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{{short description|Acts of terrorism carried out by adherents of communist ideologies}}
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{{Terrorism}}
{{Expert-subject|History|date=January 2010}}
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{{Terrorism}}
'''Communist terrorism''' is ] perpetrated by individuals or groups which adhere to ] and ], such as ], ], and ]. Historically, communist terrorism has sometimes taken the form of ], supported by ] such as the ],<ref name="Gellately, Robert. Kiernan, Ben.">Fleming pp110</ref><ref name="Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin 3">Chaliand page 197/202</ref> China,<ref name="Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin 3" /> ]<ref name="Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin 3" /> and ].<ref name="Kenton J. Clymer">Clymer page 107</ref> In addition, ] such as the ], the ] and the ] have also engaged in communist terrorism.<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 1">C. J. M. Drake page 19</ref><ref name="Sloan, Stephen">Sloan pp61</ref> These groups hope to inspire ] to rise up and start a ] to overthrow existing political and economic systems.<ref name="Yonah, Alexander 3">Yonah ppIX</ref> This form of terrorism can sometimes be called red terrorism or ].<ref>{{Citation|last=Grzymala-Busse|first=Anna M.|chapter=CONVINCING THE VOTERS: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS|pages=175–226|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780511613388|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511613388.005|title=Redeeming the Communist Past|year=2002}}</ref>


The end of the ] and the ] have been credited with leading to a notable decline in this form of terrorism.<ref name="David C. Wills">David C. Wills page 219</ref>
Many Orthodox Communists have emphasized revolution over reform and offered a vision of the working classes sweeping away the capitalist system. Some of these communist movements and parties had adopted armed struggle and seen terrorism as a viable option; on the other hand some dissident leftist terrorist organisations, such as some of those in Western democracies, had little faith in the working classes, believing them to have been corrupted and sometimes argued that "liberating violence" was necessary to spur the revolution on.<ref>Martin, pages 223-4</ref>


==History and ideology of Communist terrorism== ==History==
In the 1930s, the term "communist terrorism" was used by the ] in Germany as part of a ] campaign to spread fear of communism. The Nazis blamed communist terrorism for the ], which they used as an excuse to push through legislation removing personal freedom from German citizens.<ref name="Conway John S.">Conway pp17</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2011}}<ref name="Gadberry, Glen W.">Gadberry pp7</ref> In the 1940s and 1950s, various ]n countries, such as the ] and ], witnessed the rise of communist groups engaging in terrorism. John Slocum claimed that communists in present-day ] used terrorism to draw attention to their ideological beliefs,<ref name="Slocum, John David.">Slocum pp75</ref> but Phillip Deery countered that the Malaysian insurgents were called communist terrorists only as part of a propaganda campaign.<ref>Phillip Deery. The Terminology of Terrorism: Malaya, 1948–52. ''Journal of Southeast Asia Studies'', Vol. 34, No. 2 (June 2003), pp. 231–247.</ref>
===Origin of Communist terrorism===
German Social Democrat ] and other authors trace the origins of Communist ] to the "]" of the ].<ref name="Kautsky"> by ]. Kautsky said: "It is, in fact, a widely spread idea that ] belongs to the very essence of ], and that whoever wants a revolution must somehow come to some sort of terms with terrorism. As proof of this assertion, over and over again the great French Revolution has been cited." (Chapter 1)</ref><ref>] by ]</ref>


In the 1960s, the ] (between two communist states) led to a marked increase in terrorist activity in the region.<ref name="Weinberg, Leonard">Weinberg pp14</ref> That decade also saw various terrorist groups commencing operations in Europe, Japan, and the ]. ] deemed these groups Fighting Communist Organizations (FCOs),<ref name="Alexander Yonah 1">Alexander pp16</ref><ref name="Harmon, Christopher C.">Harmon pp13</ref> and says they rose out of the ] protesting against the ]. In ], these groups' actions were known as Euroterrorism.<ref name="Harmon, Christopher C. 2">Harmon pp58</ref> The founders of FCOs argued that violence was necessary to achieve their goals, and that peaceful protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them.<ref name="C. J. M. Drake 2">Drake pp102</ref><ref name= "Enders Walter. Sandler Todd.">Sandler pp10</ref> In the 1970s, there were an estimated 50 ] or Leninist groups operating in Turkey, and an estimated 225 groups operating in Italy. Groups also began operations in Ireland and the United Kingdom.<ref name="Alexander Yonah 2">Alexander pp51-52</ref> These groups were deemed a major threat by ] and the Italian, German, and British governments.<ref name="Paoletti, Ciro">Paoletti p202</ref> Communist terrorism did not enjoy full support from all ideologically sympathetic groups. The ], for example, condemned such activity.<ref>Richard Drake. Terrorism and the Decline of Italian Communism: Domestic and International Dimensions. ''Journal of Cold War Studies'', Volume 12, Number 2, Spring 2010 1531–3298</ref>
===Views of Marxist theoreticians and leaders===
According to a quotation attributed to ], "There is only one way to shorten and ease the convulsions of the old society and the bloody birth pangs of the new - revolutionary terror."'<ref name="Radzinsky">] ''Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives'' (1997) ISBN 0-385-47954-9</ref> ] wrote a '']'' "Terror is the quickest way to new society" beside this passage in a book by Marx<ref name="Radzinsky"/>. Marx also believed that "The present generation resembles the Jews whom Moses led through the wilderness. It must not only conquer a new world, it must also ''perish'' in order to make a room for the people who are fit for a new world."<ref name="Pipes"> ] Communism: A History (2001) ISBN 0-812-96864-6, pages 74-75.</ref>


==Background==
], ] and other leading ] ideologists recognized mass terror as a necessary weapon during the ] and the resulting ]. In his book "''Defence of Terrorism''" Trotsky emphasized that "...the historical tenacity of the bourgeoisie is colossal... We are forced to tear off this class and chop it away. The ] is a weapon used against a class that, despite being doomed to destruction, does not want to perish." <ref> "Black book of Communism", page 749</ref>. On the other hand, they opposed to ''individual terror'', which has been used earlier by ] organization. According to Trotsky, "The damaging of machines by workers, for example, is terrorism in this strict sense of the word. The killing of an employer, a threat to ] or a death threat to its owner, an ], with revolver in hand, against a government minister—all these are terrorist acts in the full and authentic sense. However, anyone who has an idea of the true nature of international ] ought to know that it has always opposed ''this kind'' of terrorism and does so in the most irreconcilable way."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1911/11/tia09.htm|title=Why Marxists Oppose Individual Terrorism|publisher=]|author=]|month=November | year=1911}}</ref>
{{see also|Dictatorship of the proletariat}}
While ] systematically denounced the terrorism practiced by the ], he also supported terror as a tool, and considered mass terror to be a strategic and efficient method for advancing revolutionary goals.<ref name='Chaliand'/> According to ], Lenin emphasized the absolute necessity of terror and as early as 1904, Lenin said, "The ] is an absolutely meaningless expression without ] coercion."<ref name="Dallin 1970 10">{{cite book |title=Political terror in communist systems |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalterrori00dall |url-access=registration |last1=Dallin |first1=Alexander |first2=George W. |last2=Breslauer |year=1970 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-0727-5 |page=}}</ref> In 1905, Lenin directed members of the ] "Combat Committee" to commit acts of ], ], and other terrorist acts.<ref name='harmon'/>


