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The '''Treaties of Bautzen and Merseburg''' may refer to
The '''treaties of Bautzen and Merseburg''' were a series of treaties concluded during a power struggle between the ] ]s ] and his ] successor ] on one side, and the ] rulers of ] ] and ] on the other side, between 1002 and 1033. The treaties settled the investment with the ] and ] (''Milzenerland'', the eastern part of the ]), and the status of the Piast rulers in relation to the emperor.


*The ] of 1018, which ended the German-Polish War (1002–1018)
Boleslaw I had supported ] against Henry II, and after his death in 1002 had occupied the marches of Meissen and Lusatia. In '''] (1002)''', Henry II invested Boleslaw I with the Lusatian march and Upper Lusatia, while the latter returned the truncated Meissen march and accepted Henry II as his superior. Boleslaw I's subsequent campaign into ] triggered an open war, in the course of which Henry II allied with the heathen ], while Boleslaw I drew upon the support of part of the ]'s high nobility. A temporary peace was made in '''Merseburg (1013)''', where Henry II and Boleslaw I renewed their agreement of 1002, with the additional condition that Boleslaw I supported Henry II's campaign in ]. Open warfare continued when Boleslaw I did not comply to this condition, and instead supported Henry II's Italian adversaries. Henry II was however unable to defeat Boleslaw I, and agreed on a peace in '''] (1018)''' which left Boleslaw I in charge of the Lusatian march and Upper Lusatia as imperial fiefs.
*The ] of 1033, an agreement between Mieszko II of Poland and the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II
*An ] of 1813, made during the War of the Sixth Coalition between Napoleon and Russia and Prussia


{{disambig}}
Another dimension was added to the conflict when Boleslaw I proclaimed himself king of Poland shortly before his death in 1025, and his son and successor Mieszko II continued the use of the royal title. In 1028, the war was continued between Mieszko II and Henry II's successor Conrad II, who forced Mieszko II to renounce his claims to the Lusatian march and Upper Lusatia in '''Bautzen (1031)'''. After the brief rule of Mieszko II's half-brother ] in Poland, who did not style himself king to gain Conrad II's support, Mieszko II resumed power and in '''Merseburg (1033)''' again renounced claims to the Lusatian territories and renounced the claim to the title of a king, but was confirmed by Conrad II as the ruler of Poland, which Henry had divided into three parts.

==Merseburg (1002)==

After the death of ] ], ] ] and ] ] competed for succession.<ref name=Bernhardt41>Bernhardt (1993), p. 41</ref> When Eckard I was murdered on 30 April 1002 in ],<ref name=roeckelein113>Röckelein (2006), p. 113</ref> ] ], who had supported Eckard's candidature,<ref name=Bernhardt41/> invaded and occupied the ] and ] (]).<ref name=Knefelkamp123>Knefelkamp (2002), p. 123</ref> Meanwhile, Henry IV had consolidated his rule against rival candidates, and, as Henry II, was crowned German king in June.<ref name=Knefelkamp122>Knefelkamp (2002), p. 122</ref>

]<ref>11th century manuscript of St. Gregory's Moralia in Job (Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, MS Msc. Bibl. 84)</ref>]]

On 25 July 1002<ref name=Schneidmueller110>Schneidmüller (2003), p. 110</ref> at a '']'' (imperial meeting) held in ],<ref name=Knefelkamp123/><ref name=Schneidmueller110/> the dispute was settled as follows:
*Henry II gave the Lusatian march and the eastern part of the Meissen march (''Milzenerland'', ]) to Boleslaw I as a fief,<ref name=Knefelkamp123/><ref name=Schneidmueller110/>
*Boleslaw I had to return the truncated Margraviate of Meissen,<ref name=Knefelkamp123/>
*Boleslaw I pledged allegiance to Henry II together with the Saxon nobles.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/>

When Boleslaw I left Merseburg, he was ambushed, but due to the aid of ] and ] ], he was able to repulse the attack.<ref name=Berger224>Berger (2002), p. 224</ref> Henry II did neither protect him, nor punish the assailants.<ref name=Berger224/>

In 1003, Boleslaw I conquered the ],<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> arrested its ] duke, ],<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56>Herbers & Neuhaus (2005), p. 56</ref> and denied Henry II the oath of allegiance for the duchy.<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> Henry II did not accept this conquest,<ref name=Schwarz24>Schwarz (2006), p. 24</ref> and determined to protect the Bohemian duchy from Polish claims.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> Boleslaw I had further allied with the noble German opposition to Henry II.<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> This alliance included ] and his cousin Ernst as well as Henry II's brother ], all of which fled to Boleslaw's court when their rebellion against Henry II failed.<ref name=Knefelkamp123/> While Boleslaw I could draw upon the support of many secular Saxon nobles, Henry II could rely on the Saxon clergy.<ref name=Berger224/> Also in 1003, Henry II allied with the pagan ] against Boleslaw I,<ref name=Knefelkamp123/><ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/><ref name=Schneidmueller110/> and in 1004 launched a campaign against the latter.<ref name=Schwarz24/> In the course of this campaign, Henry II evicted Boleslaw I from Bohemia and granted it to the Přemyslid duke ]<ref name=Knefelkamp123/><ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> in 1004, before he sieged and took Bautzen from Boleslaw I's forces and returned to ].<ref name=Berger225>Berger (2002), p. 225</ref> Only a few months later, Henry II mounted another campaign, which was concluded in 1005<ref name=Berger225/> when ] mediated a peace near ].<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/>

The peace was temporary, as neither was Henry II ready to grant Boleslaw I an more elevated status than the one of an ordinary vassal, nor did the latter abandon his desire for such a position or accept Henry II's power as immediate to ], as his self-perception was similar in this respect.<ref name=Berger225/>

==Merseburg (1013)==
{{multiple image|direction=vertical|width=250|image1=HRR 10Jh.jpg|caption1=] under the ], marches dashed.|image2=Polska 992 - 1025.png|caption2=Greatest extend of ]'s realm. Lusatian march indicated as Luzyze, Upper Lusatia as Milsko, Bautzen as Budziszyn.}}

Despite the peace of Poznan, warfare between Boleslaw I and Henry II continued between 1007 and 1013.<ref name=Schwarz24/> In 1007, Boleslaw I occupied ] with the fortress of ].<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> A campaign led by Henry II in 1010 was unsuccessful.<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> During this campaign, which started in ], Henry II was struck by an illness at ] and returned with some of his bishops, while the remaining armies devastated the surrounding area.<ref name=Berger225/> A Saxon campaign in 1012 was also unsuccessful.<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/> Henry II had mobilized the Saxon nobility to mount campaigns in his name, since he needed a peace agreement before 1013, when his coronation in ] was scheduled.<ref name=Berger225/>

Thus, in 1013, Boleslaw I and Henry II agreed on a peace in ]:<ref name=HerbersNeuhaus56/><ref name=Schwarz24/>
*Henry II again gave the Lusatian march and ] (''Milzenerland'') to Boleslaw I as a fief,<ref name=Schwarz24/>
*Boleslaw I again pledged allegiance to Henry II,<ref name=Schwarz24/>
*Boleslaw I promised to support Henry II's campaign to ],<ref name=Schwarz24/>
*Henry II promised to support Boleslaw I's campaign to ] with 500 knights.<ref name=Keller96>Keller (2001), p. 96</ref>

The treaty was confirmed by the marriage of ], a niece of ], to ], a son of Boleslaw I.<ref name=Keller96/> Boleslaw I's submission to Henry II was symbolized by a ceremony, where the former carried the sword for the latter.<ref name=Berger225/>

Boleslaw I however did not aid Henry II in his Italian campaign.<ref name=Knefelkamp125>Knefelkamp (2002), p. 125</ref> Instead, he supported Crescentian ] and in Italy intrigued against Henry II, who had denied Gregory his support in ].<ref name=Knefelkamp125/> Henry II started his Italian campaign in the fall of 1013, defeated the allies of the Crescentians and had ] crown him ] in Rome on 14 February 1014.<ref name=Knefelkamp125/> Bohemian duke ] (Udalrich) meanwhile captured Boleslaw I's son ] and turned him over to Henry II, who however released him.<ref name=Knefelkamp125/>

==Bautzen (1018)==

In July 1015, Henry II with his ]an allies renewed the war against Boleslaw I<ref name=Schwarz24/><ref name=Knefelkamp125/> on the basis of the latter's failure to support him in Italy.<ref name=Schwarz24/> The campaign started in ], from where Henry II's army crossed through ] to ], where two other armies commanded by ] and ] were supposed to join him.<ref name=Berger225/> The plan failed, and Henry II withdrew.<ref name=Berger225/> Subsequent negotiations with Boleslaw I failed.<ref name=Berger225/> In 1017, Henry II marched an army from ] to ] (Głogów), where Boleslaw I awaited him.<ref name=Berger225/> Henry II however first sieged nearby ] (Niemcza, Nimptsch) without success, and due to an illness of part of his army aborted the siege and withdrew to Bohemia.<ref name=Berger225/>

During these campaigns, Henry II was confronted with the opposition of part of the ] nobility, including the ], who maintained good relations and were in part relatives of Boleslaw I.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> In 1017, Henry II therefore adressed Boleslaw I as "public enemy" (''hostis publicus'') and forbade further contacts with him.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/>

On 30 January 1018, peace was made in ].<ref name=Knefelkamp125/> Boleslaw I kept the Lusatian march and ] (''Milzenerland'') as an imperial fief,<ref name=Schneidmueller110/><ref name=Knefelkamp125/> and both parties exchanged hostages.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> Henry II did not attend, and did not renew the campaigns against Boleslaw I thereafter.<ref name=Schneidmueller110/> The peace was confirmed by the marriage of ], daughter of Eckard I, to Boleslaw I.<ref name=roeckelein113/> It was Boleslaw I's fourth marriage; Regelind, a daughter from his previous marriage with ], was already married to Oda's brother ].<ref name=roeckelein113/>

==Bautzen (1031)==
]]]

Henry II was succeeded by ], and Boleslaw I, who had crowned himself King of Poland two months before his death (1025), was succeeded by ]. In 1028, Mieszko II attacked the eastern ]es of ].<ref name=Knefelkamp137>Knefelkamp (2002), p. 137</ref> As a consequence, the see of the ] was relocated to the more secure ], and Conrad II launched several counter-attacks.<ref name=Knefelkamp137/> Mieszko II avoided open battle and withdrew into difficult terrain,<ref name=Knefelkamp137/> namely forrests nearly impassable for the heavy German cavalry.<ref name=Boshof71/> Conrad II was supported by ], who in the course of the 1029 campaign gained ].<ref name=Boshof71>Boshof (2008), p. 71</ref>

In 1030, Mieszko II again raided the eastern marches, but in 1031 was repulsed by Conrad II and forced to make peace.<ref name=Boshof71/> In the agreement, Mieszko II renounced his claims to the ] and ].<ref name=Boshof71/>

==Merseburg (1033)==

After the peace of Bautzen (1031), ] attacked Miesko II from the east.<ref name=Boshof71/> Yaroslav I had supported Mieszko II's older half-brother ] in the succession of Boleslaw I, and granted him refuge at his court when Mieszko II had assumed power.<ref name=Boshof71>Boshof (2008), p. 71</ref> With Yaroslav I's support, Bezprym ousted Miesko II, but was murdered in 1032.<ref name=Boshof71/> In contrast to his half-brother, Bezprym had not taken on the title of a Polish king in order to gain support from Conrad II.<ref name=Boshof71/> After Bezprym's death, Mieszko II returned to power, and attended a ''Hoftag'' in Merseburg in 1033.<ref name=Boshof71/>

There, Mieszko II renounced claims to the Lusatian march and Upper Lusatia (Milzenerland), and renounced claims to the title of a king.<ref name=Knefelkamp137/><ref name=Boshof71/> Henry II divided Poland into three parts, <ref name=Knefelkamp137/><ref name=Boshof71/> but confirmed Miezko II’s superiority over these.<ref name=Knefelkamp137/><ref name=Boshof72>Boshof (2008), p. 72</ref>
Mieszko II died in 1034, subsequently, his wife ] as well as his son ] fled to Germany.<ref name=Knefelkamp137/><ref name=Boshof72/>

==Sources==
;References
{{reflist|2}}
;Bibliography
*{{cite book|last=Berger|first=Sabine|title=Kaiser Heinrich II. 1002-1024|volume=44|series=Veröffentlichungen zur Bayerischen Geschichte und Kultur|editor1-last=Kirmeier|editor1-first=Josef|editor2-last=Schneidmüller|editor2-first=Bernd|editor3-last=Weinfurter|editor3-first=Stefan|editor4-last=Brockhoff|editor4-first=Evamaria|publisher=Theiss|year=2002|isbn=3806217122|chapter=Karte der Polenzüge Heinrichs II gegen Boleslaw Chrobry|pages=224-226|language=German|url=http://www.hdbg.eu/karten/karten_detail_13.php}}
*{{cite book|last=Bernhardt|first=John W|title=Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936&ndash;1075|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|isbn=0521521831}}
*{{cite book|title=Die Salier|first=Egon|last=Boshof|edition=5|publisher=Kohlhammer|year=2008|isbn=3170201832|language=German}}
*{{cite book|title=Das Heilige Römische Reich|first1=Klaus|last1=Herbers|first2=Helmut|last2=Neuhaus|publisher=Böhlau|year=2005|isbn=3412234052|language=German}}
*{{cite book|title=Die Ottonen|first=Hagen|last=Keller|edition=3|publisher=Beck|year=2001|isbn=3406447465|language=German}}
*{{cite book|title=Das Mittelalter|volume=2105|series=UTB M|first=Ulrich|last=Knefelkamp|edition=2|publisher=UTB|year=2002|isbn=3825221059|language=German}}
*{{cite book|last=Röckelein|first=Hedwig|title=Der Hoftag in Quedlinburg 973. Von den historischen Wurzeln zum Neuen Europa|editor-first=Andreas|editor-last=Ranft|publisher=Akademie Verlag|year=2006|isbn=3050041137|chapter=Heiraten - ein Instrument hochmittelalterlicher Politik|pages=99-136|language=German}}
*{{cite book|title=Die deutschen Herrscher des Mittelalters. Historische Portraits von Heinrich I. bis Maximilian I. (919-1519)|first=Bernd|last=Schneidmüller|publisher=Beck|year=2003|isbn=3406509584|language=German}}
*{{cite book|series=Das europäische Mittelalter|volume=2|title=Herrschaftsbildungen und Reiche 900-1500|first=Jörg|last=Schwarz|publisher=Kohlhammer|year=2006|isbn=3170197193|language=German}}

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Latest revision as of 11:59, 25 July 2020

The Treaties of Bautzen and Merseburg may refer to

  • The Peace of Bautzen of 1018, which ended the German-Polish War (1002–1018)
  • The Treaty of Merseburg of 1033, an agreement between Mieszko II of Poland and the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II
  • An armistice of 1813, made during the War of the Sixth Coalition between Napoleon and Russia and Prussia
Topics referred to by the same term Disambiguation iconThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Treaties of Bautzen and Merseburg.
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