Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 15:54, 25 November 2024

Part of a series on
Christianity
Jesus Christ Nativity Baptism Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension
Bible Foundations Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Church Creed New Covenant
Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Salvation Universalism
History Tradition Apostles Peter Paul Mary Early Christianity Church Fathers Constantine Councils Augustine Ignatius East–West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther
Denominations (full list) Nicene Catholic Latin Eastern Old Catholic Palmarian Catholic Independent Catholic Sedevacantism Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Church of the East Protestant Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Free Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Moravian Pentecostal Plymouth Brethren Quaker Reformed United Protestant Waldensian Nondenominational Christianity Restorationist Christadelphians Iglesia ni Cristo Irvingians Jehovah's Witnesses Latter Day Saints Members Church of God International The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The New Church (Swedenborgian) Unitarians and Universalists
Related topics Civilization Criticism Culture Ecumenism Glossary Index Liturgy Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Worship
Glossary Index Outline  Christianity portal
v t e

The terms Old Catholic Church, Old Catholics, Old-Catholic churches, or Old Catholic movement, designate "any of the groups of Western Christians who believe themselves to maintain in complete loyalty the doctrine and traditions of the undivided church but who separated from the see of Rome after the First Vatican council of 1869–70".

The expression Old Catholic has been used from the 1850s by communions separated from the Roman Catholic Church over certain doctrines, primarily concerned with papal authority and infallibility. Some of these groups, especially in the Netherlands, had already existed long before the term. The Old Catholic Church is separate and distinct from Traditionalist Catholicism.

Two groups of Old Catholic churches currently exist: the Union of Utrecht (UU) and the Union of Scranton (US). Neither group is in full communion with the Holy See. Member churches of the Union of Utrecht are in full communion with the Anglican Communion as well as the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden and the Philippine Independent Church and many UU churches are members of the World Council of Churches.

Both groups trace their beginning to the 18th century when members of the See of Utrecht refused to obey papal authority and were excommunicated. Later Catholics who disagreed with the Roman Catholic dogma of papal infallibility, as defined by the First Vatican Council (1870), were thereafter without a bishop and joined with the See of Utrecht to form the Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Churches. Today, Utrechter Union churches are found chiefly in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, and the Czech Republic.

In 2008, the Polish National Catholic Church created the Union of Scranton and separated from the Union of Utrecht. This was done in protest of the older Union's decision to ordain women and bless same-sex marriages. The Nordic Catholic Church later joined the Union of Scranton as well.

History

Pre-Reformation diocese and archdiocese of Utrecht

In the pre-Reformation era, there were already disputes that set the stage for an independent bishopric of Utrecht between the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire, notably during between the 11th to 15th centuries.

Post-Reformation Netherlands

The northern provinces that revolted against the Spanish Netherlands and signed the 1579 Union of Utrecht, persecuted the Roman Catholic Church, confiscated church property, expelled monks and nuns from convents and monasteries, and made it illegal to receive the Catholic sacraments. However, Catholicism did not die, rather priests and communities went underground. Groups would meet for the sacraments in the attics of private homes at the risk of arrest. Priests identified themselves by wearing all black clothing with very simple collars.

All the episcopal sees of the area, including that of Utrecht, had fallen vacant by 1580, because the Spanish crown, which since 1559 had patronal rights over all bishoprics in the Netherlands, refused to make appointments for what it saw as heretical territories, and the nomination of an apostolic vicar was seen as a way of avoiding direct violation of the privilege granted to the crown. The appointment of an apostolic vicar, the first after many centuries, for what came to be called the Holland Mission was followed by similar appointments for other Protestant-ruled countries, such as England, which likewise became mission territories. The disarray of the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands between 1572 and about 1610 was followed by a period of expansion of Roman Catholicism under the apostolic vicars, leading to Protestant protests.

The initial shortage of Roman Catholic priests in the Netherlands resulted in increased pastoral activity of religious clergy, among whom Jesuits formed a considerable minority, coming to represent between 10 and 15 percent of all the Dutch clergy in the 1600–1650 period. Conflicts arose between these, and the apostolic vicars and secular clergy. In 1629, there were 321 Roman Catholic priests in the United Provinces, 250 secular and 71 religious, with Jesuits at 34 forming almost half of the religious. By the middle of the 17th century the secular priests were 442, the religious 142, of whom 62 were Jesuits.

