Misplaced Pages

Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 21:22, 25 November 2009 editPiotrus (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Event coordinators, Extended confirmed users, File movers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers285,769 edits compromise: attribute the claim that it was a Polish fief to scholars who cite it (no need for a dedicated section, unless we expand it further - and I'd suggest a dedicated article for treaty of Pyzdry in that case)← Previous edit Latest revision as of 16:33, 1 March 2024 edit undoCommonsDelinker (talk | contribs)Bots, Template editors1,013,715 edits Replacing Polska_1386_-_1434.png with File:Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_(pink)_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(red)_in_1386_-_1434.png (by CommonsDelinker because: File renamed: [[:c:COM:FR 
(76 intermediate revisions by 44 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Duchy in Farther Pomerania (1368–1478)}}
⚫ ]
{{Infobox country
'''Pomerania-Stolp''' ({{lang-de|(Teil-)Herzogtum Pommern-Stolp}}, {{lang-pl|księstwo słupskie, "Duchy of Słupsk"}}) was one of the ] ({{lang-de|Herzogtum Pommern}}). It was created from another ] of the ], Pomerania-Wolgast, to satisfy ] in 1368, and existed until 1459, when it was inherited by ]. In 1474, it was merged to the partition of ], who four years later became the sole duke of Pomerania.
|native_name = ''(Teil-)Herzogtum Pommern-Stolp'' <small>(])</small><br />''Księstwo Słupskie'' <small>(])</small><br />''Ducatus Stolpensis'' <small>(])</small>
|conventional_long_name = Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp (Słupsk)
|common_name = Pomerania-Stolp
|era = Middle Ages
|status = Duchy of the ]
|empire = Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
|government_type = Feudal duchy
|life_span = 1368–1478
|event_start = Partition
|year_start = 1368
|event_end = Reunited under ]
|year_end = 1478
|p1 = Pomerania-Wolgast
|flag_p1 = Grunwald Słupsk i Szczecin.svg
|border_p1 = no
|s1 = Duchy of Pomerania
|flag_s1 = Grunwald Słupsk i Szczecin.svg
|border_s1 = no
|s2 = Pomerania-Stargard
|flag_s2 = Grunwald Słupsk i Szczecin.svg
|border_s2 = no
|image_flag = Grunwald Słupsk i Szczecin.svg
|flag_border = no
|flag_type = ]
|image_coat = COA_Pomerania-Stettin_Iberian_style_shield_white.svg
|symbol_type = Coat of arms
|coa_size =
|image_map = Map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (pink) and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (red) in 1386 - 1434.png
⚫ |image_map_caption = Map of Kingdom of Poland (1333–1370). Duchy of Słupsk (''Księstwo Słupskie'') visible north of the Kingdom of Poland – north of the Kingdom and west of the green Teutonic Order territories.
|capital = ]
|religion = ]
|footnotes =
|today = ]
}}

The '''Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp''',{{efn|]: ''(Teil-)Herzogtum Pommern-Stolp''}} also known as the '''Duchy of Stolp''', and the '''Duchy of Słupsk''',{{efn|]: ''Księstwo słupskie''; ]: ''Ducatus Stolpensis''}} was a ] ] in ]. Its capital was ]. It was ruled by the ]. It existed in the ] era from 1368 to 1478.


==Background== ==Background==
Line 6: Line 42:
{{see|Duchy of Pomerania|Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages}} {{see|Duchy of Pomerania|Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages}}


The ] was partitioned several times to satisfy the claims of the male members of the ruling ] dynasty.<ref name=Inachim30>Kyra Inachim, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.30, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2</ref> The partitions were named after the ducal residences: ]. None of the partitions had a hereditary character,<ref name=Buske21>Norbert Buske, Pommern, Helms Schwerin 1997, p.21, ISBN 3-931185-07-9</ref><ref>Gerhard Krause, Siegfried M Schwertner, Horst Balz, Gerhard Müller, ''Theologische Realenzyklopadie: Studienausgabe Teil II'', 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, 1999, p.40, ISBN 3110162954</ref> the members of the ] inherited the duchy in common.<ref name=Buske21/> The duchy thus continued to exist as a whole despite its division.<ref name=Buske21/><ref>{{cite book|first=Rudolf|last=Benl|chapter=Anfänge und Entwicklung des Ständewesens in Pommern|title=Die Anfänge der ständischen Vertretungen in Preußen und seinen Nachbarländern|editor-first=Hartmut|editor1-last=Boockmann|publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag|year=1992|isbn=3486558404|page=132}}</ref> The ] was partitioned several times to satisfy the claims of the male members of the ruling ] dynasty.<ref name=Inachim30>], Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.30, {{ISBN|978-3-356-01044-2}}</ref> The partitions were named after the ducal residences: ]. None of the partitions had a hereditary character,<ref name=Buske21>Norbert Buske, Pommern, Helms Schwerin 1997, p.21, {{ISBN|3-931185-07-9}}</ref><ref>Gerhard Krause, Siegfried M Schwertner, Horst Balz, Gerhard Müller, ''Theologische Realenzyklopadie: Studienausgabe Teil II'', 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, 1999, p.40, {{ISBN|3-11-016295-4}}</ref> the members of the ] inherited the duchy in common.<ref name=Buske21/> The duchy thus continued to exist as a whole despite its division.<ref name=Buske21/><ref>{{cite book|first=Rudolf|last=Benl|chapter=Anfänge und Entwicklung des Ständewesens in Pommern|title=Die Anfänge der ständischen Vertretungen in Preußen und seinen Nachbarländern|editor-first=Hartmut|editor1-last=Boockmann|publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag|year=1992|isbn=3-486-55840-4|page=132}}</ref>


