast South.<ref name="Labour Research 1988, p. 2"/>
==References==
* The Traditional Britain Group archives, BCM Box 9045, London, WC1N 3XX.
* Various newspapers and TV programmes.


In 1991, Western Goals was accused in a newspaper report of engineering a "take-over" of the Conservative Monday Club, and there were reports that some veteran members believed the club had become "more extreme".<ref>''Observer'', 24 February 1991</ref> Gregory Lauder-Frost, writing in his capacity as Club Political Secretary, rejected these claims in a right-of-reply letter published the following week. In September 1992, Sir ], in an attempt to distance the Conservative Party from the institute, said that "No one in Western Goals is known by Central Office to belong to our party". This followed the institute's invitation to Jean-Marie Le Pen, and 31-year-old Italian parliamentary deputy, ], to address fringe meetings at the 1992 Conservative Party conference (although they both were unable to come to Britain and the meetings were subsequently cancelled). The invitation to Miss Mussolini reportedly "caused outrage", and led to calls{{by whom|date=March 2022}} for a ban on her entering the country.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
== Some WGI publications ==


The '']'' reported on 25 September 1992 that Marc Gordon, director of the libertarian ], a US-based organisation wholly funded by the revisionist de Klerk government in South Africa, urged the Conservative Party to expel members of Western Goals, doubtless because of the WGI's support of the South African Conservative Party. In the same newspaper on 2 October, ] (now a Member of Parliament, then deputy head of Conservative Central Office's Research Department), said he would strongly advise local associations that Western Goals was hostile to Conservative objectives. ''The Guardian'' subsequently accused the WGI of attempting "to infiltrate fascists into the Conservative Party",<ref>''The Guardian'', 18 August 1993</ref> which the WGI disputed as "rubbish".
* "European Dawn" short-lived tabloid newspaper on quality paper. July 1989 edition carried headlines on EEC Elections and "Reds to come clean over 1940?" Page 6 carries an article: "outcry grows over ] sell-out" and on page 7 there is a Tribute to Senator ]. The September 1989 edition carries the headline "AIDS Crisis Deepens" with quotes by Jean Marie le Pen. Another front-page article states "Drugs Menace Crosses Atlantic". Page 4 carries a full-page article by ] entitled "Legacy of Betrayal" on supposed Western appeasement to communism. Page 6 carried a picture and article ont he visit to Britain of Dr.], and page 7 carries an article entitled "Communist Tactics in ]".


==Notable activities==
* "Family Protection Scoreboard" magazine - Special full edition on "Liberation Theology", , editor David W. Balsiger, published by the National Citizens Action Network, Costa Mesa, CA92627, USA.,1989.
], near ], as part of the anti-Communist demonstration on 12 August 1989, to which the WGI sent a delegation. Each boat carries a flag of a province or city lost after 1945.]]
On 12 August 1989, a delegation from the Western Goals Institute attended an anti-communist demonstration at Mölln, near ] which over 20,000 people attended. The rally was organised by ''] e. V.'', led by ], now a ]n parliamentarian.<ref name="The Guardian 1993">''The Guardian'', 24 April 1993, article: "Guns, Goons and Western Goals", by ], ] and Angela Johnson.</ref>
] into ] (GDR) east of Mölln where numerous refugees had been shot dead before reaching the west. 13 August 1989.]]


On 25 September 1989, ] chaired a Western Goals dinner at ] for El Salvador's president, ], and his inner cabinet. The guest list included figures such as Sir ] (policy advisor to Margaret Thatcher), ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>'']'' and '']'', Court & Social page, 26 September 1989</ref>
* "Hit-job on ]" WGI Viewpoint Paper, by John Wilkes. n/d but probably 1990.


The group hosted social events including an Annual Dinner at the Grosvenor Hotel at ] on 24 November 1989 when the guest of honour was ].<ref>''The Daily Telegraph'', Court & Social columns, 25 November 1989</ref> On 20 November 1990, they hosted the ] Memorial Dinner in Whitehall, commemorating the anniversary of his death.<ref>''The Daily Telegraph'' Court & Social columns;''The Guardian'', 'Diary', 21 November 1990.</ref> This was also chaired by ]. A WGI notice in '']'' stated that the late ruler of Spain was "remembered as a hero against communism".
* "The Mandela Myth" WGI Viewpoint Paper, by James Gibb Stuart. June 1990.