The sixth apostolic vicar of the Dutch/Holland Mission, Petrus Codde, was appointed in 1688. In 1691, the Jesuits accused him of favouring the Jansenist heresy. Pope Innocent XII appointed a commission of cardinals to investigate the accusations against Codde. The commission concluded that the accusations were groundless. In 1702, Pope Clement XI deposed Codde, to which Codde obeyed.

While the religious clergy remained loyal to the Holy See, three-quarters of the secular clergy at first followed Codde, but by 1706 over two-thirds of these returned to Roman Catholic allegiance. Of the laity, the overwhelming majority sided with the Holy See. Thus, most Dutch Catholics remained in full communion with the pope and with the apostolic vicars appointed by him.

After Codde's resignation, the Diocese of Utrecht elected Cornelius Steenoven as bishop. The See of Utrecht declared the right to elect its own archbishop in 1724, after being accused of Jansenism. Following consultation with both canon lawyers and theologians in France and Germany, Dominique Marie Varlet, a Catholic bishop of the French Oratorian Society of Foreign Missions, consecrated Steenoven as a bishop without a papal mandate. What had been de jure autonomous became de facto an independent Catholic church. Although the pope was notified of all proceedings, the Holy See still regarded the diocese as vacant due to papal permission not being sought. The pope, therefore, continued to appoint apostolic vicars for the Netherlands. Steenoven and the other bishops were excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church, and thus began the Old Catholic Church in the Netherlands. Subsequent bishops were then appointed and ordained to the sees of Deventer, Haarlem and Groningen under the See of Utrecht in later years.

Due to prevailing anti-papal feeling among the powerful Dutch Calvinists, the Church of Utrecht was tolerated and even praised by the government of the Dutch Republic.

In 1853 Pope Pius IX received guarantees of religious freedom from King William II of the Netherlands and re-established the Roman Catholic hierarchy in the Netherlands. The Holy See considers the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht as the continuation of the episcopal see founded in the 7th century and raised to metropolitan status on 12 May 1559, thus not recognizing any legitimacy of Old Catholics.

First Vatican Council, Old Catholic Union of Utrecht

Papal primacy, supremacy and infallibility
Overview Primacy of Peter & Papal primacy Papal supremacy Papal infallibility First Vatican Council § Papal infallibility
Patriarchs compared to popes Papal primacy Episcopal see § Catholic Church Apiarius of Sicca § Appeal to the bishop of Rome Pentarchy § After the East–West Schism Pope John XIX § Life Gregory II Youssef § First Vatican Council Ravenna Document Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy
Ecumenical councils compared to popes Conciliarity Conciliarism § Modern conciliarism Ecumenical council § Acceptance of the councils To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation § The Third Wall: Authority to Call a Council Ultrajectines
Catholic episcopal councils compared to popes Febronianism Christus Dominus § Controversy The Ratzinger Report
Political rulers compared to popes Gallicanism Patronato real Josephinism Febronianism Cisalpinism Appointment of Catholic bishops § Centralization of papal power Concordat § List Papal deposing power
Existing dogma compared to popes Development of doctrine Cum ex apostolatus officio Pascendi Dominici gregis
Objections and controversy Ecclesiastical differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church § Papal authority Ignaz von Döllinger § Papal authority Ultramontanism § Position of other apostolic churches Papal infallibility § Objections Old Catholic Church § First Vatican Council, Old Catholic Union of Utrecht Sedevacantism Josip Juraj Strossmayer § Catholic diplomacy
v t e

After the First Vatican Council (1869–1870), several groups of Roman Catholics in Austria-Hungary, Imperial Germany, and Switzerland rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of papal infallibility in matters of faith and morals and left to form their own churches. The formation of the Old Catholic communion of Germans, Austrians and Swiss began under the leadership of Ignaz von Döllinger, following the First Vatican Council. These were supported by the Old Catholic Archbishop of Utrecht, who ordained priests and bishops for them. Later the Dutch were united more formally with many of these groups under the name "Utrecht Union of Churches".

In the spring of 1871, a convention in Munich attracted several hundred participants, including Church of England and Protestant observers. Döllinger, an excommunicated Roman Catholic priest and church historian, was a notable leader of the movement but was never a member of an Old Catholic church.

