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{{Short description|Academic research position}}
The title of '''research fellow''' is used to denote a ] at a ] or similar institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act as independent investigator, or under the supervision of a principal investigator. In contrast to a ] or research officer, the position of research fellow normally requires a ] or equivalent work.
{{Redirect-distinguish|Research fellowship|Fellow#As a financial grant{{!}}Research fellowship (funding)}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2010}}

A '''research fellow''' is an academic ] position at a ] or a similar research institution, usually for ]. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a principal investigator.

Research fellow positions vary in different countries and academic institutions.

==India==
{{Main|Academic ranks in India}}

In India, the position of research fellowship is provided to scholars from various streams like science, arts, literature, management and others. Research fellowships are funded by government academics, research institutes, and private companies. Research fellows research under the supervision of experienced faculty, professor, head of department, and Dean on two different posts known as ] (JRF) and senior research fellow (SRF). Research organisations like ], ], ], ] recruit research fellows through ]. After the completion of pre-defined tenure, JRF can be considered for a senior research fellowship based on the research fellow's performance and/or interview conducted by the committee of the research institute.

==Russian Federation==
{{Main|Academic ranks in Russia}}

In the ], the position and title research fellow is unknown; however, there is a broadly similar position of ({{langx|ru|Научный сотрудник|italic=yes|links=no}}, {{literal translation|scientific worker}}). This position normally requires a degree of ] approximately corresponding to the PhD. More senior positions normally require, in addition to the aforementioned degree, a track record of publications or certified inventions, as well as practical contributions to major research and development projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aup.ru/docs/d2/210.htm|title=Квалификационный справочник: Ведущий научный сотрудник|trans-title=Qualification Requirements for Positions of Managers, Specialists and other Employees|language=ru|website=aup.ru
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401114149/http://www.aup.ru/docs/d2/210.htm|archive-date=2010-04-01|url-status=live|access-date=2010-05-29 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em"
|+ Hierarchy of researching positions in the ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ras.ru/presidium/documents/directions.aspx?ID=74cc04fa-5b7f-4570-bc32-37097e70f226|title=Постановления Президиума РАН|website=ras.ru|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
! Translation (variant) || Original || Russian abbreviation || Scientific degree or job seniority required || Number of publications required
|-
| junior researcher || младший научный сотрудник || м. н. с. || Candidate of Sciences or 3 years || 1 in 5 years
|-
| researcher || научный сотрудник || н. с. || Candidate of Sciences or 5 years || 3 in 5 years
|-
| senior researcher || старший научный сотрудник || с. н. с. || Candidate of Sciences or 10 years || 5 in 5 years
|-
| leading researcher || ведущий научный сотрудник || в. н. с. || ] or Candidate of Sciences (in exceptionary cases) || 7 in 5 years
|-
| principal researcher || главный научный сотрудник || г. н. с. || Doctor of Sciences || 10 in 5 years
|}

==South Africa==
{{Main|Academic ranks in South Africa}}

Research fellows in South Africa are considered an asset to research organisations and universities. There are highly ranked universities such as ], ] Business School, and ] which offer fellowships to South African nationals in certain fields of research.<ref></ref>


==United Kingdom== ==United Kingdom==
{{Main|Academic ranks in the United Kingdom}}
In the ], at many universities, this position is the first career grade of a ''Research Career Pathway'' and may be permanent, subject to normal probation regulations. Within such a path, the next two higher career grades are usually '''senior research fellow''' and '''professorial fellow'''. Although similar to the position of a research fellow, these two positions are research only posts, with the rise of the career grade there will normally be a formal requirement of a moderate amount of teaching and/or supervision (often at postgraduate level). These positions are for researchers with a proven track record of generating research income to fund themselves and producing high quality research output that is internationally recognised.


In the United Kingdom a research fellow is a broad category, used to indicate a scholar on a research-oriented professional development track. In many universities a research fellow is a career grade of a ''Research Career Pathway'', following on from a postdoctoral position such as research associate, and may be open-ended, subject to normal probation regulations. For some universities, research career grades roughly correspond to the grades of the academic pathway in the following way: research fellow (a lower or same grade as a ]),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/human-resources/policies-advice/academic-careers-framework-and-promotions-processes/academic-promotions-guidance |title=Academic Promotions University College London |date=25 September 2017 | publisher=ucl.ac.uk | access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref> principal research fellow—], whereas senior research fellow is somewhere between a ] and ] or ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/human-resources/policies-advice/academic-careers-framework-and-promotions-processes/academic-promotions-guidance |title=Academic Promotions University College London |date=25 September 2017 | publisher=ucl.ac.uk |access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref> Some universities such as Cambridge restricts Professorial grades only to academics who have excelled in both teaching and research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hr.admin.cam.ac.uk/hr-staff/information-staff/staff-guide/terms-employment/promotion |title=Promotion levels at Cambridge University|date=30 June 2014 |publisher=hr.admin.cam.ac.uk |access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref> Outside of faculty appointments, the title of "Research Fellow" or "Senior Research Fellows" can be also used as honorary or temporary awarded "fellowships" to distinguished academics by research institutes or colleges, usually from different institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/categories-fellowship |title=All Souls College Oxford: Categories of Fellowship|publisher=asc.ox.ac.uk |access-date=2018-07-29}}</ref>
In the UK, research career grades roughly correspond to the grades of the ''Teaching and Scholarship Career Pathways'' the following way: Research Fellow - ], Professorial Fellow - ], whereas Senior Research Fellow somewhere between a ] and a Senior Lecturer.