==Later years==
* "The Finance Factor" WGI Viewpoint Paper, by James Gibb-Stuart. n/d, but probably 1991.
Despite his upbeat press comments at the time of Le Pen's visit in December 1991, Western Goals director Andrew Smith was quoted in April 1993 as saying that "on reflection the Le Pen visit was the zenith and also the beginning of the end"<ref name="The Guardian 1993" /> for him. However '']'' cited him at the same time as saying that the institute was "currently inactive, i.e: in a state of 'suspended animation', but we have other plans and projects under way."<ref>''Private Eye'', 9 April 1993, no.817, p. 7</ref>


Negative publicity, the departure from the Directorate in late 1993 of Andrew Smith (replaced by Stuart Millson) and the end of the ], meant that the group's activities diminished. In October 1994 Lauder-Frost, writing as WGI Vice-president, called for the Union of Great Britain to be strengthened<ref>'']'', (Letters) 19 October 1994</ref> and rounded on ] and ]'s comments about traditional Tories being "the enemies within" the Conservative Party.<ref>London '']'' (letters) 4 January 1995.</ref> A successful Annual Dinner, chaired by Lauder-Frost, was held at the Grosvenor Hotel, Victoria, in March 1995, at which the guest-of-honour was the ] ], ], later ].<ref>'']'', Court & Social columns, 2 March 1995.</ref>
* "The Conservative Ethic" by James Gibb Stuart, April 1994, .


On 29 March 1997, Lauder-Frost sent a letter of fraternal greeting, on behalf of the Western Goals Institute, to the annual congress of Jean-Marie Le Pen's Front National (FN) at Strasbourg which was read by Le Pen to the 2,200 delegates from the podium to much applause.<ref>''The Independent'', 31 March 1997.</ref> The institute's January 1998 ''Newsletter'' attacked "Blair's Labour regime" which it accused of "breaking up the United Kingdom, diminishing the monarchy, endorsing ] and destroying country traditions." In a further article in the same edition Lauder-Frost contributed an article "Christianity & the Millenium calling for "a great service" to be held in Westminster Abbey "representing this Christian Kingdom." In the September edition of the same year, economist James Gibb Stuart had the leading article arguing that "21st century Conservatism must be nationalist", with another by Lauder-Frost arguing that "the non-Anglican statues unveiled at Westminster Abbey in July show that left-wing politics are alive and well in the Church." The institute's regular contributor, Peter Gibbs, had a leading article in the Winter 1999 edition entitled "The Lies, the shame, the betrayal of ]" and called for "a rallying cry for the Union".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&vl(174399379UI0)=any&frbg=&scp.scps=scope:(BLCONTENT)&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1363881549995&srt=rank&ct=search&mode=Basic&dum=true&tb=t&indx=1&vl(freeText0)=Western+Goals&vid=BLVU1&fn=search|title=Explore the British Library Search – Western Goals|website=explore.bl.uk}}</ref>
* "Western Goals Political Briefing Papers" - glossy 4-page bi-annual editions. Editor: ]. Special 1997 General Election edition headlined "Britain: Province or Nation?. September 1998 edition headline: "New Labour and the New Face of Conservatism" with an inside article attacking the unveiling of 'left-wing' statues at ]. February 1999 edition headline states: "NO to Blair, NO to the Euro", with inside articles on "The Death of Free Speech" and "]". The Winter 1999 edition was headlined "The lies, the shame, the betrayal of ]" with an inside editorial attacking the the "Conservative Party", and another "Withdraw from the EU NOW!"

Lack of adequate finances reduced campaigning to their occasional policy papers, the regular glossy newsletter, press releases, and letters to editors. The institute's last newsletter, which they called a "Special General Election edition", in June 2001, carried a leading article by Stuart Millson entitled "New Labour: A Disgrace to Britain"; an article entitled "MacPherson Report Condemned" in which they stated: "over the last quarter of a century, the racial-industrial complex, with its nasty, parasitical, semi-criminal fringe of self-styled anti-fascists and anti-racists, has emerged as a very serious threat to our freedom"; and a long article entitled "National Identity" by Gregory Lauder-Frost in which he argued "we must act now" and added that "within 20 years Britain's capital city will have a majority non-British population."<ref>Copies at the ] http://catalogue.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&vl(174399379UI0)=any&frbg=&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1362843984018&srt=rank&ct=search&mode=Basic&dum=true&tb=t&indx=1&vl(freeText0)=Western+Goals+Institute&vid=BLVU1&fn=search</ref>

The organisation was wound up in 2001 following the death of its long-standing Patron, General Sir ].


