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{{short description|City in Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland}} | |||
] | |||
{{redirect|Danzig||Danzig (disambiguation)|and|Gdańsk (disambiguation)}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} | |||
{{Infobox settlement | |||
| name = Gdańsk | |||
| image_skyline = {{multiple image | |||
| total_width = 280 | |||
| border = infobox | |||
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1 | |||
| caption_align = center | |||
| image1 = Calle Dlugie Pobrzeze, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 06.jpg | |||
| alt1 = Motława River | |||
| caption1 = ] | |||
| image2 = Corte Artus, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 03.jpg | |||
| alt2 = Artus Court | |||
| caption2 = ] | |||
| image3 = Gdansk Kosciol mariacki5.jpg | |||
| alt3 = St. Mary's Church and Main Town Hall | |||
| caption3 = ] and ] | |||
| image4 = Gran Armería, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 08.jpg | |||
| alt4 = Mannerist Great Armoury | |||
| caption4 = ] Great Armoury | |||
| image5 = 7629vik Gdańsk, fontanna Neptuna. Foto Barbara Maliszewska.jpg | |||
| alt5 = ''Długi Targ'' (Long Market) and Neptune's Fountain | |||
| caption5 = ] | |||
| image6 = Museum WWII 2.jpg | |||
| alt6 = World War II Museum | |||
| caption6 = ] | |||
| image7 = Memorial to Defenders - Westerplatte - Gdansk - Poland - 01 (27474123574).jpg | |||
| alt7 = Westerplatte Monument | |||
| caption7 = ] | |||
}} | |||
| image_shield = POL Gdańsk COA (grand).svg | |||
| motto = '']'' <br />(Neither rashly, nor timidly) | |||
| pushpin_map_alt = | |||
| pushpin_map = Poland | |||
| pushpin_label = | |||
| pushpin_label_position = right | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|54|20|51|N|18|38|43|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}} | |||
| subdivision_type = ] | |||
| subdivision_name = {{POL}} | |||
| subdivision_type1 = ] | |||
| subdivision_type2 = ] | |||
| subdivision_name1 = ] | |||
| subdivision_name2 = ''city county'' | |||
| established_title = Established | |||
| established_date = 10th century | |||
| established_title3 = City rights | |||
| established_date3 = 1263 | |||
| leader_title = ] | |||
| leader_name = ] ] | |||
| governing_body = ] | |||
| area_total_km2 = 266 | |||
| area_urban_km2 = 414.81 | |||
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-08-31|date=27 July 2023|title=Największe miasta w Polsce. Warszawa wyprzedzona, jest nowy lider|url=https://tvn24.pl/biznes/z-kraju/gdansk-wyprzedzil-warszawe-najwieksze-miasta-w-polsce-pod-wzgledem-powierzchni-zmiany-w-przepisach-7264170|website=]}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-08-31|date=20 July 2023|title=Powierzchnia i ludność w przekroju terytorialnym w 2023 roku|url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/powierzchnia-i-ludnosc-w-przekroju-terytorialnym-w-2023-roku,7,20.html|website=]}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> | |||
| population_total = 486,492 (])<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201103446/https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx}} (in Polish)</ref> | |||
| population_as_of = 30 June 2023 | |||
| population_density_km2 = 1800 | |||
| population_urban = 749,786 | |||
| population_metro = 1,080,700 | |||
| demographics_type2 = GDP | |||
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|last=|first=|date=|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> | |||
| demographics2_title1 = Urban | |||
| demographics2_info1 = €20.529 billion (2020) | |||
| postal_code_type = Postal code | |||
| postal_code = 80-008 to 80–958 | |||
| area_code = +48 58 | |||
| website = {{URL|https://www.gdansk.pl|gdansk.pl}} | |||
| timezone = ] | |||
| utc_offset = +1 | |||
| timezone_DST = ] | |||
| utc_offset_DST = +2 | |||
| blank_name = ] | |||
| blank_info = GD | |||
| elevation_max_m = 180 | |||
| image_flag = POL Gdańsk flag.svg | |||
| image_map = {{infobox mapframe |coord={{coord|54|20|53|N|18|39|18|E}} }} | |||
}} | |||
'''Gdańsk'''{{Efn| | |||
'''Gdańsk''' (formerly '''Danzig''') is a ] city with a long and colorful history. Gdańsk is the 6th largest city in ], its principal ], and the capital of the ]. | |||
* Pronunciation: | |||
** {{IPA|pl|ˈɡdãj̃sk|audio=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-Gdańsk.wav|label=Polish:}} sometimes {{IPA|pl|ˈɡdaɲsk||audio=Pl-Gdańsk.ogg}} | |||
** {{IPA|en-GB|ɡəˈdænsk}} {{respell|gə|DANSK}} | |||
** {{IPA|en-US|ɡəˈdɑːnsk}} {{respell|gə|DAHNSK}}<ref>{{cite web |title=the definition of gdansk |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gdansk |website=Dictionary.com}}</ref> | |||
* Other names: | |||
** {{langx|csb|Gduńsk}} {{IPA|csb|ɡduɲsk|}}<ref name="Stefan Ramułt 1893">Stefan Ramułt, ''Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego'', Kraków 1893, Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-87408-64-6.</ref> | |||
** {{langx|de|Danzig}} {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪç||De-Danzig2.ogg}} or {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪk||De-Danzig3.ogg}} | |||
** {{langx|la|Gedania}}, {{Langx|la|Gedanium|label=none}} or {{Langx|la|Dantiscum|label=none}}.<ref name="Johann Georg Theodor Grässe 1861, p. 71, 237">Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, ''Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benennungen der bekanntesten Städte etc., Meere, Seen, Berge und Flüsse in allen Theilen der Erde nebst einem deutsch-lateinischen Register derselben''. T. Ein Supplement zu jedem lateinischen und geographischen Wörterbuche. Dresden: G. Schönfeld's Buchhandlung (C. A. Werner), 1861, p. 71, 237.</ref>}} is a city on the ] coast of northern ], and the capital of the ]. With a population of 486,492,<ref name="population">{{cite web |url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/teryt/jednostka |title=Local Data Bank |access-date=18 July 2022 |publisher=Statistics Poland }} Data for territorial unit 2261000.</ref> it is Poland's sixth-largest city and principal ].<ref name="lvhmzm">{{cite web |url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-173&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=a&va=&srt=pnan |title=Poland – largest cities (per geographical entity) |publisher=World Gazetteer |access-date=5 May 2009}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Johann Georg Theodor Grässe 1861, p. 71, 237"/> Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the ] River and is situated at the southern edge of ], close to the city of ] and the ] of ]; these form a ] called the ] (''Trójmiasto''), with a population of approximately 1.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gdansk.stat.gov.pl/vademecum/vademecum_pomorskie/portret_obszaru_metropolitalnego/obszar_metropolitalny_gda%C5%84sk-gdynia-sopot.pdf |title=Obszar Metropolitalny Gdańsk-Gdynia-Sopot |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417124953/https://gdansk.stat.gov.pl/vademecum/vademecum_pomorskie/portret_obszaru_metropolitalnego/obszar_metropolitalny_gda%C5%84sk-gdynia-sopot.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
The city has a complex history, having had periods of Polish, German and self rule. An important shipbuilding and trade port since the ], in 1361 it became a member of the ] which influenced its economic, demographic and ]. It also served as Poland's principal seaport, and was the largest city of Poland in the 15th-17th centuries. In 1793, within the ], the city became part of ], and thus a part of the ] from 1871 after the ]. Following ] and the ], it was a ] under the protection of the ] from 1920 to 1939. On 1 September 1939 it was the scene of the ] of ] at ]. The contemporary city was shaped by extensive ], ] and ] after 1945. In the 1980s, Gdańsk was the birthplace of the ] movement, which helped precipitate the collapse of the ], the ] and the dissolution of the ]. | |||
The city lies on the southern coast of the ] (of the Baltic Sea), in a conurbation with the spa town of ], the city of ] and ]an communities, which together form a ] called the ] (''Trójmiasto'') with a population of over a million people. Gdańsk is, with a population of 460,000 (2002), the largest city in the historical province of ]. | |||
Gdańsk is home to the ], ], the ], the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ]. Among Gdańsk's most notable historical landmarks are the ], the ], ], ], and ], one of the largest brick churches in the world. The city is served by ], the country's ] and the most important international airport in northern Poland. | |||
Gdańsk is situated at the mouth of the ] river, a branch in the delta of the ], whose waterway system connects 60% of the area of Poland, giving the city a unique advantage as the center of Poland's sea trade. In the past, Gdańsk made the most of this advantage holding the position as Poland's largest city until ]. | |||
Gdańsk is among the most visited cities in Poland, having received 3.4 million tourists according to data collected in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gdansk.pl/wiadomosci/Ile-turystow-Gdansk-2019-rok-turystyka-co-zwiedzic-w-gdansku,a,164557 |language=pl |title=Wszystkie Strony Miasta. Rok 2019 rekordowy w gdańskiej turystyce - 3,4 mln gości |website=gdansk.pl |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref> The city also hosts ], which dates back to 1260,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/saint-dominics-fair-is-760-years-old-14619 |title=Saint Dominic's Fair is 760 years old! |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929035944/https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/saint-dominics-fair-is-760-years-old-14619 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is regarded as one of the biggest trade and cultural events in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pap.pl/en/news-/news,621550,millions-at-gdansks-st-dominics-fair.html |website=www.pap.pl |title=Millions at Gdansk's St. Dominic's Fair |date=21 August 2016 |access-date=30 December 2016 <!--Article copied to -->}}</ref> Gdańsk has also topped rankings for the quality of life, safety and living standards worldwide, and its historic city centre has been listed as one of Poland's ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nid.pl/pl/Informacje_ogolne/Zabytki_w_Polsce/Pomniki_historii/Lista_miejsc/ |title=Pomniki historii |date=n.d. |website=nid.pl |publisher=Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa |access-date=11 October 2021 |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011072200/https://www.nid.pl/pl/Informacje_ogolne/Zabytki_w_Polsce/Pomniki_historii/Lista_miejsc/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings.jsp |title=Quality of Life Index by City 2019 Mid-Year |website=www.numbeo.com |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612070505/https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,24341452,gdansk-najlepiej-ocenionym-polskim-miastem-w-miedzynarodowym.html?disableRedirects=true |title=Wyborcza.pl |website=trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312090719/https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,24341452,gdansk-najlepiej-ocenionym-polskim-miastem-w-miedzynarodowym.html?disableRedirects=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.ug.edu.pl/media/aktualnosci/85193/gdansk_high_quality_life_index |title=Gdańsk high in Quality of Life Index |website=en.ug.edu.pl |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920145542/https://en.ug.edu.pl/media/aktualnosci/85193/gdansk_high_quality_life_index |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
A major regional port since the ] and subsequently a principal ship-building centre, today's Gdańsk remains an important industrial centre despite the development in the ] of the nearby port of ]. | |||
==Names== | == Names== | ||
=== Origin=== | |||
{| width="30%" align=right | |||
] | |||
|- | |||
The name of the city was most likely derived from ''Gdania'', a river presently known as ] on which the city is situated.<ref>{{cite book |last=Breza |first=Edward |date=2002 |title=Nazwiska Pomorzan. Pochodzenie i zmiany |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEQrAQAAIAAJ&q=gda%C5%84sk%20gdania%20rzeki%20nazwa |location=Gdańsk |publisher=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego |page=90 |isbn=9788373260573 |oclc=643402493 |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032225/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Nazwiska_Pomorzan/aEQrAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=gda%C5%84sk+gdania+rzeki+nazwa |url-status=live }}</ref> Other linguists also argue that the name stems from the ] ]/] ''gъd-'', which meant ']' or ']' with the addition of the ] '']''/''ni'' and the ] ''-sk''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://historiagdanska.pl/roznosci/gdansk/ |title=Gdańsk. Skąd wzięła się nazwa miasta |last=Mamok |first=Szymon |date=8 October 2020 |website=Historia Gdańska |publisher= |access-date=31 October 2021 |quote= |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031164243/https://historiagdanska.pl/roznosci/gdansk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| bgcolor="#fff4f4" style="border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;padding-top:0;"| | |||
''Note: The underlined sentence is currently disputed, especially with regard to the '''1454-1793''' period. See: ].'' | |||
|} | |||
=== History=== | |||
The city has been known under various names during its history. In the local ] it is known as '''Gduńsk''' and the ] name for it is '''Gedania'''. However, the German and Polish versions are most common in English usage. <u>The German name, ''Danzig'', is usually used when talking about the period from 1308 until 1945 during which the city was in German hands or had a substantial German population.</u> The Polish name, ''Gdańsk'', is used for earlier as well as for modern times. | |||
The name of the settlement was recorded after ] death in 997 CE as ''urbs Gyddanyzc'' and it was later written as ''Kdanzk'' in 1148, ''Gdanzc'' in 1188, ''Danceke''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfEeAAAAMAAJ&q=Zwantepolc |first=Marian |last=Gumowski |title=Handbuch der polnischen Siegelkunde |year=1966 |language=de |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008134300/https://books.google.com/books?id=VfEeAAAAMAAJ&q=Zwantepolc |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1228, ''Gdańsk'' in 1236,{{efn|Also in 1454, 1468, 1484, and 1590}} ''Danzc'' in 1263, ''Danczk'' in 1311,{{efn|Also in 1399, 1410, and 1414–1438}} ''Danczik'' in 1399,{{efn|Also in 1410, 1414}} ''Danczig'' in 1414, and ''Gdąnsk'' in 1656.<ref>{{cite book |first=Carl |last=Tighe |title=Gdańsk: national identity in the Polish-German borderlands |publisher=] |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBpAAAAMAAJ&q=Gyddanyzc |isbn=9780745303468 |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008115634/https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBpAAAAMAAJ&q=Gyddanyzc |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
In Polish documents, the form Gdańsk was always used. The German form Danzig developed later, simplifying the consonant clusters to something easier for German speakers to pronounce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Treder |first=Jerzy |date=2007 |title=Historyk o nazwach "Gdańsk" i "Gdania" |journal=Acta Cassubiana |volume=9 |pages=48}}</ref> The cluster "gd" became "d" (''Danzc'' from 1263),{{Sfn|Śliwiński|2006|p=12}} the combination "ns" became "nts" (''Danczk'' from 1311),{{Sfn|Śliwiński|2006|p=12}} and finally an ] "i" broke up the final cluster (''Danczik'' from 1399).{{Sfn|Śliwiński|2006|p=12}} | |||
] | |||
The name of Gdańsk is usually interpreted as a ''town located on Gdania river'', which is thought to be the original name of the Motława branch the city is situated on. The territory was recorded as ''Scandza'' ("Gothic coast") by ], who recorded the Germanic tribes at the Vistula and the Prussian tribes of the Vidivaria, Ulmigeri and Aesti next to the Germanic tribes at the mouth of the Vistula river. The area was again recorded after ] in the ''Vita Adalbertis'', the life of Saint ], when it was mentioned as Gdańsk City (''urbs Gyddanyzc''), the fortress of the King ]. | |||
In Polish, the modern name of the city is pronounced {{IPA|pl|ɡdaj̃sk||Pl-Gdańsk.ogg}}. In English (where the ] over the "n" is frequently omitted) the usual pronunciation is {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|æ|n|s|k}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|ɑː|n|s|k}}. The German name, ''Danzig'', is usually pronounced {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪç||De-Danzig2.ogg}}, or alternatively {{IPA|de|ˈdantsɪk||De-Danzig3.ogg}} in more Southern German-speaking areas. The city's ] name may be given as either ''Gedania'', ''Gedanum'', or ''Dantiscum''; the variety of Latin and German names typically reflects the difficulty of pronunciation of the Polish/Slavonic city's name, all German- and Latin/Romance-speaking populations always encounter in trying to pronounce the difficult and complex Polish/Slavonic words. | |||
The name of a settlement was recorded after St. Adalbert's demise in 997 A.D. as ''urbs Gyddanyzc'' and later was written as Kdanzk (1148), Gdanzc (1188), Gdansk (1236), Danzc (1263), Danczk (1311, 1399, 1410, 1414–1438), Danczik (1399, 1410, 1414), Danczig (1414), Gdansk (1454, 1468, 1484), ''Gdansk'' (1590), ''Gdąnsk'' (1636) and in Latin documents ''Gedanum'' or ''Dantiscum''. These early recordings show the Pomeranian name Gduńsk, the Polish name Gdańsk and a simplified German name Danzig (reflecting the presence over many centuries of a German-speaking population). | |||
===Ceremonial names=== | |||
Alternative spellings from ] and early modern documents are ''Gyddanyzc'', ''Kdansk'', ''Gdanzc'', ''Dantzk'', ''Dantzig'', ''Dantzigk'', ''Dantiscum'' and ''Gedanum''. The official Latin name of ''Gedanum'' was used simultaniously. | |||
On special occasions, the city is also referred to as "The Royal Polish City of Gdańsk" (Polish: ''Królewskie Polskie Miasto Gdańsk'', Latin: ''Regia Civitas Polonica Gedanensis'', Kashubian: ''Królewsczi Pòlsczi Gard Gduńsk'').<ref>Gdańsk, in: Kazimierz Rymut, ''Nazwy Miast Polski'', ], Wrocław 1987</ref><ref>Hubert Gurnowicz, ''Gdańsk'', in: ''Nazwy must Pomorza Gdańskiego'', ], Wrocław 1978</ref><ref>''Baedeker's Northern Germany'', ], Leipzig 1904</ref> In the ] the city is called {{lang|csb|Gduńsk}}. Although some Kashubians may also use the name "Our Capital City Gduńsk" (''Nasz Stoleczny Gard Gduńsk'') or "Our (regional) Capital City Gduńsk" (''Stoleczny Kaszëbsczi Gard Gduńsk''), the cultural and historical connections between the city and the region of ] are debatable and use of such names raises controversy among Kashubians.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Labuda |first=Aleksander |date= |title=Gduńsk, nasz stoleczny gard |url=http://strona.kaszebsko.nazwa.pl/uploads/symbole/Gdu%C5%84sk,%20nasz%20stoleczny%20gard.pdf |magazine=Zrzesz Kaszëbskô |location= |publisher= |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308190400/http://strona.kaszebsko.nazwa.pl/uploads/symbole/Gdu%C5%84sk,%20nasz%20stoleczny%20gard.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
==History== | |||
The municipal community received a seal of ] stated as follows: | |||
{{Main|History of Gdańsk}} | |||
SIGILLUM BURGENSIUM DANTZIKE. After ], the city was officially called ''Freistadt Danzig'' (the ]), until its annexation by ] in ]. | |||
{{For timeline}} | |||
===Ancient history=== | |||
Sources: | |||
The oldest evidence found for the existence of a settlement on the lands of what is now Gdańsk comes from the ] (which is estimated to be from 2500–1700 BCE). The settlement that is now known as Gdańsk began in the 9th century, being mostly an ] and ]-dependent village.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://historia.trojmiasto.pl/historia-gdanska.html |title=Gdańsk na przestrzeni dziejów |website=Trójmiasto.pl Historia |publisher=Trójmiasto |access-date=15 December 2021 |quote= |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215162949/https://historia.trojmiasto.pl/historia-gdanska.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://polskatampabay.com/2018/04/09/gdansk-jedno-z-najstarszych-polskich-miast/ |title=Gdańsk – jedno z najstarszych polskich miast |date=9 April 2018 |website=Polska Tampa Bay |publisher= |access-date=15 December 2021 |quote= |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215180000/http://polskatampabay.com/2018/04/09/gdansk-jedno-z-najstarszych-polskich-miast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the beginning of the 10th century, it began becoming an important centre for ] (especially between the ]) until its annexation in {{circa}} 975 by ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gedanopedia.pl/gdansk/?title=GDA%C5%83SK_%E2%80%93_POCZ%C4%84TKI_MIASTA |title=GDAŃSK – POCZĄTKI MIASTA |date=25 December 2019 |website=Gedanopedia |publisher=Gdańsk Foundation |access-date=15 December 2021 |quote= |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609183651/https://www.gedanopedia.pl/gdansk/?title=GDA%C5%83SK_%E2%80%93_POCZ%C4%84TKI_MIASTA |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
* Gdańsk, in: Kazimierz Rymut, ''Nazwy Miast Polski'', Ossolineum, Wrocław 1987 | |||
* Hubert Gurnowicz, ''Gdańsk'', in: ''Nazwy miast Pomorza Gdańskiego'', Ossolineum, Wrocław 1978 | |||
===Early Poland=== | |||
] | |||
].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.nmm.pl/crane/the-crane-past-and-present |title=The Crane: past and present – Crane – National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk |website=en.nmm.pl |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416081538/https://en.nmm.pl/crane/the-crane-past-and-present |url-status=live }}</ref>]] | |||
The first written record thought to refer to Gdańsk is the ''vita'' of ]. Written in 999, it describes how in 997 Saint ] baptised the inhabitants of ''urbs Gyddannyzc'', "which separated the great realm of the duke ] of Poland] from the sea."<ref name=Loew24>Loew, Peter Oliver: Danzig. Biographie einer Stadt, Munich 2011, p. 24.</ref> No further written sources exist for the 10th and 11th centuries.<ref name=Loew24/> Based on the date in Adalbert's ''vita'', the city celebrated its millennial anniversary in 1997.<ref name=Waznyetal>Wazny, Tomasz; Paner, Henryk; Golebiewski, Andrzej; Koscinski, Bogdan: Early medieval Gdańsk/Danzig revisited (EuroDendro 2004), Rendsburg 2004, {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909224137/http://www.bfafh.de/eurodendro2004/abstracts_inet.pdf |date=9 September 2013 }}.</ref> | |||
Archaeological evidence for the origins of the town was retrieved mostly after ] had laid 90{{nbsp}}percent of the city centre in ruins, enabling excavations.<ref name=LoewWazny>Loew (2011), p. 24; Wazny et al. (2004), {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909224137/http://www.bfafh.de/eurodendro2004/abstracts_inet.pdf|date=9 September 2013 }}.</ref> The oldest seventeen settlement levels were dated to between 980 and 1308.<ref name=Waznyetal/> ] erected a stronghold on the site in the 980s, thereby connecting the ] ruled by the ] with the trade routes of the ].<ref name=Hess39>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=39}}</ref> Traces of buildings and housing from the 10th century have been found in archaeological excavations of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archeologia.pl/en/exhibitions/permanent/95-1000-lat-gdanska-w-swietle-wykopalisk |title=1000 LAT GDAŃSKA W ŚWIETLE WYKOPALISK |last=admin2 |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220013801/http://archeologia.pl/en/exhibitions/permanent/95-1000-lat-gdanska-w-swietle-wykopalisk |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
==Administrations of Gdańsk== | |||
]<br> | |||
] | |||
===Pomeranian Poland=== | |||
The contemporary Gdansk is the capital of the Pomeranian province and one of the major centres of economic and administrative life in Poland. Many vital agencies of the state and local government levels have their main offices here: the Provincial Administration Office, Provincial Government, Ministerial Agency of the State Treasury, and the Agency for Consumer and Competition Protection, National Insurance regional office, Court of Appeal, and High Administrative Court. | |||
] | |||
The site was ruled as a ] of Poland by the ]. It consisted of a settlement at the modern Long Market, settlements of craftsmen along the Old Ditch, German merchant settlements around St Nicholas' Church and the old Piast stronghold.<ref name=Hess40>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=40}}</ref> In 1215, the ducal stronghold became the centre of a ]. At that time the area of the later city included various villages. | |||
In 1224/25, merchants from ] were invited as ''hospites'' (immigrants with specific privileges) but were soon (in 1238) forced to leave by ] of the Samborides during a war between Swietopelk and the ], during which Lübeck supported the latter. Migration of merchants to the town resumed in 1257.<ref name="zbierski">{{cite book |title=Struktura zawodowa, spoleczna i etnicza ludnosci. In Historia Gdanska, Vol. 1 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Morskie |author=Zbierski, Andrzej |year=1978 |pages=228–9 |isbn=978-83-86557-00-4}}</ref> Significant German influence did not reappear until the 14th century, after the takeover of the city by the Teutonic Knights.<ref name="turnock">{{cite book |title=The Making of Eastern Europe: From the Earliest Times to 1815 |publisher=Routledge |author=Turnock, David |year=1988 |page=180 |isbn=978-0-415-01267-6}}</ref> | |||
== Economy == | |||
''Main article: ]'' | |||
