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{{short description|British Conservative politician}}
'''Gillian Shephard, Baroness Shephard of Northwold''', ] (born ], ]) is an ] ] politician; she was the ] for ], and a former ].
{{Use British English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = ]
| name = The Baroness Shephard<br>of Northwold
| honorific-suffix = ]
| image = Official portrait of Baroness Shephard of Northwold crop 2.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2018
| office = ], ] ]
| leader = ]
| term_start = 1 June 1998
| term_end = 15 June 1999
| predecessor = ]
| successor = ]
| office1 = ]
| leader1 = ]
| term_start1 = 11 June 1997
| term_end1 = 1 June 1998
| predecessor1 = ]
| successor1 = ]
| office2 = ]
| leader2 = ]
| term_start2 = 11 June 1997
| term_end2 = 1 June 1998
| predecessor2 = ]
| successor2 = ]
| office3 = ] ]
| leader3 = ]
| term_start3 = 2 May 1997
| term_end3 = 11 June 1997
| predecessor3 = ]
| successor3 = ]
| office4 = ] ]{{ref label|aaa|a}}
| primeminister4 = ]
| term_start4 = 20 July 1994
| term_end4 = 2 May 1997
| predecessor4 = ]
| successor4 = ]
| office6 = ]
| primeminister6 = ]
| term_start6 = 27 May 1993
| term_end6 = 20 July 1994
| predecessor6 = ]
| successor6 = ]
| office7 = ]
| primeminister7 = ]
| term_start7 = 10 April 1992
| term_end7 = 27 May 1993
| predecessor7 = ]
| successor7 = ]
| office8 = ] <br /> ]
| term_start8 = 21 June 2005<br /> ]age
| term_end8 =
| office9 = ]<br />for ]
| term_start9 = 11 June 1987
| term_end9 = 11 April 2005
| predecessor9 = ]
| successor9 = ]
| birth_name = Gillian Patricia Watts
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|1|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = ], England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = ]
| spouse = {{marriage|Thomas Shephard|1975}}
| alma_mater = ]
| footnotes = a. {{note|aaa}}Shephard served as Education Secretary from 1994 to 1995. In July 1995, Shephard took over the duties of the former role of ], held by ] until the role was abolished. Shephard then became Education and Employment Secretary.
}}
'''Gillian Patricia Shephard, Baroness Shephard of Northwold''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|size=100%|PC|DL}} (''née'' '''Watts'''; born 22 January 1940), is a British ] politician who was the ] (MP) for ] from 1987 to 2005.<ref name=gillian>{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2122617.stm | title = Gillian Shephard | access-date = 5 December 2010 | date = 17 October 2002 | work = ]}}</ref> Shephard served as a Cabinet Minister, and is now Chairman of the Association of Conservative Peers.


Shephard is currently the chair of the Alumni Association of Oxford University. She was the chair of the Council of the Institute of Education until 2015 and deputy commissioner of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission until 2017.
Born '''Gillian Patricia Watts''', she was educated at Oxford University after which she became a school teacher and a member of Norfolk County Council. She was elected to Parliament in 1987, and became PPS to ] in 1988. She was made Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the ] in 1989, and then in 1990 Minister of State at ]. In 1991 she was given the additional role of Deputy Chairman of the Party.


==Early life and career==
After the ], she was made ], then ] in ]. She moved to ] in ], and stayed at the department when the ] merged into it. She remained in this position until the ].
The daughter of Reginald and Bertha Watts, she was born in ], ], and spent her early years in Mundesley on Sea, her father being a haulier with a small garage. She was educated at ] and ],<ref name=scars>{{cite magazine| url = http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=90634&sectioncode=26 | title = Shephard's scars | access-date = 5 December 2010 | date = 20 September 1996 | magazine = ]}}</ref> where she graduated with an ] in Modern Languages.


She became a schoolteacher and then worked as an Education Inspector for ] from 1963 to 1975. From 1975 to 1977 she worked for ]. She was elected to Parliament in 1987, and became ] to ] in 1988.<ref name=gillian/> She was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the ] in 1989,<ref name=step>{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3664496.stm | title = Shephard plans to step down as MP | access-date = 5 December 2010 | date = 17 September 2004 | work = ]}}</ref> and then in 1990, Minister of State at ].<ref name=list>{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4544507.stm | title = Full list of new life peers | access-date = 5 December 2010 | date = 13 May 2005 | work = ]}}</ref> In 1990, she was given the additional role of Deputy Chairman of the Party.<ref name=step/>
After the defeat of the Conservatives, ] made her Shadow ], and then Shadow ] in ]. She returned to the backbenches in ], and stepped down from the House of Commons at the ].