==See also== ==See also==
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==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
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{{UK far right}}
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Latest revision as of 04:47, 11 November 2024

British far-right pressure group

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Western Goals Institute (WGI) was a far-right pressure group and think-tank in Britain, formed in 1989 from Western Goals UK, which was founded in 1985 as an offshoot of the U.S. Western Goals Foundation. It was anti-communist and opposed non-white immigration.

Early aims

The Western Goals Institute was founded (as Western Goals UK) in May 1985 as the British branch of the American organisation the Western Goals Foundation. In March 1987, Western Goals UK had filed a complaint with the Charity Commission for England and Wales against three major British charities, Oxfam, War on Want, and Christian Aid stating that they were involved in political campaigning work (which was then contrary to UK charity law) in support of left-wing organizations due to their campaigns against apartheid in South Africa. The Charities Commission partially upheld the Western Goals complaint, obliging War on Want (which at the time was led by George Galloway, later an MP) to halt political campaigning.

In October 1988, Western Goals held a well-attended fringe meeting at the Conservative Party Conference addressed by their patron, General Sir Walter Walker, former Commander-in-Chief of NATO forces in Northern Europe, Sir Patrick Wall, the MP for Beverley, the Reverend Martin Smyth, Ulster Unionist MP for Belfast South, and others on terrorism, claiming to highlight the links between the African National Congress and the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Western Goals subsequently issued a paper summarising the issues raised at this meeting.

As a result of their expanding activities, membership and organisation, Western Goals UK was relaunched in 1989, becoming the Western Goals Institute, independent of the U.S. foundation. Gregory Lauder-Frost, then a leading member of the Conservative Monday Club, was invited in February to join Thomas J. Bergen, Peter Dally, Professor Antony Flew, Linda Catoe Guell, Dr. Joseph Labia, Tryggvi McDonald, Rev. Martin Smyth, MP, the Lord Sudeley, Dr. Harvey Ward and Rev. Basil Watson, OBE, as vice-presidents of the institute. The institute's stated aims were to "combat the insidious menace of liberalism and Communism within all sectors of British society" and its initial activities included denouncing what it described as "extremist" left-wing Labour Party candidates. The institute was also critical of the United Nations, its Director Andrew Smith stating "western nations (when dealing with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait) have seen fit to submit themselves to the writ of the UN, a body largely composed of regimes hostile to western democratic values."

The institute stated its aims on the BBC in 1991:

"Western Goals works to establish networks and links with conservative groups dedicated to the preservation of the cultures and identities of western nations. We are conservatives who believe in traditional conservative values. A multicultural society does not work. We wish to protect the way of life we had before immigrants arrived. It was a mistake to permit these people to come here. Politicians must now accept this. Large numbers of immigrants reject European culture and wish to remain alien in religion and culture. We want European culture in European countries. We would seek to have treaties with countries to permit resettlement."

Initially, the Western Goals Institute drew some support from Conservative parliamentarians, and the London magazine City Limits stated that "Western Goals is talking the same blunt authoritarian language as many Tory back-benchers and rank and file Tories. It is a group to be reckoned with ... having a formidable list of honorary patrons and Vice-Presidents".

With an increasingly public role, Western Goals attracted left-wing hostility. In September 1991, the Campaign Against Fascism demonstrated outside the home of Lord Sudeley, they said, "to expose his involvement in setting up an international network of right-wing extremists". In response, Sudeley refuted the claims and described Western Goals "as being committed to the traditional values of conservatism in England". Mike Whine, Defence Director of the Board of British Jewish Deputies, described the institute as "not fascists or anti-Semitic, but they inhabit the shadowy, nether-world of the far right-wing".