At latest in 1263 ]n duke, Swietopelk II granted city rights under ] to the emerging market settlement.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |title=Stadtanlage und Befestigung von Danzig (zur Zeit des Deutschen Ordens) |publisher=GRIN Verlag |author=Harlander, Christa |year=2004 |page=2 |isbn=978-3-638-75010-3}}</ref> It was an ] similar to that of Lübeck, which was also the primary origin of many settlers.<ref name=Hess40/> In a document of 1271 the ]n duke ] addressed the Lübeck merchants settled in the city as his loyal citizens from Germany.<ref name="lingenberg">{{cite book |title=Die Anfänge des Klosters Oliva und die Entstehung der deutschen Stadt Danzig: die frühe Geschichte der beiden Gemeinwesen bis 1308/10 |publisher=Klett-Cotta |author=Lingenberg, Heinz |year=1982 |page=292 |isbn=978-3-129-14900-3}}</ref><ref>'The Slippery Memory of Men': The Place of Pomerania in the Medieval Kingdom of Poland by Paul Milliman p. 73, 2013</ref> | |||
The city's industrial kaleidoscope is dominated by traditional lines of shipbuilding, petrochemical and chemical industry, and food processing. Yet, the share of the know-how-based sectors such as electronics, telecommunication, IT engineering, or cosmetics and pharmaceuticals is on the rise. Amber processing so specific for the local economy is also prominent. | |||
In 1300, the town had an estimated population of 2,000. While overall the town was far from an important trade centre at that time, it had some relevance in the trade with ]. Low on funds, the Samborides lent the settlement to Brandenburg, although they planned to take the city back and give it to Poland. Poland threatened to intervene, and the Brandenburgians left the town. Subsequently, the city was taken by Danish princes in 1301.<ref>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |pages=40–41}}</ref> | |||
''See also: ].'' | |||
== |
===Teutonic Knights=== | ||
] | |||
{{main|Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)}} | |||
In 1308, the town was taken by ] and the Teutonic Knights restored order. Subsequently, the Knights took over control of the town. Primary sources record a ] carried out by the Teutonic Knights against the local population,<ref name=Hess41>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=41}}</ref> of 10,000 people, but the exact number killed is subject of dispute in modern scholarship.<ref name=Boockmann158>], ''Ostpreußen und Westpreußen'', Siedler, 2002, p. 158, {{ISBN|3-88680-212-4}}</ref> Multiple authors accept the number given in the original sources,<ref name="p.376">James Minahan, One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, {{ISBN|0-313-30984-1}}, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102110148/https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA376&dq=1308+Gdansk+massacre&as_brr=3&ei=cilQSPHSMom2iwGE8JU0&sig=OR_a7-g10jIZsYOJGkmBe5ZwfSY |date=2 November 2020 }}</ref> while others consider 10,000 to have been a medieval exaggeration, although scholarly consensus is that a massacre of some magnitude did take place.<ref name=Boockmann158/> The events were used by the Polish crown to condemn the Teutonic Knights in a subsequent papal lawsuit.<ref name=Boockmann158/><ref name="Thomas Urban">]: "". {{in lang|pl}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050825225724/http://www.thomas-urban.pl/gdansk.php |date=25 August 2005 }}</ref> | |||
The knights colonized the area, replacing local ] and Poles with German settlers.<ref name="p.376"/> In 1308, they founded ''Osiek Hakelwerk'' near the town, initially as a Slavic fishing settlement.<ref name=Hess41/> In 1340, the Teutonic Knights constructed a large fortress, which became the seat of the knights' ].<ref name=Hess4142>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |pages=41–42}}</ref> In 1346 they changed the Town Law of the city, which then consisted only of the '']'', to ].<ref name=frankot>{{cite book |title='Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen': Medieval Maritime Law and its Practice in Urban Northern Europe |first=Edda |last=Frankot |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7486-4624-1 |page=100}}</ref> In 1358, Danzig joined the ], and became an active member in 1361.<ref name=Hess42>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=42}}</ref> It maintained relations with the trade centres ], ], ], and ].<ref name=Hess42/> Around 1377, the ] was equipped with city rights as well.<ref name=Loew>{{cite book |title=Danzig: Biographie einer Stadt |first=Peter O. |last=Loew |publisher=C.H. Beck |location=München |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-406-60587-1 |page=43}}</ref> In 1380, the ''New Town'' was founded as the third, independent settlement.<ref name=Hess41/> | |||
*] (]) | |||
*] (]) | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
After a series of ], in the ] the Order had to acknowledge that it would hold Pomerelia as a ] from the ]. Although it left the legal basis of the Order's possession of the province in some doubt, the city thrived as a result of increased exports of grain (especially wheat), timber, ], tar, and other goods of forestry from Prussia and Poland via the ] River ], although after its capture, the Teutonic Knights tried to actively reduce the economic significance of the town. While under the control of ] German migration increased. The Order's religious networks helped to develop Danzig's literary culture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sobecki |first1=Sebastian |title=Europe: A Literary History, 1348–1418, ed. David Wallace |date=2016 |pages=635–41 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en& |isbn=9780198735359 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183041/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en& |url-status=live }}</ref> A new war broke out in 1409, culminating in the ] (1410), and the city came under the control of the ]. A year later, with the ], it returned to the Teutonic Order.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mgdansk.pl/ii-pokoj-torunski-i-przylaczenie-gdanska-do-rzeczpospolitej,10.html |title=II Pokój Toruński i przyłączenie Gdańska do Rzeczpospolitej |work=mgdansk.pl |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019234200/http://www.mgdansk.pl/ii-pokoj-torunski-i-przylaczenie-gdanska-do-rzeczpospolitej,10.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
Altogether 10 universities with 60,436 students, thereof 10,439 graduates (2001). | |||
== |
===Kingdom of Poland=== | ||
] of Gdańsk'' by Izaak van den Blocke. The ]-borne trade of goods in Poland was the main source of prosperity during the city's Golden Age.]] | |||
''Main article: ]'' (content copied from this article, please focus on '''most important''' facts and remove detailed stories) | |||
In 1440, the city participated in the foundation of the ] which was an organisation opposed to the rule of the Teutonic Knights. The organisation in its complaint of 1453 mentioned repeated cases in which the Teutonic Knights imprisoned or murdered local patricians and mayors without a court verdict.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=Poznań|language=pl|pages=16, 18}}</ref> On the request of the organisation King ] reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454.<ref>Górski, pp. 51, 56</ref> This led to the ] between Poland and the ] (1454–1466). Since 1454, the city was authorized by the King to mint Polish coins.<ref>Górski, p. 63</ref> The local mayor pledged allegiance to the King during the incorporation in March 1454 in ],<ref>Górski, pp. 71-72</ref> and the city again solemnly pledged allegiance to the King in June 1454 in ], recognizing the prior Teutonic annexation and rule as unlawful.<ref>Górski, pp. 79-80</ref> On 25 May 1457 the city gained its rights as an autonomous city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Gdańsk.html |title=Danzig – Gdańsk until 1920}}{{Dead link|date=April 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |||
=== Early times === | |||
On 15 May 1457, ] granted the town the ''Great Privilege'', after he had been invited by the town's council and had already stayed in town for five weeks.<ref name=Hess45>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=45}}</ref> With the ''Great Privilege'', the town was granted full autonomy and protection by the King of Poland.<ref name=Hess45A>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=45}}: "Geben wir und verlehen unnsir Stadt Danczk das sie zcu ewigen geczeiten nymands for eynem herrn halden noc gehorsam zcu weszen seyn sullen in weltlichen sachen."</ref> The privilege removed tariffs and taxes on trade within Poland, Lithuania, and Ruthenia (present day ] and ]), and conferred on the town independent jurisdiction, legislation and administration of her territory, as well as the right to mint its own coin.<ref name=Hess45/> Furthermore, the privilege united ''Old Town'', ''Osiek'', and ''Main Town'', and legalised the demolition of ''New Town'', which had sided with the ].<ref name=Hess45/> By 1457, ''New Town'' was demolished completely, no buildings remained.<ref name=Hess41/> | |||
Before Gdansk was established, the vicinity was inhabited by populations belonging to the various archealogical cultures of the ], ] and ]. Settlements existed in the area for several centuries before the birth of Christ. The coast was called 'Gothiscandza' by ]; Tacitus also referred to it in his ''Germania''. Both historians believed the area to be populated. | |||
Gaining free and privileged access to Polish markets, the seaport prospered while simultaneously trading with the other Hanseatic cities. After the ] between Poland and the Teutonic Order the warfare ended permanently; Gdańsk became part of the Polish province of ], and later also of the ]. The city was visited by ] in 1504 and 1526, and '']'', the first printed abstract of his ], was published there in 1540.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://szlakkopernikowski.pl/pl/gdansk|title=Gdańsk|website=Szlak Kopernikowski|access-date=11 January 2024|language=pl}}</ref> After the ] between Poland and Lithuania in 1569 the city continued to enjoy a large degree of internal autonomy (cf. ]). Being the largest and one of the most influential cities of Poland, it enjoyed voting rights during the ] period in Poland. | |||
It is known that the ]s migrated to the area, but it is sure they sttled in neighboring areas in Pomerania with the general Slavic people's movement to the north and west from the Pripjet marshes after ]. There are traces of a crafts and fishing settlement from 8th–9th, and —in the 10th century— an important strongold of the ] and at least 1.000 inhabitants. | |||
In the 1560s and 1570s, a large ] community started growing in the city, gaining significant popularity.<ref>{{cite book |last=de Graaf |first=Tjeerd |author-link= |date=2004 |title= The Status of an Ethnic Minority in Eurasia: The Mennonites and Their Relation with the Netherlands, Germany and Russia |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}</ref> In the 1575 election to the Polish throne, Danzig supported ] in his struggle against ]. It was the latter who eventually became monarch but the city, encouraged by the secret support of ] and ], shut its gates against Stephen. After the ], lasting six months, the city's army of 5,000 mercenaries was utterly defeated in a field battle on 16 December 1577. However, since Stephen's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached: ] confirmed the city's special status and her ] privileges granted by earlier ]. The city recognised him as ruler of Poland and paid the enormous sum of 200,000 ] in gold as payoff ("apology").<ref>{{cite web |url=https://historykon.pl/bitwa-pod-lubieszowem-w-swietle-wybranych-zrodel-pisanych/ |title=Bitwa pod Lubieszowem w świetle wybranych źródeł pisanych |last=Włusek |first=Andrzej |date=23 May 2017 |website=HistoryKon |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> | |||
=== Foundation of the City === | |||
During the ], in 1627, the naval ] was fought near the city, and it is one of the greatest victories in the history of the ]. During the Swedish invasion of Poland of 1655–1660, commonly known as the ], the city was unsuccessfully ]. In 1660, the war was ended with the ], signed in the present-day district of ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Wojny na Bałtyku X - XIX wiek |last=Kosiarz |first=Edmund |publisher=Wydawnictwo Morskie |location=Gdańsk |year=1978|page=}}</ref> In 1677, a Polish-Swedish alliance was signed in the city.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jonasson|first=Gustav|year=1980|title=Polska i Szwecja za czasów Jana III Sobieskiego|journal=Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka|publisher=], Wydawnictwo ]|location=Wrocław|language=pl|volume=XXXV|issue=2|page=240|issn=0037-7511}}</ref> Around 1640, ] established his ] in the ]. Polish King ] regularly visited Hevelius numerous times.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://culture.pl/pl/tworca/jan-heweliusz |title=Jan Heweliusz - życie i twórczość |last= |first= |date= |website=Culture.pl |publisher=] |access-date=10 December 2022 |quote=}}</ref> | |||
Although there were already wooden structures, the year ] has in recent years been considered to be the date of the foundation of the city itself, as the year in which Saint ] (sent by the Polish king ] to conquer ]) travelled through the castle of Gdańsk (''Gyddanyzc''): in 1997 Poland celebrated the millennium of Gdańsk's foundation by ], Duke of later socalled Poland, who all received to compete with the ports of ] and ] on the ]. | |||
Beside a majority of German-speakers,<ref name=Zamoyski>{{cite book |last=Zamoyski |first=Adam |year=2015 |title=Poland. A History |publisher=William Collins |isbn=978-0007556212 |pages=26, 92}}</ref> whose elites sometimes distinguished their German dialect as ]n,<ref>Bömelburg, Hans-Jürgen, ''Zwischen polnischer Ständegesellschaft und preußischem Obrigkeitsstaat: vom Königlichen Preußen zu Westpreußen (1756–1806)'', München: Oldenbourg, 1995, (Schriften des Bundesinstituts für Ostdeutsche Kultur und Geschichte (Oldenburg); 5), zugl.: Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Univ., Diss., 1993, p. 549</ref> the city was home to a large number of Polish-speaking Poles, Jewish Poles, ] ], ], and ]. In addition, a number of ] took refuge or migrated to and received citizenship in the city, with first Scots arriving in 1380.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wijaczka|first=Jacek|editor-last1=Kopczyński|editor-first1=Michał|editor-last2=Tygielski|editor-first2=Wojciech|year=2010|title=Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Muzeum Historii Polski, Bellona|chapter=Szkoci|page=201|isbn=978-83-11-11724-2}}</ref> During the ], most German-speaking inhabitants adopted ]. Due to the special status of the city and significance within the ], the city inhabitants largely became bi-cultural sharing both Polish and German culture and were strongly attached to the traditions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.<ref name=Chwalba>Historia Polski 1795–1815 ] Kraków 2000, p. 441</ref> | |||
Mieszko I and son received land in lien and the ducal title from the Ottonian emperors and in ] Gdańsk belonged to the territory later called ], and to the bishopric in ] (never actually in use), from ca ] to the Pomeranian bishopric in ], and in ] the town had been assigned to the diocese of ] (] and ]), while several crusades were ordered by the popes, to 'christianize' the pagan Prussians and Pomeranians, who for centuries defended semselves again take-over attempts by the rest of the Polish tribes. | |||
] | |||
Spellings of the name from ] and early modern documents are ''Gyddanzyc'', ''Kdansk'', ''Gdanzc'', ''Dantzk'', ''Dantzk'', ''Dantzig'', ''Dantzigk'', ''Dantiscum'' and ''Gedanum''. | |||
The city suffered a ] and a slow economic decline due to the wars of the 18th century. After peace was restored in 1721, Danzig experienced steady economic recovery. As a stronghold of ]'s supporters during the ], it was taken by the ] after the ] in 1734. In the 1740s and 1750s Danzig was restored and Danzig port was again the most significant grain exporting ports in the ].<ref>{{Cite book|title= The Rise of Prussia 1700-1830 | author1=Philip G. Dwyer |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year=2014 |isbn=9781317887034 | pages=134}}</ref> The ], which became defunct in 1936, was founded in 1743.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://staff-www.uni-marburg.de/~gornig/danzig/geschichte.htm |title=Geschichte der Danziger Naturforschenden Gesellschaft |last=Letkemann |first=Peter |date=2000 |website=uni-marburg.de |publisher=] |access-date=10 December 2022 |quote= |archive-date=31 January 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050131091324/http://staff-www.uni-marburg.de/~gornig/danzig/geschichte.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> | |||
In 1772, the ] took place and ] annexed almost all of the former Royal Prussia, which became the ]. However, Gdańsk remained a part of Poland as an ] separated from the rest of the country. The ] cut off Danzig with a military controlled barrier, also blocking shipping links to foreign ports, on the pretense that a ] may otherwise break out. Danzig declined in its economic significance. However, by the end of the 18th century, Gdańsk was still one of the most economically integrated cities in Poland. It was well-connected and traded actively with ], while other ] became less well-integrated towards the end of the century, mostly due to greater risks for long-distance ], given the number of ] conflicts along the trade routes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baten |first1=Jörg |last2=Wallusch |first2=Jacek |date=2005 |title=Market Integration and Disintegration of Poland and Germany in the 18th Century |journal=Economies et Sociétés}}</ref> | |||
=== Capital of the Pomeranian Duchy (1138–1294/1308) === | |||
===Prussia and Germany=== | |||
In the 12th century, Poland was divided into several provinces under the overlordship of the High-duke of Cracow. In reality the duchy of Pomerania was regaining more and more independence. Gdańsk was the capital of an entire dynasty of the ], the most famous being ] (1207–1220) ] (1215–1266) and ] (1271–1294) | |||
Danzig was annexed by the ] in 1793,<ref name="lonelyplanet.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/poland/pomerania/gdansk/history |title=History of Gdańsk – Lonely Planet Travel Information |first=Lonely |last=Planet |work=lonelyplanet.com |access-date=29 July 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821171335/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/poland/pomerania/gdansk/history |url-status=live }}</ref> in the ]. Both the Polish and the German-speaking population largely opposed the Prussian annexation and wished the city to remain part of Poland.<ref>Górski, p. XVI</ref> The mayor of the city stepped down from his office due to the annexation.<ref>Andrzej Januszajtis, ''Karol Fryderyk von Conradi'', "Nasz Gdańsk", 11 (196)/2017, p. 3 (in Polish)</ref> The notable city councilor Jan (Johann) Uphagen, historian and art collector, also resigned as a sign of protest against the annexation. His house exemplifies ] and is now a museum, known as ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gait.pl/patron-cpt/jan-uphagen/ |title=Jan Uphagen |website=Gdańskie Autobusy i Tramwaje |access-date=1 April 2020 |language=pl |archive-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130048/https://www.gait.pl/patron-cpt/jan-uphagen/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> An attempted student uprising against Prussia led by Gottfried Benjamin Bartholdi was crushed quickly by the authorities in 1797.<ref>''Dzieje Gdańska'' Edmund Cieślak, Czesław Biernat Wydawn. Morskie, 1969 p. 370</ref><ref>''Dzieje Polski w datach Jerzy Borowiec'', Halina Niemiec p. 161</ref><ref>''Polska, losy państwa i narodu'' Henryk Samsonowicz 1992 Iskry p. 282</ref> | |||
During the ], in 1807, the city was ] by a coalition of ], ], ], ], and ] forces. Afterwards, it was a ] from 1807 to 1814, when it was ] by combined Prussian-Russian forces. | |||
In ca. ] the city had some 2.000 inhabitants and was granted a charter (by the duke Swantipolk) incorporating the ]. More and more merchants from the ] cities of ] and ] settled in the city. Officially chartered as a city in 1224, it rose to become one of the more important trading and fishing ports along the ] coast. | |||
] | |||
In ]/] Mestwin II, the last duke of Eastern Pomerania ceded all his lands including Gdańsk to imperial Duke (later King) ]. After his assassination in 1296, the city was temporary ruled by the kings of ] and Poland, ] and his son ]. | |||
In 1815, after France's defeat in the ], it again became part of Prussia and became the capital of {{lang|de|]}} within the province of ]. Since the 1820s, the ] served as a prison, mainly for Polish political prisoners, including ], protesters, insurgents of the ] and ] uprisings and refugees from the ] of Poland fleeing conscription into the Russian Army,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kubus| first=Radosław| year=2019|title=Ucieczki z twierdzy Wisłoujście w I połowie XIX wieku|journal=Vade Nobiscum|location=Łódź| publisher=Wydawnictwo ]|language=pl| volume=XX|pages=154–155}}</ref> and insurgents of the November Uprising were also imprisoned in ] (''Bischofsberg'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Kasparek|first=Norbert|editor-last=Katafiasz|editor-first=Tomasz| year=2014|title=Na tułaczym szlaku... Powstańcy Listopadowi na Pomorzu| language=pl| location=Koszalin|publisher=Muzeum w Koszalinie, Archiwum Państwowe w Koszalinie|page=177| chapter=Żołnierze polscy w Prusach po upadku powstania listopadowego. Powroty do kraju i wyjazdy na emigrację}}</ref> In May–June 1832 and November 1833, more than 1,000 Polish insurgents departed partitioned Poland through the city's port, boarding ships bound for ], the ] and the ] (see '']'').<ref>Kasparek, pp. 175–176, 178–179</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|author=|date=6 July 1832| title=Rozmaite wiadomości| magazine=Gazeta Wielkiego Xięstwa Poznańskiego|location=Poznań| language=pl|issue=155|page=852}}</ref> | |||
The city's longest serving mayor was Robert von Blumenthal, who held office from 1841, through the ], until 1863. With the ] in 1871 under Prussian ], the city became part of the ] and remained so until 1919, after Germany's defeat in ].<ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/> Starting from the 1850s, long-established Danzig families often felt marginalized by the new town elite originating from mainland Germany. This situation caused the Polish to allege that the Danzig people were oppressed by German rule and for this reason allegedly failed to articulate their natural desire for strong ties with Poland.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Germanoslavica Zeitschrift für germano-slawische Studien|publisher=Verlag Georg Olms|volume =28|issue=1–2|year=207|place=Hildesheim|first=Peter Oliver|last=Loew|title=Danzig oder das verlorene Paradies. Vom Herausgeben und vom Hineinerzählen|pages=109–122}}</ref> | |||
=== Occupation by the Teutonic Knights (1308–1454) === | |||
===Free City of Danzig and World War II=== | |||
At the beginning of the 14th century, the region was plunged into war involving Poland and ] to the west. Brandenburg's claim to Gdańsk and Pomerania was based on a treaty of ], ] between Brandenburg's rulers and Wenceslaus III, promising the ] territory to the Bohemian crown in exchange for Gdansk Pomerania (the contract was '''not''' made). | |||
{{main|Free City of Danzig}} | |||
] | |||
When Poland regained its independence after ] with access to the sea as promised by the ] on the basis of ]'s "]" (point 13 called for "an independent Polish state", "which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea"), the Poles hoped the city's harbour would also become part of Poland.<ref name="Amtliche">{{cite book |date=1920 |title=Amtliche Urkunden zur Konvention zwischen Danzig und Polen vom 15. November 1920 : zusammegestellt und mit Begleitbericht versehen von der nach Paris entsandten Delegation der Freien Stadt Danzig |url=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/publication/221530/edition/235125/content |publication-place=Danzig |publisher=Biblioteka Uniwersytecka w Toruniu |page= |isbn=}}</ref> However, in the end – since Germans formed a majority in the city, with Poles being a minority (in the 1923 census 7,896 people out of 335,921 gave Polish, Kashubian, or ] as their native language)<ref>{{cite book |title=Ergebnisse der Volks- und Berufszählung vom 1. November 1923 in der Freien Stadt Danzig |publisher=Verlag des Statistischen Landesamtes der Freien Stadt Danzig |year=1926 |language=de}}. Polish estimates of the Polish minority during the interwar era, however, range from 37,000 to 100,000 (9%–34%). Studia historica Slavo-Germanica, Tomy 18–20page 220 Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Instytut Historii Wydawnictwo Naukowe imienia. Adama Mickiewicza, 1994.</ref> – the city was not placed under Polish sovereignty. Instead, in accordance with the terms of the ], it became the ], an independent quasi-state under the auspices of the ] with its external affairs largely under Polish control.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=]|page=37}}</ref> Poland's rights also included free use of the harbour, a Polish post office, a Polish garrison in Westerplatte district, and customs union with Poland.<ref name="auto"/> The Free City had its own constitution, ], ], and government ({{lang|de|Senat}}). It issued its own stamps as well as its currency, the ].<ref name="Amtliche" /> | |||
With the growth of ] among Germans, ] increased and both ] and ] policies intensified, in the 1930s the rights of local Poles were commonly violated and limited by the local administration.<ref name="auto"/> Polish children were refused admission to public Polish-language schools, premises were not allowed to be rented to Polish schools and preschools.<ref name=mw40>Wardzyńska, p. 40</ref> Due to such policies, only eight Polish-language public schools existed in the city, and Poles managed to organize seven more private Polish schools.<ref name=mw40/> | |||
