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{{Short description|none}}
The '''last surviving veteran''' of any particular war, upon his or her death, marks the end of a historic era. Exactly who ''is'' the last surviving veteran is often an issue of contention, especially with records from long-ago wars. The "last man standing" was often very young at the time of enlistment and in many cases had lied about his age to gain entry into the service, which confuses matters further.
<!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! -->
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
This is an incomplete list of the '''last surviving veterans of American wars'''. Exactly who ''is'' the last surviving veteran is often an issue of contention, especially with records from long-ago wars. The "last man standing" was often very young at the time of enlistment and in many cases had lied about his age to gain entry into the service, which confuses matters further.


==17th century==
There were sometimes incentives for men to lie about their ages ''after'' their military service ended. In addition, there were some impostors who claimed to have served but did not (such as ], who claimed to be 117 in 1959). For example, many former Confederate States in the South gave pensions to ] veterans of the ]. Several men falsified their ages in order to qualify for these pensions, especially during the ]; this makes the question of the identity of the last Confederate veteran especially problematic. The status of the officially recognized "last Confederate veteran" is in dispute.
===American Indian Wars (1622–1774)===


== American Revolutionary War == {{main|American Indian Wars}}
* Samuel Murphy (1758–1851)&nbsp;– ]. Last participant of ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/43816861/|title=Man For Whom Murphy's Bottom Name Last Survivor of Lord Dunmore's War|date=1973|publisher=Simpson's Leader-Times|page=22|access-date=June 25, 2016}}</ref>
There are several candidates for the claim of the last surviving veteran of the ]:
* Noah Johnson (1698–1798)&nbsp;– ]. Last participant of ].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ik-AAAAYAAJ&q=noah+johnson+%22lovewell%22+last+survivor&pg=PA367|title=Groton Historical Series: A Collection of Papers Relating to the History of the Town of Groton, Massachusetts|volume=3|publisher=S. A. Green|author=Green, Samuel Abbott|date=1893|page=367|access-date=June 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-gAAAAAMAAJ&q=noah+johnson+lovewell+last+survivor&pg=PA209|title=The History of New Hampshire|volume=1|author1=Belknap, Jeremy|author2= Farmer, John|publisher=S. C. Stevens and Ela & Wadleigh|date=1831|page=209|access-date=June 25, 2016}}</ref>
* ] (1759-1866)
* ] (1764-1867)
* ] (1764-1868)
* ] (1759-1869)
* ] (1779?-1876) (Age disputed)


==18th century==
According to data from the ], George Fruits died in 1876 at age 114. However, Fruits was never on a ] roll. Fruits's birthdate was more likely 1779 than 1762, as indicated in recent studies. The last surviving veteran may have been ], who was placed on the pension rolls by an act of ] and is listed as the last survivor of the military conflict by the ].
===French and Indian War (1754–1763)===


{{main|French and Indian War}}
According to a 1918 report in 1869 there were 887 widows of Revolutionary war Veterans on the pension list; In 1870 there were 727 Revolutionary War Widows. A 1903 US Pension report lists 2 Revolutionary War widows {E.S.Damon and Rebecca Mayo of Virginia} and 3 "Real Daughters" of Am. Rev. Veterans on Pension List <ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=wBIQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA45&dq=Noah+Damon#PPA45,M1</ref> On November 11, 1906 the last Revolutionary War widow ] of Plymouth, Union Vt died at age 96; reportably afterward a few surviving daughters of American Revolutionary War Veterans were pensioned by Special Acts of Congress. <ref></ref>
* John Owen (1741–1843)&nbsp;– ]. Enlisted in 1758. Also fought in the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesobserver.com/news/community/2017/07/colonial-intrigue-its-possible-that-the-last-surviving-veteran-of-the-french-%E2%80%88indian-war-is-buried-in%E2%80%88warren/|title=Colonial Intrigue: It's possible that the last surviving veteran of the French & Indian War is buried in Warren|last=Cotton|first=Josh|date=22 July 2017|website=www.timesobserver.com|publisher=The Times Observer|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hq80AAAAMAAJ&q=John+Owen+french+indian+war+1843&pg=PA328|title=The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for the Year 1844|page=328|year=1843|volume=15|publisher=Gray and Bowen|access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref>
* Jonathan Benjamin (1738–1841)&nbsp;– British Army. Also fought in the Revolutionary War.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Niles' national register, Volume 61|publisher=]|year=1841|location=]|page=192}}</ref>


===American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)===
== War of 1812 ==


