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{{Short description|Philosophical paradox}}
]'', Fourteenth century]]
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
]'', 14th century]]
The '''chicken or the egg''' ] ] is commonly stated as the question, "which came first: the ] or the ]?" The dilemma stems from the observation that all chickens hatch from eggs and all chicken eggs are laid by chickens. "Chicken-and-egg" is a metaphoric adjective describing situations where it is not clear which of two events should be considered the ''cause'' and which should be considered the ''effect'', to express a scenario of ], or to express the difficulty of sequencing actions where each seems to depend on others being done first. ] posed the question as a philosophical matter in his essay "]", written in the 1st century CE.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Essays and Miscellanies, by Plutarch|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3052/3052-h/3052-h.htm|access-date=2020-07-07|website=]}}</ref><ref name="O'Brien">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQNEBgAAQBAJ&q=chicken+and+the+egg+problem+Plutarch&pg=PA106|title=The Demiurge in Ancient Thought|last=O'Brien|first=Carl Séan|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-07536-8|location=Cambridge, England|page=106}}</ref>


==Ancient legacy==
The '''chicken or the egg ''' ] ] is commonly stated as "which came first, the ] or the ]?" To ancient philosophers, the question about the first chicken or egg also evoked the questions of how life and the universe in general began.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Theosophy| title=Ancient Landmarks: Plato and Aristotle| journal=Theosophy| month=September | year=1939| volume=27| issue=11| url=http://www.blavatsky.net/magazine/theosophy/ww/additional/ancientlandmarks/PlatoAndAristotle.html| pages=483–491}}</ref>
The question represents an ancient folk paradox addressing the problem of origins and ].<ref name="paradox">{{cite book|last=Sorensen|first=Roy|title=A Brief History of the Paradox: Philosophy and the Labyrinths of the Mind|url=https://archive.org/details/strategicinnovat00afua_285|url-access=limited|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=Oxford|year=2003|pages=–11|isbn=978-0-19-515903-5}}</ref> ], writing in the fourth century BCE, concluded that this was an infinite sequence, with no true origin.<ref name="paradox" /> Plutarch, writing four centuries later, specifically highlighted this question as bearing on a "great and weighty problem (whether the world had a beginning)".<ref name="Fabry">{{cite magazine
| title=Now You Know: Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg?
| url=https://time.com/4475048/which-came-first-chicken-egg/
| first=Merrill
| last=Fabry
| date=2016-09-21
| magazine=]
| access-date=2017-07-11}}</ref> In the fifth century CE, ] wrote that while the question seemed trivial, it "should be regarded as one of importance".<ref name="Fabry" />


By the end of the 16th century, the well-known question seemed to have been regarded as settled in the Christian world, based on the origin story of the ]. In describing the creation of animals, it allows for a first chicken that did not come from an egg. However, later ] philosophers began to question this solution.<ref name="Fabry" /> ] in the mid 17th-century published an erudite satire on the subject.<ref>, by Carlo Dati, Presse Settembre, Naples, 1840.</ref>
Cultural references to the ''chicken and egg'' intend to point out the futility of identifying the first case of a ]. It could be considered that in this approach lies the most fundamental nature of the question. A literal answer is somewhat obvious, as ] predate the existence of chickens. However, the ]ical view sets a ] ground to the dilemma. To better understand its metaphorical meaning, the question could be reformulated as: "Which came first, X that can't come without Y, or Y that can't come without X?"


==Scientific resolutions==
An equivalent situation arises in engineering and science known as ], in which a parameter is required to calculate that parameter itself. Examples are ] and the famous ].
Although the question is typically used metaphorically, ] provides literal answers, made possible by the Darwinian principle that species ] over time, and thus that chickens had ancestors that were not chickens,<ref name="Fabry" /> similar to a view expressed by the Greek philosopher ] when addressing the paradox.<ref name="paradox" />


