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{{short description|Prefecture and commune in Normandy, France}}
{{Other uses}}
{{About|the capital of Normandy}}
{{Expand French|Rouen|date=April 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Expand French|date=September 2020|topic=geo}}
{{Infobox French commune {{Infobox French commune
| name = Rouen |name = Rouen
|commune status = ] and ]
| image = Rouen montage.jpg
|image = Rouen mosaique.png
| caption =
| image flag = |image size =
|caption = From left to right, top to bottom: partial view of the city and the Seine from Côte Sainte-Catherine; the courthouse; Place du Vieux-Marché; ], at night; ]; the National Museum of Education; sailboats during the 2019 edition of the Armada; the ].
| image flag size =
| image coat of arms = Blason Rouen 76.svg |image flag = Flag of Rouen.gif
| image coat of arms size = |image flag size =
|image coat of arms = Coat of Arms of Rouen.svg
| flag legend =
| coat of arms legend = |image coat of arms size =
| city motto = |flag legend =
|coat of arms legend =
| latitude = 49.441203
|city motto =
| longitude = 1.096272
|coordinates = {{coord|49|26|34|N|01|05|19|E|display=inline,title}}
| time zone = CET <small>(UTC +1)</small>
| INSEE = 76540 |INSEE = 76540
|arrondissement = Rouen
| region = ]
|canton = ]
| department = ]
|intercommunality = ]
| arrondissement = Rouen
|mayor = ]<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr|access-date=4 December 2022|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628030259/https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|url-status=live}}</ref>
| intercommunality = ]
| mayor = ] |party = ]
|term = 2020&ndash;2026
| party = ]
| term = 2008 - 2014 |area km2 = 21.38
| area km2 = 21.38 |area footnotes =
|population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| area footnotes =
| population date = 20067 |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
| population = 108569
| population ranking = ] |population ranking = ]
| urban area km2 = 448 |urban area km2 = 461.1
| urban area date = |urban area date = 2018
| urban pop = 494,382 |urban pop = 470369
| urban pop date = 2010 |urban pop date = 2018
| metro area km2 = 1582.51 |metro area km2 = 2792.2
| metro area date = 1999 |metro area date = 2018
| metro area pop = 518,316 |metro area pop = 702945
| metro area pop date = 1999 |metro area pop date = 2018
| website = |website =
}} }}
'''Rouen''' ({{IPA-fr|ʁwɑ̃}}) is the historic capital city of ], in northern ] on the River ], and currently the capital of the ] (Upper Normandy) ]. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of ], Rouen was the seat of the ] of ] in the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the ] dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. It was in Rouen where ] was burnt in 1431. People from Rouen are called ''Rouennais''.


'''Rouen''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|r|uː|ɑ̃|,_|ˈ|r|uː|ɒ|n}}, {{IPAc-en|US|r|uː|ˈ|ɑ̃|,_|r|uː|ˈ|ɒ|n}};<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref><ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|ʁwɑ̃|lang|Fr.Rouen.ogg}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|fr|ʁu.ɑ̃|}}){{needs IPA|Norman|lang=nrf|date=November 2023}} is a city on the River ], in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the ] of ] and the ] of ]. Formerly one of the largest and most prosperous cities of ], the population of the metropolitan area ({{langx|fr|]}}) is 702,945 (2018).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-015+UU2020-00755+COM-76540|title=Comparateur de territoire|publisher=]|access-date=16 June 2022|archive-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616110916/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-015+UU2020-00755+COM-76540|url-status=live}}</ref> People from Rouen are known as ''Rouennais''.
The population of the metropolitan area (in French: ''aire urbaine'') at the 1999 census was 518,316 inhabitants and 532,559 inhabitants at the 2007 estimate. The city proper had an estimated population of 110,276 in 2007.


Rouen was the seat of the ] during the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the ] and ] dynasties, which ruled both ] and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. From the ] onwards, the city experienced a remarkable economic boom, thanks in particular to the development of textile factories and river trade. Claimed by both the French and the English during the ], it was on its soil that ] was tried and burned alive on 30 May 1431. Severely damaged by the wave of ], it nevertheless regained its ] in the post-war period thanks to its industrial sites and its large seaport, which merged with the ports of Le Havre and Paris in 2021 to form the HAROPA Port.<ref name="haropa">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=Our history |url=https://www.haropaport.com/en/our-history |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=HAROPA Port}}</ref>
==Administration==

] (Upper Normandy) ''région'', as well as a ] and the '']'' (capital) of the ] '']''.
Endowed with a prestige established during the ], and with a long architectural heritage in its historical monuments, Rouen is an important cultural capital. Several renowned establishments are located here, such as the ], Le Secq des Tournelles museum, and ].


Seat of an ], it also hosts a court of appeal and a ]. Every four to six years, Rouen becomes the showcase for a large gathering of sailing ships called "L'Armada"; this event makes the city an occasional capital of the maritime world.
Rouen and 70 suburban communes of the metropolitan area form the ], with 494,382 inhabitants in it at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these ]s are ], ], ], ], and ], each with a population exceeding 20,000 inhabitants.


==History== ==History==
{{main|History of Rouen}}
Unknown to Julius Caesar, Rouen was founded by the ]ish tribe of the ], who controlled a large area in the lower ], which retains a trace of their name, as the ]. They called it ''Ratumacos'';<ref>''Ratu-'' is not well explained; ''-macus, magus'' is a familiar ]ic suffix signifying "plain".</ref> the ] called it ''Rotomagus''.<ref>As in ] and the '']''; other variants: ''Ratomagos'' (Ptolemy, ''Geography''), ''Ratomagos'' (], ]).</ref> Roman Rotomagus was the second city of ] after ] (]) itself. Under the reorganization of ], Rouen was the chief city of the divided province ] and reached the apogee of its Roman development, with an amphitheatre and '']'' of which foundations remain. In the 5th century, it became the seat of a bishopric (though the names of early bishops are purely legendary<ref>''Catholic Encyclopedia'', at "Diocese of Rouen", records that ]] was credited with being the first bishop until a Nicaise, linked to ] was inserted to precede him: see ].</ref>) and later a capital of ] ].
{{For timeline}}


Rouen was founded by the ]ish tribe of the ], who controlled a large area in the lower Seine valley. They called it ''Ratumacos''; the ] called it ''Rotomagus''. It was considered the second city of ] after ] (]) itself. Under the reorganization of ], Rouen was the chief city of the divided province Gallia Lugdunensis II and reached the apogee of its Roman development, with an amphitheatre and '']'' of which foundations remain. In the 5th century, it became the seat of a bishopric and later a capital of ] ].
From their first incursion into the lower valley of the Seine in 841,<ref>Recorded in the ].</ref> the ] overran Rouen until a part of them finally settled and founded a colony led by ] (Hrolfr), who was nominated count of Rouen by the king of the Franks in 911. In the 10th century Rouen became the capital of the ] and residence of the ], until ] established his castle at ].


From their first incursion into the lower valley of the Seine in 841, the ] overran Rouen. From 912, Rouen was the capital of the ] and residence of the ], until ] moved his residence to ].<ref>Stratford, Jenny., and British Archaeological Association. ''Medieval Art, Architecture, and Archaeology at Rouen''. Conference Transactions for the Year ... ; 1986. London]: British Archaeological Association, 1993.</ref> In 1150, Rouen received its founding charter which permitted ].
In 1150, Rouen received its founding charter which permitted self-government. During the 12th century, Rouen was maybe the site of a ]. At that time, about 6,000 Jews lived in the town, comprising about 20% of the population. In addition, there were a large number of Jews scattered about another 100 communities in ]. The well-preserved remains of the yeshiva were discovered in the 1970s under the Rouen Law Courts and the community has begun a project to restore them.


During the 12th century, Rouen was the site of a ] known as ]. Discovered in 1976, it is now a museum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Sauvons La Maison Sublime de l'oubli |url=http://www.lamaisonsublime.fr/ |access-date=2019-09-04 |website=La Maison Sublime de Rouen |language=fr |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202539/http://www.lamaisonsublime.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At that time, about 6,000 Jews lived in the town, comprising about 20% of the population.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
]]]
In 1200, a fire destroyed part of the old Romanesque cathedral, leaving Saint Romain's tower, the side porches of the front, and part of the nave.
New works in the present Gothic ] were begun, in the nave, transept, choir, and the lowest section of the lantern tower. On June 24, 1204, ] entered Rouen and definitively annexed Normandy to the ]. The fall of Rouen meant the end of independent Normandy. He demolished the Norman castle and replaced it with his own, the Château Bouvreuil, built on the site of the Gallo-Roman amphitheatre.<ref>With the exception of the tower associated with Joan of Arc, which was restored by ], the castle was destroyed at the end of the fifteenth century, its stones quarried for other construction.</ref> A textile industry developed based on wool imported from England, for which the cities of Flanders and Brabant were constantly competitors, and finding its market in the ]. Rouen also depended for its prosperity on the river traffic of the Seine, on which it enjoyed a monopoly that reached as far upstream as ]. Wine and wheat were exported to England, with tin and wool received in return. In the 14th century urban strife threatened the city: in 1291, the mayor was assassinated and noble residences in the city were pillaged. ] reimposed order and suppressed the city's charter and the lucrative monopoly on river traffic, but he was quite willing to allow the Rouennais to repurchase their old liberties in 1294. In 1306, he decided to expel the Jewish community of Rouen, then numbering some five or six thousands. In 1389, another urban revolt of the underclass occurred, the '']''. It was part of widespread rebellion in France that year<ref>See ] for broad context.</ref> and was suppressed with the withdrawal of Rouen's charter and river-traffic privileges once more.


On 24 June 1204, King ] of France entered Rouen and definitively annexed Normandy to the ]. He demolished the Norman castle and replaced it with his own, the ], built on the site of the ] amphitheatre.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} A textile industry developed based on wool imported from England, for which the cities of Flanders and Brabant were constantly competitors, and finding its market in the ]. Rouen also depended for its prosperity on the river traffic of the Seine, on which it enjoyed a monopoly that reached as far upstream as ].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
] of ] in Rouen, 1 October 1550, 30 naked men were employed to illustrate life in ] and a battle between the ] allies of the French, and the ] Indians.<ref>Bill Marshall, Cristina Johnston, ''France and the Americas: culture, politics, and history'' Volume 3, p. 185</ref>]]
] was the first ] of France, end of the 17th century.]]
During the ], on January 19, 1419, Rouen surrendered to ], who annexed ] once again to the ]. But Rouen did not go quietly: ] hung English prisoners from the walls, for which he was summarily executed; ] and ] of Rouen Robert de Livet became a hero for excommunicating the English king, resulting in de Livet's imprisonment for five years in England. Rouen became the capital city of the English power in occupied France and when the duke of Bedford, ] bought ] from his allie, the duke of Burgundy who had been keeping her in jail since May 1430, she was logically sent to this city for Christmas 1430 and after a long trial by a church court, sentenced to be ] on May 30, 1431 in this city, where most inhabitants supported the duke of Burgundy, Joan of Arc's king enemy. The king of France ] recaptured the town in 1449.<!--details of Renaissance and modern history of Rouen need translating from fr:wiki and expanding-->


In the 13th and 14th centuries urban strife threatened the city: in 1291, the mayor was assassinated and noble residences in the city were pillaged. ] reimposed order and suppressed the city's charter and the lucrative monopoly on river traffic, but he was quite willing to allow the Rouennais to repurchase their old liberties in 1294.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} In 1306, he decided to expel the Jewish community of Rouen, then numbering some five or six thousand. In 1389, another urban revolt of the underclass occurred, the '']''. It was suppressed with the withdrawal of Rouen's charter and river-traffic privileges once more.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
The city was heavily damaged (about 45% destructions) during ] : first in June 1940, when the area beween the Notre-Dame cathedral and the Seine river burnt for 48 hours and then, more areas were detroyed between March and August 1944 just before and during the ] and its famed cathedral was partly damaged by Allied bombs. During the ] occupation, the ] had its headquarters located in a chateau on what is now the ].

During the ], on 19 January 1419, Rouen surrendered after a long ] to ], who annexed ] once again to the ]. Rouen did not go quietly: ] hanged English prisoners from the walls, for which he was summarily executed after the city surrendered, while ] and ] of Rouen Robert de Livet became a hero for excommunicating the English king, resulting in de Livet's imprisonment for five years in England.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} ], who supported a return to French rule, was ] on 30 May 1431 in this city, where most inhabitants supported the duke of Burgundy, the French king's enemy. The king of France, ], recaptured the town in 1449.

Rouen was staunchly Catholic during the ], and underwent an unsuccessful ] in 1591/2 by the Protestant ] and an English force commanded by ].
A brief account by an English participant has survived. See 'Memoirs of Robert Carey', (F.H.Mares (ed.), Oxford, 1972), pp.&nbsp;18–21.

The first competitive motor race ran from Paris to Rouen in 1894.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

During the ], the ] had its headquarters located in a chateau on what is now the ]. The city was heavily damaged during the same war on ], and its famed cathedral was almost destroyed by Allied bombs.


==Main sights== ==Main sights==
]]] ]
Rouen is known for its ], with its ''Tour de Beurre'' (''butter tower''). The cathedral was the subject of a series of paintings by ], some of which are exhibited in the ] in ]. Rouen is known for ], with its ''Tour de Beurre'' (''butter tower'') financed by the sale of ] for the consumption of butter during ]. The cathedral's gothic façade (completed in the 16th century) was the subject of ] by ], some of which are exhibited in the ] in Paris.


The ''Gros Horloge'' is an ] (dating back to the 16th century) though the movement is considerably older (1389). It is located in the ''Gros Horloge'' street. The '']'' is an ] dating back to the 14th century.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Derek |date=5 August 2017 |title=Normandy full of beauty and history |publisher=Delaware State News |url=http://delawarestatenews.net/people/normandy-full-of-beauty-and-history/}}</ref> It is located in the ].
{{panoViewer|Place Barthélémy, Rouen, France – 360° panorama 2019.jpg|Place Barthélémy with the church St Maclou, 360°-panorama 2019}}
Other famous structures include ], whose keep is known as the ''tour Jeanne d'Arc'', where ] was brought in 1431 to be threatened with torture (contrary to popular belief, she was not imprisoned there but in the ''tour de lady Pucelle''(since destroyed); the '']'' (12th–15th century); the '']'', which was once the seat of the '']'' (French court of law) of Normandy; the ] '']'' (15th century); and the Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics which contains a splendid collection of ] and ] for which Rouen was renowned during the 16th to 18th centuries. Rouen is also noted for its surviving ] buildings.


There are many museums in Rouen: the ], an art museum with paintings by well-known artists such as ] and ]; the ], a museum on the history of the port of Rouen and navigation; ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musées en Haute-Normandie |url=http://www.musees-haute-normandie.fr/fiche.php3?lang=en&id_article=1393 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116171607/http://www.musees-haute-normandie.fr/fiche.php3?lang=en&id_article=1393 |archive-date=16 November 2006 |access-date=4 February 2014 |publisher=Musees-haute-normandie.fr}}</ref> an art and history museum with local works from the Bronze Age through the Renaissance, the ], the Museum of Natural History, founded in 1834 and re-opened in 2007,<ref>La Réunion des Musées Métropolitains, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325075544/https://museumderouen.fr/fr/museum-d-histoire-naturelle |date=25 March 2023 }} (in French), accessed 25 March 2023</ref> and the Musée Le Secq des Tournelles, which houses various collections of objects.<ref>La Réunion des Musées Métropolitains, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325075539/https://museelesecqdestournelles.fr/en |date=25 March 2023 }}, accessed 25 March 2023</ref>
Other famous structures include the ] ] (15th century); the ''Tour Jeanne d'Arc'', where Joan of Arc was brought in 1431 to be threatened with torture (contrary to popular belief, she was not imprisoned there); the ''Church of Saint Ouen'' (12th–15th century); the '']'', which was once the seat of the '']'' (French court of law) of Normandy and the Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics which contains a splendid collection of ] and ] for which Rouen was renowned during the 16th to 18th centuries.