International links

The institute and its predecessor were affiliated with the World Anti-Communist League. As Western Goals delegate, Andrew Smith attended the 21st conference of the World Anti-Communist League held in Geneva 27–29 August 1988, which was addressed by one of Western Goals UK's patrons, Major-General John K. Singlaub, (the other two patrons being General Sir Walter Walker and Major Sir Patrick Wall, M.C.). Smith contributed an article on the speech in WACL's Free World Report the following January. In July 1990, WGI sent a delegation to the 22nd WACL Conference in Brussels and from 1991 WGI was the UK chapter of the senior World League.

In line with the 'Reagan doctrine' policies of its American patrons, Western Goals UK had established links with militant, and often violent, anti-Communist groups internationally. These include the Angolan UNITA movement (in October 1988 Western Goals facilitated the visit to London of UNITA's leader, Jonas Savimbi) and the Salvadoran Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) party, whose leader, Roberto D'Aubuisson, became one of the group's international patrons. It was also claimed that Western Goals may have been used by its U.S. partners as a conduit for funds to the Nicaraguan Contras following the 'Contragate' scandal.

The institute was reaching out to a variety of robustly conservative associations which were also opposed to communism. In August Lauder-Frost was forging links with Joachim Siegerist of Die Deutschen Konservativen e.V., in Hamburg, and London's Time Out magazine carried a report headlined "Bad Taste" in September saying that the Western Goals hierarchy, in addition to courting Jean-Marie Le Pen, and Franz Schönhuber of the German Republikaner Party, had been dining at Simpsons-in-the-Strand, London, with El Salvador's Arena Party President Major Roberto d'Aubuisson, who subsequently became one of the institute's patrons. This was followed by a letter in The Times signed by Lord Sudeley, Sir Alfred Sherman, Professor Antony Flew and Dr. Harvey Ward, on behalf of the institute, "applauding Alfredo Cristiani's statesmanship" and calling for his government's success in defeating the Cuban and Nicaraguan-backed communist FMLN terrorists. The following year, on 21 February 1990, Lauder-Frost appeared on BBC's Newsnight opposing Labour MP Alice Mahon's support for Communist insurgents in Central America.

At the Western Goals Institute 'El Salvador' Presidential Dinner, London, 25 September 1989.
L to R: Denis Walker, Lord Sudeley, José Manuel Pacas (Salvadorean Foreign Minister), Andrew Smith (yellow tie), Dr Harvey Ward.

The institute's tabloid newspaper European Dawn also reported that in September 1990 that Burkhard Schmidt, executive director of Western Goals Europe e.V., and the American European Strategy Research Institute had contacted the institute urging them to forge links with young people opposing communism in Czechoslovakia, and that the following month an eight-strong delegation from the institute visited Munich for discussions with the German Republikaner Party which at that time had six members in the European Union Parliament.

Front National

Pierre Ceyrac, MEP, speaking to the Western Goals Institute, 12 October 1989.

In Europe, Western Goals gave their open support to the French Front National, the far-right political party led by Jean-Marie Le Pen. On 12 October 1989, the Western Goals Institute hosted a controversial fringe meeting at the Conservative Party Conference in Blackpool, at which Pierre Ceyrac, a Front National Member of the European Parliament, was the Guest Speaker. Western Goals also hosted a widely reported dinner for Jean-Marie Le Pen, whom they had invited to Britain, at the Charing Cross Hotel in the Strand, London in December 1991. There was a large demonstration against the dinner outside the hotel and some damage to property took place, including the hotel's front doors and surroundings, which were smashed. After the visit by Le Pen, the Western Goals Institute Director Andrew Smith was quoted as saying:

"There is scope for a radical right alternative outside the Conservative Party. The Tories have betrayed their principles since Mrs Thatcher fell. With this contact with European leaders we are laying the foundations for a new party.".

The possibility of founding a new right-wing party, on the model of Le Pen's Front National, appears to have been abandoned by Smith after the Conservative Party's win in the 1992 General Election ensured that proportional representation stayed off the political agenda for the foreseeable future. However even at the time, the gradual defection of the parliamentary advisory committee and the decision of the leadership of the Monday Club and associated MPs to stay away from the Le Pen Dinner made the prospect unlikely. The institute maintained its contacts with the FN and were invited to send delegates to their congress in Strasbourg in March 1997. The Western Goals Newsletter of January 1998 carried an article of praise, reporting on the "FN Successes in France".