]
Many later Marxists, in particular ], criticized ] leaders for terrorism tactics. He stated that "among the phenomena for which Bolshevism has been responsible, ], which begins with the abolition of every form of freedom of the Press, and ends in a system of wholesale ], is certainly the most striking and the most repellent of all".<ref>], Chapter VIII, The Communists at Work, The Terror</ref> Kautsky recognized that ] represented a variety of ] because it was indiscriminate, intended to frighten the civilian population, and included taking and executing ].
Not all scholars agree on Lenin's position towards terrorism. Joan Witte contends that he opposed the practice except when it was wielded by ] and the ] after 1917.<ref name='harmon'>{{cite book |title=Terrorism today |last=Harmon |first=Christopher C. |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7146-4998-6 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismtoday0000harm/page/37 }}</ref> She also suggests that he opposed the use of terrorism as a mindless act but endorsed its use in order to advance the communist revolution.<ref name='harmon'/> Chaliand and Blin contend that Lenin advocated mass terror but objected to disorderly, unorganized, or petty acts of terrorism.<ref name='Chaliand'>{{cite book |title=The history of terrorism: from antiquity to al Qaeda |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofterrori00grar |url-access=registration |last1=Chaliand |first1=Gérard |first2=Arnaud |last2=Blin |year=2007 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn= 978-0-520-24709-3 |page=}}</ref> According to Richard Drake, Lenin had abandoned any reluctance to use terrorist tactics by 1917, believing that all resistance to communist revolution should be met with maximum force. Drake contends that the terrorist intent in Lenin's program was unmistakable, as acknowledged by Trotsky in his book '']'', published in 1918.<ref>{{cite book |title=The terrorism ahead: confronting transnational violence in the twenty-first century |last= Smith |first=Paul J. |year= 2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn= 978-0-7656-1988-4 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismaheadco0000smit|url-access=registration }}</ref> In the book, Trotsky provided an elaborate justification for the use of terror, stating "The man who repudiates terrorism in principle, i.e., repudiates measures of suppression and intimidation towards determined and armed counterrevolution, must reject all ideas of the political supremacy of the working class and its revolutionary dictatorship."<ref name="Dallin 1970 10"/> Trotsky's justification largely rests on a criticism of the usage of the term "terrorism" to describe all ] on behalf of the ], but not equally vicious political violence carried out by ] or ] factions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1920/terrcomm/ch04.htm|title=Terrorism and Communism|last=Trotsky|first=Leon|date=24 December 2016|orig-date=1920|website=Marxist Internet Archive}}</ref> Scholars on the Left argue that while it is a matter of historical record that communist movements did at times employ violence, the label of "terrorism" is disproportionately used in ] media sources to refer to all political violence employed by the left, while similarly violent tactics employed by the United States and its allies remain unscrutinized.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chomsky|first1=Noam|last2=Bolender|first2=John|date=January 2004|title=On Terrorism|url=https://chomsky.info/200401__/|journal=Jump Arts Journal|quote=It's close to a historical universal that the term "terror" is used for their terror against us and our clients, not our terror against them. Heads of states can qualify as "terrorists," when they are official enemies.|via=The Noam Chomsky Website}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Losurdo|first=Domenico|date=2004|title=Towards a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism|url=http://awm.or.kr/bbs/data/document/1/Losurdo___Critique_of_Totalitarianism_(2004).pdf|journal=Historical Materialism|volume=12|issue=2|pages=25–55|doi=10.1163/1569206041551663|quote=In May 1948, Arendt denounced the ‘development of totalitarian methods’ in Israel, referring to ‘terrorism’ and the expulsion and deportation of the Arab population. Only three years later, no room was left for criticism directed against the contemporary West.}}</ref>


==Examples==
===Preparations for terrorism and sabotage operations against Western countries===


===Bulgaria===
Large-scale sabotage operations have allegedly been prepared by the ] and ] against the United States, Canada and Europe, according to the ]<ref> ], The KGB in Europe, page 472-476</ref>, ] defectors ]<ref> ''], '']'', 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11961-8</ref> and ], and former ] officer Kouzminov.<ref name="Kuzminov"> Alexander Kouzminov ''Biological Espionage: Special Operations of the Soviet and Russian Foreign Intelligence Services in the West'', Greenhill Books, 2006, ISBN 1-853-67646-2 </ref> Among the allegedly planned operations were the following:
The ] on 16 April 1925 was committed by a group from the ] (BCP). They blew up the roof of the ] in ], ]. 150 people were killed and around 500 were injured.
*Large arms caches were allegedly hidden in many countries for the planned terrorism acts. They were booby-trapped with ]. One of such cache, which was identified by Mitrokhin, exploded when Swiss authorities tried to remove it from woods near ]. Several others caches (probably not equipped with the "Lightnings") were removed successfully.<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 475-476</ref>
*Preparations for ]. Some of the allegedly hidden caches could contain portable ] known as RA-115 "]s" prepared to assassinate US leaders in the event of war, according to ] defector ].<ref name="Lunev"> ]. Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4 These portable bombs can last for many years if wired to an electric source. “In case there is a loss of power, there is a battery backup. If the battery runs low, the weapon has a transmitter that sends a coded message – either by satellite or directly to a ] post at a Russian embassy or consulate.”</ref> Lunev states that he had personally looked for hiding places for weapons caches in the ] area<ref name="Lunev"/> and that "it is surprisingly easy to smuggle nuclear weapons into the US" ether across the Mexican border or using a small transport missile that can slip undetected when launched from a Russian airplane.<ref name="Lunev"/>
*Extensive sabotage plans in London, Washington, Paris, Bonn, Rome, and other Western capitals have been revealed by KGB defector ] in 1971, including plan to flood the ] underground and deliver poison capsules to ]. This disclosure triggered mass expulsion of Russian spies from London.<ref> KGB in Europe, page 499-500</ref>
*] leader ] was described as "a trusted agent" in KGB files. "Sandinista guerrillas formed the basis for a KGB sabotage and intelligence group established in 1966 on the Mexican US border".<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 472-473</ref>
*Disruption of the power supply in the entire ] by KGB sabotage teams, which would be based along the ], in the ].<ref name="The KGB in Europe, page 473">The KGB in Europe, page 473</ref>
*An "immensely detailed" plan to destroy "] and oil and gas pipelines across Canada from ] to ]" (operation "Cedar") has been prepared, which took twelve years to complete.<ref> The KGB in Europe, page 473-474</ref>
* A plan for sabotage of ] in ].<ref name="The KGB in Europe, page 473"/>
* A detailed plan to destroy the port of New York (target GRANIT); most vulnerable points of the port were marked at maps.<ref name="The KGB in Europe, page 473"/>