During the course of the war, Gdansk was seized (November ]) by the ], called in by Wladislaw Lokietek of Poland. All the inhabitants of the city, both Polish and German, were brutally slaughtered ( this is utter nonsense). The Teutonic Order continued its invasion of the Polish lands, incorporating them into its domains. In September 1309, Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg sold his claim to the territory to the Teutonic Order for 10,000 marks. Since then the city became known by its German name ''Danzig''. This was the start of a series of conflicts between Poland and the Teutonic Order. The massacre is sometimes disputed by some, but nevertheless after the supposed event there was some stagnation and even reversal in development of Gdansk, which could confirm it. | |||
In the early 1930s, the local ] capitalised on pro-German sentiments and in 1933 garnered 50% of vote in the parliament. Thereafter, the Nazis under ] ] achieved dominance in the city government, which was still nominally overseen by the League of Nations' ]. | |||
Initially the new rulers tried to reduce the economic significance of Gdańsk, by abolishing the local government and the privileges of the Lübeck traders. This apparently relates to the fact that the Gdańsk city council members, including Arnold Hecht and Conrad Leczkow, were in 1411 removed and beheaded. Later they had to accept the fact that Gdańsk defended its independence and was the biggest seaport of the region after overtaking Elbing (now ]), another nearby ] city in importance. Subsequently the city flourished, benefiting from major investment and economic prosperity in Prussia and Poland, which stimulated trade along the Vistula. The city had become a full member of the ] by ], but its merchants remained resentful at the barriers to the trade up the Vistula river to Poland, along with the lack of political rights in a state ruled in the interest of the Order's religiously-motivated knight-monks. | |||
In 1937, Poles who sent their children to private Polish schools were required to transfer children to German schools, under threat of police intervention, and attacks were carried out on Polish schools and Polish youth.<ref name=mw40/> German militias carried out numerous beatings of Polish activists, scouts and even postal workers, as "punishment" for distributing the Polish press.<ref name=mw41>Wardzyńska, p. 41</ref> German students attacked and expelled Polish students from the technical university.<ref name=mw41/> Dozens of Polish surnames were forcibly Germanized,<ref name=mw41/> while Polish symbols that reminded that for centuries Gdańsk was part of Poland were removed from the city's landmarks, such as the ] and the ].<ref name=mw42>Wardzyńska, p. 42</ref> | |||
Possesion of Gdansk by the Teutonic Order was questioned all the time by the Polish kings ] and ] what led to a series of bloody wars and legal-suits in the papal court in ] and ]. Finally in ] peace was concluded when the Teutonic Knights accepted that they control ] as an alm or gift of Polish kings, and they also acknolegded the feudal overlordship of Poland. Polish rights to Pomerania were no longer questioned and the Polish kings retained the title ''Duke of Pomerania''. | |||
From 1937, the employment of Poles by German companies was prohibited, and already employed Poles were fired, the use of Polish in public places was banned and Poles were not allowed to enter several restaurants, in particular those owned by Germans.<ref name=mw42/> In 1939, before the German ] and outbreak of ], local Polish railwaymen were victims of beatings, and after the invasion, they were also imprisoned and murdered in ].<ref>Wardzyńska, pp. 39-40, 85</ref> | |||
=== Leader of Royal Prussia (1454/66–1793) === | |||
] officially demanded the return of Danzig to Germany along with an extraterritorial (meaning under German ]) highway through the area of the ] for land-based access from the rest of Germany. Hitler used the issue of the status of the city as a pretext for attacking Poland and in May 1939, during a high-level meeting of German military officials explained to them: "It is not Danzig that is at stake. For us it is a matter of expanding our ] in the east", adding that there will be no repeat of the Czech situation, and Germany will attack Poland at first opportunity, after isolating the country from its Western Allies.<ref>''The history of the German resistance, 1933–1945'' Peter Hoffmann p. 37 McGill-Queen's University Press 1996</ref><ref>''Hitler'' Joachim C. Fest p. 586 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002</ref><ref>''Blitzkrieg w Polsce wrzesien 1939'' Richard Hargreaves p. 84 Bellona, 2009</ref><ref>''A military history of Germany, from the eighteenth century to the present day''Martin Kitchen p. 305 Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975</ref><ref>International history of the twentieth century and beyond Antony Best p. 181 Routledge; 2 edition (30 July 2008)</ref> | |||
In ], Gdańsk joined the nearby Hanseatic cities of Elbing (now ]) and Thorn (now ]) to form the ], which was supported by ] of Poland in its rebellion (February ]) against the Teutonic Order's rule. The resulting "War of the Cities" or ] ended with the Order's defeat and its surrender to the Polish crown (], October ]) of its rights in Gdańsk Pomerania and the rest of the area subsequently known as "Polish" or ]. | |||
After the German proposals to solve the three main issues peacefully were refused, German-Polish relations rapidly deteriorated. Germany ] on 1 September after having signed ] with the Soviet Union.<ref name="Reduta">{{cite book |last=Drzycimski |first=Andrzej |author-link= |date=2014 |title=Reduta Westerplatte |url= |location= |publisher=Oficyna Gdańska |page= |isbn=978-8364180187}}</ref> | |||
The 15th and 16th centuries brought changes to the city's cultural heritage. These changes could be seen in the arts, language, and contributions to the world of science. In 1471, a refurbished sailing ship under captain Paul Beneke brought the famous altar painting titled: Latest Judgement (''Jüngste Gericht'') by artist ] to the city. Around 1480–1490, tablets were installed at St. Mary's church, depicting the ''Ten Commandments'' () in the ]. | |||
] in September 1939]] | |||
In 1566, the official language of the city's governing institutions was changed from the Low German used throughout the Hanseatic cities to ]. | |||
The German attack began in Danzig, with a bombardment of Polish positions at ] by the German battleship {{SMS|Schleswig-Holstein||2}}, and the landing of German infantry on the peninsula. Outnumbered Polish defenders at Westerplatte ] for seven days before running out of ammunition. Meanwhile, after a fierce day-long ] (1 September 1939), defenders of the Polish Post office were tried and executed then buried on the spot in the Danzig quarter of ] in October 1939. In 1998 a German court overturned their conviction and sentence.<ref name="Reduta" /> The city was officially annexed by ] and incorporated into the ]. | |||
About 50 percent of members of the ] had left the city within a year after a ] in October 1937.<ref name=JVL>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_07105.html |title=Gdansk |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113051709/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_07105.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the ] riots in November 1938, the community decided to organize its emigration<ref name=Bauer>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOd3rLul-LcC&q=jewish+danzig&pg=PA145 |title=American Jewry and the Holocaust |first1=Yehuda |last1=Bauer |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-8143-1672-6 |page=145 |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032226/https://books.google.com/books?id=WOd3rLul-LcC&q=jewish+danzig&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in March 1939 a first transport to ] started.<ref name=shoa>{{cite web |url=http://www.shoa.de/holocaust/deportations-und-vernichtungspraxis/763.html |website=www.shoa.de |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629204011/http://www.shoa.de/holocaust/deportations-und-vernichtungspraxis/763.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |title=Die "Lösung der Judenfrage" in der Freien Stadt Danzig |date=30 November 2018}}</ref> By September 1939 barely 1,700 mostly elderly Jews remained. In early 1941, just 600 Jews were still living in Danzig, most of whom were later murdered in the ].<ref name=JVL/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol6_00033.html |title=Gdansk, Poland |work=jewishgen.org |access-date=27 January 2018 |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021208/https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol6_00033.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Out of the 2,938 ] in the city, 1,227 were able to escape from the Nazis before the outbreak of war.<ref>''Żydzi na terenie Wolnego Miasta Gdańska w latach 1920–1945:działalność kulturalna, polityczna i socjalna''Grzegorz Berendt Gdańskie Tow. Nauk., Wydz. I Nauk Społecznych i Humanistycznych, 1997 p. 245</ref> | |||
] visited the mayor of Gdańsk in ], while he was working with ] in nearby ]. The mayor gave Rheticus financial assistance for the publication of the ''Narratio Prima'', published by the in the city by the printer Rhode in ] and to this day considered the best introduction to the ] theory. While in Gdańsk, Rheticus, who was also a cartographer and navigational instrument maker, interviewed pilots as to their navigational needs. He presented the ''Tabula chorographica auff Preusse'' to Duke ] in 1541. | |||
] had been observing Polish minority communities in the city since 1936, compiling information, which in 1939 served to prepare lists of Poles to be captured in ]. On the first day of the war, approximately 1,500 ] were arrested, some because of their participation in social and economic life, others because they were activists and members of various Polish organisations. On 2 September 1939, 150 of them were deported to the ] some {{cvt|30|mi|km|-1|order=flip}} from Danzig, and murdered.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824163259/http://www.kki.net.pl/~museum/museums.htm |date=24 August 2005 }}. Retrieved 31 January 2007.</ref> Many Poles living in Danzig were deported to Stutthof or executed in the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kki.net.pl/~museum/museums.htm |title=Museums Stutthof |access-date=16 January 2006 |archive-date=24 August 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824163259/http://www.kki.net.pl/~museum/museums.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
The city struggled to remain as independent member of the Hanseatic League through the ] against various pressures (see '']'', a councilman and member of a long established Gdansk patrician family, for details). | |||
During the war, Germany operated a prison in the city,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1516 |title=Schweres NS-Gefängnis Danzig, Neugarten 27 |website=Bundesarchiv.de |access-date=18 September 2021 |language=de |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918124617/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1516 |url-status=live }}</ref> an '']''-operated penal camp,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1515 |title=Einsatzgruppen-Straflager in der Danziger Holzgasse |website=Bundesarchiv.de |access-date=18 September 2021 |language=de |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918124616/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1515 |url-status=live }}</ref> a camp for ],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1018 |title=Zigeunerlager Danzig |website=Bundesarchiv.de |access-date=18 September 2021 |language=de |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918124615/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1018 |url-status=live }}</ref> two subcamps of the ] ] for ] POWs,<ref>{{cite book|last=Niklas|first=Tomasz|editor-last=Grudziecka|editor-first=Beata|title=Stalag XX B: historia nieopowiedziana|language=pl|location=Malbork|publisher=Muzeum Miasta Malborka|page=29|chapter=Polscy jeńcy w Stalagu XX B Marienburg|date=23 August 2023 |isbn=978-83-950992-2-9}}</ref> and several subcamps of the ] within the present-day city limits.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gliński |first=Mirosław |title=Podobozy i większe komanda zewnętrzne obozu Stutthof (1939–1945) |journal=Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum |language=pl |volume=3 |pages=165, 167–168, 175–176, 179 |issn=0137-5377}}</ref> | |||
Local printer Andreas Hünefeld(t) (''Hunsfeldus'') (]–]) printed a Gdańsk edition of the ] Manifestos. Later on, he published the poems of ]. The famous poet Opitz had died in 1639 and his friend, the pastor of Gdańsk, known as ], together with two associates edited the Opitz poems for the Hünefeld printing house. | |||
In 1941, ] ordered the ], eventually causing the fortunes of war to turn against Germany. As the ] advanced in 1944, German populations in ] and Eastern Europe took flight, resulting in the beginning of a great population shift. After the ] began in January 1945, hundreds of thousands of German refugees converged on Danzig, many of whom had fled on foot from ], some tried to escape through the city's port in a large-scale evacuation involving hundreds of German cargo and passenger ships. Some of the ships were sunk by the Soviets, including the {{MV|Wilhelm Gustloff||2}} after an evacuation was attempted at neighbouring ]. In the process, tens of thousands of refugees were killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiekdwudziesty.pl/bitwa-o-gdansk-1945/ |title=Bitwa o Gdańsk 1945 |last=Voellner |first=Heinz |date=31 August 2020 |website=wiekdwudziesty.pl |publisher= |access-date=9 August 2021 |quote=}}</ref> | |||
In ] a distillery named ''Der Lachs'' (the Salmon) was founded , which produced one of Gdańsk's most famous products, a liqueur named ''Danziger'' '']'' ("Gdańsk gold water"), made from herbs and with small 22-carat gold flakes floating in the bottle. The recipe for this went with those expelled in ] to western Germany, where it continued to be produced. | |||
The city also endured heavy Allied and Soviet air raids. Those who survived and could not escape had to face the Soviet Army, which ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gdansk.pl/en/article.php?category=453&article=926&history=453: |title=Gdańsk.pl |date=3 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303025650/http://www.gdansk.pl/en/article.php?category=453&article=926&history=453: |archive-date=3 March 2006}}</ref> followed by large-scale ]<ref name="Baziur">{{cite journal |title=Armia Czerwona na Pomorzu Gdańskim 1945–1947 (Red Army in Gdańsk Pomerania 1945–1947) |author=Grzegorz Baziur, OBEP ] ] |journal=Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (Institute of National Remembrance Bulletin) |year=2002 |volume=7 |pages=35–38|title-link=Pomerania}}</ref> and looting.<ref>Biskupski, Mieczysław B. ''The History of Poland''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, p. 97.</ref><ref>Tighe, Carl. ''Gdańsk: National Identity in the Polish-German Borderlands''. London: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 199.</ref> | |||
From the ] until the mid-] Gdansk experienced rapid growth, becoming the largest city on the Baltic seaboard by the ] owing to its large trade with the Netherlands and its handling of most of Poland's seaborne trade, transported up north via the Vistula river. The city's prosperity was severely damaged, however, by the ] (]–]) and the ] (]–]), and it suffered an epidemic of ] in ]. | |||
In line with the decisions made by the Allies at the ] and ] conferences, the city became again part of Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the ] in the 1980s. The remaining German residents of the city who had survived the war ] to postwar Germany. The city was repopulated by ethnic ]; up to 18 percent (1948) of them had been ] in ] from pre-war eastern ].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC&q=3200 |title=Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt |first1=Peter Oliver |last1=Loew |publisher=C.H. Beck |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-406-60587-1 |page=232 |language=de |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032302/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC&q=3200 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
Gdańsk took part in all Hanseatic League conferences until the last one in 1669. By that time the ] and other long-distance overseas commercial powers had overtaken the Baltic trade centres such as Danzig. | |||
===Post World War II (1945-1989)=== | |||
In 1743 a ] (''Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Danzig'') was formed by ]. | |||
In 1946, the communists executed 17-year-old ] and 42-year-old ], known ] members, in the local prison.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://europeremembers.com/destination/inka-monument/ |title=Inka Monument |website=Europe Remembers |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918152908/https://europeremembers.com/destination/inka-monument/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=mkidn>{{cite web |url=http://mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/panstwowy-pogrzeb-zolnierzy-niezlomnych---bdquoinkirdquo-i-bdquozagonczykardquo-6535.php |title=Państwowy pogrzeb Żołnierzy Niezłomnych - "Inki" i "Zagończyka" |website=Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918152908/http://mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/panstwowy-pogrzeb-zolnierzy-niezlomnych---bdquoinkirdquo-i-bdquozagonczykardquo-6535.php |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
=== In the Kingdom of Prussia (1793–1806, 1815–1919) === | |||
The port of Gdańsk was one of the three Polish ports through which ] and ], ], reached Poland.<ref name=ik>{{cite book |last=Kubasiewicz |first=Izabela |editor-last1=Dworaczek |editor-first1=Kamil |editor-last2=Kamiński |editor-first2=Łukasz |year=2013 |title=Letnia Szkoła Historii Najnowszej 2012. Referaty |language=pl |location=Warszawa |publisher=IPN |pages=114 |chapter=Emigranci z Grecji w Polsce Ludowej. Wybrane aspekty z życia mniejszości}}</ref> In 1949, four transports of Greek and Macedonian refugees arrived at the port of Gdańsk, from where they were transported to new homes in Poland.<ref name=ik/> | |||
In the first of the late ] ] (]), the German-speaking inhabitants of Danzig fought fiercely to stay independent, while the majority of Polish Pomerania fell to the ]. Danzig was surrounded by the Prussian territories until ], when it was incorporated into the Prussian kingdom as part of the province of ], reverting under ] to direct Prussian rule after a second brief period (]–]) as a ]. | |||
Parts of the historic old city of Gdańsk, which had suffered large-scale destruction during the war, were rebuilt during the 1950s and 1960s. The reconstruction sought to dilute the "German character" of the city, and set it back to how it supposedly looked like before the annexation to Prussia in 1793.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5IU6r6cFkAC&q=+Danzig&pg=PA80 |title=Die Schleifung – Zerstörung und Wiederaufbau historischer Bauten in Deutschland und Polen |first1=Bogdana |last1=Kozinska |first2=Dieter |last2=Bingen |publisher=Deutsches Polen-Institut |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-447-05096-8 |page=67 |language=de |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032225/https://books.google.com/books?id=j5IU6r6cFkAC&q=+Danzig&pg=PA80 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC&q=Wiederaufbau |title=Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt |first1=Peter Oliver |last1=Loew |publisher=C.H. Beck |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-406-60587-1 |page=146 |language=de |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032232/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC&q=Wiederaufbau |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5IU6r6cFkAC&q=+Danzig&pg=PA80 |title=Die Schleifung – Zerstörung und Wiederaufbau historischer Bauten in Deutschland und Polen |first1=Konstanty |last1=Kalinowski |first2=Dieter |last2=Bingen |publisher=Deutsches Polen-Institut |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-447-05096-8 |page=89 |language=de |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032225/https://books.google.com/books?id=j5IU6r6cFkAC&q=+Danzig&pg=PA80 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nineteenth-century transformations were ignored as "ideologically malignant" by post-war administrations, or regarded as "Prussian barbarism" worthy of demolition,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMuuwvSxrj4C&q=Barbarei |title=Neue Stadt in altem Glanz – Der Wiederaufbau Danzigs 1945–1960 |first1=Jacek |last1=Friedrich |publisher=Böhlau |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-412-20312-2 |pages=30, 40 |language=de |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032230/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMuuwvSxrj4C&q=Barbarei |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztVJLYq9WtoC&q=reconstruction+gdansk&pg=PA82 |title=Cultural landscapes of post-socialist cities: representation of powers and needs |first1=Mariusz |last1=Czepczynski |publisher=Ashgate publ. |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7546-7022-3 |page=82 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032226/https://books.google.com/books?id=ztVJLYq9WtoC&q=reconstruction+gdansk&pg=PA82 |url-status=live }}</ref> while Flemish/Dutch, Italian and French influences were emphasized in order to "neutralize" the German influx on the general outlook of the city.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMuuwvSxrj4C&q=italienische |title=Neue Stadt in altem Glanz – Der Wiederaufbau Danzigs 1945–1960 |first1=Jacek |last1=Friedrich |publisher=Böhlau |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-412-20312-2 |pages=34, 102 |language=de |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008143038/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMuuwvSxrj4C&q=italienische |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
From the first partition of Poland, the city lost its function as the principal port for Polish exports via the Baltic, and ceased to be the region's largest port as it experienced a prolonged economic and demographic slump. | |||
] strike in 1980]] | |||
With the industrial revolution and the steam engine trains, ships, and industrial machinery in nearby Elblag and ]'s Schichau Werke gained the upper hand for the city of Elblag again. Schichau later constructed a large shipyard in Danzig as well, however. | |||
Boosted by heavy investment in the development of its port and three major shipyards for Soviet ambitions in the ], Gdańsk became the major shipping and industrial centre of the ]. In December 1970, Gdańsk was the scene of ], which led to the downfall of Poland's communist leader ]. During the demonstrations in Gdańsk and Gdynia, military as well as the police opened fire on the demonstrators causing several dozen deaths. Ten years later, in August 1980, ] was the birthplace of the ] trade union movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://isj.org.uk/the-rise-of-solidarnosc/ |title=The rise of Solidarnosc |last=Barker |first=Colin |date=17 October 2005 |website=International Socialism |access-date=10 December 2022 |quote=}}</ref> | |||
From 1824 until 1878, ] and ] were combined as a single province under the Prussian kingdom. But although Danzig was a part of ], it was never a member of the 1815–1866 ] (''Deutsche Bund''). After the Confederation's dissolution, the city was included, along with the rest of Prussia in the ] in ] and the newly created ] in ]. | |||
In September 1981, to deter Solidarity, Soviet Union launched ], the largest military exercise in history, during which amphibious landings were conducted near Gdańsk. Meanwhile, the Solidarity held its first national congress in ], Gdańsk when more than 800 deputies participated. Its opposition to the Communist regime led to the end of Communist Party rule in 1989, and sparked a series of protests that overthrew the Communist regimes of the former ].<ref name="Onet.pl">{{cite news |url=http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/trojmiasto/w-gdansku-otwarto-europejskie-centrum-solidarnosci |title=W Gdańsku otwarto Europejskie Centrum Solidarności |publisher=Onet.pl |date=31 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2015 |language=pl |archive-date=13 December 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20151213151647/http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/trojmiasto/w-gdansku-otwarto-europejskie-centrum-solidarnosci |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
=== Free City Danzig (1920–1939) === | |||
===Contemporary history (1990-present)=== | |||
Following Germany's defeat in ], the Allied powers in the ] (1919) decided to create the ] (under a commissioner appointed by the ]) covering the city itself, the seaport, and a small surrounding territory. The purpose of this decision was to enable the Poles to use Danzig again as their chief port, while not subordinating the German population of the city to direct Polish rule. The League of Nations rejected the citizens' petition to have their city officially named as the '''Free Hanseatic City of Danzig''' (''Freie Hansastadt Danzig''). However, the League recognized them as citizens of Danzig with a separate ''Freistadt Danzig'' citizenship, and thus as no longer possessing German citizenship. | |||
Solidarity's leader, ], became ] in 1990. In 2014 the ], a museum and library devoted to the history of the movement, opened in Gdańsk.<ref name="Onet.pl"/> | |||
On 9 July 2001, the city was flooded, with 200 million ] being estimated in damage, 4 people killed, and 304 evacuated. As a result, the city has built 50 reservoirs, the number of which is rising.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dziennikbaltycki.pl/powodz-w-gdansku-9-lipca-2001-r-gwaltowna-ulewa-zatopila-czesc-miasta-18-rocznica-tragicznych-wydarzen-archiwalne-zdjecia/ar/c1-14259993 |title=Powódź w Gdańsku. 9 lipca 2001 r. gwałtowna ulewa zatopiła część miasta. 18 rocznica tragicznych wydarzeń |last=Bednarz |first=Beata |date=9 July 2019 |publisher=Dziennik Bałtycki |access-date=16 October 2022 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/trojmiasto/gdansk-mija-20-lat-od-tragicznej-powodzi-zdjecia/68zqwqh |title=Gdańsk. Mija 20 lat od tragicznej w skutkach powodzi |last=Olejarczyk |first=Piotr |date=9 July 2021 |publisher=] |access-date=16 October 2022 |quote=}}</ref> | |||