The ] is a notable ] once owned by Scottish banker ], dating from 1840 in its present form. It was the site of ]'s parachute jump from a balloon in 1817. There is also a park and garden at the Champs de Mars, to the east of the city centre. The ] of 1894, ''Le Petit Journal'' Horseless Carriages Contest, ended at the Champs de Mars.<ref>Nye, D., {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117073058/https://www.goodwood.com/grr/race/historic/2019/6/the-1894-paris-rouen-trial-the-race-that-wasnt-a-race/ |date=17 November 2022 }}, ''Goodwood Road and Racing'', published 5 June 2019, accessed 17 November 2022</ref>
Rouen is noted for its surviving ] buildings.


In the centre of the Place du Vieux Marché (the site of Joan of Arc's pyre)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rouen . visite-de-rouen.com . Place du Vieux Marché |url=http://www.visite-de-rouen.com/vieuxmar.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928180504/http://www.visite-de-rouen.com/vieuxmar.htm |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |publisher=Visite-de-rouen.com}}</ref> is the modern ]. This is a large, modern structure which dominates the square. The form of the building represents an upturned ] boat and a fish shape.<ref>]</ref>
There are many museums in Rouen: ], an art museum with pictures of well-known painters such as ] and ]; ], a museum on the history of the port of Rouen and navigation; ], an art and history museum with antic or gothic works; ], ]...


Rouen was also home to the ], hosting the race at the nearby ] track sporadically between 1952 and 1968. In 1999 Rouen authorities demolished the grandstands and other remnants of Rouen's racing past. Today, little remains beyond the public roads that formed the circuit.
The ] is a notable ] dating to 1840 in its present form. It was previously owned by Scottish banker ] and was the site of several historic balloon ascents.


Rouen has an ], whose formal name is "Rouen Normandy Opera House – Theatre of Arts" (in French: ''Opéra de Rouen Normandie – Théâtre des arts'').
In the centre of the Place du Vieux Marché is the modern church of ]. This is a large, modern structure which dominates the square. The form of the building represents the pyre on which Joan of Arc was burnt.


==Climate==
Rouen was also home to the ], hosting the race at the nearby ] track sporadically between 1952 and 1968. There was a campaign in 1999 by Rouen authorities to obliterate remainders of Rouen's racing past. Today, little remains beyond the public roads that formed the circuit.
Rouen has an ] (''Cfb'' in the Köppen climate classification).

{{Weather box
|location = Rouen (]), elevation: {{convert|151|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1968–present
|collapsed =
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 15.7
|Feb record high C = 19.7
|Mar record high C = 24.4
|Apr record high C = 27.4
|May record high C = 30.0
|Jun record high C = 36.0
|Jul record high C = 41.3
|Aug record high C = 38.4
|Sep record high C = 34.3
|Oct record high C = 28.3
|Nov record high C = 20.3
|Dec record high C = 15.6
|Jan avg record high C = 12.8
|Feb avg record high C = 14.1
|Mar avg record high C = 18.4
|Apr avg record high C = 22.6
|May avg record high C = 26.0
|Jun avg record high C = 29.8
|Jul avg record high C = 32.2
|Aug avg record high C = 31.7
|Sep avg record high C = 27.3
|Oct avg record high C = 21.6
|Nov avg record high C = 16.3
|Dec avg record high C = 13.0
|year avg record high C = 33.5
|Jan high C = 6.9
|Feb high C = 7.9
|Mar high C = 11.4
|Apr high C = 14.8
|May high C = 17.9
|Jun high C = 21.1
|Jul high C = 23.4
|Aug high C = 23.4
|Sep high C = 20.1
|Oct high C = 15.4
|Nov high C = 10.4
|Dec high C = 7.3
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 4.3
|Feb mean C = 4.8
|Mar mean C = 7.5
|Apr mean C = 10.0
|May mean C = 13.1
|Jun mean C = 16.1
|Jul mean C = 18.2
|Aug mean C = 18.2
|Sep mean C = 15.3
|Oct mean C = 11.7
|Nov mean C = 7.5
|Dec mean C = 4.7
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 1.6
|Feb low C = 1.6
|Mar low C = 3.5
|Apr low C = 5.2
|May low C = 8.3
|Jun low C = 11.1
|Jul low C = 13.0
|Aug low C = 13.1
|Sep low C = 10.6
|Oct low C = 8.0
|Nov low C = 4.6
|Dec low C = 2.1
|year low C =
|Jan avg record low C = -6.0
|Feb avg record low C = -5.3
|Mar avg record low C = -2.4
|Apr avg record low C = -0.6
|May avg record low C = 2.6
|Jun avg record low C = 5.7
|Jul avg record low C = 8.1
|Aug avg record low C = 7.9
|Sep avg record low C = 5.3
|Oct avg record low C = 1.4
|Nov avg record low C = 2.2
|Dec avg record low C = -4.6
|year avg record low C = -7.9
|Jan record low C = -17.1
|Feb record low C = -13.4
|Mar record low C = -10.4
|Apr record low C = -4.8
|May record low C = -2.2
|Jun record low C = 1.1
|Jul record low C = 5.9
|Aug record low C = 5.0
|Sep record low C = 2.1
|Oct record low C = -3.2
|Nov record low C = -8.3
|Dec record low C = -11.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 75.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 65.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 61.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 55.9
|May precipitation mm = 67.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 64.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 64.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 69.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 62.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 79.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 80.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 101.8
|year precipitation mm = 847.5
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 13.8
|Feb precipitation days = 11.5
|Mar precipitation days = 10.9
|Apr precipitation days = 10.0
|May precipitation days = 10.7
|Jun precipitation days = 9.4
|Jul precipitation days = 9.0
|Aug precipitation days = 9.6
|Sep precipitation days = 9.3
|Oct precipitation days = 12.7
|Nov precipitation days = 13.1
|Dec precipitation days = 14.1
|year precipitation days = 134.0
|Jan humidity = 90
|Feb humidity = 86
|Mar humidity = 83
|Apr humidity = 78
|May humidity = 79
|Jun humidity = 80
|Jul humidity = 79
|Aug humidity = 80
|Sep humidity = 84
|Oct humidity = 89
|Nov humidity = 90
|Dec humidity = 91
|Jan sun = 52.2
|Feb sun = 76.6
|Mar sun = 119.3
|Apr sun = 164.6
|May sun = 182.2
|Jun sun = 196.6
|Jul sun = 199.5
|Aug sun = 190.1
|Sep sun = 159.1
|Oct sun = 107.6
|Nov sun = 57.8
|Dec sun = 48.9
|year sun = 1554.4
|source 1 = ]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_76116001.pdf
| title = ROUEN–BOOS (76)
| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records
| publisher = Meteo France
| language = fr
| access-date = 6 August 2019
| archive-date = 6 August 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190806191636/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_76116001.pdf
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
| source 2 = Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)<ref name=Infoclimat>{{cite web
| url = https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07037-rouen-boos.html
| title = Normes et records 1961–1990: Rouen-Boos (76) – altitude 151m
| language = fr
| publisher = Infoclimat
| access-date = 6 August 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171202/https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07037-rouen-boos.html
| archive-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref>
}}


==Transport== ==Transport==
{{main|Transport in Rouen}} {{main|Transport in Rouen}}
]]]
Mainline train services operate from ] to ] and ]. Regional services operate to ], ], and other local destinations in ]. Daily direct trains operate to ] and ], and direct ]s (high-speed trains) connect daily with ] and ].


Mainline trains operate from ] to ] and Paris, and regional trains to ], ] and other local destinations in ]. Daily direct trains operate to ] and ], and direct ]s (high-speed trains) connect daily with ] and ].
City transportation in Rouen consists of a tram and a bus system. The ] branches into two lines out of a metro tunnel running through the city centre. Rouen is also served by ] and ]es run in conjunction with the tramway by the transit company ], a subsidiary of ].


City transportation in Rouen consists of a tram and a bus system. The ] branches into two lines out of a tunnel under the city centre. Rouen is also served by TEOR (]) and by buses run in conjunction with the tramway by ], a subsidiary of ].
Rouen has its own ], serving major domestic destinations as well as international destinations in Europe.


Rouen has its own ].
The ] is a major axis for maritime (cargo) links in the Port of Rouen; and the Cross-Channel ferry ports of ], ], ] (50 minutes), and ], and the ] are also within easy driving distance (i.e. two and a half hours or less).

The ] is a major axis for maritime cargo links in the Port of Rouen. The Cross-Channel ferry ports of ], ], ] (50 minutes) and ], and the ] are within easy driving distance (two and a half hours or less).
]]]
]]]

==Administration==
]]]
Rouen and its metropolitan area of 70 suburban communes form the ], with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these suburbs are ], ], ], ], and ], each with a population exceeding 20,000. The city council is based at the ].<ref>{{Base Mérimée|PA00100851}}</ref>

==Population==
{{Historical populations
| align = none
| cols = 2
| percentages = pagr
| source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|29752|Rouen}}</ref> and INSEE (1968-2021)<ref name=pophist> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924215056/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-76540#ancre-POP_T1 |date=24 September 2022 }}, INSEE</ref><ref>, INSEE</ref>
| graph-pos = bottom
|1793 |84323
|1800 |80755
|1806 |86672
|1821 |86736
|1831 |88086
|1836 |92083
|1841 |96002
|1846 |99295
|1851 |100265
|1856 |103223
|1861 |102649
|1866 |100671
|1872 |102470
|1876 |104902
|1881 |105906
|1886 |107163
|1891 |112352
|1896 |113219
|1901 |116316
|1906 |118459
|1911 |124987
|1921 |123712
|1926 |122898
|1931 |122957
|1936 |122832
|1946 |107739
|1954 |116540
|1962 |120857
|1968 |120471
|1975 |114834
|1982 |101945
|1990 |102723
|1999 |106592
|2007 |108569
|2012 |111557
|2017 |110145
|2021 |114083
}}


==Education== ==Education==
The main schools of higher education are the ] and ] (former ]), ] (agronomy and agriculture), both located at nearby ], and the ], ], ] and the ], the three at nearby ].
]]]

]]]
==Culture==
The ], the ] (Rouen Business School) and (agronomy and agriculture) - all centred or located at nearby ], and ] and - both at nearby ] are schools of higher education located in the Rennes area.
The main opera company in Rouen is the Opéra de Rouen – Normandie. The company performs in the Théâtre des Arts, 7 rue du Docteur Rambert. The company presents opera, classical and other types of music, both vocal and instrumental, as well as dance performances.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504142120/http://www.operaderouen.fr/ |date=4 May 2010 }}.</ref> Every five years, the city hosts the large maritime exposition, '''L'Armada'''.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804140454/http://www.armada.org/en/armada |date=4 August 2018 }}.</ref>


The city is represented by ] football club, currently in the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Site Officiel de QRM - Quevilly Rouen Métropole |url=https://qrm.fr/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=QRM |language=fr-FR |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601112652/https://qrm.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Officially called ], the club play at the 12.018 capacity ] in nearby ]. ] represent the city in Rugby Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rouen Normandie Rugby – Ensemble plus vite plus loin |url=https://rouennormandierugby.fr/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520180231/https://rouennormandierugby.fr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One of few professional rugby teams from northern France, ], currently play in the second-tier ]. ], an ice hockey club, play in the top-tier ] at the ] arena. ] is also played in the city at Stade Saint Exupéry. The local team, ] play in the top French tier, they also play some games in European competition.
==Performing arts==
The main opera company in Rouen is the Opéra de Rouen Haute Normandie. The company performs in the Théâtre des Arts, 7 rue du Docteur Rambert. The company presents opera, classical and other types of music, both vocal and instrumental, as well as dance performances.<ref>.</ref>


==Notable residents==
==Births==
]
]
]
]
]
]
] (second row, right) and ] (third row, left)]]
], {{Circa|1930}}]]
]
Rouen was the birthplace of: Rouen was the birthplace of:
* ] (1442–1483), King of England.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Edward IV. |volume= 8 |last= Kingsford |first= Charles Lethbridge |author-link= Charles Lethbridge Kingsford| page = 995&ndash;996 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1442–1483), king of England
* ] (1444-c1503), sister of Edward IV, married ], Plantagenet.
* ] (Born 1500's), navigator and one of the first French explorers of the ]
* {{ill|Thomas Aubert|fr|Thomas Aubert (navigateur)}} (b. 1500s), explorer
* ] (1507–1569), editor, translator and poet
* {{ill|Guillaume Guéroult|fr}} (1507–1569), poet
* ] (1537–1610), Calvinist's chief under ]
* ] (1537–1610), military commander
* ] (c.1560-1617), French-born English ] painter
* ] (1556–1617), French-born English painter.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Oliver, Isaac |volume= 20 |last= Williamson |first= George Charles |author-link= George Charles Williamson | page = 88 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1586–1641), botanist and pharmacist * ] (1586–1641), botanist and pharmacist
* ] (1594–1661), Protestant poet converted to Catholicism * ] (1594–1661), poet.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Saint-Amant, Marc Antoine de Gérard, Sieur de |volume= 23 | page = 1014 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1599–1667), Protestant ] and ] * ] (1599–1667), Protestant theologian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bochart, Samuel |volume= 4 | page = 106 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1606–1684), tragedian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Corneille, Pierre |volume= 7 |last= Saintsbury |first= George |author-link= George Saintsbury | pages = 163&ndash;167 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (Born 1600's), Great Grandfather of ] (1762–1810, French-Canadian explorer) and founder of ], USA.
* ] (1617–1701), lay missionary and diplomat
* ] (1606–1684), ]
* ] (1622–1691), astronomer
* ] (1617-1701-04-04), Lay Missionary and diplomat who moved to Quebec around 1640
* ] (1625–1709), dramatist, brother of Pierre Corneille.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Corneille, Thomas |volume= 7 |last= Saintsbury |first= George |author-link= George Saintsbury | page = 167 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1622–1691), ]
* ] (1639–1724), theologian and ecclesiastical historian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Alexandre, Noël |volume= 1 | page = 568 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1625–1709), ], brother of Pierre Corneille
* Robert Hubert ({{Circa|1640}}-1666), executed in England for falsely confessing to starting the ]
* ] (1630–1724), ] and ecclesiastical historian
* ] (1642–1698), actress.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Champmeslé, Marie |volume= 5 | page = 831 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1640- ?), ] and ]'s mother, both Canadian explorers
* ] (1643–1687), explorer.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= La Salle, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de |volume= 16 |last= Whinery |first= Charles Crawford | pages = 230&ndash;231 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1642–1698), ]
* ] ({{Circa|1644}}–1717), painter of religious subjects.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Jouvenet, Jean |volume= 15 | page = 525 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1643–1687), cleric and ]
* ] (1645–1715), chemist.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Lemery, Nicolas |volume= 16 | page = 410 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1649–1728), ] ]
* ] (1646–1714) economist and lawmaker.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Boisguilbert, Pierre le Pesant |volume= 4 | page = 154 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1645–1715), chemist
* ] (1649–1728), Jesuit historian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Daniel, Gabriel |volume= 7 | page = 808 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1647–1717), ]
* ] (mid 17th C – 1715), playwright
* ] (1652–1721), catholic translator, journalist, historian an writer, converted to Protestantism
* ] (1647–1717), painter.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Jouvenet, Jean |volume= 15 | page = 525 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1653–1723), Protestant theologian
* {{ill|Nicolas Gueudeville|fr}} (1652–1721), Catholic writer
* ] (1657–1757), ], nephew of Pierre Corneille
* ] (1653–1723), Protestant theologian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Basnage, Jacques |volume= 3 | page = 484 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1663–1718), French born English ] and dramatist
* ] (1657–1757), author, nephew of Pierre Corneille.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de |volume= 10 | pages = 608&ndash;609 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1660–1722), historian, biographer and musicologist
* ] (1663–1718), French-born English dramatist.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Motteux, Pierre Antoine |volume= 18 | page = 931 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1664–1727), mathematician * ] (1664–1727), mathematician
* ] (1681–1776), ] ] and supporter of the church of England * ] (1664–1723), Catholic Archbishop
* ] (1674–1707), musicographer
* ] (1684–1758), ], ] and ]
* ] (1681–1776), theologian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Courayer, Pierre François le |volume= 7 | page = 318 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1692–1768), painter
* ] (1684–1758), composer
* ] (1692–1768), painter.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Restout, Jean |volume= 23 | page = 200 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1703–1745), playwright, poet
* ] (1705–1774), architect.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Blondel, Jacques François |volume= 4 | pages = 76&ndash;77 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1708–1760), nun and abbess
* ] (1711–1780), novelist * ] (1711–1780), novelist
* ] (1705–1774), ], ] * ] (1715–1789), composer
* ] (1749–1816), scholar
* ] (1708–1760), nun at Couvent des Ursulines, founder of a sister monastery in New-Orleans
* ] (1773-1838), painter<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hellis |first=Eugène Clément |url=http://archive.org/details/noticehistorique00hell |title=Notice historique et critique sur M. Boulanger de Boisfremont, peintre d'histoire, membre de l'Académie de Rouen |date=1838 |publisher=Rouen : Impr. d'Emile Periaux |others=Getty Research Institute}}</ref>
* ] (1715–1789), ]ist and ]
* ] (1775–1834), composer.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Boieldieu, François Adrien |volume= 4 | page = 139 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1702–1796), ] du navire
* ] (1783–1847), politician
* ] (1775–1834), ], mainly of ]s
* ] (1785–1838), ] and ] * ] (1785–1838), physicist and chemist.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Dulong, Pierre Louis |volume= 8 | pages = 852&ndash;853 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1791–1824), painter, painted '']'' * ] (1791–1824), painter.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Géricault, Jean Louis André Théodore |volume= 11 | page = 768 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1800–1836), writer * ] (1795–1820), botanist
* ] (1800–1836), writer.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Carrel, Jean Baptiste Nicolas Armand |volume= 5 | page = 401 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1809–1891), ]
* ] (1802–1874), musicologist, pianist and composer
* ] (1821–1880), ], who wrote '']''
* ] (1809–1891), historian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Chéruel, Pierre Adolphe |volume= 6 | page = 89 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1831–1870), composer and pianist
* ] (1813–1865) botanist
* ] (1864–1941), novelist, creator of the character ]
* ] (1821–1880), novelist.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Flaubert, Gustave |volume= 10 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| pages = 483&ndash;484 |short= 1}}</ref>
* ] (1866–1936), ] who earned the 1928 ]
* ] (1826–1895), flautist and pedagog
* ] (1876–1961), ]
* ] (1886–1971), ] and ] * ] (1831–1870), composer
* ] (1834–1903), opera singer
* ] (1896–1981), ]
* ] (1864–1941), novelist
* ] (1866–1936), bacteriologist
* ] (1872–1964), organist and composer
* ] (1876–1961), neurologist
* ] (1886–1943), painter
* ] (1886–1971), composer
* ] (1887–1968), artist
* ], (1889–1975), architect, watercolorist, designer
* ] (1896–1981), race car driver
* ] (1899–1989), dramatist
* ] (1916–1994), mathematician * ] (1916–1994), mathematician
* ] (born 1928), ] * ] (1920–1993), politician
* ] (born 1947), actress and novelist * ] (1928–2016), film director
* ] (b. 1946), sculptor
* ] (born 1953), politician and ]'s first secretary
* ] (born 1963), journalist * ] (b. 1947), actress and novelist
* ] (b. 1952), footballer
* ] (born 1966), ] ]
* ] (b. 1954), 24th ]
* ] (born 1966), actress
* ] (b. 1956), Member of Parliament
* ] (born 1976), ], ]
* ] (b. 1963), journalist
* ] (born 1977), French-] ] ]
* ] (b. 1966), swimmer
* ] basketball player
* ] (b. 1966), actress
* ] boxer
* ] footballer * ] (b. 1969), writer
* ] (b. 1971), boxer
* ] (b. 1977), footballer
* ] (b. 1978), astronaut
* ] (b. 1983), ice dancer
* ] (b. 1986), basketball player
* ] (b. 1988), footballer
* ] (b. 1989), singer
* ] (b. 1993), cyclist
* ] (b. 1996), Formula One driver
* ] (b. 1999), music producer
* ] (b. 2000), footballer
* ] (b. 2000), footballer
* ] (b. 2001), basketball player
* ] (b. 2005), racing driver


==International relations== ==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}} {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}

===Twin towns — Sister cities===
Rouen is ] with: Rouen is ] with:
* {{flagicon|USA}} ], ], ], since 1963<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 1964 |title=French Club Will Observe Bastile Day |url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/image/v2%3A138F0D9908AC8D5F%40EANX-13B15DBE78A96EF9%402438579-13B0BB4F1EB521B3%4043-13B0BB4F1EB521B3%40?p=AMNEWS&hlterms=%22Will+Observe%22 |website=Baton Rouge Morning Advocate (sec. D, p. 10)}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Poland}} ], ], since 1992</small><ref name="Gdańsk">{{cite web|url=http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html|title=Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie'|publisher=] 2009 |language=Polish & English|accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GER}} ], ], since 1966<ref name="Hanover">{{Cite web |title=Hanover – Twin Towns |url=http://www.hannover.de/de/buerger/entwicklung/partnerschaften/staedte_regionspartnerschaften/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724012346/http://www.hannover.de/de/buerger/entwicklung/partnerschaften/staedte_regionspartnerschaften/index.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2009 |publisher=hanover.de/ Hannover.de – Offizielles Portal der Landeshauptstadt und der Region Hannover in Zusammenarbeit mit hier.de |language=de}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|United States}} ], ]
* {{flagicon|GBR}} ], ], England, ], since 1959<ref name="Archant twinning">{{Cite web |title=British towns twinned with French towns |url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |access-date=11 July 2013 |website=Archant Community Media Ltd |archive-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Germany}} ], ]<ref name="Hanover">{{cite web|url=http://www.hannover.de/de/buerger/entwicklung/partnerschaften/staedte_regionspartnerschaften/index.html|title=Hanover - Twin Towns|publisher=] 2007-2009 - Offizielles Portal der Landeshauptstadt und der Region Hannover in Zusammenarbeit mit hier.de |language=German|accessdate=2009-07-17}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} ], United States, since 2008<ref name="Cleveland sisters">{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities International (SCI) |url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Cleveland,%20Ohio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613003251/http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Cleveland%2C%20Ohio |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=21 April 2013 |publisher=Sister-cities.org}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} ], ]
* {{flagicon|POL}} ], ], since 1992<ref name="Gdańsk">{{Cite web |title=Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie' |url=http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723091807/http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad%2C62%2C733.html |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2009 |publisher=gdansk.pl |language=pl, en}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|China}} ], ]
* {{Flagicon|Italy}} ], ], since 2003 * {{flagicon|ITA}} ], ], Italy, since 2002
* {{Flagicon|Poland}} ], ] * {{flagicon|PRC}} ], ], since 1990
* {{Flagicon|South Korea}} ], ], since 2004


]
==In fiction and popular culture==
===Fine art===
], 1894.]]
The ] was the subject for a series of paintings by the ] painter ], who painted the same scene at different times of the day. Two paintings are in the ] in ]; one is in the ] in ]. The estimated value of one painting is over $40 million.


===Literature=== ==Sculpture==
During the second half of the 20th century, several sculptures by ] were erected in the city. Inaugurated in 2010, the Rouen Impressionnée hosted the contemporary urban (re)development<ref>de Smet, Aurelie (12 November 2013). "The role of temporary use in urban (re)development: examples from Brussels". ''Brussels Studies. La revue scientifique électronique pour les recherches sur Bruxelles / Het elektronisch wetenschappelijk tijdschrift voor onderzoek over Brussel / The e-journal for academic research on Brussels''. {{doi|10.4000/brussels.1196}}. ] 2031-0293.</ref> installation sculpture 'Camille' by Belgian artist ]. Quinze's use of interlocking systems in sculpture employ wood, concrete, paint and metal. The Quasi-Quinze<ref>Baerlecken, Daniel. "Judith Reitz/Daniel Baerlecken." ''Susanne Schindler/Axel Sowa/Ariane Wilson (eds.) Constructing Knowledge––Das Wissen der Architektur'' 50 (2009): 61.</ref> method of sculpture utilizes structural integrity and randomness as key elements for 'Camille'. Located on the Boieldieu Bridge in the center of Rouen, this intentional location was chosen by the artist<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.figure8.be/| title = "Camille". ''Arne Quinze''. Retrieved 2019-04-15.| access-date = 5 May 2019| archive-date = 14 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191114152658/https://www.figure8.be/| url-status = live}}</ref> to magnify the historical separation of its city's citizens.
* The character Erik, or The Opera Ghost of ]'s novel '']'' was supposedly born "in a small town not far from Rouen".<ref></ref>
]]]
* Rouen also played a major part in the ] novel '']''.
* Maupassant, a student of Flaubert, wrote a number of short stories based in and around Rouen.
* In book two of ], the Vikings invade and conquer Ruda, also known as Rouen and make it their base in Frankia.
The Rouen area is an integral part of the work of French writer Annie Ernaux.
* May Wedderburn Cannan wrote of Rouen in her 1915 poem on World War I "Rouen".


==Representations in art==
===Music===
], 1894.]]
The ] ] ] named their fifth studio album '']'', punning on an Anglicised version of the city name's pronunciation.
] is the subject of a series of paintings by the ] painter ], who painted the same scene at different times of the day. Two paintings are in the ] in Washington, D.C.; two are in the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow; one is in the ] in Belgrade. The estimated value of one painting is over $40&nbsp;million.

===Film===
In the 2001 movie '']'', the protagonist William Thatcher played by ] poses as a noble and competes in his first jousting tournament at Rouen.

===Computer games===
* The game ''Call of Duty 3'' features a map set in Rouen. The map, entitled Rouen, is mainly city and offers fierce city fighting, much like that seen in ].
* In the '']'' series of fighting games, ], a playable character, is explained as being born in Rouen. Interestingly, his fighting style involves an English ]. His adopted daughter ] is also from Rouen, having been a ] living there.
* Rouen appears as an important location to protagonist Alice Elliot in the game '']''.
* The '']'' Grand Prix circuit is featured in both '']'' and '']''.
* The PC adventure game ] starts in Rouen.


==Heraldry== ==Heraldry==
{{Blazon-arms {{Blazon-arms
| img1=Blason Rouen 76.svg | img1=Arms of Rouen.svg
| legend1=Arms of Rouen | legend1=Arms of Rouen
| text=The arms of Rouen are ]ed :<br />Gules, a ], haloed and contorny, holding a banner argent charged with a cross Or, and on a chief azure, 3 ] Or</blockquote> | text=The arms of Rouen are ]ed :<br />Gules, a ], haloed and contorny, holding a banner argent charged with a cross Or, and on a chief azure, 3 ] Or
This may be rendered, "On a red background a haloed white pascal lamb looking back over its shoulder (''contorny'') holds a white banner bearing a gold cross; above, a broad blue band across the top bears 3 gold fleurs de lis".<br> This may be rendered, "On a red background a haloed white pascal lamb looking back over its shoulder (''contorny'') holds a white banner bearing a gold cross; above, a broad blue band across the top bears 3 gold fleurs de lis".<br>
Note that on the front of the "Grand Poste" (rue Jeanne d'Arc), the banner is charged with a leopard (i.e. the lion passant seen on Norman and English arms). This was the official seal of Rouen at the beginning of the 12th century, before Normandy was incorporated into Capetian France On the front of the "Grand Poste" (rue Jeanne d'Arc), the banner is charged with a leopard (the lion passant seen on Norman and English arms). This was the official seal of Rouen at the beginning of the 12th century, before Normandy was incorporated into Capetian France.
}} }}


==See also== ==See also==
* ] * ]
* {{ill|Cafetière du Belloy|de|Seihkanne}}, also known as French drip coffee pot, invented in Rouen
* ]
* {{ill|François Antoine Henri Descroizilles|de}}, a Rouen-based inventor
* ], sculptor of two of the statues on the Pont Boieldieu in Rouen
* ], a Catholic saint
* ]
* ]
* ], public thoroughfare in Rouen named after a 934 medieval battle.


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}}
*

===Notes===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


==External links== ==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.rouen76.fr}} {{in lang|fr}}
{{Commons}}
* {{fr}}
* {{fr}}
* {{fr}}
* {{en}}
* {{en}} , by Théodore Licquet, 1840, from ]


{{Sister bar|auto=y}}
{{Cities in France}}
{{Préfectures of départements of France}} {{Préfectures of départements of France}}
{{Préfectures of régions of France}} {{Prefectures of regions of France}}
{{Seine-Maritime communes}} {{Seine-Maritime communes}}


{{Authority control}}

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Latest revision as of 16:17, 23 December 2024

Prefecture and commune in Normandy, France This article is about the capital of Normandy. For other uses, see Rouen (disambiguation).

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Prefecture and commune in Normandy, France
Rouen
Prefecture and commune
From left to right, top to bottom: partial view of the city and the Seine from Côte Sainte-Catherine; the courthouse; Place du Vieux-Marché; rue du Gros-Horloge, at night; Rouen Cathedral; the National Museum of Education; sailboats during the 2019 edition of the Armada; the Gustave-Flaubert Bridge.From left to right, top to bottom: partial view of the city and the Seine from Côte Sainte-Catherine; the courthouse; Place du Vieux-Marché; rue du Gros-Horloge, at night; Rouen Cathedral; the National Museum of Education; sailboats during the 2019 edition of the Armada; the Gustave-Flaubert Bridge.
Flag of RouenFlagCoat of arms of RouenCoat of arms
Location of Rouen
Rouen is located in FranceRouenRouenShow map of FranceRouen is located in NormandyRouenRouenShow map of Normandy
Coordinates: 49°26′34″N 01°05′19″E / 49.44278°N 1.08861°E / 49.44278; 1.08861
CountryFrance
RegionNormandy
DepartmentSeine-Maritime
ArrondissementRouen
Canton3 cantons
IntercommunalityMétropole Rouen Normandie
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Nicolas Mayer-Rossignol (PS)
Area21.38 km (8.25 sq mi)
 • Urban461.1 km (178.0 sq mi)
 • Metro2,792.2 km (1,078.1 sq mi)
Population114,083
 • Rank36th in France
 • Density5,300/km (14,000/sq mi)
 • Urban470,369
 • Urban density1,000/km (2,600/sq mi)
 • Metro702,945
 • Metro density250/km (650/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code76540 /
Websitewww.rouen.fr
French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Rouen (UK: /ˈruːɒ̃, ˈruːɒn/, US: /ruːˈɒ̃, ruːˈɒn/; French: [ʁwɑ̃] or [ʁu.ɑ̃]) is a city on the River Seine, in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the region of Normandy and the department of Seine-Maritime. Formerly one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe, the population of the metropolitan area (French: aire d'attraction) is 702,945 (2018). People from Rouen are known as Rouennais.

Rouen was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy during the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman and Angevin dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. From the 13th century onwards, the city experienced a remarkable economic boom, thanks in particular to the development of textile factories and river trade. Claimed by both the French and the English during the Hundred Years' War, it was on its soil that Joan of Arc was tried and burned alive on 30 May 1431. Severely damaged by the wave of bombing in 1944, it nevertheless regained its economic dynamism in the post-war period thanks to its industrial sites and its large seaport, which merged with the ports of Le Havre and Paris in 2021 to form the HAROPA Port.

Endowed with a prestige established during the medieval era, and with a long architectural heritage in its historical monuments, Rouen is an important cultural capital. Several renowned establishments are located here, such as the Museum of Fine Arts, Le Secq des Tournelles museum, and Rouen Cathedral.

Seat of an archdiocese, it also hosts a court of appeal and a university. Every four to six years, Rouen becomes the showcase for a large gathering of sailing ships called "L'Armada"; this event makes the city an occasional capital of the maritime world.

History

Main article: History of Rouen For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Rouen.

Rouen was founded by the Gaulish tribe of the Veliocasses, who controlled a large area in the lower Seine valley. They called it Ratumacos; the Romans called it Rotomagus. It was considered the second city of Gallia Lugdunensis after Lugdunum (Lyon) itself. Under the reorganization of Diocletian, Rouen was the chief city of the divided province Gallia Lugdunensis II and reached the apogee of its Roman development, with an amphitheatre and thermae of which foundations remain. In the 5th century, it became the seat of a bishopric and later a capital of Merovingian Neustria.

From their first incursion into the lower valley of the Seine in 841, the Normans overran Rouen. From 912, Rouen was the capital of the Duchy of Normandy and residence of the local dukes, until William the Conqueror moved his residence to Caen. In 1150, Rouen received its founding charter which permitted self-government.

During the 12th century, Rouen was the site of a yeshiva known as La Maison Sublime. Discovered in 1976, it is now a museum. At that time, about 6,000 Jews lived in the town, comprising about 20% of the population.

On 24 June 1204, King Philip II Augustus of France entered Rouen and definitively annexed Normandy to the French Kingdom. He demolished the Norman castle and replaced it with his own, the Château Bouvreuil, built on the site of the Gallo-Roman amphitheatre. A textile industry developed based on wool imported from England, for which the cities of Flanders and Brabant were constantly competitors, and finding its market in the Champagne fairs. Rouen also depended for its prosperity on the river traffic of the Seine, on which it enjoyed a monopoly that reached as far upstream as Paris.

In the 13th and 14th centuries urban strife threatened the city: in 1291, the mayor was assassinated and noble residences in the city were pillaged. Philip IV reimposed order and suppressed the city's charter and the lucrative monopoly on river traffic, but he was quite willing to allow the Rouennais to repurchase their old liberties in 1294. In 1306, he decided to expel the Jewish community of Rouen, then numbering some five or six thousand. In 1389, another urban revolt of the underclass occurred, the Harelle. It was suppressed with the withdrawal of Rouen's charter and river-traffic privileges once more.

During the Hundred Years' War, on 19 January 1419, Rouen surrendered after a long siege to Henry V of England, who annexed Normandy once again to the Plantagenet domains. Rouen did not go quietly: Alain Blanchard hanged English prisoners from the walls, for which he was summarily executed after the city surrendered, while Canon and Vicar General of Rouen Robert de Livet became a hero for excommunicating the English king, resulting in de Livet's imprisonment for five years in England. Joan of Arc, who supported a return to French rule, was burned at the stake on 30 May 1431 in this city, where most inhabitants supported the duke of Burgundy, the French king's enemy. The king of France, Charles VII, recaptured the town in 1449.

Rouen was staunchly Catholic during the French Wars of Religion, and underwent an unsuccessful five-month siege in 1591/2 by the Protestant King Henry IV of France and an English force commanded by the Earl of Essex. A brief account by an English participant has survived. See 'Memoirs of Robert Carey', (F.H.Mares (ed.), Oxford, 1972), pp. 18–21.

The first competitive motor race ran from Paris to Rouen in 1894.

During the German occupation in World War II, the Kriegsmarine had its headquarters located in a chateau on what is now the Rouen Business School. The city was heavily damaged during the same war on D-day, and its famed cathedral was almost destroyed by Allied bombs.

Main sights

Left to right: St Ouen, Notre Dame, St Maclou

Rouen is known for Rouen Cathedral, with its Tour de Beurre (butter tower) financed by the sale of indulgences for the consumption of butter during Lent. The cathedral's gothic façade (completed in the 16th century) was the subject of a series of paintings by Claude Monet, some of which are exhibited in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris.

The Gros Horloge is an astronomical clock dating back to the 14th century. It is located in the Gros Horloge street.

Place Barthélémy with the church St Maclou, 360°-panorama 2019
(view as a 360° interactive panorama)

Other famous structures include Rouen Castle, whose keep is known as the tour Jeanne d'Arc, where Joan of Arc was brought in 1431 to be threatened with torture (contrary to popular belief, she was not imprisoned there but in the tour de lady Pucelle(since destroyed); the Church of Saint Ouen (12th–15th century); the Palais de Justice, which was once the seat of the Parlement (French court of law) of Normandy; the Gothic Church of St Maclou (15th century); and the Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics which contains a splendid collection of faïence and porcelain for which Rouen was renowned during the 16th to 18th centuries. Rouen is also noted for its surviving half-timbered buildings.

There are many museums in Rouen: the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, an art museum with paintings by well-known artists such as Claude Monet and Géricault; the Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire, a museum on the history of the port of Rouen and navigation; Musée des antiquités, an art and history museum with local works from the Bronze Age through the Renaissance, the Musée de la céramique, the Museum of Natural History, founded in 1834 and re-opened in 2007, and the Musée Le Secq des Tournelles, which houses various collections of objects.

The Jardin des Plantes de Rouen is a notable botanical garden once owned by Scottish banker John Law, dating from 1840 in its present form. It was the site of Élisa Garnerin's parachute jump from a balloon in 1817. There is also a park and garden at the Champs de Mars, to the east of the city centre. The Paris–Rouen motor race of 1894, Le Petit Journal Horseless Carriages Contest, ended at the Champs de Mars.

In the centre of the Place du Vieux Marché (the site of Joan of Arc's pyre) is the modern church of St Joan of Arc. This is a large, modern structure which dominates the square. The form of the building represents an upturned Viking boat and a fish shape.

Rouen was also home to the French Grand Prix, hosting the race at the nearby Rouen-Les-Essarts track sporadically between 1952 and 1968. In 1999 Rouen authorities demolished the grandstands and other remnants of Rouen's racing past. Today, little remains beyond the public roads that formed the circuit.

Rouen has an opera house, whose formal name is "Rouen Normandy Opera House – Theatre of Arts" (in French: Opéra de Rouen Normandie – Théâtre des arts).

Climate

Rouen has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).

Climate data for Rouen (URO), elevation: 151 m (495 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1968–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3)
19.7
(67.5)
24.4
(75.9)
27.4
(81.3)
30.0
(86.0)
36.0
(96.8)
41.3
(106.3)
38.4
(101.1)
34.3
(93.7)
28.3
(82.9)
20.3
(68.5)
15.6
(60.1)
41.3
(106.3)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0)
14.1
(57.4)
18.4
(65.1)
22.6
(72.7)
26.0
(78.8)
29.8
(85.6)
32.2
(90.0)
31.7
(89.1)
27.3
(81.1)
21.6
(70.9)
16.3
(61.3)
13.0
(55.4)
33.5
(92.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4)
7.9
(46.2)
11.4
(52.5)
14.8
(58.6)
17.9
(64.2)
21.1
(70.0)
23.4
(74.1)
23.4
(74.1)
20.1
(68.2)
15.4
(59.7)
10.4
(50.7)
7.3
(45.1)
15.0
(59.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.3
(39.7)
4.8
(40.6)
7.5
(45.5)
10.0
(50.0)
13.1
(55.6)
16.1
(61.0)
18.2
(64.8)
18.2
(64.8)
15.3
(59.5)
11.7
(53.1)
7.5
(45.5)
4.7
(40.5)
11.0
(51.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9)
1.6
(34.9)
3.5
(38.3)
5.2
(41.4)
8.3
(46.9)
11.1
(52.0)
13.0
(55.4)
13.1
(55.6)
10.6
(51.1)
8.0
(46.4)
4.6
(40.3)
2.1
(35.8)
6.9
(44.4)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −6.0
(21.2)
−5.3
(22.5)
−2.4
(27.7)
−0.6
(30.9)
2.6
(36.7)
5.7
(42.3)
8.1
(46.6)
7.9
(46.2)
5.3
(41.5)
1.4
(34.5)
2.2
(36.0)
−4.6
(23.7)
−7.9
(17.8)
Record low °C (°F) −17.1
(1.2)
−13.4
(7.9)
−10.4
(13.3)
−4.8
(23.4)
−2.2
(28.0)
1.1
(34.0)
5.9
(42.6)
5.0
(41.0)
2.1
(35.8)
−3.2
(26.2)
−8.3
(17.1)
−11.3
(11.7)
−17.1
(1.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 75.6
(2.98)
65.0
(2.56)
61.6
(2.43)
55.9
(2.20)
67.2
(2.65)
64.3
(2.53)
64.4
(2.54)
69.8
(2.75)
62.1
(2.44)
79.4
(3.13)
80.4
(3.17)
101.8
(4.01)
847.5
(33.37)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.8 11.5 10.9 10.0 10.7 9.4 9.0 9.6 9.3 12.7 13.1 14.1 134.0
Average relative humidity (%) 90 86 83 78 79 80 79 80 84 89 90 91 84
Mean monthly sunshine hours 52.2 76.6 119.3 164.6 182.2 196.6 199.5 190.1 159.1 107.6 57.8 48.9 1,554.4
Source 1: Meteo France
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)

Transport

Main article: Transport in Rouen

Mainline trains operate from Gare de Rouen-Rive-Droite to Le Havre and Paris, and regional trains to Caen, Dieppe and other local destinations in Normandy. Daily direct trains operate to Amiens and Lille, and direct TGVs (high-speed trains) connect daily with Lyon and Marseille.

City transportation in Rouen consists of a tram and a bus system. The tramway branches into two lines out of a tunnel under the city centre. Rouen is also served by TEOR (Transport Est-Ouest Rouennais) and by buses run in conjunction with the tramway by TCAR (Transports en commun de l'agglomération rouennaise), a subsidiary of Transdev.

Rouen has its own airport.

The Seine is a major axis for maritime cargo links in the Port of Rouen. The Cross-Channel ferry ports of Caen, Le Havre, Dieppe (50 minutes) and Calais, and the Channel Tunnel are within easy driving distance (two and a half hours or less).

Gros-Horloge
The tramway

Administration

Hôtel de Ville

Rouen and its metropolitan area of 70 suburban communes form the Métropole Rouen Normandie, with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these suburbs are Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, Le Grand-Quevilly, Le Petit-Quevilly, and Mont-Saint-Aignan, each with a population exceeding 20,000. The city council is based at the Hôtel de Ville.

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 84,323—    
1800 80,755−0.62%
1806 86,672+1.19%
1821 86,736+0.00%
1831 88,086+0.15%
1836 92,083+0.89%
1841 96,002+0.84%
1846 99,295+0.68%
1851 100,265+0.19%
1856 103,223+0.58%
1861 102,649−0.11%
1866 100,671−0.39%
1872 102,470+0.30%
1876 104,902+0.59%
1881 105,906+0.19%
1886 107,163+0.24%
1891 112,352+0.95%
1896 113,219+0.15%
1901 116,316+0.54%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1906 118,459+0.37%
1911 124,987+1.08%
1921 123,712−0.10%
1926 122,898−0.13%
1931 122,957+0.01%
1936 122,832−0.02%
1946 107,739−1.30%
1954 116,540+0.99%
1962 120,857+0.46%
1968 120,471−0.05%
1975 114,834−0.68%
1982 101,945−1.69%
1990 102,723+0.10%
1999 106,592+0.41%
2007 108,569+0.23%
2012 111,557+0.54%
2017 110,145−0.25%
2021 114,083+0.88%
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2021)

Education

The main schools of higher education are the University of Rouen and NEOMA Business School (former École Supérieure de Commerce de Rouen), Unilasalle (agronomy and agriculture), both located at nearby Mont-Saint-Aignan, and the INSA Rouen, ESIGELEC, ESITech and the CESI, the three at nearby Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray.

Culture

The main opera company in Rouen is the Opéra de Rouen – Normandie. The company performs in the Théâtre des Arts, 7 rue du Docteur Rambert. The company presents opera, classical and other types of music, both vocal and instrumental, as well as dance performances. Every five years, the city hosts the large maritime exposition, L'Armada.

The city is represented by Quevilly-Rouen football club, currently in the Championnat National. Officially called Union Sportive Quevillaise-Rouen Métropole, the club play at the 12.018 capacity Stade Robert Diochon in nearby Le Petit-Quevilly. Rouen Normandie Rugby represent the city in Rugby Union. One of few professional rugby teams from northern France, Rouen Normandie Rugby, currently play in the second-tier Pro D2. Dragons de Rouen, an ice hockey club, play in the top-tier Ligue Magnus at the Île Lacroix arena. Baseball is also played in the city at Stade Saint Exupéry. The local team, Huskies de Rouen play in the top French tier, they also play some games in European competition.

Notable residents

King Edward IV
Pierre Corneille
Thomas Corneille
Jean Jouvenet
Jean Restout
Gustave Flaubert, 1865
A class at the Lycée Pierre-Corneille, Rouen 1902, artists Robert Antoine Pinchon (second row, right) and Marcel Duchamp (third row, left)
Salon des Artistes Rouennais, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, c. 1930
François Hollande, 2017

Rouen was the birthplace of:

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Rouen is twinned with:

Artist Arne Quinze

Sculpture

During the second half of the 20th century, several sculptures by Jean-Yves Lechevallier were erected in the city. Inaugurated in 2010, the Rouen Impressionnée hosted the contemporary urban (re)development installation sculpture 'Camille' by Belgian artist Arne Quinze. Quinze's use of interlocking systems in sculpture employ wood, concrete, paint and metal. The Quasi-Quinze method of sculpture utilizes structural integrity and randomness as key elements for 'Camille'. Located on the Boieldieu Bridge in the center of Rouen, this intentional location was chosen by the artist to magnify the historical separation of its city's citizens.

Fleurs d'eau, by Jean-Yves Lechevallier

Representations in art

Rouen Cathedral, Full Sunlight, by Claude Monet, 1894.

Rouen Cathedral is the subject of a series of paintings by the Impressionist painter Claude Monet, who painted the same scene at different times of the day. Two paintings are in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.; two are in the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow; one is in the National Museum of Serbia in Belgrade. The estimated value of one painting is over $40 million.

Heraldry

Arms of Rouen
Arms of Rouen
The arms of Rouen are blazoned :
Gules, a pascal lamb, haloed and contorny, holding a banner argent charged with a cross Or, and on a chief azure, 3 fleurs de lys Or

This may be rendered, "On a red background a haloed white pascal lamb looking back over its shoulder (contorny) holds a white banner bearing a gold cross; above, a broad blue band across the top bears 3 gold fleurs de lis".
On the front of the "Grand Poste" (rue Jeanne d'Arc), the banner is charged with a leopard (the lion passant seen on Norman and English arms). This was the official seal of Rouen at the beginning of the 12th century, before Normandy was incorporated into Capetian France.



See also

References

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