If the question refers to eggs in general, the egg came first. The first ] egg – that is, a hard-shelled egg that could be laid on land, rather than remaining in water like the eggs of fish or amphibians – appeared around 312 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Benton|first1=Michael J.|last2=Donoghue|first2=Philip C. J.|date=2007-01-01|title=Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/24/1/26/1070944|journal=]|volume=24|issue=1|pages=26–53|doi=10.1093/molbev/msl150|issn=0737-4038|pmid=17047029|doi-access=free}}</ref> In contrast, chickens are domesticated descendants of ] and probably arose little more than eight thousand years ago, at most.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miao|first1=Y-W|last2=Peng|first2=M-S|last3=Wu|first3=G-S|last4=Ouyang|first4=Y-N|last5=Yang|first5=Z-Y|last6=Yu|first6=N|last7=Liang|first7=J-P|last8=Pianchou|first8=G|last9=Beja-Pereira|first9=A|date=2012-12-05|title=Chicken domestication: an updated perspective based on mitochondrial genomes|journal=]|language=en|volume=110|issue=3|pages=277–282|doi=10.1038/hdy.2012.83|issn=1365-2540|pmc=3668654|pmid=23211792}}</ref>
==History of the dilemma==
]
Ancient references to the dilemma are found in the writings of classical ]. Their writings indicate that the proposed problem was perplexing to them and was commonly discussed by others of their time as well.
] (]–] ]) was puzzled by the idea that there could be a first bird or egg and concluded that both the bird and egg must have always existed:


If the question refers to ''chicken'' eggs specifically, the answer is still the egg, but the explanation is more complicated.<ref name=SOR>{{cite journal|first= Roy A. |last=Sorensen|title=The Egg came before the chicken|journal=Mind|volume=101|number=403|pages=541–542|year=1992|url=https://academic.oup.com/mind/article-abstract/101/403/541/947797?redirectedFrom=fulltext|doi=10.1093/mind/101.403.541}}</ref> The process by which the chicken arose through the interbreeding and domestication of multiple species of wild jungle fowl is poorly understood, and the point at which this evolving organism became a chicken is a somewhat arbitrary distinction. Whatever criteria one chooses, an animal nearly identical to the modern chicken (i.e., a ]-chicken) laid a fertilized egg that had DNA making it a modern chicken due to mutations in the mother's ovum, the father's sperm, or the fertilised ].<ref>{{cite web
<blockquote>
| title=Finally answered! Which came first, the chicken or the egg?
If there has been a first man he must have been born without father or mother &ndash; which is repugnant to nature. For there could not have been a first egg to give a beginning to birds, or there should have been a first bird which gave a beginning to eggs; for a bird comes from an egg.
| url=https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/animals/stories/finally-answered-which-came-first-the-chicken-or-the-egg
</blockquote>
| first=Melissa
| last=Breyer
| date=2013-02-11
| website=]
| access-date=2017-07-11}}</ref><ref name="Fabry" /><ref name="Zushi">{{cite news|last=Zushi |first=Yo |publisher=NewStatesman.com |date=27 February 2017|title=Which came first: the chicken or the egg? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/2017/which-came-first-chicken-or-egg}}</ref><ref name="NBCnews.com">{{cite news|publisher=NBCnews.com |date=14 July 2010|title=Which came first, the chicken or the egg? British scientists claim to have solved the mystery|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna38238685}}</ref>