== Creation: Partition of 1368/72 == == Creation: Partition of 1368/72 ==
{{main|Duchy of Pomerania|Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages}} {{main|Duchy of Pomerania|Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages}}


After the death of ] of Pomerania-Wolgast in 1366, an armed conflict arose when Barnim's brother ] refused to share his power with Barnim's sons, ] and ], and his other brother, ], who in turn allied with Mecklenburg to enforce their claims. On May 25, 1368, a compromise was negotiated in ],<ref name="Boockmann, p.131">Hartmut Boockmann, ''Die Anfänge der ständischen Vertretungen in Preussen und seinen Nachbarländern'', Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1992, p.131, ISBN 3486558404</ref> which was made a formal treaty on June 8, 1372 in ],<ref name="Boockmann, p.132">Hartmut Boockmann, ''Die Anfänge der ständischen Vertretungen in Preussen und seinen Nachbarländern'', Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1992, p.132, ISBN 3486558404</ref> and resulted in a partition of Pomerania-Wolgast.<ref name="Buchholz pp.143,146,147">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, pp.143,146,147, ISBN 3886802728</ref> After the death of ] of Pomerania-Wolgast in 1366, an armed conflict arose when Barnim's brother ] refused to share his power with Barnim's sons, ] and ], and his other brother, ], who in turn allied with Mecklenburg to enforce their claims. On May 25, 1368, a compromise was negotiated in ],<ref name="Boockmann, p.131">Hartmut Boockmann, ''Die Anfänge der ständischen Vertretungen in Preussen und seinen Nachbarländern'', Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1992, p.131, {{ISBN|3-486-55840-4}}</ref> which was made a formal treaty on June 8, 1372 in ],<ref name="Boockmann, p.132">Hartmut Boockmann, ''Die Anfänge der ständischen Vertretungen in Preussen und seinen Nachbarländern'', Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1992, p.132, {{ISBN|3-486-55840-4}}</ref> and resulted in a partition of Pomerania-Wolgast.<ref name="Buchholz pp.143,146,147">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, pp.143,146,147, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref>


Bogislaw V received most of the ]n parts. Excepted was the land of ], which was to be ruled by his brother Wartislaw V, and was integrated into Bogislaw's part-duchy only after his death in 1390. This eastern partition became known as Pomerania-Stolp.<ref name="Boockmann, p.131"/><ref name="Boockmann, p.132"/><ref name="Buchholz pp.143,146,147"/> Bogislaw V received most of the ]n parts. Excepted was the land of Neustettin (]), which was to be ruled by his brother Wartislaw V, and was integrated into Bogislaw's part-duchy only after his death in 1390. This eastern partition became known as Pomerania-Stolp.<ref name="Boockmann, p.131"/><ref name="Boockmann, p.132"/><ref name="Buchholz pp.143,146,147"/>


== History == == History ==
{{main|Duchy of Pomerania|Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages}} {{main|Duchy of Pomerania|Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages}}
]]]
⚫ The situation of the descendants of Bogislaw V, who ruled Pomerania-Stolp, differed somewhat from the situation of their western counterparts. The area was more sparsely settled and dominated by powerful noble families, so not much income could be derived by the dukes. On the other hand, the Stolpian branch of the House of Pomerania had relatives among the royal houses of Denmark and Poland. ] and Elisabeth, the children of Bogislaw V and his first wife Elisabeth, the daughter of ], were both raised at the Polish court in ]. ] would become Holy Roman Empress after her marriage with ], and Casimir was adopted by and designated heir of his grandfather. Yet, his ambitions were thwarted when ] overruled the testament of Casimir of Poland in 1370, Casimir of Pomerania-Stolp only for a short time took the land of ] as a fief.


