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{{Short description|Nazi concentration camp in Estonia}}
'''Jägala concentration camp''' was a ] ] near the village of ], ]. It was established in 1942 and was commanded by ], an ].<ref name="historycommission"></ref>
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
⚫ {{Infobox concentration camp
| name = Jägala concentration camp
| image = Kalevi-Liiva_memorial.jpg
| image size =
| caption = Kalevi-Liiva Memorial to extermination camp victims (1942–1943)
| alt =
| location map = Estonia
| map label = Jägala
| map relief = 1
| map alt =
| map caption = Location of Jägala in Estonia
| coordinates = {{coord|source:Wikidata|format=dms|display=it}}| other names =
| known for =
| location =
| built by =
| operated by =
| original use =
| companies involved =
| construction =
| in operation = 1942–1943
| gas chambers =
| prisoner type =
| inmates =
| killed =
| liberated by =
| notable inmates =
| notable books =
| website =
}}
'''Jägala concentration camp''' was a ] of the ] during the ]. The camp was established in August 1942 on a former artillery range of the ] near the village of ]. It existed from August 1942 to August 1943. ], an ], was appointed by ''SS-Sturmbannführer'' ] of Group B of the Estonian Security Police to command the camp with ] as assistant.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maripuu |first1=Meelis |author-link1=<!-- Meelis Maripuu, unlike that notable, as of 2021 --> |editor1-first=Toomas |editor1-last=Hiio |editor1-link=Toomas Hiio |others=Meelis Maripuu, Indrek Paavle |title=Estonia 1940–1945. Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity |url=http://www.mnemosyne.ee/hc.ee/pdf/title.pdf |access-date=23 November 2010 |year=2006 |publisher=Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity |location=Tallinn |isbn=9949-13-040-9 |pages=705–715 |chapter=Annihilation of Czech and German Jews in Estonia in 1942-1943 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720125431/http://www.mnemosyne.ee/hc.ee/pdf/title.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="historycommission" />


Based upon an old army barracks at Jägala, the site was turned into a camp with the addition of some barbed wire fencing. Jägala was officially a "labour education camp" or "Arbeits und Erziehungslager" for forced forestry and field workers.<ref>Weiss-Wendt, p237</ref> The camp housed ] deported to Estonia from other countries,<ref name="weiss" /> including ], ], ] and ]. About 3,000 Jews who were not selected for work at their arrival at ] railway station were taken driectly from the station and shot at the near-by ] extermination site.<ref name="historycommission"/> Officially Jägala was a "labour education camp" or "Arbeitserziehungslager" for forced forestry and field workers.<ref name="WW237">Weiss-Wendt, p237</ref> The camp housed ] deported to Estonia from other countries,<ref name="weiss" /> including ], ], Germany and ]. About 3,000 Jews who were not selected for work at their arrival at ] railway station were taken directly from the station and shot at the nearby ] extermination site.<ref name="historycommission"/>


The camp never held more than 200 prisoners and had a short life span of several months.<ref name="weiss" /> In November 1942 it was reported that the camp held 53 men and 150 women.<ref>Weiss-Wendt, p237</ref> Most of the prisoners were progressively transported to Tallinn Central Prison starting with about half of the prisoners moved in December 1942 and many more in June and July.<ref>Weiss-Wendt, p237</ref> By August 1943 the camp was closed when most of the remaining inmates were shot.<ref name="historycommission"/> Several diseased prisoners were shot at the Jägala camp while about 15 hospitalised prisoners were sent to Kalevi-Liiva to be executed, Laak also killed three women, one of them his sex slave; the camp was then dismantled by September 1943<ref>Weiss-Wendt, p238</ref>. The camp never held more than 200 prisoners and had a short life span of several months.<ref name="weiss" /> In November 1942 it was reported that the camp held 53 men and 150 women.<ref name="WW237"/> Most of the prisoners were eventually transferred to {{ill|Tallinn Central Prison|et|Tallinna Keskvangla}} starting with about half of the prisoners moved in December 1942 and the rest in June and July.<ref name="WW237"/> By August 1943 the camp was closed and most of the remaining inmates were shot.<ref name="historycommission"/> Several sick prisoners were shot at the Jägala camp while about 15 hospitalised prisoners were sent to Kalevi-Liiva to be executed, Laak also killed three women, one of them his sex slave; the camp was then dismantled by September 1943.<ref>Weiss-Wendt, p238</ref>