==Family==
On ], ], it was announced that she would be created a ], and on ], ], the peerage was created as '''Baroness Shephard of Northwold''' (in Norfolk).
She married Thomas Shephard on 27 December 1975. She has two stepsons, including econometrician ] FBA, Professor of Economics and Statistics at ].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}


==Ministerial career==
{{start box}}
]
{{succession box |
After the ], she was appointed ],<ref name="gillian" /> then ] in 1993.<ref name="step" /> She moved to ] in 1994, and stayed at the department when the ] merged into it in 1996.<ref name="step" /> She remained in this position until the ].<ref name="list" />
before=] |

title=] |
Shephard was one of two women promoted to John Major's Cabinet in 1992; the other was ]. The two believed the media was looking for stories of Ministerial "catfights" and made a pact to work together, despite differences in backgrounds and working styles. In an interview, Shephard said, "We said that we would never give anybody the chance to say that we were criticising the other. We would be supportive; end of. And we were."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women of Westminster : the MPs who changed politics|last=Reeves, Rachel, 1979-|isbn=978-1-78831-677-4|location=London|oclc=1084655208|date = 7 March 2019}}</ref>
years=1992&ndash;1993 |

after=]
Shephard provided considerable information regarding her role as Secretary of State for Education in interviews conducted by ] in October 1994 and March 1996 for his book on the agenda for educational reform which the Conservative Party had developed since 1979.<ref>''Radical Educational Policies and Conservative Secretaries of State'', Ribbins, P and Sherratt, B, Cassell, 1997, pp. 200-225.</ref>

==In opposition==
After the defeat of the Conservatives, ] made her ] and later ].<ref name=list/> She returned to the backbenches in 1999<ref name=rubbish>{{cite news| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/hague-was-wrong-to-rubbish-old-guard-says-major-loyalist-707209.html | title = Hague was wrong to rubbish old guard, says Major loyalist | access-date = 5 December 2010 | date = 25 July 2000 | newspaper = ]}}</ref> and stepped down from the House of Commons at the ].<ref name=list/> Her memoirs ''Shephard's Watch: Illusions of Power in British Politics'' were published in 2000.<ref name=rubbish/>

In 2013 following the ], Shephard published a memoir, ''The Real Iron Lady'', of her time working with the former prime minister.<ref name="Shephard2013">{{cite book|author=Gillian Shephard|title=The Real Iron Lady: Working with Margaret Thatcher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQOuAwAAQBAJ|date=18 March 2013|publisher=Biteback Publishing|isbn=978-1-84954-562-4}}</ref>

==Life peerage==
On 13 May 2005 it was announced that she would be created a ],<ref name=giant>{{cite news | url = http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/158/158653_new_peers_make_labour_giant_in_lords.html | title = New peers make Labour giant in Lords | access-date = 5 December 2010 | date = 13 May 2005 | newspaper = ] | archive-date = 12 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121112162852/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/158/158653_new_peers_make_labour_giant_in_lords.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> and on 21 June 2005 the peerage was created as '''Baroness Shephard of Northwold''', of ] in the ].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=57684 |date=24 June 2005 |page=8245}}</ref>

She is currently Chairman of the Association of Conservative Peers.<ref name=courtesy>{{cite news| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3105755.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516225438/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3105755.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = 16 May 2008 | title = All courtesy titles could go in reform of honours | access-date = 5 December 2010 | date = 29 December 2007 | newspaper = ]}}</ref> She was Deputy Chair of the ]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-appointments-to-the-social-mobility-and-child-poverty-commission.|title=New appointments to the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission - GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk}}</ref> until 2017, when she resigned in frustration with Prime Minister ]'s lack of action.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/02/social-mobility-board-quits-due-little-hope-fairer-britain/|title='Little hope of fairer Britain': Theresa May's social mobility tsar quits in frustration as Government focuses on Brexit|last=Harley|first=Nicola|date=2017-12-02|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2020-01-12|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = ]]
|year_adopted = 2006
|coronet = ]
|escutcheon = Quarterly Azure and Or three pairs of ears of barley in pale each pair fesswise leaved and with slips inwards and conjoined all counterchanged.
|supporters = On either side a hare Azure gorged with a coronet attached thereto a chain reflexed over the back Or.<ref>{{cite book|title=Debrett's Peerage |date=2019 |page=4350}}</ref>
|badges = A hare's face Azure in the mouth a pair of ears of wheat fesswise leaved with slips inwards and conjoined Or.
|motto = '''SERVO ERGO SUM'''
|symbolism = These Armorial Bearings reflect rural Norfolk with blue for the Conservative party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theheraldrysociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Sutherland-paper.pdf |publisher=The Heraldry Society |accessdate=30 April 2022 |title=Arms and the Woman}}</ref>
}} }}
{{succession box |
before=] |
title=] |
years=1993&ndash;1994 |
after=]
}}
{{succession box |
before=]'''<br /><small>''Sec. State Education''</small> <hr> ''']'''<br /><small>''Sec. State Employment'''''</small> |
title=]'''<br /><small>''Later '''Sec. State Education and Employment''</small> |
years=1994&ndash;1997 |
after=]
}}
{{end box}}


==Honours==
]
* She was appointed as a member of the ] in 1992, giving her the ] "]" and after ] the ] "PC" for life.
]
* She was appointed as a ] for the ] of ] on 23 July 2003, giving her the post nominal letters "DL" for life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deputy Lieutenant Commissions Lieutenancy of the County of Norfolk |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/L-57011-899 |website=The London Gazette |access-date=22 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> on 22 January 2015 She was moved to the Retired List upon reaching the ] age of 75.
]
* On 21 June 2005 she was awarded a ]. The peerage was created as Baroness Shephard of Northwold, of Northwold in the County of Norfolk. This entitled her to a seat in the ] where she sits with the ] Benches.
]
* In 2009 she was awarded the ] by ].
]
* She holds ] from ],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rt Hon Baroness Gillian Shephard of Northwold DL - Modern Languages, 1958 |url=https://www.st-hildas.ox.ac.uk/node/252 |website=St Hilda's College University of Oxford |date=29 January 2016 |access-date=22 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ] (2008),<ref>{{cite web |title=Fellows |url=https://www.qmul.ac.uk/alumni/notablealumni/fellows/#s |website=Queen Mary University of London |access-date=22 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831145139/https://www.qmul.ac.uk/alumni/notablealumni/fellows/#s |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the ].
* In July 2018 she was awarded the ] of ] (DCL) from the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/anglia/update/2018-07-16/honorary-degrees-to-be-given-to-three-former-cabinet-ministers/|title = Honorary degrees to be given to three former cabinet ministers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Graduates of UEA 2018 |url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/web/about/alumni-and-supporters/graduation/honorary-graduates/-/categories/3687532 |website=The University of East Anglia |access-date=22 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=]<br />for ]|years=]–]}}
{{s-aft|after=]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=]|years=1992–1993}}
{{s-aft|after=]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=]|years=1993–1994}}
{{s-aft|after=]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=]|years=1994–1995}}
{{s-aft|after=Herself<br />{{nowrap|''as Secretary of State for Education and Employment''}}}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Herself|as=Secretary of State for Education}}
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=Secretary of State for ] and ]|years=1995–1997}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=]}}
|-
{{s-aft|after=]|as=Secretary of State for Employment}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Shadow Secretary of State for ] and ]|years=1997}}
{{s-aft|after=]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=]|years=1997–1998}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=]|years=1997–1998}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Shadow Secretary of State for the ], ] and the ]|years=1998–1999}}
{{s-aft|after=]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Secretaries of State for Education}}
{{Major Ministry}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shephard, Gillian}}
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Latest revision as of 08:28, 11 December 2024

British Conservative politician

The Right HonourableThe Baroness Shephard
of NorthwoldPC
Official portrait, 2018
Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Transport and the Regions
In office
1 June 1998 – 15 June 1999
LeaderWilliam Hague
Preceded byNorman Fowler
Succeeded byJohn Redwood
Shadow Leader of the House of Commons
In office
11 June 1997 – 1 June 1998
LeaderWilliam Hague
Preceded byAlastair Goodlad
Succeeded byGeorge Young
Shadow Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
In office
11 June 1997 – 1 June 1998
LeaderWilliam Hague
Preceded byMichael Heseltine
Succeeded byGeorge Young
Shadow Secretary of State for Education and Employment
In office
2 May 1997 – 11 June 1997
LeaderJohn Major
Preceded byDavid Blunkett
Succeeded byStephen Dorrell
Secretary of State for Education and Employment
In office
20 July 1994 – 2 May 1997
Prime MinisterJohn Major
Preceded byJohn Patten
Succeeded byDavid Blunkett
Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
In office
27 May 1993 – 20 July 1994
Prime MinisterJohn Major
Preceded byJohn Gummer
Succeeded byWilliam Waldegrave
Secretary of State for Employment
In office
10 April 1992 – 27 May 1993
Prime MinisterJohn Major
Preceded byMichael Howard
Succeeded byDavid Hunt
Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal
Incumbent
Assumed office
21 June 2005
Life peerage
Member of Parliament
for South West Norfolk
In office
11 June 1987 – 11 April 2005
Preceded byPaul Hawkins
Succeeded byChristopher Fraser
Personal details
BornGillian Patricia Watts
(1940-01-22) 22 January 1940 (age 84)
Cromer, England
Political partyConservative
Spouse Thomas Shephard ​(m. 1975)​
Alma materSt Hilda's College, Oxford
a. Shephard served as Education Secretary from 1994 to 1995. In July 1995, Shephard took over the duties of the former role of Secretary of State for Employment, held by Michael Portillo until the role was abolished. Shephard then became Education and Employment Secretary.

Gillian Patricia Shephard, Baroness Shephard of Northwold, PC, DL (née Watts; born 22 January 1940), is a British Conservative politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for South West Norfolk from 1987 to 2005. Shephard served as a Cabinet Minister, and is now Chairman of the Association of Conservative Peers.

Shephard is currently the chair of the Alumni Association of Oxford University. She was the chair of the Council of the Institute of Education until 2015 and deputy commissioner of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission until 2017.

Early life and career

The daughter of Reginald and Bertha Watts, she was born in Cromer, Norfolk, and spent her early years in Mundesley on Sea, her father being a haulier with a small garage. She was educated at North Walsham Girls' High School and St Hilda's College, Oxford, where she graduated with an MA in Modern Languages.

She became a schoolteacher and then worked as an Education Inspector for Norfolk County Council from 1963 to 1975. From 1975 to 1977 she worked for Anglia Television. She was elected to Parliament in 1987, and became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Peter Lilley in 1988. She was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Department of Social Security in 1989, and then in 1990, Minister of State at HM Treasury. In 1990, she was given the additional role of Deputy Chairman of the Party.

Family

She married Thomas Shephard on 27 December 1975. She has two stepsons, including econometrician Neil Shephard FBA, Professor of Economics and Statistics at Harvard University.

Ministerial career

Official portrait, 1995

After the 1992 general election, she was appointed Secretary of State for Employment, then Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in 1993. She moved to Secretary of State for Education in 1994, and stayed at the department when the Department for Employment merged into it in 1996. She remained in this position until the 1997 general election.

Shephard was one of two women promoted to John Major's Cabinet in 1992; the other was Virginia Bottomley. The two believed the media was looking for stories of Ministerial "catfights" and made a pact to work together, despite differences in backgrounds and working styles. In an interview, Shephard said, "We said that we would never give anybody the chance to say that we were criticising the other. We would be supportive; end of. And we were."

Shephard provided considerable information regarding her role as Secretary of State for Education in interviews conducted by Brian Sherratt in October 1994 and March 1996 for his book on the agenda for educational reform which the Conservative Party had developed since 1979.

In opposition

After the defeat of the Conservatives, William Hague made her Shadow Leader of the House of Commons and later Shadow Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions. She returned to the backbenches in 1999 and stepped down from the House of Commons at the 2005 general election. Her memoirs Shephard's Watch: Illusions of Power in British Politics were published in 2000.

In 2013 following the death of Margaret Thatcher, Shephard published a memoir, The Real Iron Lady, of her time working with the former prime minister.