===Treaty of Pyzdry===
⚫ The situation of the descendants of Bogislaw V, who ruled Pomerania-Stolp, differed somewhat from the situation of their western counterparts. The area was more sparsely settled and dominated by powerful noble families, so not much income could be derived by the dukes. On the other hand, the Stolpian branch of the House of Pomerania had relatives among the royal houses of Denmark and Poland. ] and Elisabeth, the children of Bogislaw V and his first wife Elisabeth, the daughter of ], where both raised at the Polish court in ]. ] after her marriage with ], and Casimir was adopted by and designated heir of his grandfather. Yet, his ambitions were thwarted when ] overruled the testament of Casimir of Poland in 1370, Casimir of Pomerania-Stolp only for a short time took the land of ] as a fief.
⚫ During the ], the Pomeranian dukes changed sides between Poland and the knights very frequently.<ref name=Czacharowski148>{{cite book|last=Czacharowski|first=Antoni|title=Bürgertum und Rittertum im Spätmittelalter|publisher=Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika|year=2001|pages=148|isbn=83-231-1304-1}}</ref> ] and ] allied with the Teutonic Order.<ref>{{cite book|title=Slawen und Deutsche im südlichen Ostseeraum vom 11. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert|editor=Michael Müller-Wille|publisher=Wachholtz|year=1995|pages=153|isbn=3-529-06452-1}}</ref> In 1390 however, after Polish King ] had promised to hand part of the heritage of Casimir IV, Wartislaw VII's stepbrother, over to Wartislaw, the latter concluded an alliance with Poland and received the Polish castellany of ] and probably some adjacent areas as a fief in return, declaring himself a vassal of Jagiełło III in ].<ref>Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.157, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Czacharowski|first=Antoni|title=Bürgertum und Rittertum im Spätmittelalter|publisher=Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika|year=2001|pages=146|isbn=83-231-1304-1}}</ref><ref name=szslas>{{cite book|last1=Sczaniecki|first1=Michał|last2=Ślaski|first2=Kazimierz|year=1961|title=Dzieje Pomorza słupskiego i innych terenów województwa koszalińskiego w wypisach|language=pl|publisher=Wydawnictwo Poznańskie|pages=55–65}}</ref><ref name=Bardach>{{cite book|last=Bardach|first=Juliusz|year=1964|title=Historia państwa i prawa Polski|volume=1|language=pl|publisher=Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe|pages=589}}</ref><ref name=czaplado>{{cite book|last1=Czapliński|first1=Władysław|last2=Ładogórski|first2=Tadeusz|year=1970|title=Atlas historyczny polski|language=pl|publisher=Państwowe Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych|pages=12}}</ref>


Scholars offer somewhat different interpretations of the ]. According to scholars such as ], ], Fenrych (1961),<ref name=Branig2930/> ], ], ], ] and ], Wartislaw's oath was for all territory held by him and meant that Pomerania-Stolp itself become a Polish fief.<ref name=szslas/><ref name=czaplado/><ref>Marceli Kosman, ''Na tropach bohaterów Krzyżaków'', Książka i Wiedza, 1995, {{ISBN|83-05-12746-X}}, p.27</ref><ref>Andrzej Nowakowski, ''Księstwo słupskie lennem polskim w X1V-XV wieku''. Przegląd Zachodnio-pomorski. 1988 R. 3 z. 4 (dr. 1990) s. 7-28, mapa. Zsfg. s. 300.</ref> Other descriptions of the treaty included an oath of vassalage of Wartislaw VII to Jagiełło without specifying a territory: Gòrski (1947), Labuda (1948),;<ref name=Branig2930>{{cite book|last=Branig|first=Hans |author2=Werner Buchholz|title=Geschichte Pommerns, Volume I, Vom Werden des neuzeitlichen Staates bis zum Verlust der staatlichen Selbständigkeit, 1300-1648|editor=Werner Buchholz|publisher=Böhlau|year=1997|pages=29–30|isbn=3-412-07189-7}}</ref> Mitkowski (1946) and Zientara (1969) wrote the oath was for the territory Waritislaw received as fiefs from Jagiełło (especially Nakło); Mielcarz (1976) said the oath was binding only Wartislaw himself, as a person, to Jagiełło; and Gumowski (1951) said the document shows Wartislaw giving a general solemn promise of service.<ref name=Branig2930/> Czacharowski (2001) says it was an alliance and refers to Nakło being held as a Polish fief.<ref>{{cite book|last=Czacharowski|first=Antoni|title=Bürgertum und Rittertum im Spätmittelalter|publisher=Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika|year=2001|pages=146–148|isbn=83-231-1304-1}}</ref>
⚫ During the ], the Pomeranian dukes changed sides between Poland and the knights very frequently.<ref name=Czacharowski148>{{cite book|last=Czacharowski|first=Antoni|title=Bürgertum und Rittertum im Spätmittelalter|publisher=Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika|date=2001|pages=148|isbn=8323113041}}</ref> Wartislaw VII and Barnim V allied with the Teutonic Order.<ref>{{cite book|title=Slawen und Deutsche im südlichen Ostseeraum vom 11. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert|editor=Michael Müller-Wille|publisher=Wachholtz|date=1995|pages=153|isbn=3529064521}}</ref> In 1390 however, after Casimir III of Poland had promised to hand part of the heritage of Casimir IV, Wartislaw VII's stepbrother, over to Wartislaw, the latter concluded an alliance with Poland and received the Polish castellany of ] (Nakel) and probably some adjacent areas as a fief in return, declaring himself a vassal of Casimir III in ].<ref>Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.157, ISBN 3886802728</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Czacharowski|first=Antoni|title=Bürgertum und Rittertum im Spätmittelalter|publisher=Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika|date=2001|pages=146|isbn=8323113041}}</ref><ref name=szslas>Michał Sczaniecki, Kazimierz Ślaski, ''Dzieje Pomorza słupskiego i innych terenów województwa koszalińskiego w wypisach'', Wydawn Poznańskie, 1961, p.55-65</ref><ref name=Bardach>Juliusz Bardach, ''Historia państwa i prawa Polski, Volume 1'', Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1964, p.589</ref><ref name=czaplado>Władysław Czapliński, Tadeusz Ładogórski, ''Atlas historyczny polski'', Państwowe Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych, 1970, p.12</ref> According to scholars such as ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], Wartislaw's oath meant that Pomerania-Stolp itself become a Polish fief.<ref>Marceli Kosman, ''Na tropach bohaterów Krzyżaków'', Książka i Wiedza, 1995, ISBN 830512746X, p.27</ref><ref name=szslas/><ref>Andrzej Nowakowski, ''Księstwo słupskie lennem polskim w X1V-XV wieku''. Przegląd Zachodnio-pomorski. 1988 R. 3 z. 4 (dr. 1990) s. 7-28, mapa. Zsfg. s. 300.</ref><ref name=czaplado/>


Wartislaw's brothers Barnim V and Bogislaw VIII however took on a friendly attitude towards the Teutonic Order, and Naklo returned to the Polish Crown after Wartislaw's death.<ref name=Czacharowski148/> With respect to the discourse in Polish historiography, Branig and ] (1997) say that however the treaty is interpreted, it did not have any significance for the future.<ref name=czaplado/><ref name=Branig30>{{cite book|last=Branig|first=Hans |author2=Werner Buchholz|title=Geschichte Pommerns, Volume I, Vom Werden des neuzeitlichen Staates bis zum Verlust der staatlichen Selbständigkeit, 1300-1648|editor=Werner Buchholz|publisher=Böhlau|year=1997|page=30|isbn=3-412-07189-7}}</ref> The vassalage was short-lived; Wartislaw's brothers Barnim V and ] however took on a friendly attitude towards the Teutonic Order, and Naklo returned to the Polish Crown after Wartislaw's death.<ref name=Czacharowski148/>


===After early 1390s===
⚫ ], grand-grandchild of Danish king ] in contrast became king of the ] in 1397.<ref name="Buchholz p.154-158">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.154-158, ISBN 3886802728</ref> Eric however failed in his most ambitious plan, to make ] Of Pomerania-Stolp king of both the Kalmar Union and the ]. Eric had to leave Denmark in 1449 and ruled Pomerania-Rügenwalde, a small partition of Pomerania-Stolp, until his death in 1459.<ref name="Buchholz pp.168,170,173">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, pp.168,170,173 ISBN 3886802728</ref>
] in ]]]
⚫ ], grand-grandchild of Danish king ] in contrast became king of the ] in 1397.<ref name="Buchholz p.154-158">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.154-158, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref> Eric however failed in his most ambitious plan, to make ] king of both the Kalmar Union and the ]. Eric had to leave Denmark in 1449 and ruled Pomerania-Rügenwalde (Darłowo), a small partition of Pomerania-Stolp, until his death in 1459.<ref name="Buchholz pp.168,170,173">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, pp.168,170,173 {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref>


Pomerania-Stolp was a crucial point in the knights' land supply route. ] of Pomerania-Stolp allied with both the Teutonic Knights and Poland, but supported the latter after the war had started in 1409 by blocking his lands for the knights' troops and allowing his nobles to kidnap those who were travelling his lands. For his aid, he was granted the Lauenburg (now ]) and Bütow (now ]) areas (]) and others, but those were lost in the ] in 1411.<ref name="Buchholz p.158">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.158, ISBN 3886802728</ref> Pomerania-Stolp was a crucial point in the knights' land supply route. ] of Pomerania-Stolp allied with both the Teutonic Knights and Poland, but supported the latter after the ] had started in 1409 by blocking his lands for the knights' troops and allowing his nobles to kidnap those who were travelling his lands. For his aid, he was granted the Lauenburg (]) and Bütow (]) areas (]) and others, but those were lost in the ] in 1411.<ref name="Buchholz p.158">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.158, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref>


==== Gain of Lauenburg and Bütow Land (1455-1467) ==== ==== Gain of Lauenburg and Bütow Land (1455–1467) ====
{{see|Lauenburg and Bütow Land}} {{see|Lauenburg and Bütow Land}}


] of Pomerania-(Wolgast)-Stolp allied with the Polish king ] in his ] against the ]. On January 3, 1455, he in turn was granted the ] at the Pomerelian frontier. When ] was retaken by the knights in 1459, the Polish king was upset and ravaged the ] area. Eric reconciled with the king on August 21, 1466, and bought the town from the knights on October 11, six days before the ], that was signed by Eric in 1467.<ref name="Buchholz p.186">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.186, ISBN 3886802728</ref> ] of Pomerania-(Wolgast)-Stolp allied with the Polish king ] in his ] against the ]. On January 3, 1455, he in turn was granted the ] at the Pomerelian frontier. When Lębork was retaken by the knights in 1459, the Polish king was upset and ravaged the Stolp area. Eric reconciled with the king on August 21, 1466, and bought the town from the knights on October 11, six days before the ], which was signed by Eric in 1467.<ref name="Buchholz p.186">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.186, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref>