The estimates for the number of killed at Jägala concentration camp vary. ] concluded that 2,000-3,000 were killed in Jägala and ] taken together, but the number 5,000 (as determined by the ] in 1944) was written into the verdict.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kul.ee/index.php?path=40&DocID=215|title=Ülevaade juutide tapmisest Eesti territooriumil asunud laagrites|last=Hiio|first=Toomas|coauthors=Meelis Maripuu|publisher=]|language=Estonian|accessdate=13 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="Ekspress">{{cite news|url=http://www.ekspress.ee/news/paevauudised/valisuudised/juudid-pidasid-kalevi-liiva-koonduslaagri-komandandi-ule-omakohut.d?id=27679795|title=Juudid pidasid Kalevi-Liiva koonduslaagri komandandi üle omakohut|date=29 July 2008|work=]}}</ref> The estimates for the number of killed at Jägala concentration camp vary. ] concluded that 2,000-3,000 were killed in Jägala and ] taken together, but the number 5,000 (as determined by the ] in 1944) was written into the verdict.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kul.ee/index.php?path=40&DocID=215|title=Ülevaade juutide tapmisest Eesti territooriumil asunud laagrites|last=Hiio|first=Toomas|author2=Meelis Maripuu|publisher=]|language=et|access-date=13 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="Ekspress">{{cite news|url=http://www.ekspress.ee/news/paevauudised/valisuudised/juudid-pidasid-kalevi-liiva-koonduslaagri-komandandi-ule-omakohut.d?id=27679795|title=Juudid pidasid Kalevi-Liiva koonduslaagri komandandi üle omakohut|date=29 July 2008|work=]|access-date=14 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310003617/http://www.ekspress.ee/news/paevauudised/valisuudised/juudid-pidasid-kalevi-liiva-koonduslaagri-komandandi-ule-omakohut.d?id=27679795|archive-date=10 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>


In modern sources, the number 10,000 occurs.<ref name="historycommission">{{cite web|url=http://www.mnemosyne.ee/hc.ee/pdf/conclusions_en_1941-1944.pdf|title=PHASE II : THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF ESTONIA IN 1941–1944|work=]|accessdate=13 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="estonica">{{cite web|url=http://www.estonica.org/en/Holocaust_in_Estonia/|title=Holocaust in Estonia|last=Kaasik|first=Peeter|date=2010-05-28|work=]|accessdate=13 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vnl.ee/artikkel.php?id=1055|title=Komisjon: 20.000 juudi hukkamine Eestis pole tõendatud|date=2004-09-20|work=Virumaa Nädalaleht|language=Estonian|accessdate=13 August 2010}}</ref> However, ] and estimates of scholars place the number of total Jewish victims in Estonia during 1941-1944 around 8,500.<ref name="weiss">{{cite book|last=Weiss-Wendt|first=Anton|title=Murder Without Hatred: Estonians and the Holocaust (Religion, Theology, and the Holocaust)|date=2009-06-30|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0815632283|page=351}}</ref><ref>e.g. ] Handbuch des Antisemitismus: Judenfeindschaft in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Volume 1. 2008. S 111.</ref> According to ], the total number of people murdered by Nazis in Estonia during the occupation was 31,028.<ref name="weiss"/> In modern sources, the number 10,000{{Clarify|date=October 2010}} occurs.<ref name="historycommission">{{cite web|url=http://www.mnemosyne.ee/hc.ee/pdf/conclusions_en_1941-1944.pdf|title=PHASE II : THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF ESTONIA IN 1941–1944|work=]|access-date=13 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720125412/http://www.mnemosyne.ee/hc.ee/pdf/conclusions_en_1941-1944.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="estonica">{{cite web|url=http://www.estonica.org/en/Holocaust_in_Estonia/|title=Holocaust in Estonia|last=Kaasik|first=Peeter|date=28 May 2010|work=]|access-date=13 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vnl.ee/artikkel.php?id=1055|title=Komisjon: 20.000 juudi hukkamine Eestis pole tõendatud|date=20 September 2004|work=Virumaa Nädalaleht|language=et|access-date=13 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132806/http://www.vnl.ee/artikkel.php?id=1055|archive-date=13 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, ] and estimates of scholars place the number of total Jewish victims in Estonia during 1941-1944 around 8,500.<ref name="weiss">{{cite book|last=Weiss-Wendt|first=Anton|author-link = Anton Weiss-Wendt|title=Murder Without Hatred: Estonians and the Holocaust (Religion, Theology, and the Holocaust)|date=30 June 2009|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3228-3|page=351}}</ref><ref>e.g. ] Handbuch des Antisemitismus: Judenfeindschaft in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Volume 1. 2008. S 111.</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Estonia|Germany}}
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* ]
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* ]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|2}} {{reflist}}