It has been suggested that the actions of a ] found in modern chicken eggs may make the answer different.<ref name="Zushi" /><ref name="NBCnews.com"/> In the uterus, chickens produce ovocleidin-17 (OC-17), which causes the formation of the thickened ] shell around their eggs. Because OC-17 is expressed by the hen and not the egg, the bird in which the protein first arose, though having hatched from a non-reinforced egg, would then have laid the first egg having such a reinforced shell: the chicken would have preceded this first 'modern' chicken egg.<ref name="Zushi" /><ref name="NBCnews.com"/> However, the presence of OC-17 or a homolog in other species, such as turkeys<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mann|first1=Karlheinz|last2=Mann|first2=Matthias|title=The proteome of the calcified layer organic matrix of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) eggshell|journal=Proteome Sci.|year=2013|volume=11|issue=1|page=40|doi=10.1186/1477-5956-11-40|pmid=23981693|pmc=3766105 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and finches<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mann|first=Karlheinz|title=The calcified eggshell matrix proteome of a songbird, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)|journal=Proteome Sci.|year=2015|volume=13|page=29|doi=10.1186/s12953-015-0086-1|pmc=4666066|pmid=26628892 |doi-access=free }}</ref> suggests that such eggshell-reinforcing proteins are common to all birds,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hincke|first1=Maxwell T.|last2=Nys|first2=Yves|last3=Gautron|first3=Joel|title=The Role of Matrix Proteins in Eggshell Formation|journal=The Journal of Poultry Science|year=2010|volume=47|issue=3|pages=208–219|doi=10.2141/jpsa.009122|doi-access=free}}</ref> and thus long predate the first chickens.
The same he held good for all species, believing, with Plato, that everything before it appeared on earth had first its being in spirit."<ref name="Blavatsky">{{cite book | title=Isis Unveiled| url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/the/iu/iu011.htm| last=Blavatsky| first=H.P.| authorlink=Madame Blavatsky| year=1877| pages=I, 426–428}}</ref>


==Disputations==
] (]–] ]) referred to a ''hen'' rather than simply a ''bird''. In volume 8 of the '']'', in the books entitled Table-talk, Plutarch discussed a series of arguments based on questions posed in a ]. Under the section entitled "Whether the hen or the egg came first", the discussion is introduced in such a way suggesting that the origin of the dilemma was even older:
In Indonesia, on 24 July 2024, two men were at a drinking party when they entered into a chicken-or-egg debate. One man became so emotionally enraged, he left and returned with a knife, stabbing the other 15 times, killing him. It's uncertain which side – chicken or egg – the killer took.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |title=Indonesian man stabs friend to death over chicken or egg debate |work=The Independent |date=30 July 2024 |access-date=2024-08-01 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/southeast-asia/indonesia-chicken-egg-question-murder-sulawesi-b2588159.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Beschizza |first=Rob |title=Man stabbed to death in debate over whether chicken or egg came first |work=] |date=1 August 2024 |access-date=2024-04-01 |url=https://boingboing.net/2024/08/01/man-stabbed-to-death-in-debate-over-whether-chicken-or-egg-came-first.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Perkara Teka-teki Ayam atau Telur Duluan, Pria di Sultra Bunuh Temannya |date=27 July 2024 |work=Kumparan |access-date=2024-04-01 |url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/perkara-teka-teki-ayam-atau-telur-duluan-pria-di-sultra-bunuh-temannya-23D1L0YXc97 |language=id}}</ref>

<blockquote>
...the problem about the egg and the hen, which of them came first, was dragged into our talk, a difficult problem which gives investigators much trouble. And Sulla my comrade said that with a small problem, as with a tool, we were rocking loose a great and heavy one, that of the ]..."<ref>{{cite book | title=Plutarch's Moralia: Table-talk : Books I-III | author=Plutarch| year= 1976| publisher= Heinemann| url=http://books.google.com/?id=k4fWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+problem+about+the+egg+and+the+hen,+which+of+them+came+first%22&dq=%22the+problem+about+the+egg+and+the+hen,+which+of+them+came+first%22&cd=5}}</ref><ref>Renaud, Gabriel (2005). . pp. 71.</ref>
</blockquote>

] (]–] ]), a Roman philosopher, found the problem to be interesting:
<blockquote>
You jest about what you suppose to be a triviality, in asking whether the hen came first from an egg or the egg from a hen, but the point should be regarded as one of importance, one worthy of discussion, and careful discussion at that."<ref name="Chicken Book">{{cite book | title=The Chicken Book| url=http://books.google.com/?id=_n_xQ3_qys0C&pg=PT182&dq=%22Which+came+first,+the+chicken+or+the+egg%3F%22| last=Smith| first=Page| coauthors=Charles Daniel| year=2000| pages=169| publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=082032213X}}</ref>
</blockquote>