===Cambodia===
According to Lunev, a probable scenario in the event of war would be poisoning of ] with ] or ], "targeting the residents of ]"<ref name="Lunev"/> He also noted that it is "likely" that ] operatives have placed already "poison supplies near the tributaries to major US reservoirs."<ref> Lunev, pages 29-30</ref> That was confirmed by Alexander Kouzminov who was responsible for transporting dangerous pathogens from around the world for ] in the 1980s and the beginning of 1990s. He described a variety of ] acts that would be carried out on the order of ] in the event of hostilities, including poisoning public drinking-water supplies and food processing plants.<ref> Kusminov, pages 35-36. At the end of the 1980s, the Soviet Union "was the only country in the world that could start and win a global ], something we had already established that the West was not ready for.", according to Kouzminov</ref>
{{see also|Cambodian genocide}}
The ] committed by the ], which led to the death of an estimated 1.7 million to 2.5 million people has been described as an act of terrorism by Joseph S. Tuman.<ref name="Tuman, Joseph S.">Tuman pp180</ref>


===China===
US Congressman ] supported claims by Lunev but noted that Lunev had "exaggerated things" according to the ].<ref>Nicholas Horrock, , ''UPI'' (20 December 2001).</ref> Searches of the areas identified by Lunev - who admits he never planted any weapons in the US - have been conducted, "but law-enforcement officials have never found such weapons caches, with or without portable nuclear weapons."<ref> Steve Goldstein and Chris Mondics, "Some Weldon-backed allegations unconfirmed; Among them: A plot to crash planes into a reactor, and missing suitcase-size Soviet atomic weapons." ''Philadelphia Inquirer'' (15 March 2006) A7.</ref>
Benjamin A. Valentino has estimated that the atrocities committed by both the ] and the ] during the ] resulted in the death of between 1.8 million and 3.5 million people between 1927 and 1949.<ref name="Valentino, Benjamin A.">Valentino p88</ref>


===Indonesia===
==Terrorist organizations claiming adherence to Communist ideology==
The ] (PKI) had been engaged in what perceived as an act of terrorism during a ], as well as the ].{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} However, under the leadership of ], the PKI was transformed into a legal party operating openly within the country and rejected armed struggle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bevins |first1=Vincent|authorlink=Vincent Bevins |title=]|date=2020 |publisher= ]|pages=62–64 |isbn= 978-1541742406}}</ref> The alleged coup attempt culminated in a ] and a subsequent ] into a ] following the purges.<ref>{{cite book |last= Robinson|first=Geoffrey B.|date= 2018|title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11135.html|publisher=] |pages=82–83, 118 |isbn=9781400888863}}</ref>
===Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine===
In 1969, a faction of the ] ] (PFLP) broke away from the main organization to form the ''Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine'' (PDFLP). The PDFLP was headed by Secretary-General ], who had been referred to as a leader of the PFLP's ] tendency. He believed that the PFLP had become, under the guidance of ], too focused on military matters, and wanted to make the PDFLP a more ] and more ideologically focused organization.


=== Japan ===
In 1974, the same year as the PDFLP changed its name into the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), it acted as a strong supporter of the 1974 . This document, which was accepted by the Palestinian National Council (PNC) after lobbying by ] and DFLP, cautiously introduced the concept of a ] in the PLO, and caused a split in the organization leading to the formation of the ], where radical organizations such as the PFLP, PFLP-GC, ] and others gathered with the backing of ], ] and ] to oppose Arafat and PLO moderation.
In the late 1960s, Japanese communist ] formed the militant ] terrorist group. Their goal was to start a worldwide communist revolution through the use of terrorism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=United States department of State|date=1 January 1990|title=The Japanese red army|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10576109008435816|journal=Terrorism|volume=13|issue=1|pages=73–78|doi=10.1080/10576109008435816|issn=0149-0389}}</ref> They committed multiple embassy attacks, airplane hijackings, bombings and taking hostages. They were responsible for the ], in which 26 people were killed and 79 injured.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 May 1972|title=1972: Japanese kill 26 at Tel Aviv airport|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/29/newsid_2542000/2542263.stm|access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref> In 1988, members of the JRA detonated a ] outside of a USO recreational facility in Naples which killed 4 Italian civilians, 1 U.S. Servicewoman, and injured 15 other people.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Suro|first1=Roberto|date=15 April 1988|title=5 Die in Blast Outside U.S.O. in Naples|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/15/world/5-die-in-blast-outside-uso-in-naples.html|access-date=30 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


Members of the JRA merged with members of the Revolutionary Left Faction to form the ], which became known for the ], a weeklong standoff with the police after the group had murdered fourteen of its own members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The IAFOR Journal of Media, Communication & Film|url=https://iafor.org/journal/iafor-journal-of-media-communication-and-film/|access-date=2022-01-06|website=The International Academic Forum (IAFOR)}}</ref>
In 1974 the organization perpetrated a major terror attack in Israel, when attacking a local elementary school in the village of Ma'alot. Taking the school-kids for hostage, 22 children aged 14–16 years-old were killed when an army commando engaged them.


=== Peru ===
In 1978 the DFLP temporarily switched sides and joined the Rejectionist Front after clashing with Arafat on several issues, but it would continue to serve as a mediator in the factional disputes of the PLO. In the tense situation leading up to the 1983 Fatah rebellion, during the Lebanese Civil War, DFLP offered mediation to prevent the Syrian-backed formation of a rival Fatah leadership under ] (Abu Musa), the ] faction. Its efforts ultimately failed, and the PLO became embroiled what was in effect a Palestinian civil war.
]
===Shining Path===
] was founded in 1969 by Maoist philosophy professor ] as a split from the Peruvian Communist Party. In 1980 when the Peruvian government held elections for the first time in 12 years, Shining Path rejected participation instead declaring a guerrilla war against the government, perpetrating "assassinations, bombings, beheadings and massacres",<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-04|title=Peru in Familiar Stalemate With Shining Path Rebels|url=https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/peru-stalemate-shining-path/|access-date=2022-01-29|website=InSight Crime}}</ref> including the ] and ]. Guzmán was arrested in 1992 and sentenced to life in prison on charges of aggravated terrorism and murder. Another communist terrorist group, ], gained notoriety after ] at the Japanese Embassy of Peru which lead to a 126-day stand off with Peruvian authorities.
The Communist Party of Peru more commonly known as the ] (Sendero Luminoso), is a Maoist guerrilla organization in Peru that launched the ] in 1980. Widely condemned for its brutality, including violence deployed against ]s, ] organizers, popularly elected officials and the general civilian population,<ref name="Quien habla">Burt, Jo-Marie (2006). "'Quien habla es terrorista': The political use of fear in Fujimori's Peru." ''Latin American Research Review'' '''41''' (3) 32-62.</ref> Shining Path is on the ]'s "Designated ]" list.<ref>US Department of State, "Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)" October 11, 2005. Accessed 1 February 2006.</ref> Peru, the ],<ref>Council Common Position 2005/936/CFSP. March 14, 2005. . Accessed September 27, 2006.</ref> and ]<ref>Government of Canada. "Listed Entities". . Accessed September 27, 2006.</ref> likewise regard Shining Path as a ] group and prohibit providing funding or other financial support. The actions of the Shining Path claimed between 25,000 and 30,000 lives, of these more than 1,000 were children.<ref>] et al. '']: Crimes, Terror, Repression''. ], 1999. ISBN 0-674-07608-7 pp. 680-681</ref>


The Shining Path is regarded as a ] organization by Peru, Japan,<ref name="Japan_ban">{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |title=MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406134416/http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |archive-date=6 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> the United States,<ref>United States Department of State, 30 April 2007. . Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> the ],<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122092156/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00800084.pdf |date=22 November 2011 }}. 14 March 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> and Canada,<ref>Government of Canada. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119150657/http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp |date=19 November 2006 }}. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> all of whom consequently prohibit funding and other financial support to the group.
===FARC===
The ] (FARC) is a Marxist-Leninist organization in Colombia which has employed vehicle bombings, gas cylinder bombs, killings, landmines, kidnapping, extortion, hijacking, as well as guerrilla and conventional military. The United States Department of State includes the FARC-EP on its list of foreign terrorist organizations, as does the European Union.
It funds itself primarily through extortion, kidnapping and their participation in the ].<ref>]. "Colombia's Most Powerful Rebels." September 19, 2003. . Accessed September 1, 2006.</ref><ref>]. "War and Drugs in Colombia." January 27, 2005. . Accessed September 1, 2006.</ref> Many of their fronts have also overrun and massacred small communities in order to silence and intimidate those who do not support their activities, enlist new and underage recruits by force, distribute propaganda and, more importantly, to pillage local banks. Businesses operating in rural areas, including agricultural, oil, and mining interests, were required to pay "vaccines" (monthly payments) which "protected" them from subsequent attacks and kidnappings. An additional, albeit less lucrative, source of revenue was highway blockades where guerrillas stopped motorists and buses in order to confiscate jewelry and money. An estimated 20-30 percent of FARC combatants are under 18 years old, with many as young as 12 years old, for a total of around 5000 children.<ref name="Children">]. "Colombia: Armed Groups Send Children to War." February 22, 2005. . Accessed September 1, 2006.</ref>), Children who try to escape the ranks of the guerrillas are punished with torture and death.<ref name="Children"/><ref>Human Rights Watch. "'You'll Learn Not to Cry: Child Combatants in Colombia." September 2003. . Accessed September 1, 2006.</ref>


===The Philippines===
=== Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist ===
{{main|New People's Army}}
The ] (NPA) founded in 1969 has been described as the third largest terrorist group operating in the Philippines. The group carried out attacks between 1987 and 1992 before entering a ]. Between 2000 and 2006, they carried out an additional 42 attacks.<ref name ="Cox, Dan G. Falconer, John. Stackhouse, Brian.">Cox pp97</ref> The NPA is designated as a terrorist group by The Philippines,<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2017|title=Duterte declares CPP, NPA as terrorist organizations {{!}} Inquirer News|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/950017/duterte-declares-cpp-npa-as-terrorist-organizations|access-date=30 December 2021|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074517/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/950017/duterte-declares-cpp-npa-as-terrorist-organizations|archive-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> The United States,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2019 |title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations – United States Department of State |url=https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/ |access-date=30 December 2021 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515204913/https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/ |archive-date=15 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The European Union,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=EUR-Lex – 32020R1128 – EN – EUR-Lex |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32020R1128 |access-date=30 December 2021 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917174357/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32020R1128 |archive-date=17 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 November 2020|title=Lists associated with Resolution 1373 {{!}} New Zealand Police|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373|access-date=30 December 2021|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119075830/https://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373|archive-date=19 November 2020}}</ref>


===Rhodesia===
The ] has been responsible for hundreds of attacks on government and civilian targets.
In ] (renamed ] in 1980), during the ] of the 1970s, guerrillas operating in the country were considered communist terrorists by the government. The organisations in question received war materiels and financial support from numerous communist countries, and they also received training in several of those same countries, including the Soviet Union, China and ]. Both guerrilla armies involved in the war—the ] (ZIPRA) of the ] (ZAPU), and the ] (ZANLA) attached to the ] (ZANU)—were initially based in the ] area of ], so as to be within striking distance of Rhodesia.<ref name="Elaine Windrich">Windrich page 279</ref> ZANU and ZANLA moved their bases to ]'s ] around 1972, and based themselves there until the war's end in 1979. ZIPRA remained based in Zambia. In line with the ] ideology professed by its parent organisation, ZANU, ZANLA used Chinese Maoist tactics to great effect, politicising the rural population and hiding amongst the locals between strikes.<ref name="wood1995phase2">{{cite web
After the ]'s Maoist wing (CPN-M) performed poorly in elections and was excluded from the election of 1994. The Maoists then turned to ] in order to overthrow Nepal's monarchy, parliamentary democracy and change Nepalese society, including a purge of the nation's elite class, a state takeover of private industry, and collectivization of agriculture.<ref></ref><ref></ref>
|title=Rhodesian Insurgency
In ] attacks against civilian populations occurred as part of Maoist strategy - Amnesty International states: <blockquote>The CPN (Maoist) has consistently targeted private schools, which it ideologically opposes. On the 14 April 2005 the CPN (Maoist) demanded that all private schools shut down, although this demand was withdrawn on 28 April. Following this demand, it bombed two schools in western Nepal on 15 April, a school in Nepalganj, Banke district on 17 April and a school in Kalyanpur, Chitwan on 21 April. CPN (Maoist) cadres also reportedly threw a bomb at students taking classes in a school in Khara, Rukum district.<ref></ref> </blockquote>
|last=Wood
|first=J. R. T.
|url=http://www.rhodesia.nl/wood2.htm
|location=Oudeschip
|publisher=Allport Books
|date=24 May 1995
|access-date=30 May 2012}}</ref> While ZIPRA conducted similar operations to a lesser extent, most of its men made up a conventional-style army in Zambia, which was trained by Cuban and Soviet officers to eventually overtly invade Rhodesia and openly engage in combat against the ]. This ultimately never happened.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Dirty Wars: Elite Forces vs the Guerrillas
|last=Thompson
|first=Leroy
|location=Newton Abbot
|publisher=]
|date=October 1991
|edition=First
|isbn=978-0-7153-9441-0
|page=158}}</ref>