The convention decided to form the "Old Catholic Church" in order to distinguish its members from what they saw as the novel teaching in the Roman Catholic dogma of papal infallibility. Although it had continued to use the Roman Rite, from the middle of the 18th century the Dutch Old Catholic See of Utrecht had increasingly used the vernacular instead of Latin. The churches which broke from the Holy See in 1870 and subsequently entered into union with the Old Catholic See of Utrecht gradually introduced the vernacular into the liturgy until it completely replaced Latin in 1877. In 1874, the Old Catholics removed the requirement of clerical celibacy.

The Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany received support from the government of Otto von Bismarck, whose 1870s Kulturkampf policies persecuted the Roman Catholic Church. In Austria-Hungary, pan-Germanic nationalist groups, like those of Georg Ritter von Schönerer, promoted the conversion of all German speaking Catholics to Old Catholicism and Lutheranism, with poor results.

Spread of Old Catholicism throughout the world

In 1897 a group of Polish migrants in the United States broke away from the Holy See due to theological and liturgical issues; their leader, Franciszek Hodur, was consecrated a bishop by Old Catholic Archbishop of Utrecht Gerardus Gul, establishing the Polish National Catholic Church, which joined the Union of Utrecht.

Split of Old Roman Catholics and Liberal Catholics

In 1910, Arnold Mathew—a former British Catholic and Anglican, who was consecrated by Old Catholic Archbishop Gul in 1908—split away from the Union of Utrecht, establishing the Old Roman Catholic Church in Great Britain. In 1914, he consecrated Rudolph de Landas Berghes, who emigrated to the United States in 1914 and planted the seed of Old Roman Catholicism in the Americas. Mathew also consecrated an excommunicated Capuchin Franciscan priest as bishop: Carmel Henry Carfora. Various Christian denominations claiming apostolic succession from Mathew were founded in the world through Berghes, Carfora, and others including James Wedgwood—founder of the Liberal Catholic Church. Such groups' apostolic succession is deemed to be invalid by both the Holy See, the Union of Utrecht and the Anglican Communion. Mathew himself was excommunicated and declared a "pseudo-bishop" by Pope Pius X, while the International Old Catholic Bishops' Conference declared his consecration to be null and void, obtained mala fide.

Another significant figure, Joseph René Vilatte, who was ordained a deacon and priest by Bishop Eduard Herzog, of the Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland; he worked with Catholics of Belgian ancestry living on the Door Peninsula of Wisconsin, with the knowledge and blessing of the Union of Utrecht and under the full jurisdiction of the local Episcopal Bishop of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. However, he subsequently left the Old Catholics and was later consecrated a bishop by Patriarch Mar Julius I of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, though the validity of such consecration is disputed. He proceeded to establish a number of Christian denominations before eventually reconciling with the Holy See.

Polish National Catholic schism from Utrecht

In 2003, the Polish National Catholic Church voted itself out of the UU due to the Utrechter Union's acceptance of female ordination, and their attitude towards homosexuality, both of which the Polish National Catholic Church rejects. Prior, in 1994, the German Old Catholic bishops of the Utrechter Union decided to ordain women as priests, and put this into practice on 27 May 1996. Similar decisions and practices followed in Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands. By 2020, the Swiss church also voted in favour of same-sex marriage. Marriages between two men and two women were conducted in the same manner as heterosexual marriages.

Old Catholic Church of Slovakia

The Old Catholic Church of Slovakia was accepted in 2000 as a member of the Union of Utrecht. As early as 2001 some issues arose concerning future consecration of Augustin Bacinsky as old-catholic bishop of Slovakia, and the matter was postponed. The Old Catholic Church of Slovakia was expelled from the Union of Utrecht in 2004, because the episcopal administrator Augustin Bacinsky had been consecrated by an episcopus vagans.

At present, the only recognized Christian church in America that is in communion with the Union of Utrecht is the Episcopal Church.

Statistics

As of 2016, there are 115,000 members of Old Catholic churches.

Doctrine

Old Catholic theology views the Eucharist as the core of the Christian Church; from this point of view, the church is a community of believers. All are in communion with one another around the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, as the highest expression of the love of God. Therefore, the celebration of the Eucharist is understood as the experience of Christ's triumph over sin. The defeat of sin consists in bringing together that which is divided.

