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| '''Kundalini syndrome''' according to certain writers on the subject and some researchers in the fields of ]<ref name="Turner et al. 1995">Turner et al. (1995)</ref>, ]<ref name="Scotton 1996">Scotton (1996)</ref><ref>Kason (2000)</ref>, and ]<ref>Kason (2000)</ref><ref>Greyson (2000)</ref> describe a complex pattern of sensory, motor, mental and affective symptoms associated with the concept of kundalini, sometimes called the kundalini ]<ref>Greyson (2000)</ref>. This psycho-spiritual and transformative process may, according to different sources, occur in connection with a near-death experience<ref>Kason 2000</ref><ref>Greyson (2000)</ref>, or with prolonged and intensive spiritual/contemplative practice, as practiced within a few sub-disciplines of meditation or yoga<ref>Kason (2000)</ref><ref>Turner et al., Page 440</ref><ref>Scotton, pg. 269</ref>. Other factors that may trigger this symptomatology includes a variety of intense personal crises or experiences<ref>Kason, pg.163; Table 4.</ref>. Psychiatric literature notes that "''Since the influx of eastern spiritual practices and the rising popularity of meditation starting in the 1960's, many people have experienced a variety of | |||
| psychological difficulties, either while engaged in intensive spiritual practice or spontaneously''". <ref>Turner et al., Page 440 </ref><ref> Scotton, pg. 269 </ref> | |||
| With relation to intense spiritual practice, these problems could, in some instances, be the result of wrong or unfortunate practice. Kason <ref> Kason, pg. 177,253, 259-60, 270</ref> emphasizes the risk associated with certain intensive spiritual practices, especially in circumstances where the practitioner is not mentally and/or physically prepared. ], notes that awakening of kundalini shows itself as "awakening of inner knowledge" and cites his own guru: "Kundalini is the divine mother. A true mother never causes harm or does anything bad to her children."<ref> ] , page 49 </ref>. According to this view true kundalini awakening has no side effects other than pure joy, pure knowledge and pure love. Like every form of energy one must also learn to understand ] -- the implication being that spiritual practices, such as Qi Gong or traditional yoga are designed to open or increase this innate energy, while the philosophy behind certain martial implies that these energies can be developed and focused. In order to be able to integrate this spiritual energy, careful purification and strengthening of the body and nervous system are recommended beforehand. According to Maheshwarananada, it will often be found that negative experiences occur only when acting without appropriate guidance.<ref> ], pages 47, 48, 49.</ref> | |||
| ==Symptomatology== | |||
| Researchers affiliated with the fields of transpersonal psychology and near-death studies (see references below) have suggested some common criteria that describe kundalini problems, of which the most prominent feature is a feeling of energy or heat rushing up the ]<ref name="Kason 2000, p. 223">Kason (2000), p. 223.</ref><ref>Scotton (1996), p. 261.</ref>. | |||
| * Other sensory, motor and physiological symptoms may include: the feeling of ]<ref>Kason (2000), p. 222.</ref>, the perception of inner sounds<ref name="Kason 2000, p. 223"/>, experiences of inner lights<ref name="Kason 2000, p. 223"/><ref name="Greyson 2000, p. 125">Greyson (2000), p. 125.</ref>, vibrating or ] sensations in the lower back<ref name="Kason 2000, p. 223"/>, vibrations and itching under the skin<ref name="Greyson 2000, p. 125"/>, cool or flushed skin<ref> Scotton, 1996: 264</ref>, ] (rapid heart rate)<ref>Scotton (1996), p. 264.</ref>, persistent bradycardia<ref> Scotton, 1996: 264</ref>, changes in ]<ref name="Greyson 2000, p. 124">Greyson (2000), p. 124.</ref>, spontaneous bodily movements<ref name="Greyson 2000, p. 124"/>, spontaneous assumption of yogic postures<ref> Scotton, 1996: 264</ref>, sensations of heat or cold moving through the body<ref name="Greyson 2000, p. 125"/>, localized bodily pain that starts and stops abruptly<ref name="Greyson 2000, p. 125"/>, and unusual, or intense, sexual sensations<ref name="Kason, pg. 50">Kason, pg. 50</ref>. | |||
| *Mental and affective symptoms include: ]<ref name="Scotton 1996 p. 264"/>, ]<ref name="Scotton 1996 p. 264"/>, ]<ref name="Greyson 2000, p. 125"/>, intense positive or negative emotions<ref name="Greyson 2000, p. 125"/>, psychotic symptoms or psychotic ideation<ref> Scotton, 1996: 264</ref>, spontaneous slowing or speeding of thoughts<ref name="Greyson 2000, p. 125"/>, spontaneous trance states<ref name="Scotton 1996 p. 264">Scotton (1996) p. 264.</ref>, experiencing oneself as larger than the physical body<ref name="Greyson 2000, p. 125"/>, and experiences of paranormal consciousness<ref name="Kason, pg. 50"/>. | |||
| Summary of known problems: ], pseudo death<!-- ?? -->, pseudo psychosis, ], ], ], ], ] thoughts, urges to ], ] urges, ] (irregular heart beat), exacerbation of prior or current ], ], inability to hold a ], inability to ], inability to drive, ]ual pains, temporary ], ] or rash, and ]s<ref> Grof, 1990. Complete reference is missing </ref><ref> Sannella, 1976. Complete reference is missing.</ref><ref> Grof, 1986</ref><ref> Goel, unknown publication date </ref><ref>Tweedie, 1995</ref>. | |||
| A few ]s within the transpersonal field, such as Greyson<ref name="Greyson 2000, p. 124"/>, refers to this symptomatology as the "Physio-Kundalini syndrome", while other ] academics use the description Kundalini-experience/awakening<ref> Turner et al., pg. 440</ref><ref> Scotton (1996) p. 261</ref>. The process is not always sudden and dramatic, it can also start slowly and increase gradually in activity over time<ref>Kason, pg. 51</ref>. If the accompanying symptoms unfold in an intense manner that destabilizes the person, then the situation is usually interpreted as a "spiritual emergency"<ref> Turner et al., pg. 440: ''"spiritual emergency" (i.e., an uncontrolled emergence of spiritual phenomena with significant disruption in psychological/social/occupational functioning'').</ref>. | |||
| Transpersonal literature indicates that the overview of symptoms is not meant to be used as a tool for amateur-]. According to writers in the field, the interpretation of symptoms is not straightforward<ref> Sovatsky, p. 161</ref ><ref> Kason, pg. 178-79 </ref>. Symptoms associated with Kundalini-activity may not always represent such activity, but instead be an indication of other medical conditions, in need of attention. Kason<ref> Kason, pg. 178-79 </ref> emphasizes that any unusual or marked physical symptom needs to be investigated by a qualified medical professional. For more on this, see note <ref>Kason, pg. 178-79: ''"It is important to remind STE experiencers, their friends, and their families that all unusual or marked physical symptoms need to be investigated by a qualified medical doctor, even when the experiencer feels certain that the symptom is nothing more than the expression of the transformative energy in the body. One can be experiencing kundalini activity and also have physical problems that need medical attention. It could be a serious, even life threatening, mistake to assume, without medical guidance, that any of the symptoms listed on the following pages do not have a medical cause."'' STE: Short for "Spiritually Transformative Experience" (Editors note).</ref>. | |||
| ==Reference in academic literature== | |||
| A few writers, within the fields of psychiatry and ], have suggested a clinical approach to Kundalini-symptomatology. Possible improvements in the diagnostic system, that are meant to differentiate Kundalini syndrome from other disorders, have been suggested<ref name="Turner et al. 1995"/><ref name="Scotton 1996"/><ref>Grabovac & Ganesan, 2003; Table 3: Selected elements of a proposed academic lecture series on ] and ] in psychiatry.</ref><ref> Herrick, 1996. This reference is not from an academic journal, but from a manuscript presented at an academic conference.</ref>. In an article from the ] theorists Turner, Lukoff, Barnhouse & Lu<ref> Turner, Lukoff, Barnhouse & Lu (1995)</ref> discuss Kundalini-symptomatology in relation to the ] diagnostic category "Religious or Spiritual Problem"<ref> See American Psychiatric Association (1994) DSM-IV, Code V62.89: Religious or Spiritual Problem</ref>. | |||
| Discussion of Kundalini-symptomatology has also appeared in a few mainstream academic journals, including ''Psychological Reports'', where M. Thalbourne operates with a 35 item "Kundalini Scale"<ref> Thalbourne (2001)</ref>. The concept also | |||
| appears, very briefly, in an article from the ''Journal of The ]'' where Le Fanu<ref>Le Fanu, | |||
| p. 118-119</ref> discusses a small detail regarding Kundalini symptomatology in connection with the interpretation of so-called medical "mystery syndromes". | |||
| ==Kundalini and side effects - Different views== | |||
| According to transpersonal and spiritual literature, problems have been known to occasionally arise from awakening of Kundalini-energies. Different views exist, in the literature, regarding the nature of these problems. | |||
| One view is that awakening of Kundalini has no negative side effects. ] cites his own guru: "Kundalini is the divine mother. A true mother never causes harm or does anything bad to her children."<ref> ] , page 49 </ref>. According to this view true kundalini awakening has no side effects other than pure joy, pure knowledge and pure love. Other types of side effects are only an indication of unbalance in the nervous system due to practice without a living and self-realized Spiritual Master or due to ignoring his advice. | |||
| A different view is that awakening of Kundalini-energies does have side effects<ref>Kason, 2000</ref><ref>Greyson, 2000:132</ref>, and that such an awakening, in some instances, may be conceptualized as a spiritual problem<ref>Turner et al., pg. 440 </ref>. According to Transpersonal theory, and traditional hindu philosophy, the awakening of such energies are "accompanied by alterations in physiology and consciousness understood in terms of the Hindu chakra system"<ref> Scotton, 1996: 262</ref>. Knowledge of the chakra map may therefore be helpful regarding the interpretation of symptoms<ref> Scotton, 1996:265 </ref>. Consultation with a meditation teacher who is not trained in Kundalini techniques, or with a psychiatrist, medical doctor or therapist who is not knowledgeable about this process, often leads to confusion and misunderstanding<ref>citation needed. </ref>{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}. Teachers of Yoga familiar enough to guide students through the completion of Kundalini karmic release are so rare that the likeliness of having side effects solved smoothly is slim<ref>citation needed.</ref>{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}. | |||
| Even though the symptoms, at times, may be dramatic and disturbing, theorists such as Sovatsky<ref> Sovatsky (1998)</ref> and Greyson<ref> Greyson (2000), p. 132.</ref> tend to interpret the unfolding symptomatology as largely non-pathological, maturational, and of ]ary significance for ]. According to Scotton<ref> Scotton (1996), p. 269.</ref> Kundalini-symptoms may, or may not, be associated with ], but are not reducible to any psychopathology. He also thinks that it is important to differentiate between the signs of Kundalini and the symptoms of ], and not subsume the signs of Kundalini under a pathological diagnosis. Other writers, such as Kason<ref>Kason (2000), pg. 292-95.</ref>, tend to view the broad scope of the process, with the accompanying symptoms, as resulting in a "psycho-spiritual house-cleaning". | |||
| However, Sovatsky believes that it is important to differentiate between the symptoms of a possible Kundalini awakening, and the symptoms of different preliminary ] processes or ] imbalances.<ref>Sovatsky (1998), p. 161, 180</ref> According to this view, many reported Kundalini problems may rather be signs of the precursor energetic state of ] (see note <ref> Explanations of the term "pranotthana": "Intensified, uplifted life energy" (Sovatsky, 1998), "The perception of energy movement" (Bynum, 1996)</ref> for definition). The difference between pranotthana and Kundalini itself, is also mentioned by other commentators, such as Bynum<ref> Bynum, 1996. Page 260: ''In Kundalini Yoga for example, the teacher clarifies the internal, empirical and experiential difference between the perception of energy movement or pranotthana and Kundalini itself''. </ref>. Sovatsky also notes that: ''kundalini has become a catch word at this early time in its entry in American culture... and attracts those with unspecified, chronic neurological/psychiatric complaints in search of an explanation for their symptoms; the use in the West of Gopi Krishna's problematic kundalini experiences as a standard giving the awakening a reputation as more dangerous than it is''<ref> Sovatsky, p. 161 </ref>. | |||
| Some clinicians, such as Scotton<ref> Scotton, 1996: 261 </ref>, notes that classical western psychiatric treatment may not be the most appropriate approach towards kundalini symptomatology. He does mention a few circumstances (mainly involving psychotic ideation) where he finds drug treatment to be appropriate, but he prefers to handle Kundalini episodes with as little physiological intervention, and drug intervention, as possible<ref> Scotton, 1996. Page 263-64: ''Western clinicians who have become aware of the kundalini phenomenona have begun to see it clinically. My colleagues and I have treated more than a half dozen cases of difficult kundalini experiences and have found that supportive treatment is best, with the least invasive physiological measures possible''. </ref>. | |||
| ==Cross-cultural observations== | |||
| Qigong, the Chinese-born practice of improving the qi flow in the body to achieve health benefits, has recorded that occasionally qigong practice may lead to mental disorders and call it 走火入魔(walk into fire and devil). This is according to some commentators essentially describing Kundalini syndrome or qigong psychosis<ref></ref>. | |||
| ''The Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders'' (DSM-IV) includes the diagnostic category "qi-gong psychotic reaction" in its "Glossary of culture-bound syndromes"<ref> American Psychiatric Association, 1994</ref>. | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{pagenumbers|article}} | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| *American Psychiatric Association (1994) ''Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders'' (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association | |||
| * Bynum, Edward Bruce. "Research Methods in Clinical Psychospirituality". The Humanistic Psychologist 1996, Vol. 24, No. 2, 257-61 | |||
| *Grabovac, Andrea & Ganesan, Soma. ''Spirituality and Religion in Canadian Psychiatric Residency Training''. Canadian Journal Of Psychiatry, Vol 48, No 3, April 2003 | |||
| * Greyson, Bruce (2000) ''Some Neuropsychological Correlates Of The Physio-Kundalini Syndrome''. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, Vol.32, No. 2 | |||
| * Grof, Stanislav, (1986) ''Beyond the Brain: Birth Death and Transcendence in Psychotherapy'', State University of New York Press | |||
| * Goel, B.S., ''Third Eye and Kundalini: an Experimental Account of Journey From Dust to Divinity'', Vol II, Eye Foundation of India | |||
| * Herrick, Karen, ''Finding Our Own Substance: New DSM-IV Code 62.89, Religious or Spiritual Problem''. Poster Presentation Abstract. Manuscript presented at "Toward a Science of Consciousness" 1996, sponsored by the University of Arizona 8 April–13, 1996, Tucson Convention Center. | |||
| * Kason, Yvonne (2000) ''Farther Shores: Exploring How Near-Death, Kundalini and Mystical Experiences Can Transform Ordinary Lives''. Toronto: Harper Collins Publishers, Revised edition, ISBN 0-00-638624-5 | |||
| * Le Fanu, James (2002) A'' clutch of new syndromes?'' Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine; Vol. 95:118-125, March 2002 | |||
| * ], ''The hidden power in humans'', Ibera Verlag. ISBN 3-85052-197-4 | |||
| * Scotton, Bruce (1996) ''The phenomenology and treatment of kundalini'', in Scotton, Chinen, and Battista (Editors) (1996) Textbook of transpersonal psychiatry and psychology. (pp. 261–270). New York: Basic Books, Inc | |||
| * Sovatsky, Stuart (1998). ''Words from the Soul: Time, East/West Spirituality, and Psychotherapeutic Narrative''. New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-3950-X. Suny Series in Transpersonal and Humanistic Psychology | |||
| * Thalbourne, Michael A. (2001) ''Measures of the Sheep-Goat variable, Transliminality, and Their Correlates''. Psychological Reports, 88: 339-50 | |||
| *Turner, Robert P.; Lukoff, David; Barnhouse, Ruth Tiffany & Lu Francis G. (1995) ''Religious or Spiritual Problem. A Culturally Sensitive Diagnostic Category in the DSM-IV.'' Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,Vol.183, No. 7 435-444 | |||
| * Tweedie, I., ''Daughter of Fire: A Diary of a Spiritual Training with a Sufi Master'', 1995, The Golden Sufi Center, ISBN 0-9634574-5-4 | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| *Thomas, Kate. ''The Kundalini Phenomenon - the need for insight and spiritual authenticity'' (New Media Books, 2000). | |||
| * Whitfield, Barbara Harris (1995) ''Spiritual Awakenings: Insights of the near-death experience and other doorways to our soul'' (Health Communications, 1995). | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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