{{main|American Revolutionary War}}
* ] (1800-1905)
] (1759–1869). Though not mentioned in the 1864 book '']'', he was the last surviving veteran of the ] to have been granted a pension.]]
* ] (1759–1869)&nbsp;– ]. Last veteran drawing a pension awarded by Congress; granted a pension in 1867 even though he could not prove his service.<ref>{{cite book|author=Heitman, Francis Bernard|title=Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution, April, 1775, to December, 1783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziRbtlUkBh0C|year=1982|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Com|isbn=978-0-8063-0176-1}}(quoting the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Pensions for 1874: "With the death of Daniel T. Bakeman, of Freedom, Cattaraugus County, N.Y., April 5, 1869, the last of the pensioned soldiers of the Revolution passed away.")</ref>
* ] (1764–1868)&nbsp;– Continental Army. Last verifiable veteran. Served at ]. Six month service period was too short to qualify for pension.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Private Dalzell, his autobiography, poems, and comic war papers, sketch of John Gray, Washington's last soldier, etc|publisher=R. Clarke|year=1868|page=189|author1=Dalzell, James McCormick|author2=Gray, John}}</ref> Granted a pension in 1867.
* ] (1753–1868)&nbsp;– Continental Army. Last African American veteran. Served at ] and ]. Awarded Gold Medal of Valor.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Elmwood Endures: History of a Detroit Cemetery|publisher=Wayne State University Press|year=1996|page=50|author1=Franck, Michael S. |isbn=9780814325919}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2019/05/27/151-years-late-revolutionary-war-vet-honored/1211997001/|title=151 years after death, enslaved Revolutionary War vet honored in Detroit|author=Zaniewski, Ann|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=27 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/328819/african-american-revolutionary-war-heros-legacy-diversity-honored-detroit-gravestone-dedication|title=African-American Revolutionary War hero's legacy of diversity honored at Detroit gravestone dedication|publisher=Defense Visual Information Distribution Service|date=23 June 2019|author=Layton, Andrew}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/eastern-shore/bs-md-private-robinson-honored-20190618-story.html|title=Twice denied the freedom he'd fought for, black Revolutionary War hero from Maryland to be honored at last|publisher=Baltimore Sun|author=Pitts, Jonathan M.|date=21 June 2019}}</ref>
* ] (1759–1866)&nbsp;– Continental Army. Last cavalryman. Served with the ].
* ] (1755–1841)&nbsp;– Continental Army. Last ] recipient.
* William Richardson (1765–1873)&nbsp;– Claimed to have served in an Ohio militia and in a Continental Line.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/officialrosterof1929ohiorich/page/306/mode/2up|title=The official roster of the soldiers of the American revolution buried in the state of Ohio|publisher=F. J. Heering Printing Co.|last1=Henderson|first1=Frank D.|last2=Rea|first2=John R.|last3=Dailey|first3=Jane Dowd|page=307|year=1929}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.westbendnews.net/autonews/2021/06/27/memorial-grave-marking-service-for-patriot-william-richardson/|title=Memorial Grave Marking Service for PATRIOT WILLIAM RICHARDSON|first1=Caroline Wells|last1=Longardner|date=27 June 2021|publisher=The West Bend News|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>


== Mexican-American War == ===American Indian Wars (1775–1924)===


{{main|American Indian Wars}}
* ] (1831-1929)
* ] (1872–1973)&nbsp;– ]. Last Army veteran.<ref>"LAST VET OF INDIAN WARS DIES AT AGE 101". ]. June 17, 1973.</ref>
* ] (1870–1965)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Last ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Westerners brand book, Volumes 22–25|location=Siedlce|author=Chicago Corral of the Westerners|year=1965|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogytrails.com/main/indianwarmemories.html#johndaw|title=John Daw|publisher=Genealogy Trails|year=2006|access-date=October 20, 2010}}</ref>
* ] (1857–1955)&nbsp;– ]. Last ] participant of the ]. Also survived ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallupindependent.com/2006/mar/031106ltlhrn.html|title=129 years after Little Big Horn|publisher=]|date=11 March 2006|access-date=18 October 2010|last=Hopkins|first=John Christian|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027164738/http://www.gallupindependent.com/2006/mar/031106ltlhrn.html|archive-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Little Bighorn: Winning the Battle, Losing the War|author1=Lawson, Michael L. |author2=Rosier, Paul C. |isbn=978-0-7910-9347-4|publisher=]|year=2007|page=126}}</ref>
* John Winchell Cullen (1838–1939)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Fought in the ].<ref>{{cite book|jstor=20610950|publisher=Oregon Historical Society|title=Oregon Historical Quarterly|date=1935|volume=36|issue=3|pages=299–304|edition=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|jstor=20611203|publisher=Oregon Historical Society|title=Oregon Historical Quarterly|date=1939|volume=40|edition=3|last1=Pipes|first1=Nellie B.|issue=3|pages=297–301}}</ref>
* Henry L. Riggs (1812–1911)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Served in the ].<ref>{{cite news|title=DEATH OF THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE BLACK HAWK WAR.|publisher=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society|year=1922|volume=14}}</ref>


===Shays' Rebellion (1786–1787)===
== American Civil War ==
===Union===
The last surviving ] veteran is considered to be ] (1850?-1956), alleged to have been 109. Census research by William Marvel in 1991 indicated that Woolson was 108 years old. However, in 2006, the 1850 census was located, which indicated that he was in fact 106 years old. Being the oldest document, it is considered by some to be the most reliable; however, any genealogist knows that age as recorded in early censuses varies wildly from many birth dates known from those in family Bibles, which were not only usually more contemporary with the event recorded, but were never intended to be seen by others.


{{main|Shays' Rebellion}}
The next-to-the last Union veteran was ] of ]. He died ], ], at the claimed age of 111. However, census research indicates that he was probably a year or two younger as well and may have inflated his age to gain service. He is recorded as having joined the Union army ], ], aged '19.' However, the 1850, 1910, and 1920 censuses indicate that he was born in 1843, 1842, and 1842, respectively. <ref></ref><ref></ref><ref>], ], ], transcribed by K. Torp for .</ref>
* David Whitney (1767–1867)&nbsp;– ].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/whitneydescendan00pier|title=Whitney. The descendants of John Whitney, who came from London, England, to Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1635|author=Pierce, Frederick Clifton|page=|year=1895|publisher=Press of W. B. Conkey Co.|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>


===Whiskey Rebellion (1791–1794)===
William Allen Magee died on ], ] in ], at age 106. He is listed as enlisting as a bugler on ], ], at age 18 (a 2-year age exaggeration) in Company M, 12th Cavalry Regiment ], as such he is a veteran regardless of age.