===Professorial Fellows===
In the past, at many Universities in the UK, before the introduction of specific research careers, the term research fellow often referred to a (junior) researcher, who worked on a specific project on a temporal basis. Research fellows tended to be paid either from central university funds or by an outside organisation such as a charity or company, or through an external grant-awarding body such as a Research Council or a Royal Society. Particularly in ] style colleges, research fellows appointed as ]s of a college tended to, or still do, partially receive remuneration in form of college housing and subsistence. Colleges may award Junior Research Fellowships as the equivalent of ] posts, lasting for three or four years. In contrast, senior research fellows tended to be established academics, often a Professor on sabbatical from another institution, conducting temporally research elsewhere. Nowadays, at some universities in the UK (e.g. the ], the ]), the position research fellow has entirely replaced that of ] and might well be a permanent appointment within a defined research career pathway.
'''Professorial Fellows''' are the most senior professorships at a university. They are members of the College's Governing Body.<ref>{{cite web |title=College Fellowship |url=https://www.univ.ox.ac.uk/about/college-fellowships/ |website=University College Oxford}}</ref>


===Senior Research Fellows===
==United States==
'''Senior Research Fellowships''' (SRFs) are awarded to researchers with "academic standing comparable to that of a distinguished research professorship at a major university."<ref>{{cite web |title=TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS |url=https://fundit.fr/en/calls/trinity-college-cambridge-senior-research-fellowships |website=FundIt}}</ref> They recognize scholars with distinguished research records and publications.<ref>{{cite web |title=Master & Fellows |url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/fellows/master-fellows/ |website=Trinity College Cambridge}}</ref> This position originated in the 15th century as a way of allowing scholars time and funding to pursue independent research without having teaching duties.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=William |title=Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University |date=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL |page=146}}</ref>
In North America, a research fellow is often a ], who undertakes research in addition to doctoral research. Alternatively a research fellow may be a '''visiting research fellow''' from another institution, who tends to be at a more senior career level. There are also '''faculty research fellow''' (FRF), being a ] without ].


As with the professorial fellows, senior research fellows are research-only posts, with the rise of the career grade there will normally be a formal requirement of a moderate amount of teaching and/or supervision (often at postgraduate level). At ], senior research fellows are 7-year long positions that are equivalent to a tenured position in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Senior Research Fellowships |url=https://www.asc.ox.ac.uk/senior-research-fellowships |website=All Souls College, Oxford}}</ref> This position is equivalent to a full professorship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Not one of them |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/not-one-of-them/99570.article |website=Times Higher Education}}</ref>
==Germany==
The English term research fellow is sometimes used to refer to the ''holder'' of a ''research fellowship'' from a public foundation that promotes research. Fellowships, from prestigious institutions such as ], can be obtained by postdoctoral researchers at the beginning of their academic career, by experienced, established scholars and scientists, or even leading authorities in their discipline<ref>http://www.avh.de/en/, Retrieved on 09 Jan 2009</ref>. This means that the award holder may formally hold a specific title at his or her home institution (e.g. ''Privatdozent''), but may in the context of the sponsor be refer to as research fellow<ref>, Retrieved on 18 Feb 2009</ref>.


===Junior Research Fellows===
==Russian Federation==
{{Main|Junior Research Fellowships}}


===List of research fellowships===
In the ], research fellows are graded as follows:
junior research fellow (младший научный сотрудник), research fellow (научный сотрудник), senior research fellow (старший научный сотрудник), and principal research fellow (главный научный сотрудник). <ref> (Qualification Reference for Positions of Managers, Specialists and other Employees of Service) {{ru icon}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
==References==
|+ Fellowships by funding bodies
{{reflist}}
|-
! Funding body !! Fellowship
|-
| ] ||
* ]
|-
| ] ||
* Early Career Fellowships
* Emeritus Fellowships
* International Academic Fellowships
* Major Research Fellowships
* Research Fellowships
|-
| ] ||
* ]
* ]
|-
| ] ||
* ]
|-
| ] ||
* ]
|}


==See also== ==See also==

* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
]
] * ]


== References ==
]
{{reflist}}
]

]
{{Academic positions}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Research Fellow}}

]
]

Latest revision as of 21:34, 18 December 2024

Academic research position "Research fellowship" redirects here. Not to be confused with Research fellowship (funding).
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Find sources: "Research fellow" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

A research fellow is an academic research position at a university or a similar research institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a principal investigator.