An active contributor to the Declaration of the Catholic Congress of Munich, 1871—and all later assemblies—was Johann Friedrich von Schulte, professor of dogmatics at Prague. Von Schulte summed up the results of the congress as follows:

• adherence to the ancient Catholic faith;
• maintenance of the rights of Catholics;
• rejection of new Roman Catholic dogmas;
• adherence to the constitutions of the ancient Church with repudiation of every dogma of faith not in harmony with the by-then established conscience of the Church;
• reform of the Church with constitutional participation of the laity;
• preparation of the way for reunion of the Christian confessions;
• reform of the training and position of the clergy;
• adherence to the State against the attacks of Ultramontanism;
• rejection of the Society of Jesus;
• claim to the real property of the Church

The 1889 Declaration of Utrecht states the Union of Utrecht believes in Vincent of Lérins's following quote from his Commonitory: "all possible care must be taken, that we hold that faith which has been believed everywhere, always, by all; for this is truly what is catholic". The UU allows those who are divorced to have a new religious marriage in the church, and Old Catholics had gradually replaced the Latin mass with the vernacular by 1877. In 1989, the Union of Utrecht opposed abortion, but "nusual exceptions should be made in consultation with a priest".

Apostolic succession

Old Catholicism values apostolic succession by which they mean both the uninterrupted laying on of hands by bishops through time (the historic episcopate), and the continuation of the whole life of the church community by word and sacrament over the years and ages. Old Catholics consider apostolic succession to be the handing on of belief in which the whole Church is involved. In this process the ministry has a special responsibility and task, caring for the continuation in time of the mission of Jesus Christ and his apostles.

According to the principle of ex opere operato, certain ordinations by bishops not in communion with Rome are still recognised as being valid by the Holy See, and the ordinations of and by Old Catholic bishops in the Union of Utrecht churches has never been formally questioned by the Holy See until the more recent ordinations of women as priests.

Ecumenism

The Union of Utrecht considers that the reunion of the churches has to be based on a re-actualization of the decisions of faith made by the undivided Church. In that way, they claim, the original unity of the Church could be made visible again. Following these principles, later bishops and theologians of the Union of Utrechts churches stayed in contact with Russian Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican representatives.

Old Catholic involvement in the multilateral ecumenical movement formally began with the participation of two bishops, from the Netherlands and Switzerland, at the Lausanne Faith and Order (F&O) conference (1927). This side of ecumenism has always remained a major interest for Old Catholics who have never missed an F&O conference. Old Catholics also participate in other activities of the WCC and of national councils of churches. By active participation in the ecumenical movement since its very beginning, the OCC demonstrates its belief in this work.

See also

Movements

• Independent Catholicism
• Liberal Catholic Church
• Willibrord Society
• German Catholics (sect)

People

• Franz Heinrich Reusch
• Warren Prall Watters
• Gerard Shelley

Notes

1. The organization Polish Catholic Church in Poland, a member church of the UU, is not to be confused with the Catholic Church in Poland or confused with the Polish National Catholic Church, a former member church of the UU.
2. Polish Catholic Church in Poland, a member church of the UU, is not to be confused with the Catholic Church in Poland or confused with the PNCC, a former member church of the UU.