{{main|Whiskey Rebellion}}
The last surviving Civil War general was Brevet-Brigadier General ] of ], who died in ] at age 100. However, others who served in the war and were later promoted to General survived into the ].
* Michael Edwards (1767?–1876)&nbsp;– ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/557089034/?terms=%22Michael%2BEdwards%22%2BIntelligencer%2BJournal|title=Local Intelligence|date=23 Aug 1870|newspaper=Intelligencer Journal|page=2|access-date=19 December 2019|url-access=subscription}}</ref>


=== Confederate === ==19th century==
===War of 1812 (1812–1815)===
Candidates include:
* ] (December 23, 1847-December 31, 1951) of ] (verifiable)
* ] (January 5, 1850-February 3, 1952) of ]
* Thomas Edwin Ross (July 19, 1850-March 27, 1952) of California
* William Loudermilk<ref>http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/cwvet.htm</ref> (October 23, 1848-September 18, 1952) of ]/]
* William Jordan Bush<ref>http://www.gascvbrigade9.org/scrapbook.htm</ref> (July 10, 1845-November 11, 1952) of ] (probable)
* Arnold Murray<ref>http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Murray&GSfn=Arnold&GSbyrel=in&GSdy=1952&GSdyrel=in&GSob=n&GRid=9176965&</ref> (June 10, 1846-November 26, 1952) of ] (possible)
* William Townsend<ref>http://www.geocities.com/camp1525guidon/featurearticle805.html</ref> (April 12, 1846-February 22, 1953) of ] (possible)
* William Albert Kiney (February 10, claimed 1843, census suggests 1861-June 23, 1953) of ]
* Richard William Cumpston (May 23, 1841-September 5, 1952), of ]
* ] (January 18, 1848?-September 1, 1957) of Alabama/]
* ] (claimed May 15, 1846?-March 16, 1959) of ] <ref name="impostors">Marvel, William (1991). The great impostors. Blue and Gray, Vol VIII, Issue 3.</ref> (debunked - born in 1858 and no evidence of being a veteran)
* ] (November 14, 1842?-December 19, 1959) of ]/]


{{main|War of 1812}}
Salling's own status is disputed. In 1991, William Marvel examined the claims of Salling and several other "last Civil War veterans" for a piece in the Civil War history magazine ''Blue & Gray''. Marvel found census data that indicated Salling was born in 1858, not 1846. In the same piece, Marvel confirmed Woolson's claim to be the last surviving Union veteran and asserted that Woolson was the last genuine Civil War veteran on either side. However, Marvel did not present research establishing who, among the several other Confederate claims from the 1950s, some of which appear to be genuine, was the real last Confederate veteran.
] (1800–1905), the last surviving veteran of the ].]]
* ] (1800–1905)&nbsp;– New York Militia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The art of longevity ...|first=Benjamin James|last=Henley|publisher=New Warner Co|year=1911|pages=205–208|location=Syracuse}}</ref>
* James Hooper Jr. (1804–1898)&nbsp;– ]. Served on the schooner {{ship||Comet|1810 schooner|2}} during the ].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSwAAAAAYAAJ&q=James+Hooper+1812+last+navy&pg=PA698|title=The Pension Problem|author=Evans, Clay Henry|publisher=Frank A. Munsey & Company|year=1898|volume=19|page=698|magazine=Munsey's Magazine|access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z1EX15O8S2sC&q=James+Hooper+baltimore+comet&pg=PA93|title=Society of the War of 1812|magazine=The Colonial Magazine|page=93|volume=1|year=1895|publisher=Bosworth, Hyde & Hyde|access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref>
* Aaron Stafford (1787–1885) – Major, New York Militia. Last surviving veteran of the War of 1812 known to have held an officer's commission. Wounded at ].


===Toledo War (1835–1836)===
Although in 1900 Salling supplied a birthdate of March 1858, he appears to have been born around 1856, still too late to have served in the Confederate Army. The 1860 census lists him as four years old, and the 1870 census as fourteen.<ref name="impostors" />


{{main|Toledo War}}
The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System does not have a listing for Richard William Cumpston. A Thomas J Riddle served in the 59th Regiment, Tennessee Mounted Infantry (Cooke's) (Eakin's 1st Battalion). W. Townsend is reported to have served with the 27th La inf-the Civil War Sol & Sail verify that a "W. Townsend" served with the 27th La Inf.<ref>http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=townsend&GSfn=W&GSbyrel=in&GSdy=1953&GSdyrel=in&GSob=n&GRid=6920288&</ref> Seven men named "A. Murray" served in various South Carolina units.
* Lewis W. Pearl (1815–1914)&nbsp;– Michigan State Militia. Later served in the Mexican-American War and the Civil War.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/46431462/?terms=Lewis%2BPearl%2B%22toledo%2Bwar%22|title=Oldest Ranking Officer|date=23 May 1907|page=6|newspaper=National Tribune|access-date=19 December 2019|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAlQ6HwMlKYC&q=Lewis+Pearl+%22toledo+war%22&pg=PA278|title=Michigan's Early Military Forces|year=2003|author=Rosentreter, Roger|publisher=U. of Wayne State P.|page=278|isbn=0814330819|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>


===Texas Revolution (1835–1836)===
William Louderback<ref>http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/cwvet.htm</ref> of North Carolina claimed to have enlisted 1864 in Hood's Army; claim does not match 4 men with this surname who served from North Carolina.<ref>http://history-sites.com/cgi-bin/bbs53x/arcwmb/webbbs_config.pl?rev=19951</ref>


{{main|Texas Revolution}}
William J. Bush<ref>http://www.gascvbrigade9.org/scrapbook.htm</ref> is listed as born July 1846 in the 1900 census, and aged 65 in the April 1910 census (suggesting a birthdate of 1844). This suggests that he was at least 106 and did not add years to his age because of a pension-fraud motivation. The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors system lists two persons named William J. Bush, one of which served as a Private, Co B, in the 14th Georgia Infantry, and the other one as a Private, Co D, in the 66th Georgia Infantry.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}
* William Physick Zuber (1820–1913)&nbsp;– ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fzu02|title=ZUBER, WILLIAM PHYSICK|publisher=Texas State Historical Society|author=Blake, Robert Bruce|access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tsl.state.tx.us/treasures/republic/san-jacinto/zuber-01.html|title=William P. Zuber to Ben. E McCulloch Describing events at San Jacinto|publisher=Texas State Library and Archives Commission|access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref>


===Dorr Rebellion (1841–1842)===
== Indian Wars ==


{{main|Dorr Rebellion}}
* ] (1872-1973)
* Wanton Briggs (1821–1923)&nbsp;– Rhode Island State Militia. Last "]".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/431049218/?terms=Wanton%2BBriggs%2BDorr|title=Last Survivor of Dorr War|newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=24 December 1922|page=45|url-access=subscription|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/369460467/?terms=Wanton%2BBriggs%2BDorr|title=Oldest Voter in State, 101, And 49er, Is Buried|access-date=17 April 2020|newspaper=The Hartford Daily Courant|page=3|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* ] (1870-1965)