===Soviet Union===
Until recently, the Maoist insurgency had been fighting against the ] and other supporters of the ]. They have since risen to power and began implementing reforms as the legitimate government of Nepal.
{{main|Terrorism and the Soviet Union}}
After the ] in 1917, the use of terrorism to subdue people characterized the new communist regime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/crimes-and-mass-violence-russian-civil-wars-1918-1921|title=Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918–1921)|last=Nicolas|first=Werth|date=21 March 2008|website=SciencePro|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Historian ] stated that this was "evident in the regime's very origins." An estimated 17,000 people died as a result of the initial campaign of violence known as the ].<ref name="Geifman, Anna.">Geifman pp21</ref> Lenin stated that his "Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", referring to the ] ] of 1793–1794 as a model for the ] ].<ref name="Marcus C. Levitt 1">Marcus C. Levitt page 152-153</ref> ], founder of the ] (the Soviet ]), widely employed terrorist tactics, especially against peasants who refused to surrender their grain to the government.<ref name="Richard W. Mansbach 1">] page 336</ref> Upon initiating the ] (NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism".<ref name="David Schmidtz">David Schmidtz page 191</ref>


===South Africa===
===Communist Party of India (Maoist) and Naxalites===
During the ] era in ], the government under the ] ] deemed the ] and its military wing, ], communist terrorists.<ref name='Schutz'/> As a result, a series of laws were introduced by the government, such as the Suppression of Communism Act, which defined and banned organizations and people that the government considered communist. In 1967 the government promulgated the Terrorism Act, which made terrorist acts a statutory crime and implemented ] against those who were captured.<ref name='Schutz'>{{cite book |last1=Schutz |first1=Barry M. |editor1-first=Jean |editor1-last= Rosenfeld |title=Terrorism, Identity, and Legitimacy: The Four Waves Theory and Political Violence |year=2011 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn= 978-0-415-57857-8 |page=199 |chapter=South Africa's paradox of violence and legitimacy}}</ref>
The ] extremist Communist terror groups in ] have effectively taken over large parts of the rural regions of the country in recent years. Advocating a violent, revolutionary ] ideology, they and their associates in the ] and ] are regarded as India's biggest and most pernicious security threat.<ref>http://www.alertnet.org/printable.htm?URL=/db/crisisprofiles/IN_MAO.htm</ref> Naxalite Communists have engaged in numerous terrorist attacks and human rights violations in India's "]" (the regions in India that they have taken over).<ref>http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/nov/25kanch.htm</ref><ref>http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7799247</ref>


===Vietnam===
A ] Cover Story calls the ] ] where the ] ]s live, the heart of the naxalite-affected region in ].<ref>Guerilla zone, Cover Story, Frontline, Volume 22 - Issue 21, Oct. 08 - 21, 2005 DIONNE BUNSHA in Gadchiroli http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021008701600.htm</ref>
{{main|Vietnam War|Viet Cong}}
During World War II the communist ] fought a ] led by ] against the Japanese occupation forces and, following Japan's surrender, against the ] forces. This insurgency continued until 1954 as the Viet Minh evolved into the Viet Cong (VC), which fought against both the ]ese government and American forces.<ref name="Mockaitis, Thomas R.">Mockaitis pp23</ref> These campaigns involved terrorism resulting in the deaths of thousands.<ref name="Crenshaw, Martha. Pimlott, John.">Crenshaw pp503</ref><ref name="Pedahzur, Ami 1">Pedahzur pp114</ref> Although an ] was signed between the Viet Minh and the French forces in 1954, terrorist actions continued.<ref name="Freeman, James M.">Freeman pp192</ref> Carol Winkler has written that in the 1950s, Viet Cong terrorism was rife in South Vietnam, with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors, and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972, Viet Cong terrorists had killed over 33,000 people and abducted a further 57,000.<ref name="Winkler, Carol">Winkler pp17</ref><ref name="Forest, James J. F.">Forest pp82</ref> Terrorist actions in ] were described by Nghia M. Vo as "long and murderous." In these campaigns, South Vietnamese prime minister ] was the target of an ] attempt; in 1964 alone, the Viet Cong carried out 19,000 attacks on civilian targets.<ref name="Vo, Nghia M. 1">Vo pp28/29</ref>


]]]
===Communist Party of the Philippines===
Historian and former U.S. State Department analyst ] has called the ] one of the worst communist terrorist actions of the Vietnam War.<ref name="Lanning, Michael Lee 1">Lanning pp185</ref> Estimates of the losses in the massacre have been cited as high as 6,000 dead.<ref>{Anderson, David L. The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War. 2004, page 98-9}</ref><ref name="Brown, T. Louise">Brown pp163</ref> The ] recorded as killed "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed."<ref name="Krohn, Charles A.">Krohn pp126</ref> While some historians have claimed that the majority of these deaths occurred as the result of US bombing in the fight to retake the city, the vast majority of the dead were found in ]s outside the city.<ref name="T. Louise Brown">T. Louise Brown pp163</ref> Benjamin A. Valentino has estimated a total death toll of between 45,000 and 80,000 people between 1954 and 1975 from VC terrorism.<ref name="Valentino, Benjamin A." />