== Bogislaw X becomes sole ruler of the duchy of Pomerania (1478) == == Bogislaw X becomes sole ruler of the duchy of Pomerania (1478) ==
{{main|Duchy of Pomerania|Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania}} {{main|Duchy of Pomerania|Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania}}


Pomerania-Wolgast was reunited following the death of both Barnim VII and Barnim VIII in 1451. Both dukes died of the ].<ref name="Buchholz p.181">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.181, ISBN 3886802728</ref> The same disease caused the death of ] of Pomerania-Stettin (also in 1451),<ref name="Buchholz p.181"/> Ertmar and Swantibor, children of ],<ref name="Buchholz p.183"/> and ] of Pomerania-Stettin (all in 1464).<ref name="Buchholz p.183">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.183, ISBN 3886802728</ref> Thus, the line of Pomerania-Stettin had died out.<ref name="Buchholz p.183"/> Pomerania-Wolgast was reunited following the death of both Barnim VII and Barnim VIII in 1451. Both dukes died of the ].<ref name="Buchholz p.181">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.181, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref> The same disease caused the death of ] of Pomerania-Stettin (also in 1451),<ref name="Buchholz p.181"/> Ertmar and Swantibor, children of ],<ref name="Buchholz p.183"/> and ] of Pomerania-Stettin (all in 1464).<ref name="Buchholz p.183">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.183, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref> Thus, the line of Pomerania-Stettin had died out.<ref name="Buchholz p.183"/>


The extinction of the House of Pomerania-Stettin triggered a conflict about inheritance with the ].<ref name="ADB_Bogislaw_X"/> In the ] of 1466, a compromise was negotiated: Wartislaw X and ], the dukes of Pomerania, took over Pomerania-Stettin as a Brandenburgian fief. This was disputed already during the same year by the emperor, who intervened against the Brandenburgian overlordship of Pomerania. This led to a series of further warfare and truces, that were ended by the ] of 1472, basically confirming the ruling of the Soldin treaty, but settling on a border north of ] resembling Brandenburg's recent gains. This treaty was accepted by the emperor.<ref name="Buchholz pp.186,189">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, pp.186,189, ISBN 3886802728</ref> The extinction of the House of Pomerania-Stettin triggered a conflict about inheritance with the ].<ref name="ADB_Bogislaw_X"/> In the ] of 1466, a compromise was negotiated: Wartislaw X and ], the dukes of Pomerania, took over Pomerania-Stettin as a Brandenburgian fief. This was disputed already during the same year by the emperor, who intervened against the Brandenburgian overlordship of Pomerania. This led to a series of further warfare and truces, that were ended by the ] of 1472, basically confirming the ruling of the Soldin treaty, but settling on a border north of ] resembling Brandenburg's recent gains. This treaty was accepted by the emperor.<ref name="Buchholz pp.186,189">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, pp.186,189, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref>


]]]
In 1474, Eric II died of the ], and his son ] inherited Pomerania-Stolp. Bogislaw's brothers had died the same year. After the death of his uncle Wartislaw X in 1478, he became the first sole ruler in the Duchy of Pomerania since almost 200 years.<ref name="ADB_Bogislaw_X">''Bogislaw X'' in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie </ref><ref name="Buchholz p.189">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.189, ISBN 3886802728</ref> In 1474, Eric II died of the ], and his son ] inherited Pomerania-Stolp. Bogislaw's brothers had died the same year. After the death of his uncle Wartislaw X in 1478, he became the first sole ruler in the Duchy of Pomerania since almost 200 years.<ref name="ADB_Bogislaw_X">{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Buchholz p.189">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.189, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref>


Eric II had left Pomerania in tense conflicts with Brandenburg and ]. Bogislaw managed to resolve these conflicts by both diplomatic and military means. He married his sister, Sophia, to ], and his other sister, Magarete, was married to Magnus' brother Balthasar. Bogislaw himself married Magarete, daughter of Brandenburg's ] ]. Also, in 1478, Bogislaw regained areas lost to Brandenburg by his father, most notably the town of ] and other small towns and castles north of the Brandenburgian ]. During the confirmation of the ] in 1479, the border was finally settled north of ] and Bogislaw had to take his possessions as a fief from Brandenburg.<ref name="ADB_Bogislaw_X"/><ref name="Buchholz p.190">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.190, ISBN 3886802728</ref> Eric II had left Pomerania in tense conflicts with Brandenburg and ]. Bogislaw managed to resolve these conflicts by both diplomatic and military means. He married his sister, Sophia, to ], and his other sister, Magarete, was married to Magnus's brother Balthasar. Bogislaw himself married Magarete, daughter of Brandenburg's ] ]. Also, in 1478, Bogislaw regained areas lost to Brandenburg by his father, most notably the town of ] and other small towns and castles north of the Brandenburgian ]. During the confirmation of the ] in 1479, the border was finally settled north of ] and Bogislaw had to take his possessions as a fief from Brandenburg.<ref name="ADB_Bogislaw_X"/><ref name="Buchholz p.190">Werner Buchholz, ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999, p.190, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref>