===Bear Flag Revolt (1846)===
== Spanish-American War ==
Candidates include:
* ] (1885-1992)
* ] (c.1882-1993)


{{main|California Republic#Bear Flag Revolt}}
== World War I ==
* John Grider (1826–1924)&nbsp;– ] Militia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesheraldonline.com/ci_13365284|title=Vallejo author uncovers the story of Bear Flag Revolt hero John Grider|publisher=Times-Herald|author=Bañes, Lanz Christian|year=2009|access-date=October 26, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackpast.org/perspectives/searching-john-grider-african-american-bear-flag-veteran|title=Searching for John Grider, an African American Bear Flag Veteran|date=April 20, 2010 |publisher=Blackpast.org|access-date=October 26, 2014}}</ref>
Male:
* ] (born in 1901)
Female:
* ] (1897-2007), one of the first women to enlist in the ], and served as a ] clerk at the Naval Gun Factory at the Washington Navy Yard.


== Spanish Civil War == ===Mexican–American War (1846–1848)===
Four veterans from the ] are still alive. This unit, comprising mostly American volunteers, was part of the ] that fought against ]'s ]s.
*] (b.1918) - Last living member of ].<ref></ref>
*Mattson, Matti (b.1916) - Was an ] driver and once gave ] a lift.<ref></ref>
*Hovan, John (b.1915) - Transport driver.<ref></ref>
*Geiser, Carl (b.1910) - Commissar of the ].<ref></ref>


{{main|Mexican–American War}}
== World War II ==
] (1831–1929), the last surviving ] veteran of the ].]]
* ] (1831–1929)&nbsp;– U.S. Navy. Served on {{USS|Potomac|1822|6}} and {{USS|Allegheny|1847|6}}.<ref>] (September 1929). "Mexican War's Last Survivor, 98, is Dead". '']''.</ref>
* William Fitzhugh Buckner (1828–1929)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Fought at ].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Father Time's Roll Call|magazine=The American Legion Monthly|page=32|year=1929|volume=7|issue=3|publisher=Legion Publishing Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8439076/reading_times/|title=Next To Last Mexico War Veteran Dead|publisher=Reading Times|date=17 June 1929|page=3|access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref>


===Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861)===
* See ].<ref>Folsom, Gordon (2008-12-15). Kennebec Journal Morning Sentinel. Retrieved on 2009-01-03 from World War II veterans dying at rate of 900 per day http://morningsentinel.mainetoday.com/view/letters/5687797.html.</ref> Over two million are still living as of early 2009.

{{main|Bleeding Kansas}}
* Israel Adam Broadsword (1846–1952)&nbsp;– ]. Joined a Kansas ] unit in 1859 to protect against raids. Later served in the Civil War.<ref name=Hoar1>{{cite book|title=The North's Last Boys in Blue|volume=2|year=2007|author=Hoar, Jay S.|publisher=Higginson Book Co.|isbn=978-0-7404-5907-8}}</ref>{{rp|857}}
* John Brown (1844–1940)&nbsp;– ]. Participated in the ] with ].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X15KelQJ3uoC&q=John+Brown+quantrill+1940+lawrence&pg=PA131|title=Cavaliers of the Brush: Quantrill and His Men|author=Basanik, Michael E.|page=131|year=2003|publisher=Press of the Camp Pope Bookshop|isbn=9781929919048|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq8VAQAAMAAJ&q=John+Brown+quantrill+1940|title=Branded as rebels: a list of bushwhackers, guerrillas, partisan rangers, confederates and southern sympathizers from Missouri during the war years|author=Eakin, Joanne Webb Chiles|year=1993|publisher=J.C. Eakin & D.R. Hale|page=48|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref>

===American Civil War (1861–1865)===

{{main|American Civil War|Last surviving Confederate veterans}}
* ] (1850–1956)&nbsp;– ]. Last verified Union veteran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://suvcw.org/pcinc/woolson.htm|title=Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War: Albert Woolson|publisher=]|year=1956|access-date=October 20, 2010|author=The Banner|archive-date=August 13, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813080654/http://suvcw.org/pcinc/woolson.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ] (1843–1953)&nbsp;– Union Army. Last combat veteran. Served at ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nycivilwar.us/jahard.html|title=James A. Hard – Obituary|publisher=Binghamton Press, Associated Press|year=1953|access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref>
* ] (1847–1951)&nbsp;– ]. Last verified Confederate veteran. See ].
* Alden G. Howell (1841–1947)&nbsp;– Confederate Army. Last commissioned Confederate officer.<ref name=Hoar1/>{{rp|1008}}<ref name=Hoar2>{{cite book|title=The South's Last Boys in Gray|author=Hoar, Jay S.|year=2010|publisher=Higginson Book Co.|volume=3|isbn=978-0-7404-6751-6}}</ref>{{rp|1458}}
* Henry Doll (1847–1947)&nbsp;– ]. Last surviving Union sailor. Served on the ] and ].<ref name="Kuchera">{{cite web|url=http://www.navyandmarine.org/ondeck/1862lastnavalvets.htm|title=The Last Naval Veterans of the War of the Rebellion|first=Roger|last=Kuchera|access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>
* James Frederick Lyon (1843–1946)&nbsp;– Union Army. Last commissioned Union officer.<ref name=Hoar1/>{{rp|1007}}
* James Burns (1845–1944)&nbsp;– ]. Last surviving Union Marine veteran. Enlisted 9 Sept 1862.<ref name="Kuchera"/>
* Samuel B. Grant (1845–1944)&nbsp;– ]. Last surviving Confederate Marine veteran. Served with the Marine Guard attached to the ].<ref name="Kuchera"/>
* ] (1844–1938)&nbsp;– Union Army. Last ] recipient.
* ] (1837–1938) – Union Army. Last surviving General of the Civil War.
* Billy Rufus Stanford (1850–1937)&nbsp;– ]. Last surviving Confederate sailor. Defended ] during Sherman's March to the Sea with Company C of the Naval Battalion.<ref name="Kuchera"/>
* ] (1835–1933) – Union Army. Last surviving General of the ].
* ] (1830–1909) – Union Army. Last surviving General to have held the permanent rank of a general in the regular U.S. Army.

===Korean Expedition (1871)===
{{main|United States expedition to Korea}}
* ] (1847–1923)&nbsp;– U.S. Navy. Served on {{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}. Last ] recipient.

===Spanish–American War (1898)===

{{main|Spanish–American War}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: ].]] -->
* ] (1882–1993)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Claimed to have served in the ].
* Jasper Garrison (1880–1987)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Last verified veteran.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-06-06-8702110680-story.html|title=JASPER GARRISON, 107, OLDEST U.S. WAR VETERAN|date=6 June 1987|publisher=The Chicago Tribune|periodical=Newspaper|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
* Jesse D. Langdon (1881–1975)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Last member of the ].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjO1CwAAQBAJ&q=Jesse+Langdon+last+rough+rider&pg=PA9|title=Roosevelt's Rough Riders|author=de Quesada, Alejandro|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2013|pages=9, 43|isbn=9781846039041|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.americanheritage.com/jesse-d-langdon-last-rough-riders|title=Jesse D. Langdon: Last of the Rough Riders|magazine=American Heritage|volume=20|issue=5|author=Jones, V. C.|year=1969|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
* ] (1877–1970)&nbsp;– U.S. Navy. Served on {{USS|Marblehead|C-11|6}}. Last ] recipient.

===Second Samoan Civil War (1898–99)===

{{main|Second Samoan Civil War}}
* ] (1869–1957)&nbsp;– U.S. Marine Corps. Last ] recipient.

===Banana Wars (1898–1934)===

{{main|Banana Wars}}
* ] (1906–1993)&nbsp;– ]. Served in ]. Last ] recipient.
* ] (1893–1986)&nbsp;– U.S. Marine Corps. Served in ]. Last ] recipient.
* ] (1889–1981)&nbsp;– U.S. Navy. Served on {{USS|Florida|BB-30|6}} at ]. Last ] recipient.
* ] (1887–1968)&nbsp;– U.S. Marine Corps. Served in ]. Last ] recipient.

===Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901)===

{{main|Boxer Rebellion}}
* ] (1885–1992)&nbsp;– U.S. Navy.<ref name="NATHAN EDWARD COOK">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-12-mn-288-story.html|title=Nathan E. Cook, 106; America's Oldest Known War Veteran|newspaper=]|date=September 12, 1992|access-date=June 1, 2016}}</ref>
* Walter Pleate (1876–1985)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Also served in the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-12-08-sp-15067-story.html|title=Also Served in U.S. Forces in Boxer Rebellion : Spanish-American War Vet Dies at 109|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=8 December 1985|periodical=Newspaper|access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref>
* ] (1877–1978)&nbsp;– U.S. Navy. Served on {{USS|Newark|C-1|6}}. Last ] recipient.

===Philippine–American War (1899–1902)===

{{main|Philippine–American War}}
* Nathan E. Cook (1885–1992)&nbsp;– U.S. Navy. Served on {{USS|Pensacola|1859|6}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-12-mn-288-story.html|title=Nathan E. Cook, 106;America's Oldest Known War Veteran|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2011-12-08|date=September 12, 1992}}</ref><ref name="NATHAN EDWARD COOK"/> Also served in Boxer Rebellion.
* Walter Pleate (1876–1985)&nbsp;– U.S. Army.
* ] (1885–1969)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Last ] recipient.

==20th century==

===Border War (1910–1919)===

{{main|Border War (1910–19)}}
* Samuel Goldberg (1900–2006)&nbsp;– U.S. Cavalry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pri.org/theworld/?q=node/9251|title=World War I veteran|publisher=PRI's THE WORLD|author=Everett, Will|date=April 6, 2007|access-date=May 19, 2013}}</ref>

===World War I (1914–1918)===

{{main|World War I}}
{{main|List of last surviving World War I veterans}}
] (1901–2011), shown here in this recruitment photo, was the last verified American soldier to have served in ].]]
* ] (1901–2011)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Last U.S. veteran, served with the 1st Fort Riley Casual Detachment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/02/27/wwi.veteran.death/|title=Last living U.S. World War I veteran dies|publisher=]|date=February 28, 2011|access-date=February 28, 2011|last=Courson|first=Paul}}</ref>
* ] (1901–2007)&nbsp;– U.S. Navy. Served on {{USS|New Hampshire|BB-25|6}}.
* ] (1898–2007)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Last combat veteran.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.army.mil/article/2197/americas_last_known_wwi_combat_veteran_laid_to_rest|title=America's Last Known WWI Combat Veteran Laid to Rest|author=Dustin, April|publisher=U.S. Army|date=March 9, 2007|access-date=July 15, 2019}}</ref>
* ] (1899–2007)&nbsp;– U.S. Marine Corps. Served in the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hdnews.net/9a46eb42-d8d8-591b-8cbc-a7e46bf60d1c.html|title=Wagner was never one to shy away from talking about his WWI experience|author=Kessinger, Mike|publisher=The Hays Daily News|date=April 6, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2019}}</ref>
* ] (1894–2006)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Last African-American veteran.
* ] (1895–1993)&nbsp;– ]. Last American flying ace. Served in ].
* ] (1895–1991)&nbsp;– ]. Last American flying ace to serve in a U.S. unit. Served in the ].
* ] (1891–1990)&nbsp;– U.S. Navy. Served on {{USS|Florida|BB-30|6}} and {{USS|President Lincoln|1907|6}}. Last ] recipient.
* Henry Forster (1889–1989)&nbsp;– ]. Last American member of the ].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Lafayette Flying Corps: The American Volunteers in the French Air Service in World War One|author=Gordon, Dennis|page=169|year=2000|publisher=Schiffer Military History|isbn=9780764311086}}</ref>

===Pancho Villa Expedition (1916–1917)===

{{main|Pancho Villa Expedition}}
* ] (1894–2005)&nbsp;– U.S. Army.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/03/23/veterans-to-honor-buffalo-soldier-man-103-is-last-survivor-of-regiment-of-black-troopers/|title=Veterans to honor Buffalo Soldier Man, 103, is last survivor of regiment of black troopers|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|author=Corley, Melissa|year=1998|access-date=October 26, 2014}}</ref>

===Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (1918–1925)===

{{main|Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War}}
''American and other Allied forces were involved in the ] which began during ] and continued into the ]''
* Warren V. Hileman (1901–2005)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Served in the ] as part of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesouthern.com/news/local/state-s-last-world-war-i-veteran-dies-warren-v/article_55bf1c56-5fa5-5ecc-a504-cc9ee5e436f9.html|title=STATE'S 'LAST' WORLD WAR I VETERAN DIES: WARREN V. HILEMAN DIED SUNDAY IN ANNA AT 103|publisher=The Southern: Illinoisan|date=February 3, 2005|access-date=May 19, 2013|last=Rush|first=Linda}}</ref>
* Harold Gunnes (1899–2003)&nbsp;– U.S. Navy. Served on {{USS|Olympia|C-6|6}}. Also ] to the ] as part of the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.times.spb.ru/index.php?action_id=100&story_id=5063|title=Centarian Is Last Veteran of Only U.S.-Russia War|newspaper=]|date=August 14, 2001|access-date=November 26, 2010|last=Kramer|first=Andrew}}</ref>

===Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)===

{{main|Spanish Civil War}}
* ] (1915–2016)&nbsp;– ]. Volunteered in 1938. Served in anti-aircraft in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.albavolunteer.org/2014/12/del-berg-interviewed-by-friends-and-neighbors/|title=Del Berg Interviewed by Friends and Neighbors|date=December 29, 2014 |publisher=The Volunteer}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uniondemocrat.com/obituaries/4052247-151/death-notices-for-march-1-2016 |title=Death Notices for March 1, 2016 |newspaper=The Union Democrat |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306090944/http://www.uniondemocrat.com/obituaries/4052247-151/death-notices-for-march-1-2016 |archive-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref>

===World War II (1939–1945)===

{{main|World War II}}
{{see also|List of last surviving veterans of World War II}}
] (1915–2019), shown second-from-right in this 1942 photograph, was a ] veteran and the last living participant of the ].]]
* ] (1921–2024)&nbsp;– U.S. Navy. Last surviving crew member of the {{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stripes.com/theaters/asia_pacific/2023-04-22/potts-obituary-uss-arizona-attack-survivor-9881849.html |title=One USS Arizona attack survivor remains following death of Ken Potts, 102 |first=Wyatt |last=Olson |date=22 April 2023 |publisher=Stars and Stripes |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Conter, an enlisted U.S. Navy sailor, is the last survivor of the sinking of the USS Arizona. The last survivor of the ship's Marine Detachment was Lamar Crawford (1920–2011).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/state/2011/12/29/marine-survivor-uss-arizona-dies-91/15188212007/#.V-Le7zWOlrI |title=Marine survivor of USS Arizona dies at 91 |date=28 December 2011 |agency=Associated Press |via=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal|access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref> The last surviving commissioned officer was Joseph Langdell (1914–2015).<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-joseph-langdell-20150212-story.html|title=Joe Langdell dies at 100; survived Pearl Harbor attack on the Arizona|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 12, 2015}}</ref>}}
* ] (1923–2022)&nbsp;– U.S. Marine Corps. Last Medal of Honor recipient.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/military-honor/2022/06/29/last-surviving-ww2-medal-of-honor-recipient-woody-williams-dies-at-98/ |title=Last surviving WW2 Medal of Honor recipient Woody Williams dies at 98 |work=Marine Corps Times|date=29 June 2022 |first=Andrea |last=Scott|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Williams was also the last surviving Marine recipient. The last surviving Army Medal of Honor recipient was ] (1921–2021). Coolidge was also the last surviving recipient who had been awarded the medal during the war.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/07/us/charles-coolidge-oldest-medal-of-honor-recipient-dies-at-99.html |title=Charles Coolidge, Oldest Medal of Honor Recipient, Dies at 99 |newspaper=New York Times |first=Richard |last=Goldstein |date=7 April 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021}}</ref>}}
* Bradford Freeman (1924–2022)&nbsp;– U.S. Army. Last surviving member of ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wcbi.com/last-member-of-band-of-brothers-has-died/|title=Last member of "Band of Brothers" has died |work=WCBI|date=4 July 2022 |first=Eric|last=Lampkin|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Freeman was an enlisted soldier. The last surviving commissioned officer of Easy Company was ] (1922–2021).}}
* Frank S. Losonsky (1920–2020)&nbsp;– ]. Last member of the ]. Enlisted in the ] in 1939. Joined the AVG in 1941.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2082908/last-of-the-legendary-world-war-ii-flying-tigers-dies/|title=Last of the legendary World War II Flying Tigers dies|date=February 12, 2020 }}</ref>
* ] (1915–2019)&nbsp;– U.S. Army Air Forces. Last participant of the Doolittle Raid (]'s co-pilot).
* Carl Kice Brown (1917–2017)&nbsp;– American Volunteer Group. Last pilot of the Flying Tigers. Joined in 1941.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201712/22/WS5a3cd102a31008cf16da2f58.html/|title=Death of last remaining Flying Tiger pilot stirs fond memories|newspaper=China Daily}}</ref>
* ] (1919–2016)&nbsp;– ]. Last pilot of the ]. Joined in 1941.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofsandiego.com/military/2016/06/09/steve-pisanos-dies-at-96-famed-decorated-wwii-fighter-pilot/|title=Steve Pisanos Dies at 96: Famed Decorated WWII Fighter Pilot|date=June 10, 2016 |publisher=Times of San Diego}}</ref>
* ] (1917–2011)&nbsp;– U.S. Army Air Forces. Last pilot of ].
* ] (1915–2005)&nbsp;– ] – ]. Last surviving graduating member of original aviation cadet class, Class 42-C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cafriseabove.org/lemuel-custis/|title=Lemuel Rodney Custis|date=January 19, 2021}}</ref>

===Korean War (1950–1953)===

{{main|Korean War}}
* ] (1926–2024) – U.S. Army. Last recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in the Korean War.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/11/30/hiroshi-miyamura-medal-of-honor-dead/|title=Hiroshi Miyamura, Medal of Honor recipient from Korean War, dies at 97|first=Harrison|last=Smith|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2022-11-30|access-date=2023-01-05}}</ref>
* ] (1927–2021)&nbsp;– ]. Last ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/opinion/2021/05/27/memoriam-nickel-grass-lt-general-charles-chick-cleveland/7471111002/|title=In memoriam: 'Nickel on the grass' to Lt. General Charles 'Chick' Cleveland|first=Al|last=Allenback|newspaper=Montgomery Advertiser|date=2021-05-27|access-date=2022-10-06}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==Notes==
*]
{{reflist|group=note}}
*]
*]
*]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist|30em}}


== Further reading ==
==External links==
* {{Cite web |title=Last Civil War veteran in each State 1951. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89062265145&seq=9 |website=HathiTrust |language=en}}


{{Lists of the oldest people by specific groups|state=expanded}}
{{longevity}}
{{Longevity}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 18:28, 19 December 2024

This is an incomplete list of the last surviving veterans of American wars. Exactly who is the last surviving veteran is often an issue of contention, especially with records from long-ago wars. The "last man standing" was often very young at the time of enlistment and in many cases had lied about his age to gain entry into the service, which confuses matters further.

17th century

American Indian Wars (1622–1774)

Main article: American Indian Wars

18th century

French and Indian War (1754–1763)

Main article: French and Indian War
  • John Owen (1741–1843) – British Army. Enlisted in 1758. Also fought in the Revolutionary War.
  • Jonathan Benjamin (1738–1841) – British Army. Also fought in the Revolutionary War.

American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)

Main article: American Revolutionary War
A photograph of Daniel Frederick Bakeman (1759–1869). Though not mentioned in the 1864 book The Last Men of the Revolution, he was the last surviving veteran of the American Revolution to have been granted a pension.
  • Daniel Frederick Bakeman (1759–1869) – Continental Army. Last veteran drawing a pension awarded by Congress; granted a pension in 1867 even though he could not prove his service.
  • John Gray (1764–1868) – Continental Army. Last verifiable veteran. Served at Yorktown. Six month service period was too short to qualify for pension. Granted a pension in 1867.
  • James Robinson (1753–1868) – Continental Army. Last African American veteran. Served at Yorktown and Brandywine. Awarded Gold Medal of Valor.
  • Lemuel Cook (1759–1866) – Continental Army. Last cavalryman. Served with the 2nd Light Dragoons.
  • Elijah Churchill (1755–1841) – Continental Army. Last Badge of Military Merit recipient.
  • William Richardson (1765–1873) – Claimed to have served in an Ohio militia and in a Continental Line.

American Indian Wars (1775–1924)

Main article: American Indian Wars

Shays' Rebellion (1786–1787)

Main article: Shays' Rebellion

Whiskey Rebellion (1791–1794)

Main article: Whiskey Rebellion

19th century

War of 1812 (1812–1815)

Main article: War of 1812
Hiram Cronk (1800–1905), the last surviving veteran of the War of 1812.

Toledo War (1835–1836)

Main article: Toledo War
  • Lewis W. Pearl (1815–1914) – Michigan State Militia. Later served in the Mexican-American War and the Civil War.

Texas Revolution (1835–1836)

Main article: Texas Revolution

Dorr Rebellion (1841–1842)

Main article: Dorr Rebellion
  • Wanton Briggs (1821–1923) – Rhode Island State Militia. Last "Charterite".

Bear Flag Revolt (1846)

Main article: California Republic § Bear Flag Revolt

Mexican–American War (1846–1848)

Main article: Mexican–American War
Owen Thomas Edgar (1831–1929), the last surviving U.S. veteran of the Mexican–American War.

Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861)

Main article: Bleeding Kansas

American Civil War (1861–1865)

Main articles: American Civil War and Last surviving Confederate veterans

Korean Expedition (1871)

Main article: United States expedition to Korea

Spanish–American War (1898)

Main article: Spanish–American War

Second Samoan Civil War (1898–99)

Main article: Second Samoan Civil War

Banana Wars (1898–1934)

Main article: Banana Wars

Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901)

Main article: Boxer Rebellion

Philippine–American War (1899–1902)

Main article: Philippine–American War

20th century

Border War (1910–1919)

Main article: Border War (1910–19)
  • Samuel Goldberg (1900–2006) – U.S. Cavalry.

World War I (1914–1918)

Main article: World War I Main article: List of last surviving World War I veterans
Frank Buckles (1901–2011), shown here in this recruitment photo, was the last verified American soldier to have served in World War I.

Pancho Villa Expedition (1916–1917)

Main article: Pancho Villa Expedition

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (1918–1925)

Main article: Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

American and other Allied forces were involved in the Polar Bear Expedition which began during World War I and continued into the Russian Civil War

Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

Main article: Spanish Civil War

World War II (1939–1945)

Main article: World War II See also: List of last surviving veterans of World War II
Richard E. Cole (1915–2019), shown second-from-right in this 1942 photograph, was a World War II veteran and the last living participant of the Doolittle Raid.

Korean War (1950–1953)

Main article: Korean War

See also

Notes

  1. Conter, an enlisted U.S. Navy sailor, is the last survivor of the sinking of the USS Arizona. The last survivor of the ship's Marine Detachment was Lamar Crawford (1920–2011). The last surviving commissioned officer was Joseph Langdell (1914–2015).
  2. Williams was also the last surviving Marine recipient. The last surviving Army Medal of Honor recipient was Charles Coolidge (1921–2021). Coolidge was also the last surviving recipient who had been awarded the medal during the war.
  3. Freeman was an enlisted soldier. The last surviving commissioned officer of Easy Company was Edward Shames (1922–2021).

References

  1. "Man For Whom Murphy's Bottom Name Last Survivor of Lord Dunmore's War". Simpson's Leader-Times. 1973. p. 22. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  2. Green, Samuel Abbott (1893). Groton Historical Series: A Collection of Papers Relating to the History of the Town of Groton, Massachusetts. Vol. 3. S. A. Green. p. 367. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  3. Belknap, Jeremy; Farmer, John (1831). The History of New Hampshire. Vol. 1. S. C. Stevens and Ela & Wadleigh. p. 209. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  4. Cotton, Josh (July 22, 2017). "Colonial Intrigue: It's possible that the last surviving veteran of the French & Indian War is buried in Warren". www.timesobserver.com. The Times Observer. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  5. The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for the Year 1844. Vol. 15. Gray and Bowen. 1843. p. 328. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  6. Niles' national register, Volume 61. Cambridge: Harvard University. 1841. p. 192.
  7. Heitman, Francis Bernard (1982). Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution, April, 1775, to December, 1783. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN 978-0-8063-0176-1.(quoting the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Pensions for 1874: "With the death of Daniel T. Bakeman, of Freedom, Cattaraugus County, N.Y., April 5, 1869, the last of the pensioned soldiers of the Revolution passed away.")
  8. Dalzell, James McCormick; Gray, John (1868). Private Dalzell, his autobiography, poems, and comic war papers, sketch of John Gray, Washington's last soldier, etc. R. Clarke. p. 189.
  9. Franck, Michael S. (1996). Elmwood Endures: History of a Detroit Cemetery. Wayne State University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780814325919.
  10. Zaniewski, Ann (May 27, 2019). "151 years after death, enslaved Revolutionary War vet honored in Detroit". Detroit Free Press.
  11. Layton, Andrew (June 23, 2019). "African-American Revolutionary War hero's legacy of diversity honored at Detroit gravestone dedication". Defense Visual Information Distribution Service.
  12. Pitts, Jonathan M. (June 21, 2019). "Twice denied the freedom he'd fought for, black Revolutionary War hero from Maryland to be honored at last". Baltimore Sun.
  13. Henderson, Frank D.; Rea, John R.; Dailey, Jane Dowd (1929). The official roster of the soldiers of the American revolution buried in the state of Ohio. F. J. Heering Printing Co. p. 307.
  14. Longardner, Caroline Wells (June 27, 2021). "Memorial Grave Marking Service for PATRIOT WILLIAM RICHARDSON". The West Bend News. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  15. "LAST VET OF INDIAN WARS DIES AT AGE 101". Chicago Tribune. June 17, 1973.
  16. Chicago Corral of the Westerners (1965). Westerners brand book, Volumes 22–25. Siedlce. p. 24.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. "John Daw". Genealogy Trails. 2006. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  18. Hopkins, John Christian (March 11, 2006). "129 years after Little Big Horn". Gallup Independent. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
  19. Lawson, Michael L.; Rosier, Paul C. (2007). Little Bighorn: Winning the Battle, Losing the War. Infobase Publishing. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-7910-9347-4.
  20. Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol. 36 (3 ed.). Oregon Historical Society. 1935. pp. 299–304. JSTOR 20610950.
  21. Pipes, Nellie B. (1939). Oregon Historical Quarterly. Vol. 40 (3 ed.). Oregon Historical Society. pp. 297–301. JSTOR 20611203.
  22. "DEATH OF THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE BLACK HAWK WAR". Vol. 14. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 1922.
  23. Pierce, Frederick Clifton (1895). Whitney. The descendants of John Whitney, who came from London, England, to Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1635. Press of W. B. Conkey Co. p. 153. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  24. "Local Intelligence". Intelligencer Journal. August 23, 1870. p. 2. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  25. Henley, Benjamin James (1911). The art of longevity ... Syracuse: New Warner Co. pp. 205–208.
  26. Evans, Clay Henry (1898). "The Pension Problem". Munsey's Magazine. Vol. 19. Frank A. Munsey & Company. p. 698. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
  27. "Society of the War of 1812". The Colonial Magazine. Vol. 1. Bosworth, Hyde & Hyde. 1895. p. 93. Retrieved August 4, 2019.
  28. "Oldest Ranking Officer". National Tribune. May 23, 1907. p. 6. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  29. Rosentreter, Roger (2003). Michigan's Early Military Forces. U. of Wayne State P. p. 278. ISBN 0814330819. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  30. Blake, Robert Bruce. "ZUBER, WILLIAM PHYSICK". Texas State Historical Society. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  31. "William P. Zuber to Ben. E McCulloch Describing events at San Jacinto". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  32. "Last Survivor of Dorr War". The Boston Globe. December 24, 1922. p. 45. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  33. "Oldest Voter in State, 101, And 49er, Is Buried". The Hartford Daily Courant. p. 3. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  34. Bañes, Lanz Christian (2009). "Vallejo author uncovers the story of Bear Flag Revolt hero John Grider". Times-Herald. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  35. "Searching for John Grider, an African American Bear Flag Veteran". Blackpast.org. April 20, 2010. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  36. Associated Press (September 1929). "Mexican War's Last Survivor, 98, is Dead". The Dallas Morning News.
  37. "Father Time's Roll Call". The American Legion Monthly. Vol. 7, no. 3. Legion Publishing Corporation. 1929. p. 32.
  38. "Next To Last Mexico War Veteran Dead". Reading Times. June 17, 1929. p. 3. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  39. ^ Hoar, Jay S. (2007). The North's Last Boys in Blue. Vol. 2. Higginson Book Co. ISBN 978-0-7404-5907-8.
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