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| {{Short description|Mandaic religious concept of truth}} | |||
| #REDIRECT ] | |||
| {{Mandaeism}} | |||
| {{For|the city|Istanbul}} | |||
| In ], '''kushta''' or '''kušṭa''' ({{langx|myz|ࡊࡅࡔࡈࡀ|lit=truth}}) can have several meanings. Its original literal meaning is "]" in the ], and is thus typically used to refer to the Mandaean religious concept of ]. The same word is also used to refer to a sacred ] that is used during Mandaean rituals such as the ], ], and priestly initiation ceremonies.<ref name="Buckley 2002">{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=New York|year=2002|isbn=0-19-515385-5|oclc=65198443}}</ref><ref name="auto">Drower, Ethel Stefana (1937). ''The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran''. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.</ref> | |||
| ==In the World of Light== | |||
| ] believe that in the ], the ''']''', or the world of ideal counterparts, exists, where everything has a corresponding spiritual pair ('']'').<ref name="Buckley 2002"/> Alternatively, ''kušṭa'' can be used as a synonym for ], or God in Mandaeism.<ref name="Buckley 2002"/> | |||
| In the 69th chapter of the ], ] addresses ] (Splendid Transplant), son of ], as "Truth, beloved by all ]."<ref name="ddy">{{citation|mode=cs1 |url=http://www.gnosis.org/library/The_Mandaean_Book_of_John_Open_Access_Ve.pdf |first1=Charles G. |last1=Häberl |author-link=Charles G. Häberl |first2=James F. |last2=McGrath |author-link2=James F. McGrath |date=2019 |title=The Mandaean Book of John: Text and Translation |version=Open Access Version |publisher=De Gruyter |place=Berlin/Boston}}</ref> ] interprets a reference in the ] to being looked upon by and rising with Transplant upon death as a reference to ], the Angel of Death.<ref>{{cite book|last=Drower|first=Ethel Stefana|author-link=E. S. Drower|title=The Haran Gawaita and The Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa: The Mandaic text reproduced together with translation, notes and commentary |location=] |publisher=] |year=1953 |at=Page 7, footnote 8.}}</ref> Book 1, chapter 1 of the ] likewise observes that Ṣauriel is called "Death" in this world, but "Truth" (Kushta) by those who know about him.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buckley |first=Jorunn Jacobsen |author-link=Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley |year=1982 |title=A Rehabilitation of Spirit Ruha in Mandaean Religion |journal=History of Religions |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=60–84 |doi=10.1086/462910 |jstor=1062203 |s2cid=162087047 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1062203}}</ref> | |||
| ] interprets the concept of Kushta as having developed from an entity in the ] representing truth as the directive force of ]'s actions, alongside ] as his ] reason.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kraeling |first=C. H. |year=1933 |title=The Mandaic God Ptahil |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=152–165 |doi=10.2307/593099|jstor=593099 }}</ref> | |||
| ==In rituals== | |||
| The ''kušṭa'' handclasp is exchanged dozens of times between the novice and initiator during ]. It is also exchanged during rituals that need to be performed by priests, such as ] and ] rituals.<ref name="Buckley 2002"/> A two-volume study (''Kushṭā: a monograph on a principal word in Mandaean texts'') has been published by Waldemar Sundberg (1953, 1994).<ref>{{cite book |last=Sundberg |first=Waldemar |date=1953 |title=Kushṭā, a monograph on a principal word in Mandaean texts. Volume I: The Descending Knowledge |location=Lund |publisher=Lund University Press |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sundberg |first=Waldemar |date=1994 |title=Kushṭā, a monograph on a principal word in Mandaean texts. Volume II: The Ascending Soul |location=Lund |publisher=Lund University Press |isbn=9179662927}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *], the symbol of Mandaeism | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *'']'' | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| {{Mandaeism footer}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:20, 30 October 2024
Mandaic religious concept of truth Istanbul.
In Mandaeism, kushta or kušṭa (Classical Mandaic: ࡊࡅࡔࡈࡀ, lit. 'truth') can have several meanings. Its original literal meaning is "truth" in the Mandaic language, and is thus typically used to refer to the Mandaean religious concept of truth. The same word is also used to refer to a sacred handclasp that is used during Mandaean rituals such as the masbuta, masiqta, and priestly initiation ceremonies.
In the World of Light
Mandaeans believe that in the World of Light, the Mšunia Kušṭa, or the world of ideal counterparts, exists, where everything has a corresponding spiritual pair (dmuta). Alternatively, kušṭa can be used as a synonym for Hayyi Rabbi, or God in Mandaeism.
In the 69th chapter of the Mandaean Book of John, Manda d-Hayyi addresses Etinṣib Ziwa (Splendid Transplant), son of Yushamin, as "Truth, beloved by all excellencies." E. S. Drower interprets a reference in the Haran Gawaita to being looked upon by and rising with Transplant upon death as a reference to Ṣauriel, the Angel of Death. Book 1, chapter 1 of the Left Ginza likewise observes that Ṣauriel is called "Death" in this world, but "Truth" (Kushta) by those who know about him.
Carl H. Kraeling interprets the concept of Kushta as having developed from an entity in the pleroma representing truth as the directive force of Hayyi's actions, alongside Manda d-Hayyi as his hypostatic reason.
In rituals
The kušṭa handclasp is exchanged dozens of times between the novice and initiator during priest initiation ceremonies. It is also exchanged during rituals that need to be performed by priests, such as masbuta and masiqta rituals. A two-volume study (Kushṭā: a monograph on a principal word in Mandaean texts) has been published by Waldemar Sundberg (1953, 1994).
See also
- Drabsha, the symbol of Mandaeism
- Rushuma
- Secret handshake
- Via et veritas et vita
- Religious views on truth
References
- ^ Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515385-5. OCLC 65198443.
- Drower, Ethel Stefana (1937). The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
- Häberl, Charles G.; McGrath, James F. (2019). The Mandaean Book of John: Text and Translation (PDF). Open Access Version. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
- Drower, Ethel Stefana (1953). The Haran Gawaita and The Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa: The Mandaic text reproduced together with translation, notes and commentary. Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. Page 7, footnote 8.
- Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (1982). "A Rehabilitation of Spirit Ruha in Mandaean Religion". History of Religions. 22 (1): 60–84. doi:10.1086/462910. JSTOR 1062203. S2CID 162087047.
- Kraeling, C. H. (1933). "The Mandaic God Ptahil". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 53 (2): 152–165. doi:10.2307/593099. JSTOR 593099.
- Sundberg, Waldemar (1953). Kushṭā, a monograph on a principal word in Mandaean texts. Volume I: The Descending Knowledge. Lund: Lund University Press.
- Sundberg, Waldemar (1994). Kushṭā, a monograph on a principal word in Mandaean texts. Volume II: The Ascending Soul. Lund: Lund University Press. ISBN 9179662927.