Conservative Party of South Africa

Gregory Lauder-Frost and Clive Derby-Lewis in Brussels as WGI delegates to the World Anti-Communist League Conference, 21 July 1990.

WGI supported the continuance of white-dominated government in South Africa, and formed close links with the South African Conservative Party which some years previously broke away from the National Party after P.W. Botha instituted limited reforms to apartheid and which the institute saw as fighting communism in the form of the African National Congress.

WGI hosted a visit to the UK, in June 1989, of the Conservative Party of South Africa's leader Andries Treurnicht, as well as other leading members, with close links continuing for many years. At the time the party held 22 seats in the whites-only chamber of the South African Parliament making them the official opposition. A press conference was held for the delegation in a committee room of the House of Lords on 5 June. Conservative Party of South Africa MP Clive Derby-Lewis, then one of sixty members of the integrated State President's Council, was made an honorary vice-president of the WGI and the following year joined the WGI delegation to the WACL Conference in Brussels. Derby-Lewis was described as a "right-wing extremist" by The Daily Telegraph; and as someone who "even by South African standards...has acquired over the years a reputation as a rabid racist" by journalist and South Africa commentator John Carlin. He later served a life sentence for conspiracy to murder Chris Hani, a leader of the South African Communist Party and of the ANC's Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress, who was assassinated in 1993. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2 July 1993) lists the Western Goals Institute as an "impediment" to the elimination of racial discrimination in South Africa, saying of the institute that it "claims to be devoted to protecting the Western way of life by offering self-defence training to white South Africans".

Relationship with the Conservative Party

The WGI initially worked towards its goals via members of the British Conservative Party, and in particular via the right-wing Conservative Monday Club with whom it also shared some members: Andrew Smith had been a former chairman of the club's Young Members Group, Paul Masson and Stuart Notholt, "one-time member of the editorial board of the Conservative 'Dreadnaught Group'", also Monday Clubbers, were all on Western Goals' first UK Directorate. Western Goals activists Lauder-Frost, Anthony Murphy, and Dr. Harvey Ward all held "key positions in the Monday Club Executive". Others included Sir Alfred Sherman and his son Gideon.

From the mid-1980s, Western Goals had established a parliamentary advisory committee of Conservative MPs which included Sir Patrick Wall, Nicholas Winterton, Neil Hamilton and Bill Walker, as well as Martin Smyth of the Ulster Unionist Party for Belfast South.

In 1991, Western Goals was accused in a newspaper report of engineering a "take-over" of the Conservative Monday Club, and there were reports that some veteran members believed the club had become "more extreme". Gregory Lauder-Frost, writing in his capacity as Club Political Secretary, rejected these claims in a right-of-reply letter published the following week. In September 1992, Sir Norman Fowler, in an attempt to distance the Conservative Party from the institute, said that "No one in Western Goals is known by Central Office to belong to our party". This followed the institute's invitation to Jean-Marie Le Pen, and 31-year-old Italian parliamentary deputy, Alessandra Mussolini, to address fringe meetings at the 1992 Conservative Party conference (although they both were unable to come to Britain and the meetings were subsequently cancelled). The invitation to Miss Mussolini reportedly "caused outrage", and led to calls for a ban on her entering the country.

The Jewish Chronicle reported on 25 September 1992 that Marc Gordon, director of the libertarian International Freedom Foundation, a US-based organisation wholly funded by the revisionist de Klerk government in South Africa, urged the Conservative Party to expel members of Western Goals, doubtless because of the WGI's support of the South African Conservative Party. In the same newspaper on 2 October, Julian Lewis (now a Member of Parliament, then deputy head of Conservative Central Office's Research Department), said he would strongly advise local associations that Western Goals was hostile to Conservative objectives. The Guardian subsequently accused the WGI of attempting "to infiltrate fascists into the Conservative Party", which the WGI disputed as "rubbish".

Notable activities

Torchlit small boat flotilla enters the lake at Mölln, near Hamburg, as part of the anti-Communist demonstration on 12 August 1989, to which the WGI sent a delegation. Each boat carries a flag of a province or city lost after 1945.

