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| Several '''] ]s''' are roughly standardized across Japanese companies and organizations. Although there is variation from company to company, corporate titles within a company are always consistent. And the large companies in Japan generally follow the same outline.<ref name=Whitehill1991 /> These titles are the formal titles that are used on business cards.<ref name=Kopp2000 /> | |||
| The head of the corporation has the title ''shacho'', meaning company ], below whom are the ''fuku-shacho'' (]), ''senmu'' (senior executive vice-president or ]), and ''jomu'' (junior executive vice president or ]).<ref name=LazerRynn1990 /><ref name=Vogel1975 /><ref name=Condon1984 /> The title ''kaicho'' (会長) translates to "chairman", but that is slightly misleading. The ''kaicho'' is not ], but is, rather, a semi-retired president or company founder.<ref name=LazerRynn1990 /> It is unusual for a president to retire completely. But corporate rules, such as limits on the lengths of service or age limits, may force presidents to retire. When this happens, the president is usually given the title ''kaicho'', a title that denotes a position with considerable power within the company, exercised through behind-the-scenes influnce via the active president.<ref name=Vogel1975 /> | |||
| All of these titles so far are corporate titles for management positions.<ref name=Whitehill1991 /> The top management group, comprising the ''kaicho'', ''shacho'', ''fuku-shacho'', ''senmu'', ''jomu'', and some or all of the heads of department within the company are ''juyaku'', or double-office holders. They have the additional title of ''torishimariyaku'', which roughly corresponds to the Anglophone notion of a ], and literally means "those who control". This additional title is added to the management title.<ref name=LazerRynn1990 /> Hence ''senmu torishimariyaku'' is the title of the senior executive managing director, ''jomu torishimariyaku'' is the title of a subordinate managing director.<ref name=LazerRynn1990 /><ref name=Condon1984 /> | |||
| Below the top management are ''bucho'' (general manager), the heads of departments (''bu'') within a company. Within departments a ''kacho'' (section chief) leads a section (''ka'').<ref name=LazerRynn1990 /><ref name=Kopp2000 /> A ''jicho'' or ''bucho dairi'' is a deputy general manager, below a ''bucho''; and a ''kacho dairi'' is a deputy section chief below a ''kacho''.<ref name=Kopp2000 /><ref name=Whitehill1991 /> A ''kakaricho'' is a sub-section chief, a ''hancho'' a ], and a ''hirashain'' an ordinary employee.<ref name=Whitehill1991 /> | |||
| == References == | |||
| <references> | |||
| <ref name=Whitehill1991>{{cite book|title=Japanese management: tradition and transition|author=Arthur Murray Whitehill|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=1991|isbn=0415022533|isbn13=9780415022538|pages=113}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Condon1984>{{cite book|title=With respect to the Japanese: a guide for Americans|volume=4|series=Country orientation series|author=John C. Condon|publisher=Intercultural Press|date=1984|isbn=0933662491|isbn13=9780933662490|pages=86}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Kopp2000>{{cite book|pages=172|title=The rice-paper ceiling: breaking through Japanese corporate culture|author=Rochelle Kopp|publisher=Stone Bridge Press, Inc.|date=2000|isbn=1880656515|isbn13=9781880656518}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=LazerRynn1990>{{cite book|title=International business handbook|volume=1|series=Haworth series in international business|author=William Lazer and Midori Rynn|chapter=Japan|editor=Vishnu H. Kirpalani|publisherRoutledge|date=1990|isbn=086656862X|isbn13=9780866568623|pages=361}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Vogel1975>{{cite book|title=Modern Japanese organization and decision-making|author=Ezra F. Vogel|publisher=University of California Press|date=1975|isbn=0520028570|isbn13=9780520028579|pages=135,137}}</ref> | |||
| </references> | |||
| {{catneeded}} | |||
| {{Japan-stub}} | |||
| {{business-stub}} | |||
Latest revision as of 06:30, 26 April 2016
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