References

1. ^ "Member Churches". utrechter-union.org. Utrecht, NL: Utrechter Union der Altkatholischen Kirchen. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
2. ^ "The Union of Scranton: a union of churches in communion with the Polish National Catholic Church". unionofscranton.org. Scranton, PA: Union of Scranton. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
3. ^ "Agreement" (PDF). Union of Utrecht. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
4. ^ "Old-Catholic churches". World Council of Churches. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
5. James R., Lewis (1998). "Old Catholic Movement". The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions (1st ed.). United States: Prometheus Books. p. 367. ISBN 1-57392-222-6.
6. "Old Catholic church | Christianity | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
7. Beyschlag, Willibald (1898). "The Origin and Development of the Old Catholic Movement". The American Journal of Theology. 2 (3): 481–526. ISSN 1550-3283.
8. "Bilateral Relations". Church of Sweden. 24 September 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
9. "Churches in Communion with the Church of England". Europe.anglican.org. 8 April 2009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
10. "Old-Catholic Church in the Netherlands". Oikoumene.org. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
11. "Old-Catholic churches | World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
12. Kaplan, Benjamin J. (Autumn 1994). " 'Remnants of the papal yoke': apathy and opposition in the Dutch reformation". The Sixteenth Century Journal. 25 (3): 653–669. doi:10.2307/2542640. ISSN 0361-0160. JSTOR 2542640. S2CID 163784117.
13. ^ Neale 1858.
14. ^ Parker, Charles H. (July 2009). Faith on the Margins: Catholics and Catholicism in the Dutch Golden Age. Harvard University Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN 9780674033719.
15. Kooi, Christine (30 April 2012). Calvinists and Catholics During Holland's Golden Age: Heretics and Idolaters. Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 9781107023246.
16. Gelderblom, Arie Jan; De Jong, Jan L.; Vaeck, Marc Van (January 2004). The Low Countries as a Crossroads of Religious Beliefs. BRILL. p. 168. ISBN 9004122885.
17. Zachman, Randall C. (September 2008). John Calvin and Roman Catholicism: Critique and Engagement, then and Now. Baker Academic. p. 124. ISBN 9780801035975.
18. ^ Parker, Charles H. (July 2009). Faith on the Margins: Catholics and Catholicism in the Dutch Golden Age. Harvard University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780674033719.
19. Van Kley, Dale K. (August 2008). "Civic Humanism in Clerical Garb: Gallican Memories of the Early Church and the Project of Primitivist Reform 1719-1791". Past & Present. 200 (1): 77–120. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtm055.
20. ^ Vissera, Jan (2003). "The Old Catholic churches of the Union of Utrecht". International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church. 3 (1): 68–84. doi:10.1080/14742250308574025. ISSN 1474-225X. S2CID 144732215.
21. Hardon, John A. (1963). "17. Old Catholic Churches". Religions of the World. Internet Archive. Westminster, Md.: Newman Press. p. 470.
22. Bakvis, Herman (1981). Catholic Power in the Netherlands. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780773503618.
23. "Cambridge Journals Online - Ecclesiastical Law Journal". Journals.cambridge.org. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
24. Varlet, Dominique-Marie (1986). Domestic Correspondence of Dominique-Marie Varlet. BRILL. ISBN 9004076719. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
25. Pruter, Karl (October 2006). The Old Catholic Church (3rd ed.). Wildside Press LLC. ISBN 9780912134413. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
26. Lee, Stephen J. (1984). Aspects of European history, 1494-1789. Routledge. ISBN 9780415027847. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
27. Algis Ratnikas. "Timeline Netherlands". Timelines.ws. Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
28. Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 769
29. "Old Catholic Conference". oldcatholichistory.org. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
30. "Declaration of the Catholic Congress". oldcatholichistory.org. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
31. "A Study of the First Old Catholic Congresses". oldcatholichistory.org. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
32. "Father Johann Joseph Ignaz von Dollinger" (PDF). oldcatholichistory.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
33. ^ James S. Pula (Summer 2009). "Polish-American Catholicism: A Case Study in Cultural Determinism". U.S. Catholic Historian. 27 (3): 1–19. doi:10.1353/cht.0.0014. ISSN 0735-8318. S2CID 154139236. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010 – via Project MUSE.
34. Davis, Derek H. (Autumn 1998). "Editorial: Religious persecution in today's Germany: old habits renewed". Journal of Church and State. 40 (4). Waco, TX: J. M. Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies at Baylor University: 741–756. doi:10.1093/jcs/40.4.741. ISSN 0021-969X.
35. Jensen, John H. (1971). Forces of change. The European experience, topics in modern history. Vol. 1. Wellington: Reed. ISBN 9780589040635.
36. "Independent and Old Catholic Churches". Novelguide.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
37. Pius X Papa (15 February 1911). "Sacerdotes Arnoldus Harris Mathew Herbertus Ignatius Beale Et Arthurus Guilelmus Howarth Nominatim Excommunicantur". Acta Apostolicae Sedis. 3 (2): 53–54.
38. ^ Brandreth, Henry R. T. (1987) . Episcopi vagantes and the Anglican Church. San Bernardino, CA: Borgo Press. ISBN 0-89370-558-6.
39. Weeks, Donald M. "A partial chronological history of pioneer Old Catholics in the United States" (PDF). oldcatholichistory.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
40. C.B. Moss (1964) "The Old Catholic Movement" p. 291, middle paragraph
41. "Une grande conversion". La Croix. 23 June 1925.
42. "Our History". PNCC.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
43. "Utrechter Union - History". www.utrechter-union.org.
44. "Information  >  Frauenordination • Katholisches Bistum der Alt-Katholiken in Deutschland". www.alt-katholisch.de. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
45. James, Roberts; Teague, Ellen (1 September 2020). "News Briefing: Church in the World". The Tablet. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
46. "Utrechter Union - Communiqué of the IBC meeting in Breslau/PL 2000". www.utrechter-union.org. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
47. "Utrechter Union - Communiqué of the IBC meeting in Bendorf/D, 2001". www.utrechter-union.org. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
48. "Utrechter Union - Member Churches". www.utrechter-union.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
49. Thaddeus A. Schnitker (July 1999). "The Old Catholic Churches of the Union of Utrecht". Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
50. "International Old-Catholic Bishops' Conference". oikoumene.org. Geneva: World Council of Churches. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
51. "Catholic Diocese of the Old-Catholics in Germany". oikoumene.org. Geneva: World Council of Churches. January 1948. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
52. "Old-Catholic Church in Austria". oikoumene.org. Geneva: World Council of Churches. January 1967. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
53. "Old-Catholic Church in the Netherlands". oikoumene.org. Geneva: World Council of Churches. January 1948. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
54. "Old-Catholic Church of Switzerland". oikoumene.org. Geneva: World Council of Churches. January 1948. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
55. "Old-Catholic Mariavite Church in Poland". oikoumene.org. Geneva: World Council of Churches. January 1969. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
56. "Polish Catholic Church in Poland". oikoumene.org. Geneva: World Council of Churches. January 1948. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
57. ^ "A theological and spiritual vision". Union of Utrecht of The Old Catholic Churches. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
58.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Baumgarten, Paul Maria (1911). "Old Catholics". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
59. "VIEUX-CATHOLIQUES". Dictionnaire des religions (in French). Presses universitaires de France. 1984. pp. 1771–2. ISBN 2-13-037978-8. OCLC 10588473.
60. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Vincent of Lérins (1955) . "The Commonitory of Vincent of Lérins, for the antiquity and universality of the catholic faith against the profane novelties of all heresies". In Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.). Sulpitius Severus, Vincent of Lerins, John Cassian. A select library of the Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian Church. Second series. Vol. 11. Translated by Charles A. Heurtley (Reprint ed.). Grand Rapids: B. Eerdmans. pp. 127–130 . OCLC 16266414 – via Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
61. Ehe, Scheidung, Wiederheirat (Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage) Archived 2 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
62. "'OLD CATHOLICS' SAY CHRIST IS THEIR LEADER". Deseret News. 15 April 1989. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
63. "Edward McNamara, "The Old Catholic and Polish National Churches"". Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
64. ^ "The Old Catholic Ecumenical Commitment". Union of Utrecht of The Old Catholic Churches. Archived from the original on 12 August 2009.