Research fellow positions vary in different countries and academic institutions.

India

Main article: Academic ranks in India

In India, the position of research fellowship is provided to scholars from various streams like science, arts, literature, management and others. Research fellowships are funded by government academics, research institutes, and private companies. Research fellows research under the supervision of experienced faculty, professor, head of department, and Dean on two different posts known as Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) and senior research fellow (SRF). Research organisations like ICAR, CSIR, UGC, ICMR recruit research fellows through National Eligibility Test. After the completion of pre-defined tenure, JRF can be considered for a senior research fellowship based on the research fellow's performance and/or interview conducted by the committee of the research institute.

Russian Federation

Main article: Academic ranks in Russia

In the Russian Federation, the position and title research fellow is unknown; however, there is a broadly similar position of (Russian: Научный сотрудник, lit. 'scientific worker'). This position normally requires a degree of Candidate of Sciences approximately corresponding to the PhD. More senior positions normally require, in addition to the aforementioned degree, a track record of publications or certified inventions, as well as practical contributions to major research and development projects.

Hierarchy of researching positions in the Russian Academy of Sciences
Translation (variant) Original Russian abbreviation Scientific degree or job seniority required Number of publications required
junior researcher младший научный сотрудник м. н. с. Candidate of Sciences or 3 years 1 in 5 years
researcher научный сотрудник н. с. Candidate of Sciences or 5 years 3 in 5 years
senior researcher старший научный сотрудник с. н. с. Candidate of Sciences or 10 years 5 in 5 years
leading researcher ведущий научный сотрудник в. н. с. Doctor of Sciences or Candidate of Sciences (in exceptionary cases) 7 in 5 years
principal researcher главный научный сотрудник г. н. с. Doctor of Sciences 10 in 5 years

South Africa

Main article: Academic ranks in South Africa

Research fellows in South Africa are considered an asset to research organisations and universities. There are highly ranked universities such as University of the Witwatersrand, University of Stellenbosch Business School, and Rhodes University which offer fellowships to South African nationals in certain fields of research.

United Kingdom

Main article: Academic ranks in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom a research fellow is a broad category, used to indicate a scholar on a research-oriented professional development track. In many universities a research fellow is a career grade of a Research Career Pathway, following on from a postdoctoral position such as research associate, and may be open-ended, subject to normal probation regulations. For some universities, research career grades roughly correspond to the grades of the academic pathway in the following way: research fellow (a lower or same grade as a lecturer), principal research fellow—reader, whereas senior research fellow is somewhere between a lecturer and senior lecturer or associate professor. Some universities such as Cambridge restricts Professorial grades only to academics who have excelled in both teaching and research. Outside of faculty appointments, the title of "Research Fellow" or "Senior Research Fellows" can be also used as honorary or temporary awarded "fellowships" to distinguished academics by research institutes or colleges, usually from different institutions.

Professorial Fellows

Professorial Fellows are the most senior professorships at a university. They are members of the College's Governing Body.

Senior Research Fellows

Senior Research Fellowships (SRFs) are awarded to researchers with "academic standing comparable to that of a distinguished research professorship at a major university." They recognize scholars with distinguished research records and publications. This position originated in the 15th century as a way of allowing scholars time and funding to pursue independent research without having teaching duties.

As with the professorial fellows, senior research fellows are research-only posts, with the rise of the career grade there will normally be a formal requirement of a moderate amount of teaching and/or supervision (often at postgraduate level). At All Souls College, Oxford, senior research fellows are 7-year long positions that are equivalent to a tenured position in the United States. This position is equivalent to a full professorship.

Junior Research Fellows

Main article: Junior Research Fellowships

List of research fellowships

Fellowships by funding bodies
Funding body Fellowship
Wellcome Trust
Leverhulme Trust
  • Early Career Fellowships
  • Emeritus Fellowships
  • International Academic Fellowships
  • Major Research Fellowships
  • Research Fellowships
Royal Society
Royal Academy of Engineering
British Academy

See also

References

  1. "Квалификационный справочник: Ведущий научный сотрудник" [Qualification Requirements for Positions of Managers, Specialists and other Employees]. aup.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
  2. "Постановления Президиума РАН". ras.ru. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  3. "Research Fellowship in South Africa"
  4. "Academic Promotions University College London". ucl.ac.uk. 25 September 2017. Retrieved 2019-01-11.
  5. "Academic Promotions University College London". ucl.ac.uk. 25 September 2017. Retrieved 2019-01-11.
  6. "Promotion levels at Cambridge University". hr.admin.cam.ac.uk. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 2019-01-11.
  7. "All Souls College Oxford: Categories of Fellowship". asc.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-07-29.
  8. "College Fellowship". University College Oxford.
  9. "TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS". FundIt.
  10. "Master & Fellows". Trinity College Cambridge.
  11. Clark, William (2008). Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 146.
  12. "Senior Research Fellowships". All Souls College, Oxford.
  13. "Not one of them". Times Higher Education.
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