The strategic aim of Poland was to regain free access to the open sea, and the territory settlement given to Poland in the ] was a good opportunity for this. The Polish government also hoped to return to the relationship Poland had with its main port of Danzig before 1772. However, at a crucial time of Polish-Soviet war, when the Soviet army was approaching Warsaw Warsaw, Danzig workers went on strike to block delivery of ammunition to the Polish army. This move set both sides into the conflict that marks the history of the Free City of Danzig. | |||
] in Gdańsk]] | |||
A ] with Poland was created by the allied powers, which gave the Gdansk port of ] to the Polish republic as a Polish military transit depot. The separation of the Danzig port, post office and customs office under the treaty was said to be justified by Poland's need for direct access to the Baltic Sea. Poland then stationed small squad of troops at Westerplatte. Due to massive resentment by the German inhabitants of Danzig, the Poles, using large foreign investments, began building a large port in ], just 25 km away from Danzig . Unlike Danzig, Gdynia was a direct possesion of Poland and soon became known as "Poland's window outside". | |||
Gdańsk native ] is ] from 2007 to 2014 and again from 2023 to present and was ] from 2014 to 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28989875 |title=Italy's Mogherini and Poland's Tusk get top EU jobs |publisher=BBC |date=30 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=31 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831010253/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28989875 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, the remains of ] and Feliks Selmanowicz were found at the local Garrison Cemetery, and then their state burial was held in Gdańsk in 2016, with the participation of thousands of people from all over Poland and the highest Polish authorities.<ref name=mkidn/> | |||
In January 2019, the Mayor of Gdańsk, ], was ] by a man who had just been released from prison for violent crimes. After stabbing the mayor in the abdomen near the heart, the man claimed that the mayor's political party had been responsible for imprisoning him. Though Adamowicz underwent a multi-hour surgery, he died the next day.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/14/europe/pawel-adamowicz-gdansk-mayor-stabbed-poland-intl/index.html |title=Gdansk mayor Pawel Adamowicz dies after being stabbed in heart on stage | publisher=CNN|date=14 January 2019 |access-date=14 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114150906/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/14/europe/pawel-adamowicz-gdansk-mayor-stabbed-poland-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/mayor-of-polish-city-dies-after-stabbing-at-charity-event/ar-BBSeqqz?ocid=chromentpshop |title=Mayor of Polish city dies after stabbing at charity event | publisher=www.msn.com |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023117/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/mayor-of-polish-city-dies-after-stabbing-at-charity-event/ar-BBSeqqz?ocid=chromentpshop |archive-date=15 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
After World War I a massive inflow of Poles into the area occurred. Before the war, Gdynia had been a small fishing village and spa with 1000 inhabitants. With Poland's large investments in Gdynia, the city had over 100,000 inhabitants 20 years later. | |||
In October 2019, the City of Gdańsk was awarded the ] in the Concord category as a recognition of the fact that "the past and present in Gdańsk are sensitive to solidarity, the defense of freedom and human rights, as well as to the preservation of peace".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/polish-city-of-gdansk-wins-princess-of-asturias-award-8170 |title=Polish city of Gdansk wins Princess of Asturias Award |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019135303/https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/polish-city-of-gdansk-wins-princess-of-asturias-award-8170 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
Due to the Polish-German trade war of ]–], Poland was more focused then ever in its history on international trade. For example, the new railway line was build to connect ] with the coast and the new tariffs made it very cheap to send goods through Polish ports rather then German ones. | |||
Gdynia became the biggest port on the Baltic sea, but Danzig also profited from the prosperity. Nevertheless, Poland frequently resorted to economical sanctions during conflicts with the authorities of the Free City, and Danzig suffered greatly as a result. | |||
In a 2023 Report on the Quality of Life in European Cities compiled by the ], Gdańsk was named as the fourth best city to live in Europe alongside ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/reports/qol2023/2023_quality_life_european_cities_en.pdf |title=Report on the quality of life in European cities, 2023 |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref> | |||
The strong economy of the late 1920s was not well-used by Danzig, as the leaders of the city were more interested in preparing the way for a future reunion with Germany than in developing better relations with Poland. | |||
==Geography== | |||
The Free City of Danzig (German ''Freie Stadt Danzig'') issued its own stamps and currency (the Gulden). Many examples of stamps and coins, bearing the legend Freie Stadt Danzig, survive in collections. The general desire of the inhabitants was for an eventual reunion with Germany, and elections in the city generally gave success to nationalist elements. This culminated in the election of a ] government in Danzig's elections of May ], shortly after ] accession to power in Germany. | |||
Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the ] river to the ], a branch of the ]. It is located on the border between different ]s: ] (waterside part of the city), ] (eastern part of the city), ] (north-western part of the city) and ] (western part of the city). | |||
===Climate=== | |||
German incorporation of Danzig was one of the nationalistic territorial claims that every government of the ] had put on its agenda. When the Nazi government came to power in Germany in 1933, it had the government of Danzig stage a military incident in Danzig in 1934. Ultimately, though, Germany, which had not begun yet to openly rearm, decided to compromise rather than risk war with what was then a much larger Polish army. | |||
{{climate chart | |||
|Gdańsk | |||
|−3.8|1.4|28.7 | |||
|−3.1|2.3|22.5 | |||
|−0.7|6.1|27.9 | |||
|3.1|11.4|31.2 | |||
|7.9|16.7|54.8 | |||
|11.1|19.6|68 | |||
|13.6|22.6|68.4 | |||
|13.2|22.9|69.2 | |||
|9.9|17.7|63.9 | |||
|5.6|12.6|49.3 | |||
|1.2|6.1|46.4 | |||
|−2.2|2.5|38.8 | |||
|float=right | |||
A Polish-German non-aggression agreement was signed and the Free City's government was ordered by the Nazis to stop making problems between Poland and Danzig. Poland and Danzig entered a brief period of good economic cooperation and prosperity. Neverthless, a totalitarian society was being constructed, and being a member of minority groups — either Polish or Jewish — required stamina in the face of everyday acts of violence and persecutions. | |||
|source= | |||
}} | |||
Gdańsk has a climate with both oceanic and continental influences. According to some categorizations, it has an ] (Cfb), while others classify it as belonging to the ] (Dfb).<ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202852/https://www.britannica.com/media/full/276210/206711 |date=14 February 2018 }}". ''Britannica''. Retrieved 14 February 2018</ref> It actually depends on whether the mean reference temperature for the coldest winter month is set at {{cvt|-3|C|F}} or {{cvt|0|C|F}}. Gdańsk's dry winters and the precipitation maximum in summer are indicators of continentality. However seasonal extremes are less pronounced than those in inland Poland.<ref name = Weatherbase> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106230835/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=5121&cityname=Gdansk%2C+Pomeranian+Voivodeship%2C+Poland&units= |date=6 November 2018 }}". ''Weatherbase.com''. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</ref> | |||
The city has moderately cold and cloudy winters with mean temperature in January and February near or below {{cvt|0|C|F}} and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. Average temperatures range from {{cvt|-1.0|to|17.2|C|F|0}} and average monthly rainfall varies {{cvt|17.9|to|66.7|mm|in|0}} per month with a rather low annual total of {{cvt|507.3|mm|in|0}}. In general, the weather is damp, variable, and mild.<ref name = Weatherbase /> | |||
In 1939 the Jewish community decided that all members should leave, not only Gdansk, but the whole region, as they realised it would be soon in the hands of Nazis. This was successfully achieved. | |||
The seasons are clearly differentiated. Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy, later becoming pleasantly warm and often increasingly sunny. Summer, which begins in June, is predominantly warm but hot at times with temperature reaching as high as {{cvt|30|to|35|C|F|0}} at least couple times a year with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy rain. Gdańsk averages 1,700 hours of sunshine per year. July and August are the warmest months. Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny, turning cold, damp, and foggy in November. Winter lasts from December to March and includes periods of snow. January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as {{cvt|-15|C|0}}.<ref name = Weatherbase /> | |||
=== World War II (1939–1945) === | |||
{{Weather box|location= Gdańsk (1991–2020) | |||
Following the annexation of ] and the ], Germany in October ] urged the free city's cession to Germany. Poland refused to accept this and was eventually backed in its stance by the governments of France and the United Kingdom, disturbed by the annexion of ] and ] in March of ]. On ], ], German troops invaded Poland. On ] Germany officially annexed the Free City of Danzig. Polish postmen defending the Polish Post Office was killed. Other Polish soldiers defending the Westerplatte stronghold surrendered after 7 days of fighting. The German commander returned the sword to the Polish commander for putting up a brave fight. In October 1939, Danzig, together with the rest of the ] to the south and west, became the German ''Reichsgau'' (administrative district) of ] (''Danzig-Westpreussen''). | |||
|width= auto | |||
|metric first= y | |||
|single line= y | |||
|Jan record high C = 13.4 | |||
|Feb record high C = 18.1 | |||
|Mar record high C = 24.5 | |||
|Apr record high C = 30.6 | |||
|May record high C = 32.3 | |||
|Jun record high C = 34.6 | |||
|Jul record high C = 36.0 | |||
|Aug record high C = 35.8 | |||
|Sep record high C = 31.7 | |||
|Oct record high C = 28.1 | |||
|Nov record high C = 21.1 | |||
|Dec record high C = 13.7 | |||
| Jan avg record high C = 7.6 | |||
| Feb avg record high C = 8.4 | |||
| Mar avg record high C = 14.9 | |||
| Apr avg record high C = 22.1 | |||
| May avg record high C = 25.9 | |||
| Jun avg record high C = 28.9 | |||
| Jul avg record high C = 30.0 | |||
| Aug avg record high C = 29.9 | |||
| Sep avg record high C = 24.8 | |||
| Oct avg record high C = 19.2 | |||
| Nov avg record high C = 11.8 | |||
| Dec avg record high C = 8.4 | |||
|year avg record high C = 31.8 | |||
|Jan high C = 1.7 | |||
|Feb high C = 2.9 | |||
|Mar high C = 6.6 | |||
|Apr high C = 12.1 | |||
|May high C = 16.8 | |||
|Jun high C = 20.4 | |||
|Jul high C = 22.6 | |||
|Aug high C = 22.9 | |||
|Sep high C = 18.5 | |||
|Oct high C = 12.7 | |||
|Nov high C = 6.7 | |||
|Dec high C = 3.1 | |||
|year high C = 12.3 | |||
| Jan mean C = -1.4 | |||
| Feb mean C = -0.8 | |||
| Mar mean C = 1.8 | |||
| Apr mean C = 6.9 | |||
| May mean C = 11.9 | |||
| Jun mean C = 15.5 | |||
| Jul mean C = 17.7 | |||
| Aug mean C = 17.3 | |||
| Sep mean C = 12.9 | |||
| Oct mean C = 8.0 | |||
| Nov mean C = 3.4 | |||
| Dec mean C = 0.1 | |||
| year mean C = 7.7 | |||
|Jan low C = -3.3 | |||
|Feb low C = -2.7 | |||
|Mar low C = -0.4 | |||
|Apr low C = 3.6 | |||
|May low C = 8.1 | |||
|Jun low C = 11.6 | |||
|Jul low C = 14.2 | |||
|Aug low C = 13.9 | |||
|Sep low C = 10.4 | |||
|Oct low C = 5.8 | |||
|Nov low C = 1.9 | |||
|Dec low C = -1.6 | |||
|year low C = 5.1 | |||
| Jan avg record low C = -15.6 | |||
| Feb avg record low C = -13.5 | |||
| Mar avg record low C = -9.7 | |||
| Apr avg record low C = -3.8 | |||
| May avg record low C = 0.0 | |||
| Jun avg record low C = 4.3 | |||
| Jul avg record low C = 7.5 | |||
| Aug avg record low C = 7.2 | |||
| Sep avg record low C = 3.0 | |||
| Oct avg record low C = -2.2 | |||
| Nov avg record low C = -6.3 | |||
| Dec avg record low C = -11.3 | |||
|year avg record low C = -19.1 | |||
|Jan record low C = -27.4 | |||
|Feb record low C = -29.8 | |||
|Mar record low C = -22.8 | |||
|Apr record low C = -7.7 | |||
|May record low C = -4.3 | |||
|Jun record low C = -0.5 | |||
|Jul record low C = 2.1 | |||
|Aug record low C = 4.4 | |||
|Sep record low C = -1.9 | |||
|Oct record low C = -7.0 | |||
|Nov record low C = -16.9 | |||
|Dec record low C = -23.3 | |||
|year record low C = | |||
|precipitation colour = green | |||
|Jan precipitation mm = 28.5 | |||
|Feb precipitation mm = 23.7 | |||
|Mar precipitation mm = 27.5 | |||
|Apr precipitation mm = 32.0 | |||
|May precipitation mm = 53.3 | |||
|Jun precipitation mm = 58.8 | |||
|Jul precipitation mm = 79.4 | |||
|Aug precipitation mm = 70.0 | |||
|Sep precipitation mm = 64.5 | |||
|Oct precipitation mm = 54.8 | |||
|Nov precipitation mm = 42.6 | |||
|Dec precipitation mm = 36.0 | |||
|year precipitation mm = 571.0 | |||
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | |||
|Jan precipitation days = 16.67 | |||
|Feb precipitation days = 14.25 | |||
|Mar precipitation days = 14.03 | |||
|Apr precipitation days = 11.43 | |||
|May precipitation days = 13.07 | |||
|Jun precipitation days = 14.03 | |||
|Jul precipitation days = 13.43 | |||
|Aug precipitation days = 14.03 | |||
|Sep precipitation days = 12.40 | |||
|Oct precipitation days = 15.27 | |||
|Nov precipitation days = 15.93 | |||
|Dec precipitation days = 17.97 | |||
|year precipitation days = 172.51 | |||
| Jan humidity = 87.7 | |||
| Feb humidity = 85.9 | |||
| Mar humidity = 82.5 | |||
| Apr humidity = 75.5 | |||
| May humidity = 71.6 | |||
| Jun humidity = 72.2 | |||
| Jul humidity = 74.7 | |||
| Aug humidity = 78.1 | |||
| Sep humidity = 82.6 | |||
| Oct humidity = 84.6 | |||
| Nov humidity = 89.1 | |||
| Dec humidity = 89.8 | |||
| year humidity = | |||
|Jan sun = 39 | |||
|Feb sun = 70 | |||
|Mar sun = 134 | |||
|Apr sun = 163 | |||
|May sun = 244 | |||
|Jun sun = 259 | |||
|Jul sun = 236 | |||
|Aug sun = 225 | |||
|Sep sun = 174 | |||
|Oct sun = 105 | |||
|Nov sun = 45 | |||
|Dec sun = 32 | |||
|year sun = 1726 | |||
| Jan uv =1 | |||
| Feb uv =2 | |||
| Mar uv =2 | |||
| Apr uv =4 | |||
| May uv =4 | |||
| Jun uv =5 | |||
| Jul uv =5 | |||
| Aug uv =4 | |||
| Sep uv =4 | |||
| Oct uv =3 | |||
| Nov uv =1 | |||
| Dec uv =1 | |||
| Jan dew point C = -3 | |||
| Feb dew point C = -3 | |||
| Mar dew point C = -1 | |||
| Apr dew point C = 2 | |||
| May dew point C = 6 | |||
| Jun dew point C = 10 | |||
| Jul dew point C = 13 | |||
| Aug dew point C = 12 | |||
| Sep dew point C = 9 | |||
| Oct dew point C = 6 | |||
| Nov dew point C = 2 | |||
| Dec dew point C = -1 | |||
|source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE | |||
| archive-date = 3 December 2021 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE | |||
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 31 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE | |||
| archive-date = 15 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE | |||
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 31 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE | |||
| archive-date = 15 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE | |||
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 31 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA | |||
| archive-date = 9 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA | |||
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 31 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01 | |||
| archive-date = 15 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01 | |||
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 31 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB | |||
| archive-date = 15 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB | |||
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 31 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0 | |||
| archive-date = 21 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0 | |||
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 31 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL | |||
| archive-date = 15 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL | |||
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h) | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 31 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
|source 2= meteomodel.pl,{{efn|Record temperatures are from all Gdańsk stations.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=354180155&par=tmax&max_empty=3 |title=Gdańsk Średnie i sumy miesięczne |date=6 April 2018 |publisher=meteomodel.pl |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=9 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309021457/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=354180155&par=tmax&max_empty=3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Weather Atlas (UV),<ref>{{cite web | |||
| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/poland/gdansk-climate | |||
| title = Gdańsk, Poland – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast | |||
| publisher = Weather Atlas | |||
| access-date = 1 August 2022}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<ref>{{cite web | |||
| url = https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/poland/gdansk/climate | |||
| title = Climate & Weather Averages in Gdańsk | |||
| publisher = Time and Date | |||
| access-date = 31 July 2022}}</ref> | |||
| date = October 2015 | |||
}} | |||
==Economy== | |||
Poles as well as German dissidents were sent to concentration camps, mainly the neighbouring ], where 85,000 of locals perished. An estimate 60,000 members of the Kashub and Polish intelligentsia were killed in the ] mass murder site. | |||
] in 2009]] | |||
The industrial sections of the city are dominated by shipbuilding, petrochemical, and chemical industries, as well as food processing. The share of high-tech sectors such as electronics, telecommunications, IT engineering, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals is on the rise. ] processing is also an important part of the local economy, as the majority of the world's amber deposits lie along the ] coast.<ref name = "biznes">{{cite web |url=https://businessinsider.com.pl/firmy/8-biznesowych-rzeczy-ktorych-nie-wiedziales-o-gdansku/7yhqcfl |title=Gdańsk – dobry klimat dla interesów. 8 biznesowych rzeczy, których nie wiedziałeś o Gdańsku |date=13 July 2020 |website=Business Insider |publisher=] |access-date=31 October 2021 |quote= |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031101856/https://businessinsider.com.pl/firmy/8-biznesowych-rzeczy-ktorych-nie-wiedziales-o-gdansku/7yhqcfl |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
At the beginning of ] Germany began to evacuate civilians from Danzig. Most of the German population fled the city, many by seaborne evacuation to Schleswig-Holstein. This happened during the winter, under heavy allied bombing and in constant danger of submarines. | |||
Major companies based in Gdańsk include multinational clothing company ], ], ], the ], Ziaja, and ]. The city also served as a major base for ], with the ] having been the second-largest in Poland, with a capacity of {{convert|210000|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lotos.pl/en/869/this_is_lotos/lotos_group/history |title=LOTOS Group History |website=lotos.pl |publisher=Grupa Lotos |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref><ref name = "biznes" /> Gdańsk also hosts the biennial BALTEXPO International Maritime Fair and Conference, the largest fair dedicated to the ] in Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.polandatsea.com/baltexpo-international-maritime-fair-and-conference-2023-is-coming-soon/ |title=Baltexpo International Maritime Fair and Conference 2023 is coming soon! |website=polandatsea.com |date=31 March 2023 |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://baltexpo.eu/en/ |title=BALTEXPO will return in 2025! |website=baltexpo.com |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref> | |||
On ], ] the ] Army seized Danzig. | |||
In the following days, Soviet soldiers had a completely free hand in the city. In Danzig there were scenes of brutal violence, rapes, murders, and robbery, and eventually the city was set on fire. | |||
The largest shopping center located in the city is ],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pomorskie-prestige.eu/en/shoppinglifestyle-en/shopping-inspirations/forum-gdansk-the-new-face-of-the-city/ |title=Forum Gdańsk. The new face of the city |last= |first= |date=9 June 2018 |website=pomorskie-prestige.eu |publisher= |access-date=4 April 2024 |quote=}}</ref> which covers a large plot in the city centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archdaily.com/909887/forum-gdansk-sud-polska |title=Forum Gdańsk / SUD Polska |last= |first= |date= 16 August 2019|website=archdaily.com |publisher=] |access-date=9 September 2021 |quote=}}</ref> In 2021, the registered unemployment rate in the city was estimated at 3.6%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/rynek-pracy/bezrobocie-rejestrowane/bezrobotni-zarejestrowani-i-stopa-bezrobocia-stan-w-koncu-lipca-2021-r-,2,108.html |language=pl |title=Bezrobotni zarejestrowani i stopa bezrobocia. Stan w końcu lipca 2021 r. |website=stat.gov.pl |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref> | |||
The official German history estimates that about 100,000 Danzigers — 40% of the city's pre-war population — lost their lives in the war, including the evacuation and Soviet capture of the city. | |||
== |
==Main sights== | ||
{{Wide image|2012-08-30 pano gdansk sm2.jpg|900px|View of Gdańsk's Main Town from the ] River (2012)}}{{Clear}} | |||
===Architecture=== | |||
Already before the end of World War II, the ] had agreed to place Gdansk, under ''de facto'' Polish administration, and this decision was confirmed at the ]. A treaty between Poland and the ] in ] ceded Gdansk and other areas to Poland. However, due to the absence of a formal peace treaty and the powerful influence of the eastern refugee lobby in ], the Federal Republic did not recognize the new border until the inception of ] ''Ostpolitik'' in ]. The borders were reaffirmed by a treaty with reunited Germany in ]. | |||
{{multiple image | |||
| align = right | |||
| caption_align = center | |||
| perrow = 2 | |||
| total_width = 350 | |||
| header = Sights at the Royal Route | |||
| image1 = Puerta Alta, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 02.jpg | |||
| image2 = Gdańsk, Brama Złota (HB1).jpg | |||
| image3 = Ayuntamiento Principal, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 01.jpg | |||
| image4 = Corte Artus, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 03.jpg | |||
| image5 = Gdańsk Złota Kamienica.jpg | |||
| image6 = Monumento Neptuno, Gdansk, Polonia, 2013-05-20, DD 05.jpg | |||
| caption1 = Highland Gate | |||
| caption2 = Mansion of the Society of Saint George and ] | |||
| caption3 = '']'' | |||
| caption4 = ] | |||
| caption5 = Sculptures at the top of the Golden House | |||
| caption6 = ] and '']'' | |||
}} | |||
The city has some buildings surviving from the time of the ]. Most ]s are located in the area of the Main City of Gdańsk,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Główne i Stare Miasto Gdańsk |url=https://www.suerteprzewodnicy.pl/blog/glowne-i-stare-miasto-gdansk-odkrywamy-gdanska-starowke/ |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=suerteprzewodnicy.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> along or near Ulica Długa (''Long Street'') and Długi Targ (''Long Market''), a pedestrian thoroughfare surrounded by buildings reconstructed in historical (primarily during the 17th century) style and flanked at both ends by elaborate ]s. This part of the city is sometimes referred to as the Royal Route, since it was once the path of processions for visiting Kings of Poland.<ref name="Richard Franks">{{Cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/poland/articles/20-must-visit-attractions-in-gdansk-poland/ |title=Must-Visit Attractions in Gdańsk, Poland |website=theculturetrip.com |author=Richard Franks |date=15 November 2017 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> | |||
Following the war a Communist-led Polish administration was declared in Gdansk. Nevertheless, the city was seriously devastated. | |||
Walking from end to end, sites encountered on or near the Royal Route include:<ref name="Richard Franks" /> | |||
After the war ended, nearly all citizens of Germany that returned and remained in the city were recognized as enemy aliens. Poles widely blamed the Danzigers for bringing about the Second World War. | |||
*Highland Gate ('']''), which marks the beginning of the Royal Route | |||
*Torture House (''Katownia'') and Prison Tower (''Wieża więzienna''), now housing the Amber Museum ('']'') | |||
*Mansion of the Society of Saint George ('']'') | |||
*] (''Złota Brama'')<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://its-poland.com/attraction/golden-gate-gdansk |title=Golden Gate, Gdańsk |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> | |||
*'']'' ("Long Lane"), filled with picturesque tenements | |||
**] (''Dom Uphagena''), branch of the Museum of Gdańsk | |||
**Lion's Castle ('']'') | |||
**] (''Ratusz Głównego Miasta'', built 1378–1492)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/green-gate,a,16,7 |title=Classical Gdańsk. Main City Town Hall |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202154623/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/green-gate,a,16,7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
*'']'' ("Long Market") | |||
**] (''Dwór Artusa'')<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/neptune-s-fountain,a,16,5 |title=Classical Gdańsk. Artus Court |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202155753/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/neptune-s-fountain,a,16,5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
**] (''Fontanna Neptuna''), a masterpiece by architect ], 1617.<ref name="Sturgis">{{cite book |author1=Russell Sturgis |author2=Arthur Lincoln Frothingham |title=A history of architecture |year=1915 |page= |publisher=Baker & Taylor |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryarchite01sturgoog}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Paul Wagret |author2=Helga S. B. Harrison |title=Poland |year=1964 |page=302 |publisher=Nagel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXu0AAAAIAAJ |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010230031/https://books.google.com/books?id=uXu0AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the oldest working fountain in Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=Fontanna Neptuna w Gdańsku |url=https://www.suerteprzewodnicy.pl/blog/fontanna-neptuna-w-gdansku/ |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=suerteprzewodnicy.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> | |||
**New Jury House ('']''), in which the seemingly 17th-century ''Maiden in the Window'' appears every day during the tourist season, referring to a popular novel ''Panienka z okienka'' ("Maiden in the Window") by ], set in 17th-century Gdańsk<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pomorskie.travel/en/-/nowy-dom-lawy-sien-gdanska- |title=The New Jury House (The Gdańsk Hall) |website=Pomorskie.travel |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032307/https://pomorskie.travel/en/punkty-poi/nowy-dom-lawy-sien-gdanska/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
**Golden House ('']''), a distinctive ] townhouse from the early 17th century, decorated with numerous reliefs and sculptures<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/golden-house,a,16,9 |title=Classical Gdańsk. Golden House |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202154656/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/golden-house,a,16,9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
*] (''Zielona Brama''), a ] gate, built as a formal residence of Polish kings, now housing a branch of the ]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/Green-Gate,a,16,8 |title=Classical Gdańsk. Green Gate |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202154610/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/Green-Gate,a,16,8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
*], a district made up of six buildings | |||
**Olivia Star, the tallest building in Gdańsk and the rest of northern Poland. It was finished in 2018 and measures at {{convert|156|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olivia Star - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/olivia-star/27585 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref> | |||
] was built in ] style between 1678 and 1681 by ].<ref name="ROBiDZ">{{cite web |author=ROBiDZ w Gdańsku |url=http://www.wrotapomorza.pl/pl/kultura/zabytki/wybrane_zabytki/kosciol/krolewska |title=Kaplica Królewska w Gdańsku |work=www.wrotapomorza.pl |language=pl |access-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210010543/http://www.wrotapomorza.pl/pl/kultura/zabytki/wybrane_zabytki/kosciol/krolewska |archive-date=10 February 2015}}</ref>]] | |||
Most of the Germans had to face special verification committees that had to judge their personal behaviour during the war. Many failed, even if their families' roots in Danzig/Gdansk went back many centuries, or they were of Kashubian descent, but had shown their support for Germany during WWII. The commitees are often criticised, since they were established by a communist government and their members were not always competent. | |||
] – one of the largest brick churches in the world]] | |||
], site of the ]]] | |||
Gdańsk has a number of historical churches, including ] and ] (''Bazylika Mariacka''). This latter is a municipal church built during the 15th century, and is one of the largest brick churches in the world.<ref name="Richard Franks"/> The city's 17th-century fortifications represent one of Poland's official national ] ('']''), as designated on 16 September 1994 and tracked by the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nid.pl/pl/Informacje_ogolne/Zabytki_w_Polsce/Pomniki_historii/Lista_miejsc/|title=Pomniki historii}}</ref> | |||
Other main sights in the historical city centre include:<ref name="Richard Franks"/> | |||
Later on, questions of citizenship were the subject of judicial process. | |||
*Royal Chapel of the Polish King ] | |||
Nevertheless, if somebody was granted Polish citizenship, he was not able to emigrate to Germany on his volition. After ], Stalin made the Polish government close the border for those who wanted to join their families in Germany. People of German origin were repressed and had to obtain special permissions for emigration. | |||
*''Żuraw'' – medieval port crane<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/the-crane,a,16,10 |title=Classical Gdańsk. The Crane |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202155757/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/the-crane,a,16,10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
*Granaries on the ] and Granary Islands | |||
*] | |||
*Old Town Hall<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/town-hall-of-the-old-town,a,16,11 |title=Classical Gdańsk. Town Hall of the Old Town |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202155755/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/town-hall-of-the-old-town,a,16,11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
*Mariacka Street<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/mariacka-street,a,16,12 |title=Classical Gdańsk. Mariacka Street |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202155749/https://visitgdansk.com/en/corobic/mariacka-street,a,16,12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
*], site of the ] | |||
*Brick gothic town gates, i.e., Mariacka Gate, Straganiarska Gate, Cow Gate | |||
Main sights outside the historical city centre include:<ref name="Richard Franks" /> | |||
In the whole process, most of the pre-war German citizens of Danzig fled to the Federal Republic. | |||
*] in the Oliwa Park | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muzeum1939.pl/historia-polwyspu-westerplatte-m2wswirtualnie/aktualnosci/3298.html |language=pl |title=HISTORIA PÓŁWYSPU WESTERPLATTE |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> | |||
*]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://podroze.onet.pl/ciekawe/twierdza-wisloujscie-jak-dojechac/mpc6ey5 |language=pl |title=Twierdza Wisłoujście - mało znana sąsiadka Westerplatte |website=onet.pl |date=24 December 2021 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> | |||
*]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zoo.gda.pl/en/homepage/ |title=Zoo Gdansk|access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> | |||
===Museums=== | |||
New Polish residents were settled in Gdansk from other parts of Poland and from Polish-speaking areas east of the Curzon Line that were annexed by the Soviet Union after WWII. Many local Kasubs also moved into the city. The city was thus transformed from a city where German was the principal language — portrayed, for instance, in Danzig native Günter Grass's novels ''The Tin Drum'' and ''Dog Years'' — into a city were most people spoke Polish. | |||
] | |||
*] (''Muzeum Narodowe'')<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://culture.pl/pl/miejsce/muzeum-narodowe-w-gdansku |language=pl |title=Muzeum Narodowe w Gdańsku |website=culture.pl |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> | |||
**Department of Ancient Art – contains a number of important artworks, including ]'s '']'' | |||
**] | |||
**Department of Modern Art – in the ] in Oliwa | |||
**Ethnography Department – in the Abbot's Granary in Oliwa | |||
**Gdańsk Photography Gallery | |||
*Historical Museum ('']''):<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://culture.pl/en/place/historical-museum-of-the-city-of-gdansk |title=Historical Museum of the City of Gdansk |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
**Amber Museum ('']'') | |||
**Museum of the Polish Post ('']'') | |||
**'']'' | |||
**Museum of Tower Clocks ('']'') | |||
**] | |||
*] (''Narodowe Muzeum Morskie''): | |||
**] '']'' is anchored on the ] River and was the first ship built in post-war Poland. | |||
*]. Museum and library dedicated to the history of the ] movement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://culture.pl/en/work/the-european-solidarity-centre |title=The European Solidarity Centre |website=culture.pl |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> | |||
*Archdiocese Museum ('']'') | |||
*]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/gdansk-rising-the-cradle-of-the-second-world-war-defies-it-past-and-embraces-a-bold-future-7397 |title=Gdańsk rising: the cradle of the Second World War defies it past and embraces a bold future |website=thefirstnews.com |author=Alex Webber |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> | |||
===Entertainment=== | |||
Eventually, Polish artisans restored much of the old city's architecture, 90 percent destroyed in the war, but removed nearly all German inscriptions. All German names of streets, buildings, shipyards and districts were changed to their Polish names, such as ''Długi Targ'' for ''Langemarkt'' (Long Market), the city's main pedestrian center. | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] is a Shakespearean theatre built on the historical site of a 17th-century playhouse where English travelling players came to perform. The new theatre, completed in 2014, hosts the annual ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Elizabethan playhouse in Poland to host work by Shakespeare's Globe |last=Snow |first=Georgia |url=http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/2014/09/elizabethan-playhouse-poland-host-work-shakespeares-globe/ |newspaper=] |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=15 September 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912235038/http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/2014/09/elizabethan-playhouse-poland-host-work-shakespeares-globe/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
==Transport== | |||
Gdansk, once again Poland's principal port, was the scene of anti-government demonstrations which led to the downfall of Poland's communist leader ] in December 1970, and ten years later was the birthplace of the ] trade union movement, whose opposition to the government led to the end of communist party rule (]) and the election as president of Poland of its leader ]. It remains today a major port and industrial city. | |||
] (2012, before the 2022 expansion)]] | |||
] container ship in the ]]] | |||
]]] | |||
The city's core transport infrastructure includes ], an international airport located in Gdańsk,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.airport.gdansk.pl/airport/airport-history-p27.html |title=Airport History |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> | |||
A list of the 173 mayors of the City of Gdansk/Danzig from 1347 to March 1945 was compiled by the current Gdansk city government and can be found on their recent website with the invitation for the "First World Gdańsk Reunion", which took place in May 2002. | |||
and the ], (SKM)<ref name = "skmka">{{Cite web |url=https://www.skm.pkp.pl/o-nas/nasza-historia/ |language=pl |title=Nasza historia |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105140651/http://www.skm.pkp.pl/o-nas/nasza-historia |url-status=dead }}</ref> which functions as a ] system for the Tricity area, including Gdańsk, ] and ], operating frequent trains to 27 stations covering the Tricity.,<ref>SKM Passenger Information, Map http://www.skm.pkp.pl/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227081243/http://www.skm.pkp.pl/ |date=27 December 2014 }}</ref> as well as the long-distance railways. | |||
The principal station in Gdańsk is ], served by both ] local trains and ] long-distance trains. In addition, long-distance trains also stop at ], ], ], and ]. Gdańsk also has nine other railway stations, served by local ] trains;<ref name = "skmka" /> Long-distance trains are operated by ] which provides connections with all major ], including ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], and with the neighbouring Kashubian Lakes region.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/49466/bariera_300_km_h_nie_padla_na_koniec_testow_293_km_h.htm |title = Wszystko na temat branży kolejowej: PKP, Intercity, przewozy regionalne, koleje mazowieckie, rozkłady jazdy PKP, Kolej |website = Rynek-kolejowy.pl |access-date = 29 July 2018}}</ref> | |||
=== Famous people born in Danzig or Gdansk === | |||
Between 2011 and 2015, the rail route between Gdańsk, Gdynia, and Warsaw underwent a major upgrade, resulting in improvements in the railway's speed and critical infrastructure such as signalling systems, as well as the construction of the ], a major suburban railway, which was opened in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Pendolino-z-Trojmiasta-do-Warszawy-Wiecej-pytan-niz-odpowiedzi-n71010.html |title=Pendolino z Trójmiasta do Warszawy. Więcej pytań niż odpowiedzi |date=30 July 2013 |work=trojmiasto.pl |access-date=25 December 2014 |archive-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728035932/http://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Pendolino-z-Trojmiasta-do-Warszawy-Wiecej-pytan-niz-odpowiedzi-n71010.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>';Jeszcze szybciej z Warszawy do Gdańska,' Kurier Kolejowy 9 January 2015 http://www.kurierkolejowy.eu/aktualnosci/22716/Jeszcze-szybciej-z-Warszawy-do-Gdanska.html {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110043951/http://kurierkolejowy.eu/aktualnosci/22716/Jeszcze-szybciej-z-Warszawy-do-Gdanska.html |date=10 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pkm-sa.pl/2020/12/22/pkm-sa-podpisala-umowe-na-realizacje-tzw-bajpasu-kartuskiego-z-gdynska-firma-torhamer/ |title=PKM SA podpisała umowę na realizację tzw. "bajpasu kartuskiego" z gdyńską firmą Torhamer |date=22 December 2020 |website=PKM |language=pl }}</ref> | |||
* ] 1485, poet, church canon and bishop | |||
* ] 1490 | |||
* ] 1524 | |||
* ], 1543, architect | |||
* ], 1563, painter | |||
* ], astronomer, 1611 | |||
* ] 1615 | |||
* ] 1660 | |||
* ] 1685 | |||
* ] (1686–1736), physicist and engineer | |||
* ] 1708 | |||
* ] 1713 | |||
* ] 1726, painter | |||
* ] 1741 | |||
* ] 1754 | |||
* ] 1766 | |||
* ] 1768 | |||
* ] 1788 | |||
* ] 1865 | |||
* ], b. 1927, writer and philosopher | |||
* ], b. 1939, sculptor and grapic artist | |||
* ], b. 1947, painter, photographer | |||
* ], b. 1950, actor | |||
* ], b. 1951, writer and hostorian | |||
* ], b. 1957, writer and journalist | |||
* ], b. 1957, politician, jornalist and historian | |||
* ], b. 1968, boxer | |||
City buses and ] are operated by ZTM Gdańsk (Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Gdańsku).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Oleksy |first=Ewelina |date=21 June 2018 |title=W Gdańsku dzieci będą jeździć za darmo. Ale tylko z kartą |magazine=Naszemiasto.pl}}</ref> The ] is a seaport located on the southern coast of ], located within the city,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.portgdansk.pl/en/about-port/investments-and-development/the-port-and-the-city/ |title=The port and the city |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> and the ] and ] allow for automotive access to the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://historia.trojmiasto.pl/42-lata-temu-otwarto-Obwodnice-Trojmiasta-n140985.html |title=42 lata temu otwarto Obwodnicę Trójmiasta |last=Brancewicz |first=Michał |date=30 December 2019 |website=trojmiasto.pl |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> Additionally, Gdańsk is part of the ] project. This project's objective is to connect the city with the Romanian ] port of ] with a {{cvt|3,663|km|abbr=off}} long railway line passing through Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://universul.net/rail-2-sea-and-via-carpathia-the-us-backed-highway-and-rail-links-from-the-baltic-to-the-black-sea/ |title=Rail-2-Sea and Via Carpathia, the US-backed highway and rail links from the Baltic to the Black Sea |first=Alison |last=Mutler |newspaper=Universul.net |date=12 October 2020 |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=10 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110070034/https://universul.net/rail-2-sea-and-via-carpathia-the-us-backed-highway-and-rail-links-from-the-baltic-to-the-black-sea/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347344614 |title=The Three Seas Initiative as a new model of regional cooperation in Central Europe: A Polish perspective |first=Łukasz |last=Lewkowicz |journal=UNISCI Journal |volume=18 |pages=177–194 |year=2020 |issue=54 |doi=10.31439/UNISCI-101 |doi-access=free |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032231/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347344614_The_Three_Seas_Initiative_as_a_new_model_of_regional_cooperation_in_Central_Europe_A_Polish_perspective |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
=== Famous people living or working in Gdansk === | |||
==Sport== | |||
* ], b. 1943, trade unions activist, politician, president of Poland (1990–1995) | |||
]]] | |||
There are many popular professional sports teams in the Gdańsk and Tricity area. The city's professional ] club is ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://worldfootballindex.com/2019/04/lechia-gdansk-history-rebirth-promotion-title-challenge/ |title=The Story of Lechia Gdansk |date=24 April 2019 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> Founded in 1945, they play in the {{Lang|pl|]|italic=no}}, Poland's top division. Their home stadium, ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.e-architect.com/poland/stadion-energa-in-gdansk |title=Stadion Energa in Gdansk |date=3 August 2017 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> was one of the four Polish stadiums to host the ] competition,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0254-0d7c89050219-0fe6f9752206-1000--selection-of-host-cities-for-uefa-euro-2012tm/ |title=Selection of host cities for UEFA EURO 2012™ |date=12 May 2009 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> as well as the host of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0245-0e98d40b6826-86b29d622244-1000--2021-final-gdansk/ |title=2021 UEFA Europa League final: Gdańsk |date=September 2020 |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> Other notable football clubs are ] and ], which both played in the second tier in the past.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gedania1922.pl/historia/ |title=Historia - Klub Sportowy Gedania 1922 |website=Gedania 1922 |publisher=Gedania 1922 Gdańsk |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grüne |first=Hardy |date=1996 |title=Vom Kronprinzen bis zur Bundesliga |publisher=Agon Sportverlag|isbn=3-928562-85-1}}</ref> Other notable clubs include speedway club ],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wybrzezegdansk.pl/|title=Zdunek Wybrzeże Gdańsk|first=Wirtualna Polska|last=Media|website=sportowefakty.wp.pl}}</ref> rugby club ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lechiarugby.pl/Zarys_50_lat_RC_Lechia.pdf |title=Zarys pięćdziesięcioletnich dziejów rugby w Gdańskiej Lechii |last=Bocheński |first=Damian |date=2007 |website=lechiarugby.pl |access-date=9 August 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033733/http://lechiarugby.pl/Zarys_50_lat_RC_Lechia.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ice hockey club ],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sport.trojmiasto.pl/Gdansk-nie-bedzie-mial-druzyny-w-Polskiej-Hokej-Lidze-Stoczniowiec-wycofuje-sie-n153704.html |title=Gdańsk nie będzie miał drużyny w Polskiej Hokej Lidze. Stoczniowiec wycofuje się |last=Główczyński |first=Jacek |date=28 February 2021 |website=trojmiasto.pl|access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> and volleyball club ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sport.trojmiasto.pl/Mika-najlepszym-siatkarzem-Final-Four-Trefl-Gdansk-n89743.html |title=Lotos Trefl zdobył Puchar Polski! |date=19 April 2015 |website=trojmiasto.pl |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> | |||
The city's ] was a venue for the official ],<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807052744/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/6328/_/index.html |date=7 August 2016 }}, ARCHIVE.FIBA.com, Retrieved 5 June 2016.</ref> and the ] was one of the ], ] and ] venues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.todor66.com/volleyball/Europe/Men_2013.html |title=Men's Volleyball XXVIII European Championship 2013 |website=Todor66 |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://fivb.com/en/FIVB/viewnews.asp?No=18145 |title=FIVB signs agreement for Men's 2014 Volleyball World Championship to be hosted in Poland |access-date=2008-04-06 |publisher=Federation Internationale de Volleyball |date=2010-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924084519/http://fivb.com/EN/FIVB/viewNews.asp?No=18145 |archive-date=2010-09-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url = http://pzla.pl/index.php?_a=1&kat_id=4&_id=5335 | title = HALOWE MŚ 2014 W SOPOCIE! |publisher = Polski Związek Lekkiej Atletyki | date=2011-11-18}}</ref> | |||
== Modern division into neighbourhoods == | |||
==Politics and local government== | |||
The City of Gdansk is divided into 30 "quarters": | |||
{{Main|Politics of Gdańsk}} | |||
] | |||
Contemporary Gdańsk is one of the major centres of economic and administrative life in Poland. It has been the seat of a Polish central institution, the ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news%2C403961%2Cpolish-space-agency-may-launch-operations-in-gdansk-in-early-march.html |title=Polish Space Agency may launch operations in Gdańsk in early March |access-date=2 December 2022}}</ref> several supra-regional branches of further central institutions,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ulc.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/5326-informacja-dla-klientow-delegatury-polnocno-zachodniej-w-gdansku |title=nformacja dla klientów Delegatur w Gdańsku i we Wrocławiu |date=15 December 2020 |website=ulc.gov.pl |access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref> as well as the supra-regional (appellate-level) institutions of justice.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gdansk.sa.gov.pl/zasieg-terytorialny-apelacji-gdanskiej,m,m1,214,227 |title=Zasięg terytorialny apelacji gdańskiej |website=gdansk.sa.gov.pl |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> As the capital of the ] it has been the seat of the Pomeranian Voivodeship Office, the Sejmik, and the Marshall's Office of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and other voivodeship-level institutions.<ref>{{cite act |title=Ustawa z dnia 24 lipca 1998 r. |date=24 July 1998 |institution=] |at=Dz.U. 1998 nr 96 poz. 603 |url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19980960603 |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> | |||
Legislative power in Gdańsk is vested in a unicameral Gdańsk ] (Rada Miasta), which comprises 34 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees, which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gdansk.pl/wiadomosci/pelna-lista-radni-gdanska-prezydenci-przewodniczacy-1990-2020,a,171617 |title=30 lat samorządu terytorialnego. Zobacz pełną listę radnych, prezydentów i ich zastępców |date=25 May 2020 |website=gdansk.pl |access-date=15 May 2020 |quote=}}</ref> | |||
<table width="660" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="web_normal"> | |||
<tr> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td colspan="2"> </td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td width="497" rowspan="2"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" class="web_normal"> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#6C6C6C"> | |||
<td width="16"><div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF">nr</font></div></td> | |||
<td width="173"><div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF">name</font></div></td> | |||
<td width="67"><div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF">population</font></div></td> | |||
<td width="87"><div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF">area in km2</font></div></td> | |||
<td width="78"><div align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF">density<br> | |||
os/km2 </font></div></td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#F2C1B0"> | |||
<td>1</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Espenkrug)''</td> | |||
<td>8053</td> | |||
<td>13,6</td> | |||
<td>592</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>2</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Oliva)''</td> | |||
<td>22431</td> | |||
<td>18,5</td> | |||
<td>1209</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>3</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Poggenkrug)'', ] ''(Glettkau)''</td> | |||
<td>23145</td> | |||
<td>2,1</td> | |||
<td>10923</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>4</td> | |||
<td>]</td> | |||
<td>18017</td> | |||
<td>2,3</td> | |||