Sources

• This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Neale, John M (1858). History of the so-called Jansenist church of Holland; with a sketch of its earlier annals, and some account of the Brothers of the common life. Oxford; London: John Henry and James Parker. hdl:2027/mdp.39015067974389. OCLC 600855086.

Further reading

• Episcopi Vagantes and the Anglican Church. Henry R.T. Brandreth. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1947.
• Episcopi vagantes in church history. A.J. Macdonald. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1945.
• The Old Catholic Church: A History and Chronology (The Autocephalous Orthodox Churches, No. 3). Karl Pruter. Highlandville, Missouri: St. Willibrord's Press, 1996.
• The Old Catholic Sourcebook (Garland Reference Library of Social Science). Karl Pruter and J. Gordon Melton. New York: Garland Publishers, 1983.
• The Old Catholic Churches and Anglican Orders. C.B. Moss. The Christian East, January, 1926.
• The Old Catholic Movement. C.B. Moss. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1964.

• "La Sainte Trinité dans la théologie de Dominique Varlet, aux origines du vieux-catholicisme". Serge A. Thériault. Internationale Kirchliche Zeitschrift, Jahr 73, Heft 4 (Okt.-Dez. 1983), p. 234-245.

External links

v t e Western Christianity
Cultural sphere of Christian traditions that developed in the Latin Church in the Western Roman Empire, further diversified starting from the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century
Main divisions	Catholic Church* Latin Church Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Baptists Calvinism Lutheranism Methodism Pentecostalism more Anglicanism Anglican Communion Anglo-Catholicism Old Catholic Church Union of Utrecht Union of Scranton Independent Catholicism List of Independent Catholic denominations Others Western Rite Orthodoxy
History	Early Christianity State church of the Roman Empire Latin Church East–West Schism (1054) Western Schism (1378-1417) Bohemian Reformation (15th century) Protestant Reformation (16th century) Independent Catholicism History of Protestantism
Theology	Catholic theology Protestant theology Anglican theology
*The Catholic Church also comprises the Eastern Catholic Churches Christianity portal

• Old Catholicism
• Christian denominations established in the 19th century