Douglas Pike also described the ], in which the Viet Cong used ]s against civilians in Đắk Sơn, killing 252, as a terrorist act.<ref name="Lanning, Michael Lee 2">Lanning pp185-186</ref> In May 1967, Tran Van-Luy reported to the ] "that over the previous 10 years Communist terrorists had destroyed 174 dispensaries, maternity homes and hospitals."<ref name="Bernadette, Rigal-Cellard">Rigal-Cellard pp229</ref> Ami Pedahzur has written that "the overall volume and lethality of Viet Cong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful (e.g. ], ]) of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century,"<ref name="Pedahzur, Ami 2">Pedahzur pp116</ref> and that the VC used ] as a form of ].<ref name="Pedahzur, Ami 3">Pedahzur pp117</ref> Arthur J. Dommen has written that the majority of those killed due to VC terrorism were civilians, caught in ambushes as they traveled on buses, and that the group burnt down villages and forcibly conscripted members.<ref name="Dommen Arthur J.">Dommen pp503</ref>
The ] and its armed wing, the ] (CPP/NPA) is a paramilitary group fighting of ]-]-] ideology (''Preamble, Constitution of the Communist Party of the Philippines, 1968'')<ref></ref> fighting for communist revolution in the Philippines. It was formed on March 29, 1969. The Maoist NPA fights a "protracted people's war" as the military wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). The NPA is classified as a terrorist organization by the Philippine Government, the US<ref></ref>
, ]<ref name="eucouncil">{{cite web|title=Council Decision of 21 December 2005|publisher=]|date=2005-12-13|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf|accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref> and other countries.
The NPA's targets often include politicians, military, police, criminals, landlords, business owners and occasionally U.S. agents in the Philippines. Before the Second Rectification Movement, wherein certain "errors" were being rectified, the group conducted a purge, killing thousands of partisans and members on accusations of being deep penetration agent by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine intelligence community. Former NPA fighter Robert Francis Garcia chronicled the wild murders in his book ''To Suffer Thy Comrades'' and organized the Peace Advocates for Truth, Healing and Justice (PATH), a group composed of survivors of the "purges" and the families of victims and their friends and supporters.


==See also==
Out of that rectification movement, the party was split into two, the "Reaffirmists", who uphold the "protracted people's war" and the "mass line"; while the "Rejectionists", who rejects the basic tenets of the party. The latter faction was also known for initiating the mass purges, especially against alleged deep penetration agents before the rectification of errors inside the party system.
* ]
* ]


===November 17=== ==References==


===Citations===
] (also known as 17N or N17) is Marxist terrorist organization formed in 1973 in ], recognized as a terrorist organization by the Greek State, the US and international law enforcement",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.america.gov/st/pubs-english/2006/January/20060120111344atlahtnevel0.3114282.html
{{Reflist|30em}}
|accessdate=2009-01-09
|title=Misinformation about "Gladio/Stay Behind" Networks Resurfaces
|date=2006-01-20
|author=Leventhal, Todd
|publisher=Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State
}}</ref><ref>, The National Counterterrorism Center</ref><ref>, Greek Police {{el icon}}</ref> and believed by many to be have been disbanded in 2002 after the arrest and trial of a number of its members. During its heyday, the urban guerrilla group assassinated 23 people in 103 attacks on U.S., diplomatic and Greek targets. Greek authorities believe spin-off terror groups are still in operation, including Revolutionary Struggle, the group that allegedly fired a rocket propelled grenade at the U.S. Embassy in Athens in January 2007.


===Sources===
===Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Gellately, Robert. Kiernan, Ben. (Editors) (2003) ''The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective'' Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|978-0-521-52750-7}}
* C. J. M. Drake. Terrorists' target selection. Palgrave Macmillan. 5 February 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-312-21197-4}}
* David C. Wills. The First War on Terrorism: Counter-terrorism Policy During the Reagan Administration. Rowman & Littlefield 28 August 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-7425-3129-1}}
* Brian Crozier. Political victory: the elusive prize of military wars. Transaction Publishers 31 May 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0290-3}}
* Conway John S.''The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933–1945'' Regent College Publishing. 1 April 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-57383-080-5}}
* Gadberry, Glen W. ''Theatre in the Third Reich, the prewar years: essays on theatre in Nazi Germany'' Greenwood. 30 March 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-313-29516-4}}
* Weinberg, Leonard. Political parties and terrorist groups. 2nd Revised Edition. 6 November 2008. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-77536-6}}
* Enders Walter. Sandler Todd. ''The political economy of terrorism'' 14 November 2005. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-85100-8}}
* Alexander Yonah. Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations. 1 October 1992. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-7146-3488-3}}
* Paoletti, Ciro (30 December 2007). A military history of Italy. Praeger Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-275-98505-9}}.
* Harmon, Christopher C. ''Terrorism Today'' Routledge 2nd edition. 18 October 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-415-77300-3}}
* Carol Winkler. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World.'' ] Illustrated edition. 3 November 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-6617-9}}
* Nghia M. Vo. ''The bamboo gulag: political imprisonment in communist Vietnam.'' ] 31 December 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-1714-8}}
* ], ]. ''Inside the VC and the NVA: the real story of North Vietnam's armed forces.'' 1st edition. ] 15 August 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-60344-059-2}}
* T. Louise Brown, ''War and aftermath in Vietnam.'' Routledge. 2 May 1991. {{ISBN|978-0-415-01403-8}}
* Bernadette Rigal-Cellard. ''La guerre du Vietnam et la société américaine.'' Presses universitaires de Bordeaux. 1991. {{ISBN|978-2-86781-122-7}}
* Leonard Weinberg & William L. Eubank, ''Twenty-First Century Insurgents: Understanding the Use of Terrorism as a Strategy'', in: ''Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century'', Forest, James J. F., Ed. Praeger 30 June 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-275-99034-3}}
* Christopher Lawrence Zugger. The forgotten: Catholics of the Soviet empire from Lenin through Stalin. Syracuse University Press. 31 May 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-8156-0679-6}}
* Kenton J. Clymer. The United States and Cambodia, 1969–2000: a troubled relationship. Routledge. 1st edition. 11 March 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-415-32602-5}}
* Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin. The history of terrorism: from antiquity to al Qaeda. University of California Press. 1st edition. 13 July 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-520-24709-3}}
* Pedahzur, Ami. ''Root causes of suicide terrorism: the globalization of martyrdom'' Taylor & Francis. 22 June 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-415-77029-3}}
* Valentino, Benjamin A. ''Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century'' Cornell University Press. 8 December 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-8014-7273-2}}
* Charles A. Krohn. ''The lost battalion of Tet: breakout of the 2/12th Cavalry at Hue''. Naval Institute Press Rev. Pbk. edition. 15 February 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-59114-434-2}}
* Winkler, Carol. ''In the name of terrorism: presidents on political violence in the post-World War II''. SUNY Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-7914-6617-5}}
* Fueredi, Frank. ''Colonial wars and the politics of Third World nationalism'' I.B.Tauris, 1994. {{ISBN|1-85043-784-X}}
* Freeman, James M. ''Hearts of Sorrow: Vietnamese-American Lives'' Stanford University Press. 30 April 1991. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-1890-5}}
* Cox, Dan G. Falconer, John. Stackhouse, Brian. ''Terrorism, instability, and democracy in Asia and Africa'' Northeastern University Press. 15 April 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-55553-705-0}}
* Geifman, Anna. ''Thou shalt kill: revolutionary terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917'' Princeton University Press. 11 December 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-691-02549-0}}
* Mockaitis, Thomas R. ''The "new" terrorism: myths and reality'' Stanford University Press. 15 June 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-5970-0}}
* Crenshaw, Martha. Pimlott, John. ''Encyclopedia of world terrorism'' V3 Sharpe. 1996. {{ISBN|978-1-56324-806-1}}
* Windrich, Elaine. (Editor) ''The Rhodesian problem: a documentary record, 1923–1973'' Routledge. 1st Edition. 13 March 1975. {{ISBN|978-0-7100-8080-6}}
* Slocum, John David. ''Terrorism, media, liberation'' Rutgers University Press. 31 July 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-8135-3608-8}}
* Tuman, Joseph S. ''Communicating Terror: The Rhetorical Dimensions of Terrorism'' Sage. 12 January 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-4129-7324-3}}
* Dommen Arthur J. ''The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam'' Indiana University Press. 1 January 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-253-33854-9}}
* Van Slyke, Lyman (1968) ''The China White Paper: August 1949'' Stanford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-8047-0608-7}}
* Sloan, Stephen (2006) Terrorism: the present threat in context Berg {{ISBN|978-1-84520-344-3}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
The ], is a militant Marxist-Leninist party in Turkey. It is in the terrorist organization lists in the U.S., the UK and the EU. The organisation is listed among the 12 active terrorist organisation in Turkey as of 2007 according to Counter-Terrorism and Operations Department of Directorate General for Security (]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html
* {{Commons category-inline}}
|date=2005-01-27
|accessdate=2008-08-15
|title=TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ
|publisher=Terörle Mücadele ve Harekat Dairesi Başkanlığı}}</ref>