On 12 August 1989, a delegation from the Western Goals Institute attended an anti-communist demonstration at Mölln, near Lübeck which over 20,000 people attended. The rally was organised by Die Deutschen Konservativen e. V., led by Joachim Siegerist, now a Latvian parliamentarian.

WGI delegation (Lauder-Frost with the binoculars) looks across no-mans land into East Germany (GDR) east of Mölln where numerous refugees had been shot dead before reaching the west. 13 August 1989.

On 25 September 1989, Lord Sudeley chaired a Western Goals dinner at Simpson's-in-the-Strand for El Salvador's president, Alfredo Cristiani, and his inner cabinet. The guest list included figures such as Sir Alfred Sherman (policy advisor to Margaret Thatcher), Lord Nicholas Hervey, Antony Flew, Zygmunt Szkopiak, Denis Walker and Harvey Ward.

The group hosted social events including an Annual Dinner at the Grosvenor Hotel at Victoria on 24 November 1989 when the guest of honour was Kenneth Griffith. On 20 November 1990, they hosted the General Franco Memorial Dinner in Whitehall, commemorating the anniversary of his death. This was also chaired by Baron Sudeley. A WGI notice in The Times stated that the late ruler of Spain was "remembered as a hero against communism".

Later years

Despite his upbeat press comments at the time of Le Pen's visit in December 1991, Western Goals director Andrew Smith was quoted in April 1993 as saying that "on reflection the Le Pen visit was the zenith and also the beginning of the end" for him. However Private Eye cited him at the same time as saying that the institute was "currently inactive, i.e: in a state of 'suspended animation', but we have other plans and projects under way."

Negative publicity, the departure from the Directorate in late 1993 of Andrew Smith (replaced by Stuart Millson) and the end of the Soviet Union, meant that the group's activities diminished. In October 1994 Lauder-Frost, writing as WGI Vice-president, called for the Union of Great Britain to be strengthened and rounded on John Major and Jeremy Hanley's comments about traditional Tories being "the enemies within" the Conservative Party. A successful Annual Dinner, chaired by Lauder-Frost, was held at the Grosvenor Hotel, Victoria, in March 1995, at which the guest-of-honour was the Democratic Unionist Party Member of Parliament, Peter Robinson, later First Minister of Northern Ireland.

On 29 March 1997, Lauder-Frost sent a letter of fraternal greeting, on behalf of the Western Goals Institute, to the annual congress of Jean-Marie Le Pen's Front National (FN) at Strasbourg which was read by Le Pen to the 2,200 delegates from the podium to much applause. The institute's January 1998 Newsletter attacked "Blair's Labour regime" which it accused of "breaking up the United Kingdom, diminishing the monarchy, endorsing Sinn Féin and destroying country traditions." In a further article in the same edition Lauder-Frost contributed an article "Christianity & the Millenium calling for "a great service" to be held in Westminster Abbey "representing this Christian Kingdom." In the September edition of the same year, economist James Gibb Stuart had the leading article arguing that "21st century Conservatism must be nationalist", with another by Lauder-Frost arguing that "the non-Anglican statues unveiled at Westminster Abbey in July show that left-wing politics are alive and well in the Church." The institute's regular contributor, Peter Gibbs, had a leading article in the Winter 1999 edition entitled "The Lies, the shame, the betrayal of Ulster" and called for "a rallying cry for the Union".

Lack of adequate finances reduced campaigning to their occasional policy papers, the regular glossy newsletter, press releases, and letters to editors. The institute's last newsletter, which they called a "Special General Election edition", in June 2001, carried a leading article by Stuart Millson entitled "New Labour: A Disgrace to Britain"; an article entitled "MacPherson Report Condemned" in which they stated: "over the last quarter of a century, the racial-industrial complex, with its nasty, parasitical, semi-criminal fringe of self-styled anti-fascists and anti-racists, has emerged as a very serious threat to our freedom"; and a long article entitled "National Identity" by Gregory Lauder-Frost in which he argued "we must act now" and added that "within 20 years Britain's capital city will have a majority non-British population."

The organisation was wound up in 2001 following the death of its long-standing Patron, General Sir Walter Walker.

See also

References

  1. Fontenot, Anthony (9 July 2021). Non-Design: Architecture, Liberalism, and the Market. University of Chicago Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-226-68606-6. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  2. Donaldson, Andrew (3 November 2016). "Obituary: Clive Derby-Lewis". News24. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  3. West Africa. West Africa Publishing Company, Limited. 1992. p. 676. Retrieved 16 July 2022. London – based Western Goals Institute, an organisation that appears to believe that the Cold War is still going on . It is described as a far – right " think tank " ( although this discredits the concept of thinking )
  4. ^ Labour Research, November 1988, p. 2.
  5. Charity Ads were biased politically – ruling, The Universe, 12 June 1987
  6. War on Want rapped for political ads, Sunday Telegraph, 7 June 1987
  7. IRA/ANC: Partners in terror, a Western Goals UK Briefing Paper, May 1989.
  8. Labour Research, November 1988, p. 2, where Dally is given as leader of the British Freedom Council, UK affiliate to the WACL, and Guell, "number two at the US-based WG Foundation."
  9. Western Goals Institute Newsletter Spring, 1989 p. 2.
  10. The Times, 13 October 1989
  11. The Sunday Telegraph, 6 January 1991.
  12. BBC Radio 4 interview, 1991
  13. City Limits magazine, London, 9–16 August 1990 p. 8.
  14. The Jewish Chronicle, 13 September 1991, p. 5.
  15. An Introduction to the Western Goals Institute, 1988.
  16. Tories linked to Contra-rebel fundraisers, The Scotsman, 10 June 1987
  17. Time Out magazine, London, Sept 13–20, 1989, no.995.
  18. The Times, 29 September 1989.
  19. Labour Research, November 1988, p. 2, where Sir Alfred Sherman and his son Gideon, as well as Professor Antony Flew, are mentioned as WG members.
  20. The Guardian, 13 & 21 October 1989.
  21. Observer, 8 December 1991
  22. The Monday Club nevertheless had a letter in the London Evening Standard on 19 November 1991 stating "let us hear what Mr.Le Pen has to say. if it is rubbish he will fade from sight and sound very quickly.
  23. The Guardian, 24 April 1993, "Guns, Goons and Western Goals, David Pallister, David Beresford and Angela Johnson report on the international connections of Clive Derby-Lewis, arrested by Chris Hani murder investigators."
  24. "Archive: Western Goals Institute Winter 1997". Traditional Britain Group. Western Goals Newsletter. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  25. The Independent, 6 June 1989: "Treurnicht spells out faith in white tribe's survival".
  26. Hope for South Africa, Lewis H. Gann, Hoover Press, 1991, page 13
  27. The Tribune:"Tory MPs to meet South African bigot", 2 June; and The Independent 2 and 6 June 1989
  28. Russell, Alec (12 August 1997). "Apartheid's assassins appeal for amnesty". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 29 August 2004. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  29. Hani suspect a key figure of far right: Former South African Conservative MP arrested in ANC murder inquiry is president of controversial London-based think-tank The Independent. 18 April 1993
  30. "unhchr.ch". www.unhchr.ch.
  31. City Limits, 9–16 Aug 1990, p. 8,
  32. Observer, 24 February 1991
  33. The Guardian, 18 August 1993
  34. ^ The Guardian, 24 April 1993, article: "Guns, Goons and Western Goals", by David Pallister, David Beresford and Angela Johnson.
  35. The Daily Telegraph and Times, Court & Social page, 26 September 1989
  36. The Daily Telegraph, Court & Social columns, 25 November 1989
  37. The Daily Telegraph Court & Social columns;The Guardian, 'Diary', 21 November 1990.
  38. Private Eye, 9 April 1993, no.817, p. 7
  39. The Scotsman, (Letters) 19 October 1994
  40. London Evening Standard (letters) 4 January 1995.
  41. The Times, Court & Social columns, 2 March 1995.
  42. The Independent, 31 March 1997.
  43. "Explore the British Library Search – Western Goals". explore.bl.uk.
  44. Copies at the British Library http://catalogue.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&vl(174399379UI0)=any&frbg=&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&tab=local_tab&dstmp=1362843984018&srt=rank&ct=search&mode=Basic&dum=true&tb=t&indx=1&vl(freeText0)=Western+Goals+Institute&vid=BLVU1&fn=search

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