==Dukes== ==Dukes==
Line 55: Line 97:
*1418-1446 ] *1418-1446 ]
*1449-1459 ] *1449-1459 ]
*1459-1474 ]
*1474-1478 ]


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]
*] *]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References== ==References==
Line 66: Line 113:
{{Fiefs of the Polish Kingdom}} {{Fiefs of the Polish Kingdom}}


{{coord|54.450000|17.033333|format=dms|display=title|type:landmark}}
⚫ ]


]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
⚫ ]

Latest revision as of 16:33, 1 March 2024

Duchy in Farther Pomerania (1368–1478)
Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp (Słupsk)(Teil-)Herzogtum Pommern-Stolp (German)
Księstwo Słupskie (Polish)
Ducatus Stolpensis (Latin)
1368–1478
Flag of Pomerania-Stolp Banner Coat of arms of Pomerania-Stolp Coat of arms
Map of Kingdom of Poland (1333–1370). Duchy of Słupsk (Księstwo Słupskie) visible north of the Kingdom of Poland – north of the Kingdom and west of the green Teutonic Order territories.Map of Kingdom of Poland (1333–1370). Duchy of Słupsk (Księstwo Słupskie) visible north of the Kingdom of Poland – north of the Kingdom and west of the green Teutonic Order territories.
StatusDuchy of the Polish Crown
CapitalSłupsk
Religion Roman Catholic
GovernmentFeudal duchy
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Partition 1368
• Reunited under Bogislaw X 1478
Preceded by Succeeded by
Pomerania-Wolgast
Duchy of Pomerania
Pomerania-Stargard
Today part ofPoland

The Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp, also known as the Duchy of Stolp, and the Duchy of Słupsk, was a feudal duchy in Farther Pomerania. Its capital was Słupsk. It was ruled by the Griffin dynasty. It existed in the High Middle Ages era from 1368 to 1478.

Background

Main article: Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania Further information: Duchy of Pomerania and Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages

The Duchy of Pomerania was partitioned several times to satisfy the claims of the male members of the ruling House of Pomerania dynasty. The partitions were named after the ducal residences: Pomerania-Barth, -Demmin, -Rügenwalde, -Stettin, -Stolp, and -Wolgast. None of the partitions had a hereditary character, the members of the House of Pomerania inherited the duchy in common. The duchy thus continued to exist as a whole despite its division.

Creation: Partition of 1368/72

Main articles: Duchy of Pomerania and Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages

After the death of Barnim IV of Pomerania-Wolgast in 1366, an armed conflict arose when Barnim's brother Bogislaw V refused to share his power with Barnim's sons, Wartislaw VI and Bogislaw VI, and his other brother, Wartislaw V, who in turn allied with Mecklenburg to enforce their claims. On May 25, 1368, a compromise was negotiated in Anklam, which was made a formal treaty on June 8, 1372 in Stargard, and resulted in a partition of Pomerania-Wolgast.

Bogislaw V received most of the Farther Pomeranian parts. Excepted was the land of Neustettin (Szczecinek), which was to be ruled by his brother Wartislaw V, and was integrated into Bogislaw's part-duchy only after his death in 1390. This eastern partition became known as Pomerania-Stolp.

History

Main articles: Duchy of Pomerania and Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages
Darłowo Castle

The situation of the descendants of Bogislaw V, who ruled Pomerania-Stolp, differed somewhat from the situation of their western counterparts. The area was more sparsely settled and dominated by powerful noble families, so not much income could be derived by the dukes. On the other hand, the Stolpian branch of the House of Pomerania had relatives among the royal houses of Denmark and Poland. Casimir IV and Elisabeth, the children of Bogislaw V and his first wife Elisabeth, the daughter of Casimir III of Poland, were both raised at the Polish court in Kraków. Elisabeth would become Holy Roman Empress after her marriage with Charles IV, and Casimir was adopted by and designated heir of his grandfather. Yet, his ambitions were thwarted when Louis I of Hungary overruled the testament of Casimir of Poland in 1370, Casimir of Pomerania-Stolp only for a short time took the land of Dobrzyń as a fief.

Treaty of Pyzdry

During the Polish–Teutonic wars, the Pomeranian dukes changed sides between Poland and the knights very frequently. Wartislaw VII and Barnim V allied with the Teutonic Order. In 1390 however, after Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło had promised to hand part of the heritage of Casimir IV, Wartislaw VII's stepbrother, over to Wartislaw, the latter concluded an alliance with Poland and received the Polish castellany of Nakło and probably some adjacent areas as a fief in return, declaring himself a vassal of Jagiełło III in Pyzdry.