{{Terrorism topics}}
It also appears as one of the 44 names in the current ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/08/103392.htm
|accessdate=2008-08-15
|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations
|date=2008-04-08
|author=Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism
|publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> 48 groups and entities to which ]'s Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism applies<ref>{{PDFlink|1=|2=52.3&nbsp;KB}}, ''Official Journal of the European Union'' L 188/71, 2008-07-16</ref> and 45 international terrorist organisations in the list of ] of the ] ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups
|accessdate=2008-08-15
|title=Proscribed terrorist groups
|publisher=Home Office
|work=Terrorism Act 2000
|author=Communications Directorate
|date=2005-10-04}}</ref>

===May 19th Communist Organization===

The ], also referred to as the May 19 Communist Coalition, was a US-based, self-described revolutionary organization formed by splintered-off members of the ] and the ].<ref>
{{cite book |title= The Way The Wind Blew: A History Of The Weather Underground
|last= Jacobs |first= Ron
|year= 1997
|publisher= Verso
|isbn= 1-85984-167-8 |pages= 76–77
|url= http://www.archive.org/stream/TheWayTheWindBlewAHistoryOfTheWeatherUnderground/waythewindblew_djvu.txt
|accessdate= December 28, 2009}}</ref> The M19CO name was derived from the birthdays of ] and ]. The May 19 Communist Organization was active from 1978 to 1985. M19CO was a combination of the Black Liberation Army and the ]. It also included members of the ] and the Republic of New Africa (RNA).<ref name="Karl A. Seger, Ph.D. 2001 1">{{cite book |title= LEFT-WING EXTREMISM: The Current Threat Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy Office of Safeguards and Security
|authorlink= Karl A. Seger, Ph.D.
|year= 2001
|publisher= Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education: Center for Human Reliability Studies ORISE 01-0439
|location= Oak Ridge, TN
|page= 1
|url= http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/780410-SHVVvq/native/780410.PDF
|accessdate= December 27, 2009 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news
|title= Terrorist Organization Profile: May 19 Communist Order
|author= National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and the Responses to Terrorism, DHS
|newspaper= National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and the Responses to Terrorism
|date= March 1, 2008
|url= http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=3234
|accessdate= December 27, 2009}}</ref>
The group was originally known as the ] chapter of the ] (PFOC), an organization devoted to legally promoting the causes of the Weather Underground. Its name was derived from the birthdays of ] and ]. The May 19 Communist Organization was active from 1978 to 1985.

This alliance between the ] and the ] had three objectives:
<li>1. Free political prisoners in US prisons</li>
<li>2. Appropriate capitalist wealth (armed robberies) to fund the third stage, and</li>
<li>3. Initiate a series of bombings and terrorist attacks <ref name="Karl A. Seger, Ph.D. 2001 1"/></li>

In 1981 ], together with several members of the ], participated in a ] at the Nanuet Mall, near ], New York. Upon her arrest, Boudin was identified as a member of the May 19 Communist Organization. From 1982 to 1985, a series of bombings were ascribed to the group.

By May 23, 1985, all members of the group had been arrested, with the exception of ], who remains a fugitive. At a 1986 trial, six group members were tried and convicted of multiple counts of domestic terrorism.

===Red Army Faction (RAF)===

], was one of postwar West Germany's most active and prominent militant communist terror groups.<ref name="Encyclopedia of terrorism">Kushner, Harvey W., , p. 148, Sage 2003</ref> The group was a successor to the ].<ref name="Encyclopedia of terrorism"/> It was formally founded in 1970 by ], ], ], ], ] and others.

The Red Army Faction operated from the 1970s to 1998, committing numerous crimes, especially in the autumn of 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as "German Autumn". It was responsible for 34 deaths, including many secondary targets such as chauffeurs and bodyguards, and many injuries in its almost 30 years of existence.

===Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)===

], was the military branch of the communist PRT (Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores, or Workers' Revolutionary Party) in Argentina. The avowed aim of the ERP was a communist armed revolution against the Argentine government in pursuit of "proletarian rule" and socialist revolution and then spread to all latin america.

== Further reading ==
* Deletant, Dennis (1999) ''Communist Terror in Romania'', C. Hurst & Co, ISBN 1850653860
* Adelman, Jonathan (1984) ''Terror and Communist Politics: The Role of the Secret Police in Communist States'', Westview Press, ISBN 0865312931
* Evgeni Genchev (2003) ''Tales from the Dark: Testimonies about the Communist Terror'', ACET 2003, ISBN 9549320014

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Terrorism}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Terrorism}}
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Latest revision as of 12:37, 21 December 2024

Acts of terrorism carried out by adherents of communist ideologies

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Communist terrorism is terrorism perpetrated by individuals or groups which adhere to communism and ideologies related to it, such as Marxism–Leninism, Maoism, and Trotskyism. Historically, communist terrorism has sometimes taken the form of state-sponsored terrorism, supported by communist nations such as the Soviet Union, China, North Korea and Democratic Kampuchea. In addition, non-state actors such as the Red Brigades, the Front Line and the Red Army Faction have also engaged in communist terrorism. These groups hope to inspire the masses to rise up and start a revolution to overthrow existing political and economic systems. This form of terrorism can sometimes be called red terrorism or left-wing terrorism.