<td>7786</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>5</td> | |||
<td>]</td> | |||
<td>36260</td> | |||
<td>3,3</td> | |||
<td>10840</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>6</td> | |||
<td>]</td> | |||
<td>4879</td> | |||
<td>3,2</td> | |||
<td>1 507</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>7</td> | |||
<td>]</td> | |||
<td>6569</td> | |||
<td>1,2</td> | |||
<td>5 571</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>8</td> | |||
<td>]</td> | |||
<td>16471</td> | |||
<td>1,3</td> | |||
<td>13144</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>9</td> | |||
<td>]</td> | |||
<td>15118</td> | |||
<td>1,9</td> | |||
<td>7833</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>10</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Brösen)''</td> | |||
<td>16514</td> | |||
<td>2,7</td> | |||
<td>6123</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>11</td> | |||
<td>]</td> | |||
<td>5613</td> | |||
<td>14,9</td> | |||
<td>376</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>12</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Brentau)''</td> | |||
<td>7944</td> | |||
<td>7,4</td> | |||
<td>1074</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>13</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Langfuhr)''</td> | |||
<td>65427</td> | |||
<td>9,9</td> | |||
<td>6622</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>14</td> | |||
<td>]</td> | |||
<td>2024</td> | |||
<td>4,5</td> | |||
<td>452</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>15</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Neufahrwasser)''</td> | |||
<td>12913</td> | |||
<td>2,3</td> | |||
<td>5603</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>16</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Pietzendorf)''</td> | |||
<td>23593</td> | |||
<td>3,8</td> | |||
<td>6224</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>17</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Zigankenberg)''</td> | |||
<td>12937</td> | |||
<td>1,3</td> | |||
<td>9812</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>18</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Schidlitz)''</td> | |||
<td>17584</td> | |||
<td>2,6</td> | |||
<td>6684</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>19</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Neuwonneberg)''</td> | |||
<td>2578</td> | |||
<td>0,6</td> | |||
<td>4268 </td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>20</td> | |||
<td>]</td> | |||
<td>6774</td> | |||
<td>2,3</td> | |||
<td>2949</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>21</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Schellmühl)''</td> | |||
<td>4551</td> | |||
<td>4,0</td> | |||
<td>1136</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>22</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Heubude)''</td> | |||
<td>19866</td> | |||
<td>16,9</td> | |||
<td>1173 </td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>23</td> | |||
<td>]</td> | |||
<td>39770</td> | |||
<td>5,5</td> | |||
<td>7219 </td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>24</td> | |||
<td>]</td> | |||
<td>2301</td> | |||
<td>8,8</td> | |||
<td>261</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>25</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Bohnsack)''</td> | |||
<td>3570</td> | |||
<td>34,3</td> | |||
<td>104</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>26</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Kokoschken)''</td> | |||
<td>4659</td> | |||
<td>20,0</td> | |||
<td>233</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>27</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Stolzenberg)''</td> | |||
<td>43264</td> | |||
<td>30,8</td> | |||
<td>1404</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>28</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Ohra)''</td> | |||
<td>20317</td> | |||
<td>19,7</td> | |||
<td>1032</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr> | |||
<td>29</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Walddorf)''</td> | |||
<td>3514</td> | |||
<td>7,7</td> | |||
<td>458</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#E3E3E3"> | |||
<td>30</td> | |||
<td>] ''(Bürgerwiesen)''</td> | |||
<td>2104</td> | |||
<td>14,5</td> | |||
<td>145</td> | |||
</tr> | |||
</table> | |||
; City Council in 2024–2029: | |||
* {{Color box|{{party color|Civic Platform}}}} ] (15) | |||
== Population == | |||
** {{Color box|{{party color|Civic Platform}}}} ] (9) | |||
** {{color box|{{party color|Polish Initiative}}}} ] (1) | |||
** {{color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}}} ] (5) | |||
* {{Color box|{{party color|Yes! For Poland}}}} ] (11) | |||
** {{Color box|{{party color|Yes! For Poland}}}} ] (10) | |||
** {{Color box|{{party color|New Left (Poland)}}}} ] (1) | |||
* {{Color box|{{party color|Law and Justice}}|border=silver}} ] (8) | |||
** {{color box|{{party color|Law and Justice (Poland)}}}} ] (6) | |||
* {{color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}}} ] (2) | |||
===Districts=== | |||
<br>ca.1000: 1,000 inhabitants | |||
Gdańsk is divided into 34 administrative divisions: 6 {{lang|pl|]s}} and 28 {{lang|pl|]s}}. A full list can be found at ], but the largest include ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bip.gdansk.pl/urzad-miejski/Podzial-administracyjny-Gdanska,a,647 |title=Podział administracyjny Gdańska |date=31 December 2023 |website=Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej |publisher=Gdańsk City Council |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> | |||
<br>ca.1235: 2,000 inhabitants | |||
<br> | |||
<br>ca.1600: 40,000 inhabitants | |||
<br>ca.1650: 70,000 inhabitants | |||
<br>ca.1700: 50,000 inhabitants | |||
<br>ca.1750: 46,000 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1793: 36,000 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1800: 48,000 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1825: 61,900 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1840: 65,000 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1852: 67,000 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1874: 90,500 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1880: 108,500 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1900: 140,600 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1910: 170,300 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1920: city+rural areas = 360,000 inhabitants (85–90% Germans, 10–15% Poles) | |||
<br> 1925: 210,300 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1939: 250,000 inhabitants | |||
<br> | |||
<br> 1946: 118,000 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1950: ? inhabitants | |||
<br> 1960: 286,900 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1970: 365,600 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1975: 421,000 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1980: 456,700 inhabitants | |||
<br> 1990: ? inhabitants | |||
<br> 1994: 464,000 inhabitants | |||
<br> 2000: ? inhabitants | |||
<br> 2002 : 460,000 inhabitants | |||
<br> | |||
<br> See also: Population of the ] metropolitan area (Gdańsk, ], ]). | |||
== Culture == | |||
==Education and science== | |||
<i>to be written yet</i> | |||
] | |||
There are 15 higher schools in the city, including three universities. Notable educational institutions include the ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.studies-in-poland.pl/s/2333/57926-Studies-in-Poland/429-University-of-Gdansk.htm |title=University of Gdańsk (Uniwersytet Gdański), UG - Studies in Poland |website=Studies in Poland |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdio.org/cdio-action/school-profiles/gdansk-university-technology-europe-region |title=Gdansk University of Technology - Worldwide CDIO Initiative |website=CDIO |publisher=] |access-date=15 May 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://naukawpolsce.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C85430%2Ctrzy-gdanskie-szkoly-wyzsze-utworzyly-zwiazek-uczelni-im-daniela-fahrenheita |title=Trzy gdańskie szkoły wyższe utworzyły Związek Uczelni im. Daniela Fahrenheita|website=Nauka w Polsce|access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> The city is also home to the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grzechnik |first=Marta |date=2018 |title=Love of Wide Open Waters. The Polish Maritime Programme according to the Baltic and Western Institutes in the Aftermath of the Second World War (1945–ca. 1950) |url=http://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/APH/article/view/APH.2018.117.07 |journal=Acta Poloniae Historica |volume=117 |pages=195 |doi=10.12775/APH.2018.117.07 |issn=0001-6829|doi-access=free }}</ref> | |||
==International relations== | |||
== Further reading == | |||
===Consulates=== | |||
] | |||
There are four consulates general in Gdańsk – ], ], ], ], one consulate – ], and 17 honorary consulates – ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gdansk.pl/turystyka-w-gdansku/konsulaty,a,3749|title=Wykaz konsulatów - informacja według stanu na 4 września 2024 r.|access-date=19 September 2024|language=pl}}</ref> | |||
===Twin towns – sister cities=== | |||
* (ed.) E. Cieślak, ''Historia Gdańska'', vol. I–II, Gdańsk 1978 | |||
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}} | |||
* E. Cieślak, C. Biernat, ''Dzieje Gdańska'', Gdańsk 1969 | |||
Gdańsk is ] with:<ref name=twins>{{cite web |title=Twin Cities |url=https://www.gdansk.pl/urzad-miejski/biuro-prezydenta/miasta-partnerskie,a,1620 |website=gdansk.pl |publisher=Gdańsk |access-date=2024-04-04}}</ref> | |||
* P. Simson, ''Geschichte der Stadt Danzig, vol. 1–4, Danzig 1913–18 | |||
* H. Samsonowicz, ''Badania nad kapitałem mieszczańskim Gdańska w II połowie VX wieku.'', Warszawa 1960 | |||
* Cz. Biernat, ''Statystyka obrotu towarowego Gdańska w latach 1651–1815.'', Warszawa 1962 | |||
* M. Bogucka, ''Gdańsk jako ośrodek produkcyjny w XIV–XVII wieku.'', Warszawa 1962 | |||
* M. Bogucka, ''Handel zagraniczny Gdańska w pierwszej połowie XVII wieku'', Wrocław 1970 | |||
* H. Górnowicz, Z. Brocki, ''Nazwy miast Pomorza Gdańskiego'', Wrocław 1978 | |||
* ''Gminy województwa gdańskiego'', Gdańsk 1995 | |||
* Gerard Labuda (ed.), ''Historia Pomorza'', vol. I-IV, Poznań 1969–2003 | |||
* L. Bądkowski, ''Pomorska myśl polityczna'', Gdańsk 1990 | |||
* W. Odyniec, ''Dzieje Prus Królewskich (1454–1772). Zarys monograficzny'', Warszawa 1972 | |||
* (ed.) W. Odyniec, ''Dzieje Pomorza Nadwiślańskiego od VII wieku do 1945 roku'', Gdańsk 1978 | |||
* L. Bądkowski, W. Samp, ''Poczet książąt Pomorza Gdańskiego'', Gdańsk 1974 | |||
* B. Śliwiński, ''Poczet książąt gdańskich'', Gdańsk 1997 | |||
* Józef Spors, ''Podziały administracyjne Pomorza Gdańskiego i Sławieńsko-Słupskiego od XII do początków XIV w'', Słupsk 1983 | |||
* M. Latoszek, ''Pomorze. Zagadnienia etniczno-regionalne'', Gdańsk 1996 | |||
* ''Działacze polscy i przedstawiciele R.P. w Wolnym Mieście Gdańsku'', Pomorze Gdańskie nr 9, Gdańsk 1974 | |||
* B. Bojarska, ''Eksterminacja inteligencji polskiej na Pomorzu Gdańskim (wrzesień-grudzień 1939)'', Poznań 1972 | |||
* K. Ciechanowski, ''Ruch oporu na Pomorzu Gdańskim 1939–1945.'', Warszawa 1972 | |||
* ''Dziedzictwo kulturowe Pomorza nad Wisłą'', Pomorze Gdańskie nr 20, Gdańsk 1997 | |||
{{div col|colwidth=20em}} | |||
== External links == | |||
*{{flagicon|DEN}} ], Denmark | |||
* | |||
*{{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany | |||
* | |||
*{{flagicon|USA}} ], United States | |||
* | |||
*{{flagicon|SWE}} ], Sweden | |||
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* | |||
*{{flagicon|FRA}} ], France | |||
* | |||
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} ], Kazakhstan | |||
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<!--Odessa - not twinning--> | |||
* | |||
*{{flagicon|NED}} ], Netherlands | |||
* | |||
*{{flagicon|UK}} ], United Kingdom | |||
*{{flagicon|FIN}} ], Finland | |||
*{{flagicon|LTU}} ], Lithuania | |||
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=== |
===Former twin towns=== | ||
*{{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia | |||
* | |||
*{{flagicon|RUS}} ], Russia | |||
* | |||
On 3 March 2022, Gdańsk City Council passed a unanimous resolution to terminate the cooperation with the Russian cities of Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg as a response to the ].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Koniec-wspolpracy-Trojmiasta-z-Rosja-n164797.html |title=Trójmiasto zrywa współpracę z rosyjskimi miastami |date=3 March 2022 | access-date = 3 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/trojmiasto/gdansk-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-na-sali-byl-konsul-ukrainy-6743312033806944a |language = pl |title=Gdańsk zrywa współpracę z rosyjskimi miastami. Na sali był konsul Ukrainy |date = 3 March 2022 | access-date = 4 March 2022}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
] | |||
===Partnerships and cooperation=== | |||
] | |||
Gdańsk also cooperates with:<ref name=twins/> | |||
] | |||
*{{flagicon|BEL}} ], Belgium<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gdansk.pl/urzad-miejski/biuro-prezydenta/miasta-wspolpracujace,a,1621 |title=Miasta współpracujące |access-date=17 August 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918150542/https://www.gdansk.pl/urzad-miejski/biuro-prezydenta/miasta-wspolpracujace,a,1621 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
] | |||
*{{flagicon|FRA}} ], France<ref name="Le Havre twins">{{cite web |url=http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-havre-ville-partenaire |title=Le Havre – Les villes jumelées |access-date=7 August 2013 |work=City of Le Havre |language=fr |trans-title=Le Havre – Twin towns |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729215238/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/le-havre-ville-partenaire |archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
*{{flagicon|FRA}} ], France | |||
] | |||
*{{flagicon|UKR}} ], Ukraine | |||
] | |||
] | |||
==Demographics== | |||
] | |||
{{Historical populations | |||
] | |||
|1890|120338 | |||
] | |||
|1910|170337 | |||
|1929|256403 | |||
|1945|139078 | |||
|1946|117894 | |||
|1950|194633 | |||
|1960|286940 | |||
|1970|365600 | |||
|1978|442118|21=1988|22=464308|25=2002|26=461334|29=2011|30=460276|35=2021|36=486022|footnote=source <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Gdansk | title=Gdańsk (Pomorskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Poland - National Censuses|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/}}</ref>}} | |||
] | |||
{{Further|Repatriation of Poles (1944–1946)|Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)|Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II}} | |||
The 1923 census conducted in the Free City of Danzig indicated that of all inhabitants, 95% were German, and 3% were Polish and Kashubian. The end of ] is a significant break in continuity with regard to the inhabitants of Gdańsk.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date=1923 |title=The Jews of the Free City of Danzig—census of 1923 and 1924 |url=https://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1930_1931_8_StatSupplements.pdf |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210162154/https://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1930_1931_8_StatSupplements.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
German citizens began to flee en masse as the Soviet ] advanced, composed of both spontaneous flights driven by rumors of ], and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 which continued into the spring of 1945.<ref name="Kacowicz100101">Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski, ''Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study'', Lexington Books, 2007, pp. 100, 101 {{ISBN|0-7391-1607-X}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308061435/https://books.google.de/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&pg=PA103&dq=expulsion+germans+poland&lr=&as_brr=3&redir_esc=y#PPA100,M1|date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Approximately 1% (100,000) of the German civilian population residing east of the ] perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945.<ref>Spieler, Silke. ed. ''Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948''. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. (1989). {{ISBN|3-88557-067-X}}. pp. 23–41</ref> German civilians were also sent as "reparations labour" to the ].<ref>Pavel Polian-''Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR'' Central European University Press 2003 {{ISBN|963-9241-68-7}} pp. 286-293</ref>{{sfn|Kamusella|2004|p=28}} | |||
Poles from other parts of Poland replaced the former German-speaking population, with the first settlers arriving in March 1945.<ref name=Curp42>{{cite book |title=A clean sweep?: the politics of ethnic cleansing in western Poland, 1945-1960 |first=T. David |last=Curp |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |year=2006 |isbn=1-58046-238-3 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&pg=PA42 |access-date=2009-08-04 |archive-date=28 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128133042/http://www.google.de/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&pg=PA42 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 March 1945, the ] was established as the first administrative Polish unit in the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of modern Poland: from the foundation of the State in the First World War to the present day |first=Hans |last=Roos |publisher=Knopf |year=1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfpoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22recovered+territories%22+gdansk+OR+danzig |access-date=2009-08-04 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308120817/http://www.google.de/books?id=EfpoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22recovered+territories%22+gdansk+OR+danzig&dq=%22recovered+territories%22+gdansk+OR+danzig&lr= |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 1 November 1945, around 93,029 Germans remained within the city limits.<ref name=Byk>{{cite book |title=The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II |author=Sylwia Bykowska |publisher=Peter-Lang-Verlagsgruppe |page=116 |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-631-67940-1}}</ref> The locals of German descent who declared Polish nationality were permitted to remain; as of 1 January 1949, 13,424 persons who had received Polish citizenship in a post-war "ethnic vetting" process lived in Gdańsk.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II |first=Sylwia |last=Bykowska |publisher=Peter Lang |page=239 |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-631-67940-1}}</ref> | |||
The settlers can be grouped according to their background: | |||
*Poles that had been freed from ]<ref name=Cordell168>Karl Cordell, Andrzej Antoszewski, ''Poland and the European Union'', 2000, p. 168, {{ISBN|0-415-23885-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-23885-4}}: gives 4.55 million in the first years</ref><ref name=Hoffmann142/> | |||
*]: Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish-Soviet border. This included assimilated minorities such as ]<ref name=Cordell168/><ref name=Hoffmann142>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Js8XWnqR6HMC&q=vertreibung+polen&pg=PA140 |title=Dierk Hoffmann, Michael Schwartz, ''Geglückte Integration?'', p. 142 |isbn=9783486645033 |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Dierk |last2=Schwartz |first2=Michael |year=1999 |publisher=Oldenbourg }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |||
*Poles incl. ] relocating from nearby villages and small towns<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kaszebsko.com/kaszubi-w-gdansku.html |title=Kaszubi w Gdańsku |last= |first= |date= |website=Kaszëbskô Jednota |publisher=] |access-date= |quote= |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210162155/http://kaszebsko.com/kaszubi-w-gdansku.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
*Settlers from central Poland migrating voluntarily<ref name=Cordell168/> | |||
*Non-Poles forcibly resettled during ] in 1947. Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south-eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing, and therefore assimilating, those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already, throughout the newly acquired territories. Belarusians living around the area around Białystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons. This scattering of members of non-Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians, Belarusians, and ], and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form.<ref>Thum, p. 129</ref> | |||
*] ] survivors, most of them ] from the ].<ref>Selwyn Ilan Troen, Benjamin Pinkus, Merkaz le-moreshet Ben-Guryon, ''Organizing Rescue: National Jewish Solidarity in the Modern Period'', pp. 283-284, 1992, {{ISBN|0-7146-3413-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7146-3413-5}}</ref> | |||
*] and ], ].<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Grzegorz Waligóra |editor2=Łukasz Kamiński |date=2010 |title=NSZZ Solidarność, 1980-1989: Wokół Solidarności |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_M-AQAAIAAJ&q=grecy%20do%20gda%C5%84ska%20%20wojn%C4%85%20domow%C4%85 |location=Warszawa (Warsaw) |publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |page=463 |isbn=9788376291765 |language=pl |access-date=28 September 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032230/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/NSZZ_Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87_1980_1989_Wok%C3%B3%C5%82_Sol/c_M-AQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=grecy+do+gda%C5%84ska++wojn%C4%85+domow%C4%85 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
==People== | |||
{{main|List of people from Gdańsk}} | |||
==See also== | |||
{{Portal|Poland|European Union}} | |||
*] | |||
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*] – a minor planet orbiting the Sun | |||
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==Notes== | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|30em}} | |||
==Sources== | |||
{{Refbegin}} | |||
*{{citation |last=Kamusella |first=Tomasz |year=2004 |author-link=Tomasz Kamusella |url=http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/2599/HEC04-01.pdf |title=The Expulsion of the Population Categorized as 'Germans' from the Post-1945 Poland |publisher=European University Institute, Florence. Department of History and Civilization |work=Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees (ed.), The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War |id=EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1 |format=PDF direct download, 2.52 MB |access-date=August 17, 2012 |pages=21–30}} | |||
*{{Cite book |last=Kimmich |first=Christoph M |title=The free city: Danzig and German foreign policy, 1919–1934 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3VxQgAACAAJ |access-date=8 March 2010 |year=1968 |publisher=], New Haven, Connecticut |ref=Kimmich68 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | |||
*{{Cite book |last=Rudziński |first=Grzegorz |title=Gdańsk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AKfPQAACAAJ |access-date=26 February 2010 |date=1 March 2001 |publisher=Bonechi |isbn=978-88-476-0517-6 |ref=Rudziński69 |archive-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011064134/http://books.google.com/books?id=9AKfPQAACAAJ |url-status=live }} | |||
*{{Cite book |last=Simson |first=Paul |title=Geschichte Der Stadt Danzig |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSmxtiBx4CoC |access-date=26 February 2010 |date=October 2009 |publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC |isbn=978-1-115-53256-3 |ref=Simson70 |archive-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011050903/http://books.google.com/books?id=DSmxtiBx4CoC |url-status=live }} | |||
* {{Cite journal |last=Śliwiński |first=Błażej |date=2006 |title=O rzece "Gdani" i początkach Gdańska. Uwagi historyka do ustaleń językoznawców |trans-title=About the river "Gdania" and the beginnings of Gdańsk. Historian's comments on the findings of linguists |journal=Acta Cassubiana |volume=8 |pages=11–23}} | |||
{{Refend}} | |||
{{Commons|Gdańsk}} | |||
{{EB1911 poster|Danzig}} | |||
{{Wikivoyage|Gdańsk}} | |||
{{Wiktionary|Gdańsk}} | |||
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{{Hanseatic League}} | |||
{{Mayors of Gdańsk}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 15:45, 20 December 2024
City in Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland "Danzig" redirects here. For other uses, see Danzig (disambiguation) and Gdańsk (disambiguation).Place in Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
Gdańsk | |
---|---|
Motława RiverArtus CourtSt. Mary's Church and Main Town HallMannerist Great ArmouryNeptune's FountainWorld War II MuseumWesterplatte Monument | |
FlagCoat of arms | |
Motto(s): Nec temere, nec timide (Neither rashly, nor timidly) | |
Gdańsk | |
Coordinates: 54°20′51″N 18°38′43″E / 54.34750°N 18.64528°E / 54.34750; 18.64528 | |
Country | Poland |
Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
County | city county |
Established | 10th century |
City rights | 1263 |
Government | |
• Body | Gdańsk City Council |
• City mayor | Aleksandra Dulkiewicz (Ind.) |
Area | |
• City | 266 km (103 sq mi) |
• Urban | 414.81 km (160.16 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 180 m (590 ft) |
Population | |
• City | 486,492 (6th) |
• Density | 1,800/km (5,000/sq mi) |
• Urban | 749,786 |
• Metro | 1,080,700 |
GDP | |
• Urban | €20.529 billion (2020) |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
Postal code | 80-008 to 80–958 |
Area code | +48 58 |
Car plates | GD |
Website | gdansk.pl |
Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. With a population of 486,492, it is Poland's sixth-largest city and principal seaport. Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River and is situated at the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay, close to the city of Gdynia and the resort town of Sopot; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of approximately 1.5 million.
The city has a complex history, having had periods of Polish, German and self rule. An important shipbuilding and trade port since the Middle Ages, in 1361 it became a member of the Hanseatic League which influenced its economic, demographic and urban landscape. It also served as Poland's principal seaport, and was the largest city of Poland in the 15th-17th centuries. In 1793, within the Partitions of Poland, the city became part of Prussia, and thus a part of the German Empire from 1871 after the unification of Germany. Following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, it was a Free City under the protection of the League of Nations from 1920 to 1939. On 1 September 1939 it was the scene of the first clash of World War II at Westerplatte. The contemporary city was shaped by extensive border changes, expulsions and new settlement after 1945. In the 1980s, Gdańsk was the birthplace of the Solidarity movement, which helped precipitate the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact.
Gdańsk is home to the University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk University of Technology, the National Museum, the Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre, the Museum of the Second World War, the Polish Baltic Philharmonic, the Polish Space Agency and the European Solidarity Centre. Among Gdańsk's most notable historical landmarks are the Town Hall, the Green Gate, Artus Court, Neptune's Fountain, and St. Mary's Church, one of the largest brick churches in the world. The city is served by Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport, the country's third busiest airport and the most important international airport in northern Poland.
Gdańsk is among the most visited cities in Poland, having received 3.4 million tourists according to data collected in 2019. The city also hosts St. Dominic's Fair, which dates back to 1260, and is regarded as one of the biggest trade and cultural events in Europe. Gdańsk has also topped rankings for the quality of life, safety and living standards worldwide, and its historic city centre has been listed as one of Poland's national monuments.
Names
Origin
The name of the city was most likely derived from Gdania, a river presently known as Motława on which the city is situated. Other linguists also argue that the name stems from the Proto-Slavic adjective/prefix gъd-, which meant 'wet' or 'moist' with the addition of the morpheme ń/ni and the suffix -sk.
History
The name of the settlement was recorded after St. Adalbert's death in 997 CE as urbs Gyddanyzc and it was later written as Kdanzk in 1148, Gdanzc in 1188, Danceke in 1228, Gdańsk in 1236, Danzc in 1263, Danczk in 1311, Danczik in 1399, Danczig in 1414, and Gdąnsk in 1656.
In Polish documents, the form Gdańsk was always used. The German form Danzig developed later, simplifying the consonant clusters to something easier for German speakers to pronounce. The cluster "gd" became "d" (Danzc from 1263), the combination "ns" became "nts" (Danczk from 1311), and finally an epenthetical "i" broke up the final cluster (Danczik from 1399).
In Polish, the modern name of the city is pronounced [ɡdaj̃sk] . In English (where the diacritic over the "n" is frequently omitted) the usual pronunciation is /ɡəˈdænsk/ or /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/. The German name, Danzig, is usually pronounced [ˈdantsɪç] , or alternatively [ˈdantsɪk] in more Southern German-speaking areas. The city's Latin name may be given as either Gedania, Gedanum, or Dantiscum; the variety of Latin and German names typically reflects the difficulty of pronunciation of the Polish/Slavonic city's name, all German- and Latin/Romance-speaking populations always encounter in trying to pronounce the difficult and complex Polish/Slavonic words.
Ceremonial names
On special occasions, the city is also referred to as "The Royal Polish City of Gdańsk" (Polish: Królewskie Polskie Miasto Gdańsk, Latin: Regia Civitas Polonica Gedanensis, Kashubian: Królewsczi Pòlsczi Gard Gduńsk). In the Kashubian language the city is called Gduńsk. Although some Kashubians may also use the name "Our Capital City Gduńsk" (Nasz Stoleczny Gard Gduńsk) or "Our (regional) Capital City Gduńsk" (Stoleczny Kaszëbsczi Gard Gduńsk), the cultural and historical connections between the city and the region of Kashubia are debatable and use of such names raises controversy among Kashubians.
History
Main article: History of Gdańsk For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Gdańsk.Ancient history
The oldest evidence found for the existence of a settlement on the lands of what is now Gdańsk comes from the Bronze Age (which is estimated to be from 2500–1700 BCE). The settlement that is now known as Gdańsk began in the 9th century, being mostly an agriculture and fishing-dependent village. In the beginning of the 10th century, it began becoming an important centre for trade (especially between the Pomeranians) until its annexation in c. 975 by Mieszko I.
Early Poland
The first written record thought to refer to Gdańsk is the vita of Saint Adalbert. Written in 999, it describes how in 997 Saint Adalbert of Prague baptised the inhabitants of urbs Gyddannyzc, "which separated the great realm of the duke from the sea." No further written sources exist for the 10th and 11th centuries. Based on the date in Adalbert's vita, the city celebrated its millennial anniversary in 1997.
Archaeological evidence for the origins of the town was retrieved mostly after World War II had laid 90 percent of the city centre in ruins, enabling excavations. The oldest seventeen settlement levels were dated to between 980 and 1308. Mieszko I of Poland erected a stronghold on the site in the 980s, thereby connecting the Polish state ruled by the Piast dynasty with the trade routes of the Baltic Sea. Traces of buildings and housing from the 10th century have been found in archaeological excavations of the city.
Pomeranian Poland
The site was ruled as a duchy of Poland by the Samborides. It consisted of a settlement at the modern Long Market, settlements of craftsmen along the Old Ditch, German merchant settlements around St Nicholas' Church and the old Piast stronghold. In 1215, the ducal stronghold became the centre of a Pomerelian splinter duchy. At that time the area of the later city included various villages.
In 1224/25, merchants from Lübeck were invited as hospites (immigrants with specific privileges) but were soon (in 1238) forced to leave by Swietopelk II of the Samborides during a war between Swietopelk and the Teutonic Knights, during which Lübeck supported the latter. Migration of merchants to the town resumed in 1257. Significant German influence did not reappear until the 14th century, after the takeover of the city by the Teutonic Knights.
At latest in 1263 Pomerelian duke, Swietopelk II granted city rights under Lübeck law to the emerging market settlement. It was an autonomy charter similar to that of Lübeck, which was also the primary origin of many settlers. In a document of 1271 the Pomerelian duke Mestwin II addressed the Lübeck merchants settled in the city as his loyal citizens from Germany.
In 1300, the town had an estimated population of 2,000. While overall the town was far from an important trade centre at that time, it had some relevance in the trade with Eastern Europe. Low on funds, the Samborides lent the settlement to Brandenburg, although they planned to take the city back and give it to Poland. Poland threatened to intervene, and the Brandenburgians left the town. Subsequently, the city was taken by Danish princes in 1301.
Teutonic Knights
Main article: Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)In 1308, the town was taken by Brandenburg and the Teutonic Knights restored order. Subsequently, the Knights took over control of the town. Primary sources record a massacre carried out by the Teutonic Knights against the local population, of 10,000 people, but the exact number killed is subject of dispute in modern scholarship. Multiple authors accept the number given in the original sources, while others consider 10,000 to have been a medieval exaggeration, although scholarly consensus is that a massacre of some magnitude did take place. The events were used by the Polish crown to condemn the Teutonic Knights in a subsequent papal lawsuit.
The knights colonized the area, replacing local Kashubians and Poles with German settlers. In 1308, they founded Osiek Hakelwerk near the town, initially as a Slavic fishing settlement. In 1340, the Teutonic Knights constructed a large fortress, which became the seat of the knights' Komtur. In 1346 they changed the Town Law of the city, which then consisted only of the Rechtstadt, to Kulm law. In 1358, Danzig joined the Hanseatic League, and became an active member in 1361. It maintained relations with the trade centres Bruges, Novgorod, Lisboa, and Sevilla. Around 1377, the Old Town was equipped with city rights as well. In 1380, the New Town was founded as the third, independent settlement.
After a series of Polish-Teutonic Wars, in the Treaty of Kalisz (1343) the Order had to acknowledge that it would hold Pomerelia as a fief from the Polish Crown. Although it left the legal basis of the Order's possession of the province in some doubt, the city thrived as a result of increased exports of grain (especially wheat), timber, potash, tar, and other goods of forestry from Prussia and Poland via the Vistula River trading routes, although after its capture, the Teutonic Knights tried to actively reduce the economic significance of the town. While under the control of the Teutonic Order German migration increased. The Order's religious networks helped to develop Danzig's literary culture. A new war broke out in 1409, culminating in the Battle of Grunwald (1410), and the city came under the control of the Kingdom of Poland. A year later, with the First Peace of Thorn, it returned to the Teutonic Order.
Kingdom of Poland
In 1440, the city participated in the foundation of the Prussian Confederation which was an organisation opposed to the rule of the Teutonic Knights. The organisation in its complaint of 1453 mentioned repeated cases in which the Teutonic Knights imprisoned or murdered local patricians and mayors without a court verdict. On the request of the organisation King Casimir IV of Poland reincorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454. This led to the Thirteen Years' War between Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order (1454–1466). Since 1454, the city was authorized by the King to mint Polish coins. The local mayor pledged allegiance to the King during the incorporation in March 1454 in Kraków, and the city again solemnly pledged allegiance to the King in June 1454 in Elbląg, recognizing the prior Teutonic annexation and rule as unlawful. On 25 May 1457 the city gained its rights as an autonomous city.
On 15 May 1457, Casimir IV of Poland granted the town the Great Privilege, after he had been invited by the town's council and had already stayed in town for five weeks. With the Great Privilege, the town was granted full autonomy and protection by the King of Poland. The privilege removed tariffs and taxes on trade within Poland, Lithuania, and Ruthenia (present day Belarus and Ukraine), and conferred on the town independent jurisdiction, legislation and administration of her territory, as well as the right to mint its own coin. Furthermore, the privilege united Old Town, Osiek, and Main Town, and legalised the demolition of New Town, which had sided with the Teutonic Knights. By 1457, New Town was demolished completely, no buildings remained.
Gaining free and privileged access to Polish markets, the seaport prospered while simultaneously trading with the other Hanseatic cities. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) between Poland and the Teutonic Order the warfare ended permanently; Gdańsk became part of the Polish province of Royal Prussia, and later also of the Greater Poland Province. The city was visited by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1504 and 1526, and Narratio Prima, the first printed abstract of his heliocentric theory, was published there in 1540. After the Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania in 1569 the city continued to enjoy a large degree of internal autonomy (cf. Danzig law). Being the largest and one of the most influential cities of Poland, it enjoyed voting rights during the royal election period in Poland.
In the 1560s and 1570s, a large Mennonite community started growing in the city, gaining significant popularity. In the 1575 election to the Polish throne, Danzig supported Maximilian II in his struggle against Stephen Báthory. It was the latter who eventually became monarch but the city, encouraged by the secret support of Denmark and Emperor Maximilian, shut its gates against Stephen. After the Siege of Danzig, lasting six months, the city's army of 5,000 mercenaries was utterly defeated in a field battle on 16 December 1577. However, since Stephen's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached: Stephen Báthory confirmed the city's special status and her Danzig law privileges granted by earlier Polish kings. The city recognised him as ruler of Poland and paid the enormous sum of 200,000 guldens in gold as payoff ("apology").
During the Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629, in 1627, the naval Battle of Oliwa was fought near the city, and it is one of the greatest victories in the history of the Polish Navy. During the Swedish invasion of Poland of 1655–1660, commonly known as the Deluge, the city was unsuccessfully besieged by Sweden. In 1660, the war was ended with the Treaty of Oliwa, signed in the present-day district of Oliwa. In 1677, a Polish-Swedish alliance was signed in the city. Around 1640, Johannes Hevelius established his astronomical observatory in the Old Town. Polish King John III Sobieski regularly visited Hevelius numerous times.
Beside a majority of German-speakers, whose elites sometimes distinguished their German dialect as Pomerelian, the city was home to a large number of Polish-speaking Poles, Jewish Poles, Latvian-speaking Kursenieki, Flemings, and Dutch. In addition, a number of Scots took refuge or migrated to and received citizenship in the city, with first Scots arriving in 1380. During the Protestant Reformation, most German-speaking inhabitants adopted Lutheranism. Due to the special status of the city and significance within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the city inhabitants largely became bi-cultural sharing both Polish and German culture and were strongly attached to the traditions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The city suffered a last great plague and a slow economic decline due to the wars of the 18th century. After peace was restored in 1721, Danzig experienced steady economic recovery. As a stronghold of Stanisław Leszczyński's supporters during the War of the Polish Succession, it was taken by the Russians after the Siege of Danzig in 1734. In the 1740s and 1750s Danzig was restored and Danzig port was again the most significant grain exporting ports in the Baltic region. The Danzig Research Society, which became defunct in 1936, was founded in 1743.
In 1772, the First Partition of Poland took place and Prussia annexed almost all of the former Royal Prussia, which became the Province of West Prussia. However, Gdańsk remained a part of Poland as an exclave separated from the rest of the country. The Prussian king cut off Danzig with a military controlled barrier, also blocking shipping links to foreign ports, on the pretense that a cattle plague may otherwise break out. Danzig declined in its economic significance. However, by the end of the 18th century, Gdańsk was still one of the most economically integrated cities in Poland. It was well-connected and traded actively with German cities, while other Polish cities became less well-integrated towards the end of the century, mostly due to greater risks for long-distance trade, given the number of violent conflicts along the trade routes.
Prussia and Germany
Danzig was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793, in the Second Partition of Poland. Both the Polish and the German-speaking population largely opposed the Prussian annexation and wished the city to remain part of Poland. The mayor of the city stepped down from his office due to the annexation. The notable city councilor Jan (Johann) Uphagen, historian and art collector, also resigned as a sign of protest against the annexation. His house exemplifies Baroque in Poland and is now a museum, known as Uphagen's House. An attempted student uprising against Prussia led by Gottfried Benjamin Bartholdi was crushed quickly by the authorities in 1797.
During the Napoleonic Wars, in 1807, the city was besieged and captured by a coalition of French, Polish, Italian, Saxon, and Baden forces. Afterwards, it was a free city from 1807 to 1814, when it was captured by combined Prussian-Russian forces.
In 1815, after France's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, it again became part of Prussia and became the capital of Regierungsbezirk Danzig within the province of West Prussia. Since the 1820s, the Wisłoujście Fortress served as a prison, mainly for Polish political prisoners, including resistance members, protesters, insurgents of the November and January uprisings and refugees from the Russian Partition of Poland fleeing conscription into the Russian Army, and insurgents of the November Uprising were also imprisoned in Biskupia Górka (Bischofsberg). In May–June 1832 and November 1833, more than 1,000 Polish insurgents departed partitioned Poland through the city's port, boarding ships bound for France, the United Kingdom and the United States (see Great Emigration).
The city's longest serving mayor was Robert von Blumenthal, who held office from 1841, through the revolutions of 1848, until 1863. With the unification of Germany in 1871 under Prussian hegemony, the city became part of the German Empire and remained so until 1919, after Germany's defeat in World War I. Starting from the 1850s, long-established Danzig families often felt marginalized by the new town elite originating from mainland Germany. This situation caused the Polish to allege that the Danzig people were oppressed by German rule and for this reason allegedly failed to articulate their natural desire for strong ties with Poland.
Free City of Danzig and World War II
Main article: Free City of DanzigWhen Poland regained its independence after World War I with access to the sea as promised by the Allies on the basis of Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" (point 13 called for "an independent Polish state", "which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea"), the Poles hoped the city's harbour would also become part of Poland. However, in the end – since Germans formed a majority in the city, with Poles being a minority (in the 1923 census 7,896 people out of 335,921 gave Polish, Kashubian, or Masurian as their native language) – the city was not placed under Polish sovereignty. Instead, in accordance with the terms of the Versailles Treaty, it became the Free City of Danzig, an independent quasi-state under the auspices of the League of Nations with its external affairs largely under Polish control. Poland's rights also included free use of the harbour, a Polish post office, a Polish garrison in Westerplatte district, and customs union with Poland. The Free City had its own constitution, national anthem, parliament, and government (Senat). It issued its own stamps as well as its currency, the Danzig gulden.
With the growth of Nazism among Germans, anti-Polish sentiment increased and both Germanisation and segregation policies intensified, in the 1930s the rights of local Poles were commonly violated and limited by the local administration. Polish children were refused admission to public Polish-language schools, premises were not allowed to be rented to Polish schools and preschools. Due to such policies, only eight Polish-language public schools existed in the city, and Poles managed to organize seven more private Polish schools.
In the early 1930s, the local Nazi Party capitalised on pro-German sentiments and in 1933 garnered 50% of vote in the parliament. Thereafter, the Nazis under Gauleiter Albert Forster achieved dominance in the city government, which was still nominally overseen by the League of Nations' High Commissioner.
In 1937, Poles who sent their children to private Polish schools were required to transfer children to German schools, under threat of police intervention, and attacks were carried out on Polish schools and Polish youth. German militias carried out numerous beatings of Polish activists, scouts and even postal workers, as "punishment" for distributing the Polish press. German students attacked and expelled Polish students from the technical university. Dozens of Polish surnames were forcibly Germanized, while Polish symbols that reminded that for centuries Gdańsk was part of Poland were removed from the city's landmarks, such as the Artus Court and the Neptune's Fountain.
From 1937, the employment of Poles by German companies was prohibited, and already employed Poles were fired, the use of Polish in public places was banned and Poles were not allowed to enter several restaurants, in particular those owned by Germans. In 1939, before the German invasion of Poland and outbreak of World War II, local Polish railwaymen were victims of beatings, and after the invasion, they were also imprisoned and murdered in concentration camps.
The German government officially demanded the return of Danzig to Germany along with an extraterritorial (meaning under German jurisdiction) highway through the area of the Polish Corridor for land-based access from the rest of Germany. Hitler used the issue of the status of the city as a pretext for attacking Poland and in May 1939, during a high-level meeting of German military officials explained to them: "It is not Danzig that is at stake. For us it is a matter of expanding our Lebensraum in the east", adding that there will be no repeat of the Czech situation, and Germany will attack Poland at first opportunity, after isolating the country from its Western Allies.
After the German proposals to solve the three main issues peacefully were refused, German-Polish relations rapidly deteriorated. Germany attacked Poland on 1 September after having signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union.
The German attack began in Danzig, with a bombardment of Polish positions at Westerplatte by the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein, and the landing of German infantry on the peninsula. Outnumbered Polish defenders at Westerplatte resisted for seven days before running out of ammunition. Meanwhile, after a fierce day-long fight (1 September 1939), defenders of the Polish Post office were tried and executed then buried on the spot in the Danzig quarter of Zaspa in October 1939. In 1998 a German court overturned their conviction and sentence. The city was officially annexed by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia.
About 50 percent of members of the Jewish community had left the city within a year after a pogrom in October 1937. After the Kristallnacht riots in November 1938, the community decided to organize its emigration and in March 1939 a first transport to Palestine started. By September 1939 barely 1,700 mostly elderly Jews remained. In early 1941, just 600 Jews were still living in Danzig, most of whom were later murdered in the Holocaust. Out of the 2,938 Jewish community in the city, 1,227 were able to escape from the Nazis before the outbreak of war.
Nazi secret police had been observing Polish minority communities in the city since 1936, compiling information, which in 1939 served to prepare lists of Poles to be captured in Operation Tannenberg. On the first day of the war, approximately 1,500 ethnic Poles were arrested, some because of their participation in social and economic life, others because they were activists and members of various Polish organisations. On 2 September 1939, 150 of them were deported to the Sicherheitsdienst camp Stutthof some 50 km (30 mi) from Danzig, and murdered. Many Poles living in Danzig were deported to Stutthof or executed in the Piaśnica forest.
During the war, Germany operated a prison in the city, an Einsatzgruppen-operated penal camp, a camp for Romani people, two subcamps of the Stalag XX-B prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs, and several subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp within the present-day city limits.
In 1941, Hitler ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union, eventually causing the fortunes of war to turn against Germany. As the Soviet Army advanced in 1944, German populations in Central and Eastern Europe took flight, resulting in the beginning of a great population shift. After the final Soviet offensives began in January 1945, hundreds of thousands of German refugees converged on Danzig, many of whom had fled on foot from East Prussia, some tried to escape through the city's port in a large-scale evacuation involving hundreds of German cargo and passenger ships. Some of the ships were sunk by the Soviets, including the Wilhelm Gustloff after an evacuation was attempted at neighbouring Gdynia. In the process, tens of thousands of refugees were killed.
The city also endured heavy Allied and Soviet air raids. Those who survived and could not escape had to face the Soviet Army, which captured the heavily damaged city on 30 March 1945, followed by large-scale rape and looting.
In line with the decisions made by the Allies at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, the city became again part of Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. The remaining German residents of the city who had survived the war fled or were expelled to postwar Germany. The city was repopulated by ethnic Poles; up to 18 percent (1948) of them had been deported by the Soviets in two major waves from pre-war eastern Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.
Post World War II (1945-1989)
In 1946, the communists executed 17-year-old Danuta Siedzikówna and 42-year-old Feliks Selmanowicz, known Polish resistance members, in the local prison.
The port of Gdańsk was one of the three Polish ports through which Greeks and Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War, reached Poland. In 1949, four transports of Greek and Macedonian refugees arrived at the port of Gdańsk, from where they were transported to new homes in Poland.
Parts of the historic old city of Gdańsk, which had suffered large-scale destruction during the war, were rebuilt during the 1950s and 1960s. The reconstruction sought to dilute the "German character" of the city, and set it back to how it supposedly looked like before the annexation to Prussia in 1793. Nineteenth-century transformations were ignored as "ideologically malignant" by post-war administrations, or regarded as "Prussian barbarism" worthy of demolition, while Flemish/Dutch, Italian and French influences were emphasized in order to "neutralize" the German influx on the general outlook of the city.
Boosted by heavy investment in the development of its port and three major shipyards for Soviet ambitions in the Baltic region, Gdańsk became the major shipping and industrial centre of the People's Republic of Poland. In December 1970, Gdańsk was the scene of anti-regime demonstrations, which led to the downfall of Poland's communist leader Władysław Gomułka. During the demonstrations in Gdańsk and Gdynia, military as well as the police opened fire on the demonstrators causing several dozen deaths. Ten years later, in August 1980, Gdańsk Shipyard was the birthplace of the Solidarity trade union movement.
In September 1981, to deter Solidarity, Soviet Union launched Exercise Zapad-81, the largest military exercise in history, during which amphibious landings were conducted near Gdańsk. Meanwhile, the Solidarity held its first national congress in Hala Olivia, Gdańsk when more than 800 deputies participated. Its opposition to the Communist regime led to the end of Communist Party rule in 1989, and sparked a series of protests that overthrew the Communist regimes of the former Eastern Bloc.
Contemporary history (1990-present)
Solidarity's leader, Lech Wałęsa, became President of Poland in 1990. In 2014 the European Solidarity Centre, a museum and library devoted to the history of the movement, opened in Gdańsk.
On 9 July 2001, the city was flooded, with 200 million zł being estimated in damage, 4 people killed, and 304 evacuated. As a result, the city has built 50 reservoirs, the number of which is rising.
Gdańsk native Donald Tusk is Prime Minister of Poland from 2007 to 2014 and again from 2023 to present and was President of the European Council from 2014 to 2019. In 2014, the remains of Danuta Siedzikówna and Feliks Selmanowicz were found at the local Garrison Cemetery, and then their state burial was held in Gdańsk in 2016, with the participation of thousands of people from all over Poland and the highest Polish authorities.
In January 2019, the Mayor of Gdańsk, Paweł Adamowicz, was assassinated by a man who had just been released from prison for violent crimes. After stabbing the mayor in the abdomen near the heart, the man claimed that the mayor's political party had been responsible for imprisoning him. Though Adamowicz underwent a multi-hour surgery, he died the next day.
In October 2019, the City of Gdańsk was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award in the Concord category as a recognition of the fact that "the past and present in Gdańsk are sensitive to solidarity, the defense of freedom and human rights, as well as to the preservation of peace".
In a 2023 Report on the Quality of Life in European Cities compiled by the European Commission, Gdańsk was named as the fourth best city to live in Europe alongside Leipzig, Stockholm and Geneva.
Geography
Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława river to the Martwa Wisła, a branch of the Vistula. It is located on the border between different physiographic regions: Vistula Spit (waterside part of the city), Vistula Fens (eastern part of the city), Kashubian Coastland (north-western part of the city) and Kashubian Lake District (western part of the city).
Climate
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Gdańsk has a climate with both oceanic and continental influences. According to some categorizations, it has an oceanic climate (Cfb), while others classify it as belonging to the humid continental climate (Dfb). It actually depends on whether the mean reference temperature for the coldest winter month is set at −3 °C (27 °F) or 0 °C (32 °F). Gdańsk's dry winters and the precipitation maximum in summer are indicators of continentality. However seasonal extremes are less pronounced than those in inland Poland.
The city has moderately cold and cloudy winters with mean temperature in January and February near or below 0 °C (32 °F) and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. Average temperatures range from −1.0 to 17.2 °C (30 to 63 °F) and average monthly rainfall varies 17.9 to 66.7 mm (1 to 3 in) per month with a rather low annual total of 507.3 mm (20 in). In general, the weather is damp, variable, and mild.
The seasons are clearly differentiated. Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy, later becoming pleasantly warm and often increasingly sunny. Summer, which begins in June, is predominantly warm but hot at times with temperature reaching as high as 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F) at least couple times a year with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy rain. Gdańsk averages 1,700 hours of sunshine per year. July and August are the warmest months. Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny, turning cold, damp, and foggy in November. Winter lasts from December to March and includes periods of snow. January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as −15 °C (5 °F).
Climate data for Gdańsk (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 13.4 (56.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
30.6 (87.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
34.6 (94.3) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.8 (96.4) |
31.7 (89.1) |
28.1 (82.6) |
21.1 (70.0) |
13.7 (56.7) |
36.0 (96.8) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) |
8.4 (47.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
25.9 (78.6) |
28.9 (84.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
29.9 (85.8) |
24.8 (76.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
11.8 (53.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
31.8 (89.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.7 (35.1) |
2.9 (37.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
12.1 (53.8) |
16.8 (62.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
12.7 (54.9) |
6.7 (44.1) |
3.1 (37.6) |
12.3 (54.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.4 (29.5) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
6.9 (44.4) |
11.9 (53.4) |
15.5 (59.9) |
17.7 (63.9) |
17.3 (63.1) |
12.9 (55.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
3.4 (38.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
7.7 (45.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.3 (26.1) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
3.6 (38.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
10.4 (50.7) |
5.8 (42.4) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
5.1 (41.2) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −15.6 (3.9) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
4.3 (39.7) |
7.5 (45.5) |
7.2 (45.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −27.4 (−17.3) |
−29.8 (−21.6) |
−22.8 (−9.0) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
2.1 (35.8) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−16.9 (1.6) |
−23.3 (−9.9) |
−29.8 (−21.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 28.5 (1.12) |
23.7 (0.93) |
27.5 (1.08) |
32.0 (1.26) |
53.3 (2.10) |
58.8 (2.31) |
79.4 (3.13) |
70.0 (2.76) |
64.5 (2.54) |
54.8 (2.16) |
42.6 (1.68) |
36.0 (1.42) |
571.0 (22.48) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 16.67 | 14.25 | 14.03 | 11.43 | 13.07 | 14.03 | 13.43 | 14.03 | 12.40 | 15.27 | 15.93 | 17.97 | 172.51 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 87.7 | 85.9 | 82.5 | 75.5 | 71.6 | 72.2 | 74.7 | 78.1 | 82.6 | 84.6 | 89.1 | 89.8 | 81.2 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −3 (27) |
−3 (27) |
−1 (30) |
2 (36) |
6 (43) |
10 (50) |
13 (55) |
12 (54) |
9 (48) |
6 (43) |
2 (36) |
−1 (30) |
4 (40) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 39 | 70 | 134 | 163 | 244 | 259 | 236 | 225 | 174 | 105 | 45 | 32 | 1,726 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||||||||||||
Source 2: meteomodel.pl, Weather Atlas (UV), Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015) |
Economy
The industrial sections of the city are dominated by shipbuilding, petrochemical, and chemical industries, as well as food processing. The share of high-tech sectors such as electronics, telecommunications, IT engineering, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals is on the rise. Amber processing is also an important part of the local economy, as the majority of the world's amber deposits lie along the Baltic coast.
Major companies based in Gdańsk include multinational clothing company LPP, Energa, Remontowa, the Gdańsk Shipyard, Ziaja, and BreakThru Films. The city also served as a major base for Grupa Lotos, with the Gdańsk Refinery having been the second-largest in Poland, with a capacity of 210,000 bbl/d (33,000 m/d). Gdańsk also hosts the biennial BALTEXPO International Maritime Fair and Conference, the largest fair dedicated to the maritime industry in Poland.
The largest shopping center located in the city is Forum Gdańsk, which covers a large plot in the city centre. In 2021, the registered unemployment rate in the city was estimated at 3.6%.
Main sights
View of Gdańsk's Main Town from the Motława River (2012)Architecture
Sights at the Royal RouteHighland GateMansion of the Society of Saint George and Golden GateUlica DługaArtus CourtSculptures at the top of the Golden HouseNeptune's Fountain and Długi TargThe city has some buildings surviving from the time of the Hanseatic League. Most tourist attractions are located in the area of the Main City of Gdańsk, along or near Ulica Długa (Long Street) and Długi Targ (Long Market), a pedestrian thoroughfare surrounded by buildings reconstructed in historical (primarily during the 17th century) style and flanked at both ends by elaborate city gates. This part of the city is sometimes referred to as the Royal Route, since it was once the path of processions for visiting Kings of Poland.
Walking from end to end, sites encountered on or near the Royal Route include:
- Highland Gate (Brama Wyżynna), which marks the beginning of the Royal Route
- Torture House (Katownia) and Prison Tower (Wieża więzienna), now housing the Amber Museum (Muzeum Bursztynu)
- Mansion of the Society of Saint George (Dwór Bractwa św. Jerzego)
- Golden Gate (Złota Brama)
- Ulica Długa ("Long Lane"), filled with picturesque tenements
- Uphagen's House (Dom Uphagena), branch of the Museum of Gdańsk
- Lion's Castle (Lwi Zamek)
- Main Town Hall (Ratusz Głównego Miasta, built 1378–1492)
- Długi Targ ("Long Market")
- Artus' Court (Dwór Artusa)
- Neptune's Fountain (Fontanna Neptuna), a masterpiece by architect Abraham van den Blocke, 1617. It is the oldest working fountain in Poland.
- New Jury House (Nowy Dom Ławy), in which the seemingly 17th-century Maiden in the Window appears every day during the tourist season, referring to a popular novel Panienka z okienka ("Maiden in the Window") by Jadwiga Łuszczewska, set in 17th-century Gdańsk
- Golden House (Złota Kamienica), a distinctive Renaissance townhouse from the early 17th century, decorated with numerous reliefs and sculptures
- Green Gate (Zielona Brama), a Mannerist gate, built as a formal residence of Polish kings, now housing a branch of the National Museum in Gdańsk
- Olivia Business Centre, a district made up of six buildings
- Olivia Star, the tallest building in Gdańsk and the rest of northern Poland. It was finished in 2018 and measures at 156 metres (512 ft).
Gdańsk has a number of historical churches, including St. Catherine's Church and St. Mary's Church (Bazylika Mariacka). This latter is a municipal church built during the 15th century, and is one of the largest brick churches in the world. The city's 17th-century fortifications represent one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated on 16 September 1994 and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland.
Other main sights in the historical city centre include:
- Royal Chapel of the Polish King John III Sobieski
- Żuraw – medieval port crane
- Granaries on the Ołowianka and Granary Islands
- John III Sobieski Monument
- Old Town Hall
- Mariacka Street
- Polish Post Office, site of the 1939 battle
- Brick gothic town gates, i.e., Mariacka Gate, Straganiarska Gate, Cow Gate
Main sights outside the historical city centre include:
- Abbot's Palace in the Oliwa Park
- Oliwa Cathedral
- Brzeźno Pier
- Medieval city walls
- Westerplatte
- Wisłoujście Fortress
- Gdańsk Zoo
Museums
- National Museum (Muzeum Narodowe)
- Department of Ancient Art – contains a number of important artworks, including Hans Memling's Last Judgement
- Green Gate
- Department of Modern Art – in the Abbot's Palace in Oliwa
- Ethnography Department – in the Abbot's Granary in Oliwa
- Gdańsk Photography Gallery
- Historical Museum (Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Gdańska):
- Main Town Hall
- Artus' Court
- Uphagen's House
- Amber Museum (Muzeum Bursztynu)
- Museum of the Polish Post (Muzeum Poczty Polskiej)
- Wartownia nr 1 na Westerplatte
- Museum of Tower Clocks (Muzeum Zegarów Wieżowych)
- Wisłoujście Fortress
- National Maritime Museum, Gdańsk (Narodowe Muzeum Morskie):
- museum ship SS Sołdek is anchored on the Motława River and was the first ship built in post-war Poland.
- European Solidarity Centre. Museum and library dedicated to the history of the Solidarity movement.
- Archdiocese Museum (Muzeum Archidiecezjalne)
- Museum of the Second World War
Entertainment
- Polish Baltic Philharmonic
- Baltic Opera
- Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre is a Shakespearean theatre built on the historical site of a 17th-century playhouse where English travelling players came to perform. The new theatre, completed in 2014, hosts the annual Gdańsk Shakespeare Festival.
Transport
The city's core transport infrastructure includes Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport, an international airport located in Gdańsk, and the Szybka Kolej Miejska, (SKM) which functions as a rapid transit system for the Tricity area, including Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia, operating frequent trains to 27 stations covering the Tricity., as well as the long-distance railways.
The principal station in Gdańsk is Gdańsk Główny railway station, served by both SKM local trains and PKP long-distance trains. In addition, long-distance trains also stop at Gdańsk Oliwa railway station, Gdańsk Wrzeszcz railway station, Sopot, and Gdynia. Gdańsk also has nine other railway stations, served by local SKM trains; Long-distance trains are operated by PKP Intercity which provides connections with all major Polish cities, including Warsaw, Kraków, Łódź, Poznań, Katowice, Szczecin, and Częstochowa, and with the neighbouring Kashubian Lakes region.
Between 2011 and 2015, the rail route between Gdańsk, Gdynia, and Warsaw underwent a major upgrade, resulting in improvements in the railway's speed and critical infrastructure such as signalling systems, as well as the construction of the Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna, a major suburban railway, which was opened in 2015.
City buses and trams are operated by ZTM Gdańsk (Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Gdańsku). The Port of Gdańsk is a seaport located on the southern coast of Gdańsk Bay, located within the city, and the Obwodnica Trójmiejska and A1 autostrada allow for automotive access to the city. Additionally, Gdańsk is part of the Rail-2-Sea project. This project's objective is to connect the city with the Romanian Black Sea port of Constanța with a 3,663 km (2,276 mi) long railway line passing through Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.
Sport
There are many popular professional sports teams in the Gdańsk and Tricity area. The city's professional football club is Lechia Gdańsk. Founded in 1945, they play in the Ekstraklasa, Poland's top division. Their home stadium, Stadion Miejski, was one of the four Polish stadiums to host the UEFA Euro 2012 competition, as well as the host of the 2021 UEFA Europa League Final. Other notable football clubs are Gedania 1922 Gdańsk and SKS Stoczniowiec Gdańsk, which both played in the second tier in the past. Other notable clubs include speedway club Wybrzeże Gdańsk, rugby club Lechia Gdańsk, ice hockey club Stoczniowiec Gdańsk, and volleyball club Trefl Gdańsk.
The city's Hala Olivia was a venue for the official 2009 EuroBasket, and the Ergo Arena was one of the 2013 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships venues.
Politics and local government
Main article: Politics of GdańskContemporary Gdańsk is one of the major centres of economic and administrative life in Poland. It has been the seat of a Polish central institution, the Polish Space Agency, several supra-regional branches of further central institutions, as well as the supra-regional (appellate-level) institutions of justice. As the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship it has been the seat of the Pomeranian Voivodeship Office, the Sejmik, and the Marshall's Office of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and other voivodeship-level institutions.
Legislative power in Gdańsk is vested in a unicameral Gdańsk city council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 34 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees, which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.
- City Council in 2024–2029
Districts
Gdańsk is divided into 34 administrative divisions: 6 dzielnicas and 28 osiedles. A full list can be found at Districts of Gdańsk, but the largest include Śródmieście, Przymorze Wielkie, Chełm, Wrzeszcz Dolny, and Wrzeszcz Górny.
Education and science
There are 15 higher schools in the city, including three universities. Notable educational institutions include the University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk University of Technology, and Gdańsk Medical University. The city is also home to the Baltic Institute.
International relations
Consulates
There are four consulates general in Gdańsk – China, Germany, Hungary, Russia, one consulate – Ukraine, and 17 honorary consulates – Austria, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Estonia, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Moldova, Netherlands, Peru, Seychelles, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Uruguay.
Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in PolandGdańsk is twinned with:
- Helsingør, Denmark
- Bremen, Germany
- Cleveland, United States
- Kalmar, Sweden
- Nice, France
- Astana, Kazakhstan
- Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Sefton, United Kingdom
- Turku, Finland
- Vilnius, Lithuania
Former twin towns
- Kaliningrad, Russia
- Saint Petersburg, Russia
On 3 March 2022, Gdańsk City Council passed a unanimous resolution to terminate the cooperation with the Russian cities of Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Partnerships and cooperation
Gdańsk also cooperates with:
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1890 | 120,338 | — |
1910 | 170,337 | +41.5% |
1929 | 256,403 | +50.5% |
1945 | 139,078 | −45.8% |
1946 | 117,894 | −15.2% |
1950 | 194,633 | +65.1% |
1960 | 286,940 | +47.4% |
1970 | 365,600 | +27.4% |
1978 | 442,118 | +20.9% |
1988 | 464,308 | +5.0% |
2002 | 461,334 | −0.6% |
2011 | 460,276 | −0.2% |
2021 | 486,022 | +5.6% |
source |
The 1923 census conducted in the Free City of Danzig indicated that of all inhabitants, 95% were German, and 3% were Polish and Kashubian. The end of World War II is a significant break in continuity with regard to the inhabitants of Gdańsk.
German citizens began to flee en masse as the Soviet Red Army advanced, composed of both spontaneous flights driven by rumors of Soviet atrocities, and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 which continued into the spring of 1945. Approximately 1% (100,000) of the German civilian population residing east of the Oder–Neisse line perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945. German civilians were also sent as "reparations labour" to the Soviet Union.
Poles from other parts of Poland replaced the former German-speaking population, with the first settlers arriving in March 1945. On 30 March 1945, the Gdańsk Voivodeship was established as the first administrative Polish unit in the Recovered Territories. As of 1 November 1945, around 93,029 Germans remained within the city limits. The locals of German descent who declared Polish nationality were permitted to remain; as of 1 January 1949, 13,424 persons who had received Polish citizenship in a post-war "ethnic vetting" process lived in Gdańsk.
The settlers can be grouped according to their background:
- Poles that had been freed from forced labor in Nazi Germany
- Repatriates: Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish-Soviet border. This included assimilated minorities such as the Polish-Armenian community
- Poles incl. Kashubians relocating from nearby villages and small towns
- Settlers from central Poland migrating voluntarily
- Non-Poles forcibly resettled during Operation Vistula in 1947. Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south-eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing, and therefore assimilating, those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already, throughout the newly acquired territories. Belarusians living around the area around Białystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons. This scattering of members of non-Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Lemkos, and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form.
- Jewish Holocaust survivors, most of them Polish repatriates from the Eastern Borderlands.
- Greeks and Slav Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War.
People
Main article: List of people from GdańskSee also
- Tourism in Poland
- List of honorary citizens of Gdańsk
- 764 Gedania – a minor planet orbiting the Sun
- Danzig Highflyer
- Father Eugeniusz Dutkiewicz SAC Hospice
- Kashubians
- List of neighbourhoods of Gdańsk
- St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk
- Laznia Centre for Contemporary Art
- Ronald Reagan Park
- Live in Gdańsk
- Orunia Park
Notes
-
- Pronunciation:
- Polish: [ˈɡdãj̃sk] sometimes [ˈɡdaɲsk]
- UK: /ɡəˈdænsk/ gə-DANSK
- US: /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/ gə-DAHNSK
- Other names:
- Kashubian: Gduńsk [ɡduɲsk]
- German: Danzig [ˈdantsɪç] or [ˈdantsɪk]
- Latin: Gedania, Gedanium or Dantiscum.
- Pronunciation:
- Also in 1454, 1468, 1484, and 1590
- Also in 1399, 1410, and 1414–1438
- Also in 1410, 1414
- Record temperatures are from all Gdańsk stations.
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- Curp, T. David (2006). A clean sweep?: the politics of ethnic cleansing in western Poland, 1945-1960. Boydell & Brewer. p. 42. ISBN 1-58046-238-3. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
- Roos, Hans (1966). A history of modern Poland: from the foundation of the State in the First World War to the present day. Knopf. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
- Sylwia Bykowska (2020). The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II. Peter-Lang-Verlagsgruppe. p. 116. ISBN 978-3-631-67940-1.
- Bykowska, Sylwia (2020). The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II. Peter Lang. p. 239. ISBN 978-3-631-67940-1.
- ^ Karl Cordell, Andrzej Antoszewski, Poland and the European Union, 2000, p. 168, ISBN 0-415-23885-4, ISBN 978-0-415-23885-4: gives 4.55 million in the first years
- ^ Hoffmann, Dierk; Schwartz, Michael (1999). Dierk Hoffmann, Michael Schwartz, Geglückte Integration?, p. 142. Oldenbourg. ISBN 9783486645033.
- "Kaszubi w Gdańsku". Kaszëbskô Jednota. Kashubian Association. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
- Thum, p. 129
- Selwyn Ilan Troen, Benjamin Pinkus, Merkaz le-moreshet Ben-Guryon, Organizing Rescue: National Jewish Solidarity in the Modern Period, pp. 283-284, 1992, ISBN 0-7146-3413-1, ISBN 978-0-7146-3413-5
- Grzegorz Waligóra; Łukasz Kamiński, eds. (2010). NSZZ Solidarność, 1980-1989: Wokół Solidarności (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu. p. 463. ISBN 9788376291765. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
Sources
- Kamusella, Tomasz (2004), "The Expulsion of the Population Categorized as 'Germans' from the Post-1945 Poland" (PDF direct download, 2.52 MB), Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees (ed.), The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War, European University Institute, Florence. Department of History and Civilization, pp. 21–30, EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1, retrieved 17 August 2012
- Kimmich, Christoph M (1968). The free city: Danzig and German foreign policy, 1919–1934. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
- Rudziński, Grzegorz (1 March 2001). Gdańsk. Bonechi. ISBN 978-88-476-0517-6. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
- Simson, Paul (October 2009). Geschichte Der Stadt Danzig. BiblioBazaar, LLC. ISBN 978-1-115-53256-3. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
- Śliwiński, Błażej (2006). "O rzece "Gdani" i początkach Gdańska. Uwagi historyka do ustaleń językoznawców" [About the river "Gdania" and the beginnings of Gdańsk. Historian's comments on the findings of linguists]. Acta Cassubiana. 8: 11–23.
- Gdańsk
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- 10th-century establishments in Poland
- Populated places established in the 10th century
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