Scholars offer somewhat different interpretations of the treaty of Pyzdry. According to scholars such as Juliusz Bardach, Władysław Czapliński, Fenrych (1961), Marceli Kosman, Tadeusz Ładogórski, Andrzej Nowakowski, Michał Sczaniecki and Kazimierz Ślaski, Wartislaw's oath was for all territory held by him and meant that Pomerania-Stolp itself become a Polish fief. Other descriptions of the treaty included an oath of vassalage of Wartislaw VII to Jagiełło without specifying a territory: Gòrski (1947), Labuda (1948),; Mitkowski (1946) and Zientara (1969) wrote the oath was for the territory Waritislaw received as fiefs from Jagiełło (especially Nakło); Mielcarz (1976) said the oath was binding only Wartislaw himself, as a person, to Jagiełło; and Gumowski (1951) said the document shows Wartislaw giving a general solemn promise of service. Czacharowski (2001) says it was an alliance and refers to Nakło being held as a Polish fief.

With respect to the discourse in Polish historiography, Branig and Buchholz (1997) say that however the treaty is interpreted, it did not have any significance for the future. The vassalage was short-lived; Wartislaw's brothers Barnim V and Bogislaw VIII however took on a friendly attitude towards the Teutonic Order, and Naklo returned to the Polish Crown after Wartislaw's death.

After early 1390s

Tomb of Eric I in Our Lady of Częstochowa Church, Darłowo

Eric of Pomerania, grand-grandchild of Danish king Valdemar IV in contrast became king of the Kalmar Union in 1397. Eric however failed in his most ambitious plan, to make Bogislaw IX king of both the Kalmar Union and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Eric had to leave Denmark in 1449 and ruled Pomerania-Rügenwalde (Darłowo), a small partition of Pomerania-Stolp, until his death in 1459.

Pomerania-Stolp was a crucial point in the knights' land supply route. Bogislaw VIII of Pomerania-Stolp allied with both the Teutonic Knights and Poland, but supported the latter after the war had started in 1409 by blocking his lands for the knights' troops and allowing his nobles to kidnap those who were travelling his lands. For his aid, he was granted the Lauenburg (Lębork) and Bütow (Bytów) areas (Lauenburg and Bütow Land) and others, but those were lost in the First Peace of Thorn in 1411.

Gain of Lauenburg and Bütow Land (1455–1467)

Further information: Lauenburg and Bütow Land

Eric II of Pomerania-(Wolgast)-Stolp allied with the Polish king Casimir IV in his Thirteen Years' War against the Teutonic Knights. On January 3, 1455, he in turn was granted the Lauenburg and Bütow Land at the Pomerelian frontier. When Lębork was retaken by the knights in 1459, the Polish king was upset and ravaged the Stolp area. Eric reconciled with the king on August 21, 1466, and bought the town from the knights on October 11, six days before the Second Peace of Thorn, which was signed by Eric in 1467.

Bogislaw X becomes sole ruler of the duchy of Pomerania (1478)

Main articles: Duchy of Pomerania and Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania

Pomerania-Wolgast was reunited following the death of both Barnim VII and Barnim VIII in 1451. Both dukes died of the Black Death. The same disease caused the death of Joachim of Pomerania-Stettin (also in 1451), Ertmar and Swantibor, children of Wartislaw X, and Otto III of Pomerania-Stettin (all in 1464). Thus, the line of Pomerania-Stettin had died out.

The extinction of the House of Pomerania-Stettin triggered a conflict about inheritance with the Margraviate of Brandenburg. In the Treaty of Soldin of 1466, a compromise was negotiated: Wartislaw X and Eric II, the dukes of Pomerania, took over Pomerania-Stettin as a Brandenburgian fief. This was disputed already during the same year by the emperor, who intervened against the Brandenburgian overlordship of Pomerania. This led to a series of further warfare and truces, that were ended by the Treaty of Prenzlau of 1472, basically confirming the ruling of the Soldin treaty, but settling on a border north of Gartz (Oder) resembling Brandenburg's recent gains. This treaty was accepted by the emperor.

Bogislaw X

In 1474, Eric II died of the Black Death, and his son Bogislaw X inherited Pomerania-Stolp. Bogislaw's brothers had died the same year. After the death of his uncle Wartislaw X in 1478, he became the first sole ruler in the Duchy of Pomerania since almost 200 years.

Eric II had left Pomerania in tense conflicts with Brandenburg and Mecklenburg. Bogislaw managed to resolve these conflicts by both diplomatic and military means. He married his sister, Sophia, to Magnus II, Duke of Mecklenburg, and his other sister, Magarete, was married to Magnus's brother Balthasar. Bogislaw himself married Magarete, daughter of Brandenburg's Prince-elector Frederick II. Also, in 1478, Bogislaw regained areas lost to Brandenburg by his father, most notably the town of Gartz and other small towns and castles north of the Brandenburgian Uckermark. During the confirmation of the Peace of Prenzlau in 1479, the border was finally settled north of Strasburg and Bogislaw had to take his possessions as a fief from Brandenburg.