Life peerage

On 13 May 2005 it was announced that she would be created a life peer, and on 21 June 2005 the peerage was created as Baroness Shephard of Northwold, of Northwold in the County of Norfolk.

She is currently Chairman of the Association of Conservative Peers. She was Deputy Chair of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission until 2017, when she resigned in frustration with Prime Minister Theresa May's lack of action.

Arms

Coat of arms of Gillian Shephard
Adopted
2006
Coronet
Coronet of a Baroness
Escutcheon
Quarterly Azure and Or three pairs of ears of barley in pale each pair fesswise leaved and with slips inwards and conjoined all counterchanged.
Supporters
On either side a hare Azure gorged with a coronet attached thereto a chain reflexed over the back Or.
Motto
SERVO ERGO SUM
Symbolism
These Armorial Bearings reflect rural Norfolk with blue for the Conservative party.

Honours

References

  1. ^ "Gillian Shephard". BBC News Online. 17 October 2002. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  2. "Shephard's scars". Times Higher Education. 20 September 1996. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  3. ^ "Shephard plans to step down as MP". BBC News Online. 17 September 2004. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  4. ^ "Full list of new life peers". BBC News Online. 13 May 2005. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  5. Reeves, Rachel, 1979- (7 March 2019). Women of Westminster : the MPs who changed politics. London. ISBN 978-1-78831-677-4. OCLC 1084655208.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. Radical Educational Policies and Conservative Secretaries of State, Ribbins, P and Sherratt, B, Cassell, 1997, pp. 200-225.
  7. ^ "Hague was wrong to rubbish old guard, says Major loyalist". The Independent. 25 July 2000. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  8. Gillian Shephard (18 March 2013). The Real Iron Lady: Working with Margaret Thatcher. Biteback Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84954-562-4.
  9. "New peers make Labour giant in Lords". Manchester Evening News. 13 May 2005. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  10. "No. 57684". The London Gazette. 24 June 2005. p. 8245.
  11. "All courtesy titles could go in reform of honours". The Times. 29 December 2007. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  12. "New appointments to the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk.
  13. Harley, Nicola (2 December 2017). "'Little hope of fairer Britain': Theresa May's social mobility tsar quits in frustration as Government focuses on Brexit". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  14. Debrett's Peerage. 2019. p. 4350.
  15. "Arms and the Woman" (PDF). The Heraldry Society. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  16. "Deputy Lieutenant Commissions Lieutenancy of the County of Norfolk". The London Gazette. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  17. "The Rt Hon Baroness Gillian Shephard of Northwold DL - Modern Languages, 1958". St Hilda's College University of Oxford. 29 January 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  18. "Fellows". Queen Mary University of London. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  19. "Honorary degrees to be given to three former cabinet ministers".
  20. "Honorary Graduates of UEA 2018". The University of East Anglia. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byPaul Hawkins Member of Parliament
for South West Norfolk
1987–2005 		Succeeded byChristopher Fraser
Political offices
Preceded byMichael Howard Secretary of State for Employment
1992–1993 		Succeeded byDavid Hunt
Preceded byJohn Gummer Minister of State for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
1993–1994 		Succeeded byWilliam Waldegrave
Preceded byJohn Patten Secretary of State for Education
1994–1995 		Succeeded byHerself
as Secretary of State for Education and Employment
Preceded byHerselfas Secretary of State for Education Secretary of State for Education and Employment
1995–1997 		Succeeded byDavid Blunkett
Succeeded byMichael Portilloas Secretary of State for Employment
Preceded byDavid Blunkett Shadow Secretary of State for Education and Employment
1997 		Succeeded byStephen Dorrell
Preceded byAlastair Goodlad Shadow Leader of the House of Commons
1997–1998 		Succeeded byGeorge Young
Preceded byMichael Heseltine Shadow Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
1997–1998
Preceded byNorman Fowler Shadow Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions
1998–1999 		Succeeded byJohn Redwood
United Kingdom Education secretaries of the United Kingdom
Department for Education
Presidents of the Board of Education
Ministers of education
Secretaries of state
Education and science
Education
Education and employment
Education and skills
Children, schools and families
Innovation, universities and skills
Education
Major Cabinet
Cabinet Members Government Coat of Arms.
Also attended meetings
Categories: