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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Taxobox
{{Redirect2|Vendayam|Vendhayam|the 2011 film|Vengayam}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Fenugreek | name = Fenugreek
| image = Illustration Trigonella foenum-graecum0 clean.jpg | image = Illustration Trigonella foenum-graecum0 clean.jpg
| taxon = Trigonella foenum-graecum
| image_width = 150px
| authority = ]<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date=2008-03-13}}</ref>
| Common name: Methi, Fenugreek, Alhova, Bird's Foot, Greek Clover, Greek Hay.
| Parts used: Seeds, Leaves.
| regnum = ]ae
| divisio = ]
| classis = ]
| ordo = ]
| familia = ]
| genus = '']''
| species = '''''T. foenum-graecum'''''
| binomial = ''Trigonella foenum-graecum''
| binomial_authority = ]<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?40421
|title=Trigonella foenum-graecum information from NPGS/GRIN
|publisher=www.ars-grin.gov
|accessdate=2008-03-13
|last=
|first=
}} }}
]
</ref>

}}
'''Fenugreek''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɛ|nj|ʊ|ɡ|r|iː|k}}; '''''Trigonella foenum-graecum''''') is an annual plant in the family ], with leaves consisting of three small ] leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the ], and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Herbs |date=2009 |isbn=9781604691344 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 |access-date=10 May 2021 |last1=Debaggio |first1=Thomas |last2=Tucker |first2=Arthur O. |publisher=Timber Press |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702043535/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KPgxEglHAC&q=fenugreek+Egyptians&pg=PA321 |url-status=live }}</ref> Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web |title=Fenugreek |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/fenugreek.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=11 May 2024 |date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
{{indicText}}

'''Fenugreek''' (''Trigonella foenum-graecum'') is a plant in the family ]. Fenugreek is used both as a ] (the leaves) and as a ] (the ]). It is cultivated worldwide as a semi-arid crop. It is frequently used in ].
Although a common ],<ref name=nccih/> there is no ] that fenugreek has therapeutic properties.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek|title=Fenugreek|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine|access-date=11 May 2024|date=1 August 2020}}</ref> Commonly used in ], fenugreek can increase the risk of serious ]s, including ]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>


==History== ==History==
The name "]" or ''foenum-graecum'' is from ] for "Greek hay". The ] name is Methya (मेथ्या). The ] name is "menthya" (ಮೆಂತ್ಯ). The ] name for it is "Vendayam" (வெந்தயம்). The ] name for it is "Menthulu" (మెంతులు). The ] name is "Uluva" (ഉലുവ).In Sinhala it is called Uluhaal (උළුහාල්). (In ],], ], ] and ] it is called ''Methi'' (मेथी) (Urdu: ''میتھی''). In Persian it is Shanbalîleh (شنبليله), and in Arabic its name is Hilbeh (حلبة). The ] borrows the term ''halba'' from Arabic. The plant's similarity to wild clover has likely spawned its Swedish name, "bockhornsklöver" as well as in German - "Bockshornklee" , literally meaning 'ram's horn clover'. Zohary and Hopf note that it is not yet certain which wild strain of the genus ''Trigonella'' gave rise to the domesticated fenugreek but believe it was brought into cultivation in the ]. Charred fenugreek seeds have been recovered from ], ], (] to 4000 BC) and ] levels of ], as well as desiccated seeds from the ] of ].<ref>Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, ''Domestication of plants in the Old World'', third edition (Oxford: ], 2000), p. 122.</ref> ] lists fenugreek with ] and ] as crops grown to feed cattle ('']'', 27). Fenugreek is believed to have been brought into cultivation in the ]. It is uncertain which wild strain of the genus ''Trigonella'' gave rise to domesticated fenugreek. Charred fenugreek seeds have been recovered from Tell Halal, ] (] to 4000&nbsp;BC) and ] levels of ], and desiccated seeds from the ] of ].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2=Maria |last2=Hopf |first3=Ehud |last3=Weiss |title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |edition=4th |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |page=122 }}</ref> ] lists fenugreek with ] and ] as crops grown to feed cattle.<ref>{{cite book |title= De Agri Cultura |page=27 |author= Cato the Elder|title-link=De Agri Cultura |author-link=Cato the Elder }}</ref>

In one first-century A.D. recipe, the Romans flavoured wine with fenugreek.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Curry A |date=February 2010 |title=A 9,000-Year Love Affair |journal=National Geographic |volume=231 |issue=2 |page=46}}</ref> In the 1st century AD, in ], it was grown as a ], as ] mentions in his book, the '']''.<ref>Josephus, ''De Bello Judaico'', book 3, chapter 7, vs. 29. The prepared relish made from ground fenugreek seeds is very slimy and slippery, and was therefore poured over ladders as a stratagem to prevent the enemy's ascent.</ref> The plant is mentioned in the 2nd-century compendium of Jewish Oral Law (]) under its Hebrew name ''tiltan''.<ref>Commentators ] and ] on Mishnah '']'' 2:5; '']'' 10:5; '']'' 3:6; ''ibid''. 10:6; '']'' 1:3, ''ibid''. 4:6; '']'' 2:2–3; '']'' 2:6.</ref>

==Etymology==
The English name derives via Middle French ''fenugrec'' from ] ''faenugraecum'', ''faenum Graecum'' meaning "Greek hay".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=fenugreek|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en|access-date=2017-02-07|archive-date=2016-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005645/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=fenugreek|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Production== ==Production==
], and over 80% of India's output is from the state of ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Organic Spices|editor=V. A. Parthasarathy, K. Kandinnan and V. Srinivasan|article=Fenugreek|pages=694|publisher=New India Publishing Agencies}}</ref>


==Uses==
Major fenugreek producing countries are ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. While India is the largest producer in the World. In ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] are the major fenugreek producing states. While ] has maximum area and production of about more than 80% of India's total production, the Qasoori Methi, more popular for its appetizing fragrance, comes from Qasur, ], and regions irrigated by Sutlej River, in Indian and Pakistani states of ]. (sources: ] PhD, Arizona, DASD 2007) <ref>{{cite book|title=Organic Spices|editor=V. A. Parthasarathy, K. Kandinnan and V. Srinivasan|article=Fenugreek|pages=694|publisher=New India Publishing Agenies}}</ref> & <ref> </ref>
]


Fenugreek is used as a ]<!-- "a herb" is British English ---> (dried or fresh leaves), ] (seeds), and vegetable (fresh leaves, ], and ]). ] is the chemical responsible for the distinctive ] smell of fenugreek.<ref name=pubchem/><ref name=drugs/>
==Use==
===Cuisine===
The ] yellow to amber coloured fenugreek seed, commonly called ''maithray'', is frequently used in the preparation of ], ]s, and ], and is often encountered in the ] of the ]. The young ] and ] of fenugreek are eaten as ], and the fresh or dried leaves are used to flavour other dishes. The dried leaves (called ''kasturi methi'') have a bitter taste and a strong characteristic smell.


], yellow- to amber-coloured fenugreek seeds are frequently encountered in the ], used both whole and powdered in the preparation of ], vegetable dishes, ], and spice mixes such as '']'' and ] powder. They are often roasted to reduce inherent bitterness and to enhance flavour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/fenugreek|title=BBC - Food - Fenugreek recipes|access-date=2017-02-07|archive-date=2017-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118063645/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/fenugreek|url-status=live}}</ref>
Fenugreek green is a very popular curry cooked in the major sub-continental region of India and Pakistan, usually together with potatoes and/or spinach, and eaten with Roti or Naan (tortiya) and/or rice. It is usually eaten boiled in China, and central and Western Asia.


=== Cooking ===
In ], fenugreek seeds are mixed with ] and used as a conditioner for hair. It is one of the three ingredients of '']'' and '']''. It is also one of the ingredients in the making of '']'', a type of bread. It is used in ]/taita, a type of bread unique to ] and ] cuisine. The word for fenugreek in ] is ''abesh'', and the seed is reportedly also often used in ] as a natural herbal medicine in the treatment of ]. It is also sometimes used as an ingredient in the production of ] (Amharic: ''qibé'', Ethiopian and Eritrean ]: ''tesme''), which is similar to Indian '']''. In ], fenugreek gives its name, ''çemen'', to a hot paste used in '']''. The same paste is used in ] for the same purpose. The ] word ''hulba'' حلبة (''Helba'' in Egypt) for the seed resembles its ] counterpart ''hu lu ba''. In ] it is the main condiment and an ingredient added to the national dish called '']''. Fenugreek, or ''shanbalîleh'' شنبليله in ], is also one of four herbs used for the ]ian ] '']''.
{{Cookbook|Fenugreek}}{{refimprove|section|date=July 2018}}


Fresh fenugreek leaves are an ingredient in some ], such as with potatoes in ] to make "aloo methi" ("potato fenugreek") curry.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501779/ |title=Fenugreek |date=2021-08-16 |publisher=National Library of Medicine (US) |language=en |pmid=30000838 |access-date=2022-06-07 |archive-date=2022-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521191832/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501779/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In ], fenugreek seeds are prepared as ], by being boiled then sweetened. This is a popular winter drink served in coffee shops. In other parts of the Middle East fenugreek is used in a variety of sweet confections. A cake dessert known as Helba in the Islamic world is a tasty treat during Islamic holidays. This is a semolina cake covered in sugar or maple-like syrup, and sprinkled with fenugreek seeds on top.


In ], fenugreek seed powder is used to make a paste that is an important ingredient to cover dried and cured beef to make ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wani |first1=Sajad Ahmad |last2=Kumar |first2=Pradyuman |date=2018-04-01 |title=Fenugreek: A review on its nutraceutical properties and utilization in various food products |journal=Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=97–106 |doi=10.1016/j.jssas.2016.01.007 |issn=1658-077X|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Jews customarily eat fenugreek during the meal of the first and/or second night of ] (The New Year). Its Aramaic name רוביא sounds like the word for "increase"; it is eaten with a prayer "that our merits increase." <ref>Keritot 6a; Horiyot 12a; Rabbenu Nissim at the end of Rosh Hashana, citing the custom of R Hai Gaon. This follows Rashi's translation of רוביא, cited as authoritative by Tur and Shulchan Aruch OC 583:1. But Avudraham interprets רוביא as black-eyed peas.</ref> Yemenite Jews often prepare a foamy substance from fenugreek seeds that they add to soups.


In ], fenugreek leaves are called ''shambalileh''. They are one of several greens incorporated into the herb stew '']'', the herb frittata ] and a soup known as ''eshkeneh''.
In ], fenugreek seeds are used as one of the ingredients in a traditional spice mixture called ''sharena sol'' (шарена сол).


In ], a related species—'']'' called "blue fenugreek"—is used.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trigonella caerulea Sweet Trefoil, Blue fenugreek PFAF Plant Database |url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trigonella+caerulea |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=pfaf.org |archive-date=2022-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607094652/https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Trigonella+caerulea |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the ], where ] is popular but expensive, fenugreek is widely used in lower-cost syrup products as a maple syrup flavoring such as Mapleine.


In ], fenugreek is known by the Arabic name ''hilba'' or ''helba'' حلبة. Seeds are boiled to make a drink that is consumed at home, as well as in coffee shops. ] in ] add fenugreek seeds and ] to their pita bread to produce '']'', a staple of their diet. Basterma, a cured dried beef, has its distinctive flavour from the fenugreek used as a coating.
===Lactation===
Fenugreek seeds are a ] that is often used to increase milk supply in lactating women.<ref>{{Citation
| first = Caroline J.
| last = Chantry
| first2 = Cynthia R.
| last2 = Howard
| first3 = Anne
| last3 = Montgomery
| first4 = Nancy
| last4 = Wight
| title = Use of galactogogues in initiating or augmenting maternal milk supply
| year = 2004
| publisher = The Academy Of Breastfeeding Medicine
| url = http://www.bfmed.org/ace-files/protocol/prot9galactogoguesEnglish.pdf
| format = {{Dead link|date=February 2009}} &ndash; <sup></sup>
}}</ref> Because the maple syrup-like flavor is strong and not always liked, the seeds are ground to a powder and administered in ]. Many lactating women who take fenugreek in the quantities required to increase their milk supply notice that their skin exudes a distinct "maple syrup" odor.


In the same way in ] fenugreek seed powder, called 'çemen', is used to make a paste with paprika powder and garlic to cover dried and cured beef in making ]. (Its name comes from the Turkish verb 'bastırmak', meaning 'to press').
==Seeds==
]


In ], fenugreek is used in ], a dish associated with the countryside.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Idrissi|first=Abdelbaar Mounadi|date=2018-12-18|title=Anny Gaul: "The Cuisine of the City of Tetouan"|url=https://legation.org/anny-gaul-the-cuisine-of-the-city-of-tetouan/|access-date=2021-10-28|website=Tangier American Legation Museum|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519093252/https://legation.org/anny-gaul-the-cuisine-of-the-city-of-tetouan/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Fenugreek seeds are a rich source of the ] ]. They are also a source of ]s such as ], ], ], ], and ]s. Other bioactive constituents of fenugreek include ], ]s, and ]s such as ] and ].


Fenugreek is used in ] and ] cuisine.<ref name="ethnomed">{{Cite web | first=Alevtina | last=Gall | author2=Zerihun Shenkute | title=Ethiopian Traditional and Herbal Medications and their Interactions with Conventional Drugs | url=http://ethnomed.org/clinical/pharmacy/ethiopian-herb-drug-interactions | work=EthnoMed | publisher=] | date=November 3, 2009 | access-date=January 27, 2011 | archive-date=March 19, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319012225/http://ethnomed.org/clinical/pharmacy/ethiopian-herb-drug-interactions | url-status=live }}</ref> The word for fenugreek in ] is ''abesh'' (or ''abish''), and the seed is used in Ethiopia as a natural herbal medicine in the treatment of ].<ref name="ethnomed" />
Fenugreek seeds are used as and herb in ] under the name Hu Lu Ba. In TCM it warms and tonifies kidneys, disperses cold and alleviates pain. Main indications are cold ], pain in the groin. It's used raw or toasted.


] following the interpretation of Rabbi ] (Rashi) believe fenugreek, which they call '']'', ''hilbeh, hilba, helba'', or'' halba'' "חילבה", to be the Talmudic ''rubia''.{{cn|date=June 2022}} When the seed kernels are ground and mixed with water they greatly expand; ], turmeric and lemon juice are added to produce a frothy relish eaten with a ]. The relish is also called ''hilbeh''; it is reminiscent of curry.{{cn|date=June 2022}} It is eaten daily and ceremonially during the meal of the first and/or second night of the Jewish New Year, ].<ref>This is based on the assumption that the Aramaic name רוביא corresponds to it. (Karetot 6a; Horiyot 12a) Rabbenu Nissim at the end of Rosh Hashana, citing the custom of R Hai Gaon. This follows Rashi's translation of רוביא, cited as authoritative by Tur and Shulchan Aruch OC 583:1. But ] interprets רוביא as black-eyed peas.</ref>
Fenugreek is frequently used in the production of ] for artificial ]s. The taste of toasted fenugreek, like ], is additionally based on ] ]s. By itself, fenugreek has a ] taste.


In ], a small amount of Oud Al Hilba (عود الحلبة), which appears to be the same as ], is traditionally added to ground Fenugreek seeds before they are mixed with water to prepare the ] paste. This is believed to aid in digestion and more importantly to prevent or lessen the maple-syrup smell that usually occurs when consuming fenugreek.
In the ] fenugreek is known as ''halba'' (from the ]). The seeds are often included in the preparation of a traditional dessert called ''butir nangka'', which is very popular around ].


===Nutritional profile===
Fenugreek seed is widely used as a ] (milk producing agent) by nursing mothers to increase inadequate ] supply. Studies have shown that fenugreek is a potent stimulator of breastmilk production and its use was associated with increases in milk production of as much as 900%.<ref></ref> It can be found in capsule form in many health food stores.<ref></ref>
{{Infobox nutritional value
| name = Fenugreek seed
| kJ = 1352
| water = 8.8 g
| protein = 23 g
| fat = 6.4 g
| carbs = 58 g
| fiber = 25 g
| calcium_mg = 176
| iron_mg = 34
| magnesium_mg = 191
| phosphorus_mg = 296
| potassium_mg = 770
| sodium_mg = 67
| zinc_mg = 2.5
| manganese_mg = 1.23
| vitC_mg = 3
| thiamin_mg = 0.322
| riboflavin_mg = 0.366
| niacin_mg = 1.64
| vitB6_mg = 0.6
| folate_ug = 57
| source_usda = 1
| note =
}}


In a 100 gram reference amount, fenugreek seeds provide {{convert|323|kcal|kJ|order=flip}} of ] and contain 9% water, 58% ]s, 23% ], and 6% ]. Fenugreek seeds provide ] at 14% of the ] (DV, table).{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} Fenugreek seeds (per 100&nbsp;grams) are a rich source of protein (46% DV), ], ], and ], particularly ] (59% DV) and ] (262% DV) (table).
Supplements of fenugreek seeds were shown to lower ], ], and low-density ] in human patients and experimental models of ] and ] , although the benefits of lowering serum cholesterol in and of itself is controversial (see ]){{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}. Several human intervention trials demonstrated that the antidiabetic effects of fenugreek seeds ameliorate most metabolic symptoms associated with ] and ] diabetes in both humans and relevant animal models by reducing serum glucose and improving glucose tolerance.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2194788 Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids in type I diabetes</ref> Fenugreek is currently available commercially in encapsulated forms and is being prescribed as dietary supplements for the control of hypercholesterolemia and diabetes by practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine.


===Dietary supplement===
==News==
Fenugreek ]s are manufactured from powdered seeds into ], loose powders, teas, and liquid ]s in many countries.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/> There is no high-quality evidence that these products have any clinical effectiveness.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>
In February 2009, the ] factory in ], United States, was discovered to be the source of a ]-like smell that had wafted throughout ] intermittently since 2005. The odor was found to be an ] associated with fenugreek seed processing. No health risks have been found.<ref> ''abclocal.go.com'' </ref>

===Animal feed===
Fenugreek is sometimes used as animal feed. It provides a green fodder palatable to ruminants. The seeds are also used to feed fish and domestic rabbits.<ref>Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2018. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/242 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328231329/https://www.feedipedia.org/node/242 |date=2018-03-28 }}</ref>

===Food additive===
Fenugreek seeds and leaves contain the molecule ], which imparts the ] of fenugreek and curry in high concentrations, and ] or ] in lower concentrations.<ref name=drugs/><ref name="pubchem">{{cite web|title=3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one; CID=62835|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sotolone|publisher=PubChem, US National Library of Medicine|date=3 March 2019|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615210917/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sotolone|url-status=live}}</ref> Fenugreek is used as a flavoring agent in imitation maple syrup or tea, and as a ].<ref name=nccih/>

==Research==
Constituents of fenugreek seeds include ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, and ]s; the most prevalent alkaloid is ] and coumarins include ] and ].<ref name=Tox2016>{{cite journal|last1=Ouzir|first1=M|last2=El Bairi|first2=K|last3=Amzazi|first3=S|title=Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology|year= 2016|volume=96|pages=145–54|pmid=27498339|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.003}}</ref> Research into whether fenugreek reduces ] in people with ] and with pre-diabetic conditions is of limited quality.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gong|first1=J|last2=Fang|first2=K|last3=Dong|first3=H|last4=Wang|first4=D|last5=Hu|first5=M|last6=Lu|first6=F|title=Effect of Fenugreek on Hyperglycaemia and Hyperlipidemia in Diabetes and Prediabetes: a Meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|volume=194|pages=260–268|date=2 August 2016|pmid=27496582|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.003}}</ref>

As of 2023, there was no high-quality evidence for whether fenugreek is safe and effective in relieving ]<ref name=drugs/><ref name="patt">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|title=Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea|year=2016|volume=2016|page=CD002124|pmid=27000311|last1=Pattanittum|first1=Porjai|last2=Kunyanone|first2=Naowarat|last3=Brown|first3=Julie|last4=Sangkomkamhang|first4=Ussanee S|last5=Barnes|first5=Joanne|last6=Seyfoddin|first6=Vahid|last7=Marjoribanks|first7=Jane|issue=3|pmc=7387104}}</ref> or improving ] during ].<ref name="foong">{{cite journal | last1=Foong | first1=Siew Cheng | last2=Tan | first2=May Loong | last3=Foong | first3=Wai Cheng | last4=Marasco | first4=Lisa A | last5=Ho | first5=Jacqueline J | last6=Ong | first6=Joo Howe | title=Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants | journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume=2020 | issue=5 | date=2020-05-18 | pages=CD011505 | issn=1465-1858 | pmid=32421208 | pmc=7388198 | doi=10.1002/14651858.cd011505.pub2}}</ref> Studies of fenugreek are characterized as having variable, poor ] and quality, including small numbers of subjects, failure to describe methods, inconsistency and duration of dosing, and non-recording of ]s.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/><ref name=patt/><ref name=foong/>

Because research on the potential biological effects of consuming fenugreek has provided no ], fenugreek is not approved or recommended for clinical use by the United States ].<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/>

==Traditional medicine==
Although once a ] for an insufficient milk supply when nursing, there is no good evidence that fenugreek is effective or safe for this use.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/><ref name=foong/> There is no good evidence it is useful in traditional practices for treating ], ], ], or any human disorder.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/><ref name=patt/>

==Adverse effects and allergies==
The use of fenugreek has the potential for serious adverse effects, as it may be unsafe for women with hormone-sensitive cancers.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/> Fenugreek is not safe for use during pregnancy, as it has possible ] effects and may induce ] ]s.<ref name="Tox2016" /><ref name=drugs/>

Some people are ] to fenugreek, including those with ] or ] allergy.<ref name=Tox2016/><ref name=drugs/> Fenugreek seeds can cause ], ], ], ] and perspiration, and impart a maple-like smell to sweat, urine or breast milk.<ref name=Tox2016/><ref name=drugs/><ref name=nccih/> There is a risk of ] particularly in people with diabetes, and it may interfere with the activity of ]s.<ref name=Tox2016/><ref name=drugs/> Because of the high content of ]-like compounds in fenugreek, it may interfere with the activity and dosing of ] and ].<ref name=Tox2016/><ref name=drugs/>

Fenugreek sprouts, cultivated from a single specific batch of seeds imported from Egypt into Germany in 2009, were implicated as the source of the ] of ] in Germany and France.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/07/e-coli-3-years/ | magazine=Wired | first=Maryn | last=McKenna | title=E. coli: A Risk for 3 More Years From Who Knows Where | date=2011-07-07}}</ref> Identification of a common producer and a single batch of fenugreek seeds was evidence for the origin of the outbreaks.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=3|last1=King|first1=L. A.|last2=Nogareda|first2=F.|last3=Weill|first3=F.-X.|last4=Mariani-Kurkdjian|first4=P.|last5=Loukiadis|first5=E.|last6=Gault|first6=G.|last7=Jourdan-DaSilva|first7=N.|last8=Bingen|first8=E.|last9=Mace|first9=M.|last10=Thevenot|first10=D.|last11=Ong|first11=N.|last12=Castor|first12=C.|last13=Noel|first13=H.|last14=Van Cauteren|first14=D.|last15=Charron|first15=M.|last16=Vaillant|first16=V.|last17=Aldabe|first17=B.|last18=Goulet|first18=V.|last19=Delmas|first19=G.|last20=Couturier|first20=E.|last21=Le Strat|first21=Y.|last22=Combe|first22=C.|last23=Delmas|first23=Y.|last24=Terrier|first24=F.|last25=Vendrely|first25=B.|last26=Rolland|first26=P.|last27=de Valk|first27=H.|title=Outbreak of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 Associated With Organic Fenugreek Sprouts, France, June 2011|journal=]|volume=54|issue=11|year=2012|pages=1588–1594|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1093/cid/cis255|pmid=22460976|doi-access=free}}</ref>


==References== ==References==
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== External links == == External links ==
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*http://www.kellymom.com/herbal/milksupply/fenugreek.html
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Latest revision as of 19:15, 30 November 2024

Species of flowering plant "Vendayam" and "Vendhayam" redirect here. For the 2011 film, see Vengayam.

Fenugreek
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Trigonella
Species: T. foenum-graecum
Binomial name
Trigonella foenum-graecum
L.
Fenugreek greens

Fenugreek (/ˈfɛnjʊɡriːk/; Trigonella foenum-graecum) is an annual plant in the family Fabaceae, with leaves consisting of three small obovate to oblong leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the Indian subcontinent, and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times. Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.

Although a common dietary supplement, there is no significant clinical evidence that fenugreek has therapeutic properties. Commonly used in traditional medicine, fenugreek can increase the risk of serious adverse effects, including allergic reactions.

History

Fenugreek is believed to have been brought into cultivation in the Near East. It is uncertain which wild strain of the genus Trigonella gave rise to domesticated fenugreek. Charred fenugreek seeds have been recovered from Tell Halal, Iraq (carbon dated to 4000 BC) and Bronze Age levels of Lachish, and desiccated seeds from the tomb of Tutankhamen. Cato the Elder lists fenugreek with clover and vetch as crops grown to feed cattle.

In one first-century A.D. recipe, the Romans flavoured wine with fenugreek. In the 1st century AD, in Galilee, it was grown as a staple food, as Josephus mentions in his book, the Wars of the Jews. The plant is mentioned in the 2nd-century compendium of Jewish Oral Law (Mishnah) under its Hebrew name tiltan.

Etymology

The English name derives via Middle French fenugrec from Latin faenugraecum, faenum Graecum meaning "Greek hay".

Production

India is a major producer of fenugreek, and over 80% of India's output is from the state of Rajasthan.

Uses

Fenugreek seeds

Fenugreek is used as a herb (dried or fresh leaves), spice (seeds), and vegetable (fresh leaves, sprouts, and microgreens). Sotolon is the chemical responsible for the distinctive maple syrup smell of fenugreek.

Cuboid, yellow- to amber-coloured fenugreek seeds are frequently encountered in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent, used both whole and powdered in the preparation of pickles, vegetable dishes, dal, and spice mixes such as panch phoron and sambar powder. They are often roasted to reduce inherent bitterness and to enhance flavour.

Cooking

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Fresh fenugreek leaves are an ingredient in some curries, such as with potatoes in cuisines of the Indian subcontinent to make "aloo methi" ("potato fenugreek") curry.

In Armenian cuisine, fenugreek seed powder is used to make a paste that is an important ingredient to cover dried and cured beef to make basturma.

In Iranian cuisine, fenugreek leaves are called shambalileh. They are one of several greens incorporated into the herb stew ghormeh sabzi, the herb frittata kuku sabzi and a soup known as eshkeneh.

In Georgian cuisine, a related species—Trigonella caerulea called "blue fenugreek"—is used.

In Egyptian cuisine, fenugreek is known by the Arabic name hilba or helba حلبة. Seeds are boiled to make a drink that is consumed at home, as well as in coffee shops. Peasants in Upper Egypt add fenugreek seeds and maize to their pita bread to produce aish merahrah, a staple of their diet. Basterma, a cured dried beef, has its distinctive flavour from the fenugreek used as a coating.

In the same way in Turkish cuisine fenugreek seed powder, called 'çemen', is used to make a paste with paprika powder and garlic to cover dried and cured beef in making pastirma/basturma. (Its name comes from the Turkish verb 'bastırmak', meaning 'to press').

In Moroccan cuisine, fenugreek is used in Rfissa, a dish associated with the countryside.

Fenugreek is used in Eritrean and Ethiopian cuisine. The word for fenugreek in Amharic is abesh (or abish), and the seed is used in Ethiopia as a natural herbal medicine in the treatment of diabetes.

Yemenite Jews following the interpretation of Rabbi Shelomo Yitzchak (Rashi) believe fenugreek, which they call hilbah, hilbeh, hilba, helba, or halba "חילבה", to be the Talmudic rubia. When the seed kernels are ground and mixed with water they greatly expand; hot spices, turmeric and lemon juice are added to produce a frothy relish eaten with a sop. The relish is also called hilbeh; it is reminiscent of curry. It is eaten daily and ceremonially during the meal of the first and/or second night of the Jewish New Year, Rosh Hashana.

In Yemen, a small amount of Oud Al Hilba (عود الحلبة), which appears to be the same as Ashwagandha, is traditionally added to ground Fenugreek seeds before they are mixed with water to prepare the Hulbah paste. This is believed to aid in digestion and more importantly to prevent or lessen the maple-syrup smell that usually occurs when consuming fenugreek.

Nutritional profile

Fenugreek seed
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy1,352 kJ (323 kcal)
Carbohydrates58 g
Dietary fiber25 g
Fat6.4 g
Protein23 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity %DV
Thiamine (B1)27% 0.322 mg
Riboflavin (B2)28% 0.366 mg
Niacin (B3)10% 1.64 mg
Vitamin B635% 0.6 mg
Folate (B9)14% 57 μg
Vitamin C3% 3 mg
MineralsQuantity %DV
Calcium14% 176 mg
Iron189% 34 mg
Magnesium45% 191 mg
Manganese53% 1.23 mg
Phosphorus24% 296 mg
Potassium26% 770 mg
Sodium3% 67 mg
Zinc23% 2.5 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water8.8 g
Link to USDA Database entry
Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.

In a 100 gram reference amount, fenugreek seeds provide 1,350 kilojoules (323 kcal) of food energy and contain 9% water, 58% carbohydrates, 23% protein, and 6% fat. Fenugreek seeds provide calcium at 14% of the Daily Value (DV, table). Fenugreek seeds (per 100 grams) are a rich source of protein (46% DV), dietary fiber, B vitamins, and dietary minerals, particularly manganese (59% DV) and iron (262% DV) (table).

Dietary supplement

Fenugreek dietary supplements are manufactured from powdered seeds into capsules, loose powders, teas, and liquid extracts in many countries. There is no high-quality evidence that these products have any clinical effectiveness.

Animal feed

Fenugreek is sometimes used as animal feed. It provides a green fodder palatable to ruminants. The seeds are also used to feed fish and domestic rabbits.

Food additive

Fenugreek seeds and leaves contain the molecule sotolone, which imparts the aroma of fenugreek and curry in high concentrations, and maple syrup or caramel in lower concentrations. Fenugreek is used as a flavoring agent in imitation maple syrup or tea, and as a dietary supplement.

Research

Constituents of fenugreek seeds include flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, vitamins, and saponins; the most prevalent alkaloid is trigonelline and coumarins include cinnamic acid and scopoletin. Research into whether fenugreek reduces biomarkers in people with diabetes and with pre-diabetic conditions is of limited quality.

As of 2023, there was no high-quality evidence for whether fenugreek is safe and effective in relieving dysmenorrhea or improving lactation during breastfeeding. Studies of fenugreek are characterized as having variable, poor experimental design and quality, including small numbers of subjects, failure to describe methods, inconsistency and duration of dosing, and non-recording of adverse effects.

Because research on the potential biological effects of consuming fenugreek has provided no high-quality evidence for health or anti-disease effect, fenugreek is not approved or recommended for clinical use by the United States Food and Drug Administration.

Traditional medicine

Although once a folk remedy for an insufficient milk supply when nursing, there is no good evidence that fenugreek is effective or safe for this use. There is no good evidence it is useful in traditional practices for treating dysmenorrhea, inflammation, diabetes, or any human disorder.

Adverse effects and allergies

The use of fenugreek has the potential for serious adverse effects, as it may be unsafe for women with hormone-sensitive cancers. Fenugreek is not safe for use during pregnancy, as it has possible abortifacient effects and may induce preterm uterine contractions.

Some people are allergic to fenugreek, including those with peanut allergy or chickpea allergy. Fenugreek seeds can cause diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal distention, flatulence and perspiration, and impart a maple-like smell to sweat, urine or breast milk. There is a risk of hypoglycemia particularly in people with diabetes, and it may interfere with the activity of anti-diabetic drugs. Because of the high content of coumarin-like compounds in fenugreek, it may interfere with the activity and dosing of anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs.

Fenugreek sprouts, cultivated from a single specific batch of seeds imported from Egypt into Germany in 2009, were implicated as the source of the 2011 outbreak of Escherichia coli O104:H4 in Germany and France. Identification of a common producer and a single batch of fenugreek seeds was evidence for the origin of the outbreaks.

References

  1. "Trigonella foenum-graecum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  2. Debaggio, Thomas; Tucker, Arthur O. (2009). The Encyclopedia of Herbs. Timber Press. ISBN 9781604691344. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  3. ^ Ouzir, M; El Bairi, K; Amzazi, S (2016). "Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 96: 145–54. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.003. PMID 27498339.
  4. ^ "Fenugreek". Drugs.com. 14 August 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  5. ^ "Fenugreek". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine. 1 August 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  6. Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 122.
  7. Cato the Elder. De Agri Cultura. p. 27.
  8. Curry A (February 2010). "A 9,000-Year Love Affair". National Geographic. 231 (2): 46.
  9. Josephus, De Bello Judaico, book 3, chapter 7, vs. 29. The prepared relish made from ground fenugreek seeds is very slimy and slippery, and was therefore poured over ladders as a stratagem to prevent the enemy's ascent.
  10. Commentators Maimonides and Ovadiah di Bertinoro on Mishnah Kil'ayim 2:5; Terumot 10:5; Orlah 3:6; ibid. 10:6; Ma'aserot 1:3, ibid. 4:6; Ma'aser Sheni 2:2–3; Niddah 2:6.
  11. "Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
  12. V. A. Parthasarathy, K. Kandinnan and V. Srinivasan (ed.). "Fenugreek". Organic Spices. New India Publishing Agencies. p. 694.
  13. ^ "3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one; CID=62835". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 3 March 2019. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  14. "BBC - Food - Fenugreek recipes". Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
  15. Fenugreek. National Library of Medicine (US). 2021-08-16. PMID 30000838. Archived from the original on 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
  16. Wani, Sajad Ahmad; Kumar, Pradyuman (2018-04-01). "Fenugreek: A review on its nutraceutical properties and utilization in various food products". Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 17 (2): 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.jssas.2016.01.007. ISSN 1658-077X.
  17. "Trigonella caerulea Sweet Trefoil, Blue fenugreek PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Archived from the original on 2022-06-07. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
  18. Idrissi, Abdelbaar Mounadi (2018-12-18). "Anny Gaul: "The Cuisine of the City of Tetouan"". Tangier American Legation Museum. Archived from the original on 2022-05-19. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  19. ^ Gall, Alevtina; Zerihun Shenkute (November 3, 2009). "Ethiopian Traditional and Herbal Medications and their Interactions with Conventional Drugs". EthnoMed. University of Washington. Archived from the original on March 19, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  20. This is based on the assumption that the Aramaic name רוביא corresponds to it. (Karetot 6a; Horiyot 12a) Rabbenu Nissim at the end of Rosh Hashana, citing the custom of R Hai Gaon. This follows Rashi's translation of רוביא, cited as authoritative by Tur and Shulchan Aruch OC 583:1. But Abudirham interprets רוביא as black-eyed peas.
  21. United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  22. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  23. Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2018. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/242 Archived 2018-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
  24. Gong, J; Fang, K; Dong, H; Wang, D; Hu, M; Lu, F (2 August 2016). "Effect of Fenugreek on Hyperglycaemia and Hyperlipidemia in Diabetes and Prediabetes: a Meta-analysis". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 194: 260–268. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.003. PMID 27496582.
  25. ^ Pattanittum, Porjai; Kunyanone, Naowarat; Brown, Julie; Sangkomkamhang, Ussanee S; Barnes, Joanne; Seyfoddin, Vahid; Marjoribanks, Jane (2016). "Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (3): CD002124. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002124.pub2. PMC 7387104. PMID 27000311.
  26. ^ Foong, Siew Cheng; Tan, May Loong; Foong, Wai Cheng; Marasco, Lisa A; Ho, Jacqueline J; Ong, Joo Howe (2020-05-18). "Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of non-hospitalised term infants". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (5): CD011505. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011505.pub2. ISSN 1465-1858. PMC 7388198. PMID 32421208.
  27. McKenna, Maryn (2011-07-07). "E. coli: A Risk for 3 More Years From Who Knows Where". Wired.
  28. King, L. A.; Nogareda, F.; Weill, F.-X.; et al. (2012). "Outbreak of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 Associated With Organic Fenugreek Sprouts, France, June 2011". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 54 (11): 1588–1594. doi:10.1093/cid/cis255. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 22460976.

External links

  • The dictionary definition of fenugreek at Wiktionary
Culinary herbs and spices
Herbs
Spices
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Lists
Related topics
Taxon identifiers
Trigonella foenum-graecum
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