Dukes

Main article: List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes

See also

Notes

  1. German: (Teil-)Herzogtum Pommern-Stolp
  2. Polish: Księstwo słupskie; Latin: Ducatus Stolpensis

References

  1. Kyra T. Inachin, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.30, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2
  2. ^ Norbert Buske, Pommern, Helms Schwerin 1997, p.21, ISBN 3-931185-07-9
  3. Gerhard Krause, Siegfried M Schwertner, Horst Balz, Gerhard Müller, Theologische Realenzyklopadie: Studienausgabe Teil II, 2nd edition, Walter de Gruyter, 1999, p.40, ISBN 3-11-016295-4
  4. Benl, Rudolf (1992). "Anfänge und Entwicklung des Ständewesens in Pommern". In Boockmann, Hartmut (ed.). Die Anfänge der ständischen Vertretungen in Preußen und seinen Nachbarländern. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 132. ISBN 3-486-55840-4.
  5. ^ Hartmut Boockmann, Die Anfänge der ständischen Vertretungen in Preussen und seinen Nachbarländern, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1992, p.131, ISBN 3-486-55840-4
  6. ^ Hartmut Boockmann, Die Anfänge der ständischen Vertretungen in Preussen und seinen Nachbarländern, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1992, p.132, ISBN 3-486-55840-4
  7. ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.143,146,147, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  8. ^ Czacharowski, Antoni (2001). Bürgertum und Rittertum im Spätmittelalter. Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. p. 148. ISBN 83-231-1304-1.
  9. Michael Müller-Wille, ed. (1995). Slawen und Deutsche im südlichen Ostseeraum vom 11. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert. Wachholtz. p. 153. ISBN 3-529-06452-1.
  10. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.157, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  11. Czacharowski, Antoni (2001). Bürgertum und Rittertum im Spätmittelalter. Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. p. 146. ISBN 83-231-1304-1.
  12. ^ Sczaniecki, Michał; Ślaski, Kazimierz (1961). Dzieje Pomorza słupskiego i innych terenów województwa koszalińskiego w wypisach (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Poznańskie. pp. 55–65.
  13. Bardach, Juliusz (1964). Historia państwa i prawa Polski (in Polish). Vol. 1. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 589.
  14. ^ Czapliński, Władysław; Ładogórski, Tadeusz (1970). Atlas historyczny polski (in Polish). Państwowe Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych. p. 12.
  15. ^ Branig, Hans; Werner Buchholz (1997). Werner Buchholz (ed.). Geschichte Pommerns, Volume I, Vom Werden des neuzeitlichen Staates bis zum Verlust der staatlichen Selbständigkeit, 1300-1648. Böhlau. pp. 29–30. ISBN 3-412-07189-7.
  16. Marceli Kosman, Na tropach bohaterów Krzyżaków, Książka i Wiedza, 1995, ISBN 83-05-12746-X, p.27
  17. Andrzej Nowakowski, Księstwo słupskie lennem polskim w X1V-XV wieku. Przegląd Zachodnio-pomorski. 1988 R. 3 z. 4 (dr. 1990) s. 7-28, mapa. Zsfg. s. 300.
  18. Czacharowski, Antoni (2001). Bürgertum und Rittertum im Spätmittelalter. Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. pp. 146–148. ISBN 83-231-1304-1.
  19. Branig, Hans; Werner Buchholz (1997). Werner Buchholz (ed.). Geschichte Pommerns, Volume I, Vom Werden des neuzeitlichen Staates bis zum Verlust der staatlichen Selbständigkeit, 1300-1648. Böhlau. p. 30. ISBN 3-412-07189-7.
  20. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.154-158, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  21. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.168,170,173 ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  22. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.158, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  23. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.186, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  24. ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.181, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  25. ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.183, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  26. ^ Bogislaw X in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
  27. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.186,189, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  28. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.189, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
  29. Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.190, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
History of Pomerania
Administrative
Western Pomerania
Farther Pomerania
Lauenburg-Bütow
classified as
Farther Pomerania
or Pomerelia
Pomerelia
(Kashubia,
Kociewie,
Tuchola Forest,
Chełmno Land)
Ecclesiastical
Roman Catholic
Historical
Extant
Protestant
Historical
Extant
Demography and anthropology
Archaeological cultures
Peoples
Major demographic events
Languages and dialects
West Germanic
West Slavic
Treaties
1200–1500
1500–1700
1700–present
Fiefdoms of Poland
Medieval district principalities
Lesser Poland
Greater Poland
Masovia
Kuyavia
Łęczyca-Sieradz Land
Silesia and Lubusz Land
Pomerania
Other medieval fiefs
Early modern fiefs of the
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
With the Grand Duchy of LithuaniaDuchy of Courland and Semigallia

54°27′00″N 17°02′00″E / 54.450000°N 17.033333°E / 54.450000; 17.033333

Categories: