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			{{Short description\|First Nagorno-Karabakh War}}
	{{Infobox document		{{Infobox document
	\|document_name = Zheleznovodsk Communiqué		\|document_name = Zheleznovodsk Communiqué
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	\|location_of_document =		\|location_of_document =
	\|writer =		\|writer =
	\|signers = ], ], ], ]		\|signers = {{flagicon\|Russia\|1991}} ]<br>{{flagicon\|Azerbaijan}} ]<br>{{flagicon\|Kazakhstan\|1991}} ]<br>{{flagicon\|Armenia}} ]
	\|purpose = Peace agreement between ] and ]		\|purpose = Peace agreement between ] and ]
	}}		}}

	The '''Zheleznovodsk Communiqué''', also known as the '''Zheleznovodsk Declaration''' or '''Zheleznovodsk Accords''', is the joint peace ] mediated by Russian President, ] and ] President, ] in ], ] on September 23, 1991 with an intention to end the three year long hostilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the ~~disputed~~ region of ].<ref name=Ulster>{{cite web\|url=http://www.peaceagreements.ulster.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Agreements/agree.pl?full=617"\|title= The Transitional Justice Peace Agreements Database. Record 617 \|date~~=\|accessdate~~=April 14, 2010}}</ref> Although consensus was reached, the treaty was never ratified.		The '''Zheleznovodsk Communiqué''', also known as the '''Zheleznovodsk Declaration''' or '''Zheleznovodsk Accords''', is the joint peace ] mediated by ], ] and ], ] in ], ] on September 23, 1991, with an intention to end the three-year-long hostilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the ] region, still an autonomous oblast of the ].<ref name=Ulster>{{cite web\|url=http://www.peaceagreements.ulster.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Agreements/agree.pl?full=617"\|title= The Transitional Justice Peace Agreements Database. Record 617 \|access-date=April 14, 2010}}</ref> Although consensus was reached, the treaty was never ratified.

	==Background==		==Background==
			The ] over ] of Azerbaijan SSR which started in early 1988<ref name=BBC>{{cite news \| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/news/newsid_3681000/3681079.stm \| script-title=ru:Карабах: хронология конфликта \|trans-title=Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict \| publisher= ] \| date=2005-08-29\| access-date=2010-04-14\|language=ru}}</ref> had developed unmitigated and claimed lives of many civilians, interior troops and army.
	An ] during the ] era under the jurisdiction of the ], the ], whose population was predominantly Armenian, expressed its desire to unite with Armenia in February 1988, a move that was staunchly opposed by the Soviet Azerbaijani authorities.<ref>{{cite book
	\| last = Kaufman
	\| first = Stuart
	\| title = Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War
	\| publisher = Cornell Studies in Security Affairs
	\| year = 2001
	\| location = New York
	\| page= 61
	\| isbn = 0-8014-8736-6}}</ref>

	==Mediating mission==		==Mediating mission==
	With consent from the ~~Azerbaijani~~ ~~and~~ ~~Armenian~~ ~~sides~~, Boris Yeltsin and Nursultan Nazarbayev led a mediating mission on September ~~20-23~~ visiting ], ], ] and ]. Taking the principles of ], non-interference in internal affairs of sovereign states, observance of civil rights as the starting point, ~~a kbreakthrough~~ was achieved on September 22 when Armenia renounced all its claims to Azerbaijani territory.<ref>{{cite news \| url= ~~http~~://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/23/world/armenia-yielding-claim-on-enclave.html~~?scp=1&sq=Armenia%20Yielding%20Claim%20on%20Enclave&st=cse~~ \| title= ARMENIA YIELDING CLAIM ON ENCLAVE \| ~~publisher~~= ] \| author = Bill Keller \| date=1991-09-23 \| ~~accessdate~~=2010-04-14}}</ref> This allowed the parties to agree to a joint communique the next day, committing both sides to disarm and withdraw militias, allow return of ]s and ]s, re-establish Soviet-era administrative order of the Nagorno-Karabakh ] and set up delegations to find a peaceful solution to the conflict. ] and internal troops would still remain in the conflict zone and the process would be supervised by Russian and Kazakh officials. The peace communiqué was discussed with participation of Y. Shaposhnikov,V.Barannikov, S. Voskanyan, M. Gezalov, V. Dzhafarov, ], L. Petrosian, M. Radayev and was signed by ] (Russian Federation), ] (Azerbaijan), ] (Kazakhstan)and ] (Armenia).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/nagorny-karabakh/keytexts6.php\|title= Zheleznovodsk Declaration \|date= September 23, 1991 \|~~accessdate~~=April 14, 2010}}</ref>		With consent from the authorities in Azerbaijan and Armenia, Boris Yeltsin and Nursultan Nazarbayev led a mediating mission on September 20–23 visiting ], ], ] (also known as Վարարակն (Vararakn) by Armenians, and called Xankəndi (Khankendi) by Azerbaijanis) and ]. Taking the principles of ], non-interference in internal affairs of sovereign states, observance of civil rights as the starting point, breakthrough was achieved on September 22 when Armenia renounced all its claims to Azerbaijani territory.<ref>{{cite news \| url= https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/23/world/armenia-yielding-claim-on-enclave.html \| title= ARMENIA YIELDING CLAIM ON ENCLAVE \| work= ] \| author = Bill Keller \| date=1991-09-23 \| access-date=2010-04-14}}</ref> This allowed the parties to agree to a joint communique the next day, committing both sides to disarm and withdraw militias, allow return of ]s and ], re-establish Soviet-era administrative order of the Nagorno-Karabakh ] and set up delegations to find a peaceful solution to the conflict. ] and internal troops would still remain in the conflict zone and the process would be supervised by Russian and Kazakh officials. The peace communiqué was discussed with participation of Y. Shaposhnikov, V.Barannikov, S. Voskanyan, M. Gezalov, V. Dzhafarov, ], L. Petrosian, M. Radayev and was signed by ] (Russian Federation), ] (Azerbaijan), ] (Kazakhstan) and ] (Armenia).<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/nagorny-karabakh/keytexts6.php\|title= Zheleznovodsk Declaration \|date= September 23, 1991 \|access-date=April 14, 2010}}</ref>

	The peace efforts came to a halt with ] helicopter with Russian, Kazakh observers and Azerbaijani high-ranking state officials on-board when it was shot down, apparently by Armenians, over ] village of ].<ref>{{cite book \|title=Stopping Wars and Making Peace: Studies in International Intervention \|last1=Eichensehr \|first1=Kristen \|last2=Reisman \|first2=W.Michael \|authorlink= \|coauthors= \|year=1998 \|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers \|location= Leiden, The Netherlands\|isbn= 978-90-04-17855-7 \|page=54 \|pages= \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tjcSb5Yw2_UC&pg=PA55&dq=November+20+Azerbaijan+helicopter&hl=en&ei=Ak-6S6C1KoWKlweHo4SWCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false \|accessdate= April 14, 2010}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
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	==References==		==References==
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	==External links==		==External links==
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			{{Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict}}

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Zheleznovodsk Communique}}
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	{{International-law-stub}}		{{International-law-stub}}
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Latest revision as of 04:23, 6 August 2024

First Nagorno-Karabakh War

Zheleznovodsk Communiqué
Created	September 23, 1991
Signatories	Boris Yeltsin Ayaz Mutalibov Nursultan Nazarbayev Levon Ter-Petrosian
Purpose	Peace agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan

The Zheleznovodsk Communiqué, also known as the Zheleznovodsk Declaration or Zheleznovodsk Accords, is the joint peace communiqué mediated by Russian President, Boris Yeltsin and Kazakh President, Nursultan Nazarbayev in Zheleznovodsk, Russia on September 23, 1991, with an intention to end the three-year-long hostilities between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, still an autonomous oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR. Although consensus was reached, the treaty was never ratified.

Background

The conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of Azerbaijan SSR which started in early 1988 had developed unmitigated and claimed lives of many civilians, interior troops and army.

Mediating mission

With consent from the authorities in Azerbaijan and Armenia, Boris Yeltsin and Nursultan Nazarbayev led a mediating mission on September 20–23 visiting Baku, Ganja, Stepanakert (also known as Վարարակն (Vararakn) by Armenians, and called Xankəndi (Khankendi) by Azerbaijanis) and Yerevan. Taking the principles of territorial integrity, non-interference in internal affairs of sovereign states, observance of civil rights as the starting point, breakthrough was achieved on September 22 when Armenia renounced all its claims to Azerbaijani territory. This allowed the parties to agree to a joint communique the next day, committing both sides to disarm and withdraw militias, allow return of refugees and IDPs, re-establish Soviet-era administrative order of the Nagorno-Karabakh oblast and set up delegations to find a peaceful solution to the conflict. Soviet army and internal troops would still remain in the conflict zone and the process would be supervised by Russian and Kazakh officials. The peace communiqué was discussed with participation of Y. Shaposhnikov, V.Barannikov, S. Voskanyan, M. Gezalov, V. Dzhafarov, R. Kocharian, L. Petrosian, M. Radayev and was signed by Boris Yeltsin (Russian Federation), Ayaz Mutalibov (Azerbaijan), Nursultan Nazarbayev (Kazakhstan) and Levon Ter-Petrosian (Armenia).

References

" "The Transitional Justice Peace Agreements Database. Record 617". Retrieved April 14, 2010.
Карабах: хронология конфликта [Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict] (in Russian). BBC News. 2005-08-29. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
Bill Keller (1991-09-23). "ARMENIA YIELDING CLAIM ON ENCLAVE". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
"Zheleznovodsk Declaration". September 23, 1991. Retrieved April 14, 2010.

External links

v t e Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Background	Nagorno-Karabakh History Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Karabakh movement Miatsum Armenians in Azerbaijan Armenians in Baku Azerbaijanis in Armenia Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan Armenia–Azerbaijan relations
First war (1988–1994)	Çardaqlı clash Askeran clash Sumgait pogrom Gugark pogrom Zvartnots Airport clash Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms Kirovabad pogrom Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988) Baku pogrom Bağanis Ayrum 1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing Operation Ring Voskepar massacre Battle of Togh 1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast Siege of Stepanakert Operation Dashalty 1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli Capture of Garadaghly Khojaly massacre Maraga massacre Capture of Shusha Capture of Artsvashen Operation Goranboy Mardakert and Martuni Offensives Operation Həsənqaya Battle of Lachin Operation Qazançı 1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état Battle of Kalbajar Battle of Aghdam 1993 Summer Offensives Operation Geghamasar Operation Horadiz Operation Kalbajar 1994 Baku Metro bombings 1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown 1994 Bagratashen bombing Refugees in Azerbaijan
Interwar clashes	2008 Mardakert clashes January 2009 Agdam military incident September 2009 Agdam military incident 2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes 2010 Mardakert clashes 2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes 2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 2016 Odundağ clashes 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Shelling of Alxanlı 2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 2019 clash near Chinari July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes Incidents Protests in Azerbaijan Reactions
Second war (2020)	Timeline Casualties International reactions Allegations of third-party involvement Madagiz offensive Aras Valley campaign Bombardments (Barda, Ganja, Ghazanchetsots Cathedral, Martuni, Stepanakert, Tartar) Battle of Hadrut Lachin offensive Battle of Shusha Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown War crimes Treatment of Armenian POWs
Post-ceasefire events	Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas 2020–2021 Armenian protests Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher Border crisis September 2022 escalation Susuzluq Shusha Farukh 2022 Armenian protests Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh 2023 Azerbaijani offensive Protests in Armenia Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians Berkadzor fuel depot explosion
Main locations	Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh Stepanakert Askeran Province Hadrut Province Kashatagh Province Martakert Province Martuni Province Shahumyan Province Shushi Province Armenian-occupied territories Aghdam District Fuzuli District Jabrayil District Kalbajar District Lachin District Lachin corridor Qubadli District Zangilan District
Political leaders	Armenia Levon Ter-Petrosyan Robert Kocharyan Serzh Sargsyan Nikol Pashinyan Republic of Artsakh Artur Mkrtchyan Robert Kocharyan Leonard Petrosyan Arkadi Ghukasyan Bako Sahakyan Arayik Harutyunyan Samvel Shahramanyan Azerbaijan Ayaz Mutallibov Abulfaz Elchibey Heydar Aliyev Ilham Aliyev Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh Bayram Safarov Nizami Bahmanov Tural Ganjaliyev Russia Mikhail Gorbachev Boris Yeltsin Vladimir Putin Turkey Turgut Özal Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Military leaders	Armenia Vazgen Sargsyan Gurgen Dalibaltayan Norat Ter-Grigoryants Jirair Sefilian Tiran Khachatryan Seyran Ohanyan Republic of Artsakh Samvel Babayan Kristapor Ivanyan Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan Monte Melkonian Jalal Harutyunyan Mikael Arzumanyan Azerbaijan Isgandar Hamidov Rahim Gaziyev Surat Huseynov Valeh Barshadly Mais Barkhudarov Hikmat Mirzayev Hikmat Hasanov Russia Viktor Polyanichko Pavel Grachev Rustam Muradov Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Shamil Basayev Afghanistan Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
Peace process	Baker rules Bishkek Protocol Tehran Communiqué Zheleznovodsk Communiqué OSCE Minsk Group Prague Process Madrid Principles 2020 ceasefire agreement 2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping Russia OSCE EU EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022 EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023 EUMA Feb 2023–present 2023 ceasefire agreement
International documents	Astrakhan Declaration Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration OIC Resolution 10/11 OIC Resolution 10/37 PACE Resolution 1416 PACE Resolution 2085 UNGA Resolution 48/114 UNGA Resolution 60/285 UNGA Resolution 62/243 UNSC resolutions 822 853 874 884