] and ] argue that the egg came before the chicken, though the real importance of the question has faded since ]'s '']'' and the accompanying ], under which the egg must have come first, assuming the question intended the egg to mean an egg in general or an egg that hatches into a chicken.<ref name="Bridge School">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bridgeschool.org/about/about_hawking.html|title=Archives: Meeting Dr. Stephen Hawking|accessdate=2008-02-08|publisher=The Bridge School|year=2005}}</ref><ref name="Langan Which">{{Cite web|url=http://www.megafoundation.org/CTMU/Articles/Which.html|title=Which Came First...|accessdate=2008-02-08|publisher=megafoundation.org|year=2001|author=Christopher Michael Langan|work=Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the Universe}}</ref>

==Responses to the dilemma==
===Evolution===
{{Main|Evolution}}
The Theory of ] states that species change over time via ] and ]. Since ] can be modified only before birth, a mutation must have taken place at conception or within an egg such that an animal similar to a chicken, but not a chicken, laid the first chicken egg.<ref name="CNN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/05/26/chicken.egg/|title=Chicken and egg debate unscrambled|accessdate=2008-02-09|publisher=CNN.com|date=May 26, 2006|author=CNN}}</ref><ref name="HSW">{{Cite web|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/question85.htm|title=Which came first, the chicken or the egg?|accessdate=2008-02-09|publisher=HowStuffWorks|author=HowStuffWorks}}</ref> In this light, both the egg and the chicken evolved simultaneously from birds that were not chickens and did not lay chicken eggs but gradually became more and more like chickens over time.

However, a mutation in one individual is not normally considered a new species. A ] event involves the separation of one population from its parent population, so that interbreeding ceases; this is the process whereby domesticated animals are genetically separated from their wild forebears. The whole separated group can then be recognized as a new species.

The modern chicken was believed to have descended from another closely related species of birds, the ], but recently discovered ] evidence suggests that the modern domestic chicken is a ] descendant of both the red junglefowl and the ].<ref name="Eriksson">{{cite journal | author=Eriksson J, Larson G, Gunnarsson U, Bed'hom B, Tixier-Boichard M, et al.| title=Identification of the Yellow Skin Gene Reveals a Hybrid Origin of the Domestic Chicken| journal=PLoS Genetics, e10.eor| date=January 23, 2008| url=http://genetics.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document|accessdate=2008-02-20| doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010.eor | volume=preprint | pages=e10}}</ref> Assuming the evidence bears out, a hybrid is a compelling scenario that the chicken egg, based on the second definition, came before the chicken.

===Theology===
{{See also|Creationism}}
] writings indicate God's ] of birds along with the rest of the universe. The Judeo-Christian story of creation describes God creating birds, and commanding them to multiply, but makes no direct mention of eggs. According to ]:

<blockquote>
<sup>19</sup> And there was evening and there was morning, a fourth day. <sup>20</sup> And God said, Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. <sup>21</sup> And God created the great sea-monsters, and every living creature that moveth, wherewith the waters swarmed, after their kind, and every winged bird after its kind: and God saw that it was good. <sup>22</sup> And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth.<ref name="Genesis1.19-22">] (])</ref>
</blockquote>

A literal historic account of Genesis would place the chicken before the egg.

In ] writings, creation of birds (and other life forms) by God through superhuman beings is stated in ]s<ref name="Purana">{{IAST|Bhāgavata Purāṇa}} 2.10.39, 6.4.1, 6.4.19, 6.6.21-22, 7.14.37, 11.9.28, 12.12.17</ref> and ]s.<ref name="Manu">{{IAST|Manu smṛti}} 1.34-41</ref> However, if one broadens one's definition of "an egg" to include non-chicken egg, the Hindu mythology also mentions a "]" from which the universe as known to humans originated. In this sense this supreme egg comes before all creatures, including chickens and chicken eggs.

===Cyclical view of Time===
In ] there is the believe of the ] which regard time as cyclical and with repeating ages, as some other cultures such as mesoamerican (Aztecs, Mayan) and some native American Indians believe. Their idea of time gives a different answer to the question of "who is first" when combined with the concept of ] which is well known in the Western culture through the writings of ]. The assumption is that time is eternally repetitive and therefore, there is no "first" in eternity, there is no creation. The answer then becomes: None is first. There is no "first" in a cyclical view of time.

==Examples==
{{Main|Circular cause and consequence}}
There are many real-world examples in which the chicken-or-egg question helps identify the analytical problem:

*A graduate cannot get a job because they have no experience, and cannot get experience because no one will give them a job.
*Companies find it difficult to introduce new consumer media formats, such as audio recording formats. Consumers tend to wait to buy players for the format until there are many recordings to play on those machines, but record companies tend to wait to offer most of their recordings in the new format until many customers have the players. The same scenario applies to video recording formats, video game console systems, and computer systems.
* An actor cannot join the actor's union unless he has played a role in a union film, but a non-union actor cannot get a role in a union film because he is not in the union.
* A medical researcher has trouble determining whether an abnormality is causing a disease or is the result of the disease.


==See also== ==See also==
* ], the solution to an analogous problem in computer science
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* '']''
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ], a technique in computer programming used to avoid chicken-and-egg scenarios where two programs are mutually needed for compiling or loading each other
* ], mathematical proofs showing the existence of such paradoxes in every consistent logical system.
* ]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|2}} {{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|chicken-or-egg question}}
*
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328152932/https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/1706-1.174049 |date=2023-03-28 }} 12 July 2010 {{cite journal|doi=10.1002/anie.201000679|pmid=20540126|volume=49|title=Structural Control of Crystal Nuclei by an Eggshell Protein|year=2010|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|pages=5135–5137|last1=Freeman|first1=Colin L.|last2=Harding|first2=John H.|last3=Quigley|first3=David|last4=Rodger|first4=P. Mark|issue=30}}
*


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Latest revision as of 04:23, 6 December 2024

Philosophical paradox

Illustration of a woman collecting hens' eggs from Tacuina sanitatis, 14th century

The chicken or the egg causality dilemma is commonly stated as the question, "which came first: the chicken or the egg?" The dilemma stems from the observation that all chickens hatch from eggs and all chicken eggs are laid by chickens. "Chicken-and-egg" is a metaphoric adjective describing situations where it is not clear which of two events should be considered the cause and which should be considered the effect, to express a scenario of infinite regress, or to express the difficulty of sequencing actions where each seems to depend on others being done first. Plutarch posed the question as a philosophical matter in his essay "The Symposiacs", written in the 1st century CE.

Ancient legacy

The question represents an ancient folk paradox addressing the problem of origins and first cause. Aristotle, writing in the fourth century BCE, concluded that this was an infinite sequence, with no true origin. Plutarch, writing four centuries later, specifically highlighted this question as bearing on a "great and weighty problem (whether the world had a beginning)". In the fifth century CE, Macrobius wrote that while the question seemed trivial, it "should be regarded as one of importance".

By the end of the 16th century, the well-known question seemed to have been regarded as settled in the Christian world, based on the origin story of the Bible. In describing the creation of animals, it allows for a first chicken that did not come from an egg. However, later Enlightenment philosophers began to question this solution. Carlo Dati in the mid 17th-century published an erudite satire on the subject.

Scientific resolutions

Although the question is typically used metaphorically, evolutionary biology provides literal answers, made possible by the Darwinian principle that species evolve over time, and thus that chickens had ancestors that were not chickens, similar to a view expressed by the Greek philosopher Anaximander when addressing the paradox.

If the question refers to eggs in general, the egg came first. The first amniote egg – that is, a hard-shelled egg that could be laid on land, rather than remaining in water like the eggs of fish or amphibians – appeared around 312 million years ago. In contrast, chickens are domesticated descendants of red junglefowl and probably arose little more than eight thousand years ago, at most.

If the question refers to chicken eggs specifically, the answer is still the egg, but the explanation is more complicated. The process by which the chicken arose through the interbreeding and domestication of multiple species of wild jungle fowl is poorly understood, and the point at which this evolving organism became a chicken is a somewhat arbitrary distinction. Whatever criteria one chooses, an animal nearly identical to the modern chicken (i.e., a proto-chicken) laid a fertilized egg that had DNA making it a modern chicken due to mutations in the mother's ovum, the father's sperm, or the fertilised zygote.

It has been suggested that the actions of a protein found in modern chicken eggs may make the answer different. In the uterus, chickens produce ovocleidin-17 (OC-17), which causes the formation of the thickened calcium carbonate shell around their eggs. Because OC-17 is expressed by the hen and not the egg, the bird in which the protein first arose, though having hatched from a non-reinforced egg, would then have laid the first egg having such a reinforced shell: the chicken would have preceded this first 'modern' chicken egg. However, the presence of OC-17 or a homolog in other species, such as turkeys and finches suggests that such eggshell-reinforcing proteins are common to all birds, and thus long predate the first chickens.

Disputations

In Indonesia, on 24 July 2024, two men were at a drinking party when they entered into a chicken-or-egg debate. One man became so emotionally enraged, he left and returned with a knife, stabbing the other 15 times, killing him. It's uncertain which side – chicken or egg – the killer took.

See also

References

  1. "Essays and Miscellanies, by Plutarch". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  2. O'Brien, Carl Séan (2015). The Demiurge in Ancient Thought. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-107-07536-8.
  3. ^ Sorensen, Roy (2003). A Brief History of the Paradox: Philosophy and the Labyrinths of the Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 4–11. ISBN 978-0-19-515903-5.
  4. ^ Fabry, Merrill (2016-09-21). "Now You Know: Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg?". Time. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  5. Cicalata sopra chi fosse prima o la gallina o l'ouovo, by Carlo Dati, Presse Settembre, Naples, 1840.
  6. Benton, Michael J.; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2007-01-01). "Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (1): 26–53. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl150. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 17047029.
  7. Miao, Y-W; Peng, M-S; Wu, G-S; Ouyang, Y-N; Yang, Z-Y; Yu, N; Liang, J-P; Pianchou, G; Beja-Pereira, A (2012-12-05). "Chicken domestication: an updated perspective based on mitochondrial genomes". Heredity. 110 (3): 277–282. doi:10.1038/hdy.2012.83. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 3668654. PMID 23211792.
  8. Sorensen, Roy A. (1992). "The Egg came before the chicken". Mind. 101 (403): 541–542. doi:10.1093/mind/101.403.541.
  9. Breyer, Melissa (2013-02-11). "Finally answered! Which came first, the chicken or the egg?". Mother Nature Network. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  10. ^ Zushi, Yo (27 February 2017). "Which came first: the chicken or the egg?". NewStatesman.com.
  11. ^ "Which came first, the chicken or the egg? British scientists claim to have solved the mystery". NBCnews.com. 14 July 2010.
  12. Mann, Karlheinz; Mann, Matthias (2013). "The proteome of the calcified layer organic matrix of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) eggshell". Proteome Sci. 11 (1): 40. doi:10.1186/1477-5956-11-40. PMC 3766105. PMID 23981693.
  13. Mann, Karlheinz (2015). "The calcified eggshell matrix proteome of a songbird, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)". Proteome Sci. 13: 29. doi:10.1186/s12953-015-0086-1. PMC 4666066. PMID 26628892.
  14. Hincke, Maxwell T.; Nys, Yves; Gautron, Joel (2010). "The Role of Matrix Proteins in Eggshell Formation". The Journal of Poultry Science. 47 (3): 208–219. doi:10.2141/jpsa.009122.
  15. Sharma, Shweta (30 July 2024). "Indonesian man stabs friend to death over chicken or egg debate". The Independent. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
  16. Beschizza, Rob (1 August 2024). "Man stabbed to death in debate over whether chicken or egg came first". BoingBoing. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
  17. "Perkara Teka-teki Ayam atau Telur Duluan, Pria di Sultra Bunuh Temannya". Kumparan (in Indonesian). 27 July 2024. Retrieved 2024-04-01.

Further reading

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