{{Holocaust Estonia}} {{Holocaust Estonia}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagala Concentration Camp}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jagala Concentration Camp}}
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Latest revision as of 01:03, 10 April 2024

Nazi concentration camp in Estonia

Jägala concentration camp
Concentration camp
Kalevi-Liiva Memorial to extermination camp victims (1942–1943)
Jägala is located in EstoniaJägalaJägalaLocation of Jägala in Estonia
Coordinates59°25′N 25°14′E / 59.42°N 25.24°E / 59.42; 25.24
Operational1942–1943

Jägala concentration camp was a labour camp of the Estonian Security Police and SD during the German occupation of Estonia during World War II. The camp was established in August 1942 on a former artillery range of the Estonian Army near the village of Jägala, Estonia. It existed from August 1942 to August 1943. Aleksander Laak, an Estonian, was appointed by SS-Sturmbannführer Ain-Ervin Mere of Group B of the Estonian Security Police to command the camp with Ralf Gerrets as assistant.

Officially Jägala was a "labour education camp" or "Arbeitserziehungslager" for forced forestry and field workers. The camp housed Jews deported to Estonia from other countries, including Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Germany and Poland. About 3,000 Jews who were not selected for work at their arrival at Raasiku railway station were taken directly from the station and shot at the nearby Kalevi-Liiva extermination site.

The camp never held more than 200 prisoners and had a short life span of several months. In November 1942 it was reported that the camp held 53 men and 150 women. Most of the prisoners were eventually transferred to Tallinn Central Prison [et] starting with about half of the prisoners moved in December 1942 and the rest in June and July. By August 1943 the camp was closed and most of the remaining inmates were shot. Several sick prisoners were shot at the Jägala camp while about 15 hospitalised prisoners were sent to Kalevi-Liiva to be executed, Laak also killed three women, one of them his sex slave; the camp was then dismantled by September 1943.

The estimates for the number of killed at Jägala concentration camp vary. Soviet investigators concluded that 2,000-3,000 were killed in Jägala and Kalevi-Liiva taken together, but the number 5,000 (as determined by the Extraordinary State Commission in 1944) was written into the verdict.

In modern sources, the number 10,000 occurs. However, Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity and estimates of scholars place the number of total Jewish victims in Estonia during 1941-1944 around 8,500.

See also

Portals:

References

  1. Maripuu, Meelis (2006). "Annihilation of Czech and German Jews in Estonia in 1942-1943". In Hiio, Toomas (ed.). Estonia 1940–1945. Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity (PDF). Meelis Maripuu, Indrek Paavle. Tallinn: Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. pp. 705–715. ISBN 9949-13-040-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
  2. ^ "PHASE II : THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF ESTONIA IN 1941–1944" (PDF). Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  3. ^ Weiss-Wendt, p237
  4. ^ Weiss-Wendt, Anton (30 June 2009). Murder Without Hatred: Estonians and the Holocaust (Religion, Theology, and the Holocaust). Syracuse University Press. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-8156-3228-3.
  5. Weiss-Wendt, p238
  6. Hiio, Toomas; Meelis Maripuu. "Ülevaade juutide tapmisest Eesti territooriumil asunud laagrites" (in Estonian). Estonian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  7. "Juudid pidasid Kalevi-Liiva koonduslaagri komandandi üle omakohut". Eesti Ekspress. 29 July 2008. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
  8. Kaasik, Peeter (28 May 2010). "Holocaust in Estonia". Estonica. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  9. "Komisjon: 20.000 juudi hukkamine Eestis pole tõendatud". Virumaa Nädalaleht (in Estonian). 20 September 2004. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  10. e.g. Wolfgang Benz Handbuch des Antisemitismus: Judenfeindschaft in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Volume 1. 2008. S 111.
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