The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union have been credited with leading to a notable decline in this form of terrorism.

History

In the 1930s, the term "communist terrorism" was used by the Nazi Party in Germany as part of a propaganda campaign to spread fear of communism. The Nazis blamed communist terrorism for the Reichstag fire, which they used as an excuse to push through legislation removing personal freedom from German citizens. In the 1940s and 1950s, various Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines and Vietnam, witnessed the rise of communist groups engaging in terrorism. John Slocum claimed that communists in present-day Malaysia used terrorism to draw attention to their ideological beliefs, but Phillip Deery countered that the Malaysian insurgents were called communist terrorists only as part of a propaganda campaign.

In the 1960s, the Sino–Soviet split (between two communist states) led to a marked increase in terrorist activity in the region. That decade also saw various terrorist groups commencing operations in Europe, Japan, and the Americas. Yonah Alexander deemed these groups Fighting Communist Organizations (FCOs), and says they rose out of the student union movement protesting against the Vietnam War. In Western Europe, these groups' actions were known as Euroterrorism. The founders of FCOs argued that violence was necessary to achieve their goals, and that peaceful protest was both ineffective and insufficient to attain them. In the 1970s, there were an estimated 50 Marxist or Leninist groups operating in Turkey, and an estimated 225 groups operating in Italy. Groups also began operations in Ireland and the United Kingdom. These groups were deemed a major threat by NATO and the Italian, German, and British governments. Communist terrorism did not enjoy full support from all ideologically sympathetic groups. The Italian Communist Party, for example, condemned such activity.

Background

See also: Dictatorship of the proletariat

While Vladimir Lenin systematically denounced the terrorism practiced by the Socialist Revolutionaries, he also supported terror as a tool, and considered mass terror to be a strategic and efficient method for advancing revolutionary goals. According to Leon Trotsky, Lenin emphasized the absolute necessity of terror and as early as 1904, Lenin said, "The dictatorship of the proletariat is an absolutely meaningless expression without Jacobin coercion." In 1905, Lenin directed members of the St. Petersburg "Combat Committee" to commit acts of robbery, arson, and other terrorist acts.

Bolshevik banner in 1918: "Death to the Bourgeoisie and its lapdogs – Long live the Red Terror!!"

Not all scholars agree on Lenin's position towards terrorism. Joan Witte contends that he opposed the practice except when it was wielded by the party and the Red Army after 1917. She also suggests that he opposed the use of terrorism as a mindless act but endorsed its use in order to advance the communist revolution. Chaliand and Blin contend that Lenin advocated mass terror but objected to disorderly, unorganized, or petty acts of terrorism. According to Richard Drake, Lenin had abandoned any reluctance to use terrorist tactics by 1917, believing that all resistance to communist revolution should be met with maximum force. Drake contends that the terrorist intent in Lenin's program was unmistakable, as acknowledged by Trotsky in his book Terrorism and Communism: a Reply, published in 1918. In the book, Trotsky provided an elaborate justification for the use of terror, stating "The man who repudiates terrorism in principle, i.e., repudiates measures of suppression and intimidation towards determined and armed counterrevolution, must reject all ideas of the political supremacy of the working class and its revolutionary dictatorship." Trotsky's justification largely rests on a criticism of the usage of the term "terrorism" to describe all political violence on behalf of the Left, but not equally vicious political violence carried out by liberal or reactionary factions. Scholars on the Left argue that while it is a matter of historical record that communist movements did at times employ violence, the label of "terrorism" is disproportionately used in Western media sources to refer to all political violence employed by the left, while similarly violent tactics employed by the United States and its allies remain unscrutinized.

Examples

Bulgaria

The St Nedelya Church assault on 16 April 1925 was committed by a group from the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP). They blew up the roof of the St Nedelya Church in Sofia, Bulgaria. 150 people were killed and around 500 were injured.

Cambodia

See also: Cambodian genocide

The Cambodian genocide committed by the Khmer Rouge, which led to the death of an estimated 1.7 million to 2.5 million people has been described as an act of terrorism by Joseph S. Tuman.

China

Benjamin A. Valentino has estimated that the atrocities committed by both the Nationalist government and the Chinese Communist Party during the Chinese Civil War resulted in the death of between 1.8 million and 3.5 million people between 1927 and 1949.

Indonesia

The Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) had been engaged in what perceived as an act of terrorism during a communist rebellion in 1948, as well as the failed coup attempt in 1965. However, under the leadership of D. N. Aidit, the PKI was transformed into a legal party operating openly within the country and rejected armed struggle. The alleged coup attempt culminated in a violent anti-communist purge and a subsequent regime change into a right-wing military dictatorship following the purges.

Japan

In the late 1960s, Japanese communist Fusako Shingenobu formed the militant Japanese Red Army terrorist group. Their goal was to start a worldwide communist revolution through the use of terrorism. They committed multiple embassy attacks, airplane hijackings, bombings and taking hostages. They were responsible for the 1972 Lod Airport Massacre, in which 26 people were killed and 79 injured. In 1988, members of the JRA detonated a car bomb outside of a USO recreational facility in Naples which killed 4 Italian civilians, 1 U.S. Servicewoman, and injured 15 other people.

Members of the JRA merged with members of the Revolutionary Left Faction to form the United Red Army, which became known for the Asama-Sansō incident, a weeklong standoff with the police after the group had murdered fourteen of its own members.

Peru

Shining Path was responsible for the 1992 Tarata Bombing in the business district of Lima, Peru. The bombing killed 25 people and injured 250 others.

Shining Path was founded in 1969 by Maoist philosophy professor Abimael Guzmán as a split from the Peruvian Communist Party. In 1980 when the Peruvian government held elections for the first time in 12 years, Shining Path rejected participation instead declaring a guerrilla war against the government, perpetrating "assassinations, bombings, beheadings and massacres", including the Tarata bombing and 1983 Lucanamarca massacre. Guzmán was arrested in 1992 and sentenced to life in prison on charges of aggravated terrorism and murder. Another communist terrorist group, Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, gained notoriety after taking hostages at the Japanese Embassy of Peru which lead to a 126-day stand off with Peruvian authorities.

The Shining Path is regarded as a terrorist organization by Peru, Japan, the United States, the European Union, and Canada, all of whom consequently prohibit funding and other financial support to the group.

The Philippines

Main article: New People's Army

The New People's Army (NPA) founded in 1969 has been described as the third largest terrorist group operating in the Philippines. The group carried out attacks between 1987 and 1992 before entering a hiatus. Between 2000 and 2006, they carried out an additional 42 attacks. The NPA is designated as a terrorist group by The Philippines, The United States, The European Union, and New Zealand.

Rhodesia

In Rhodesia (renamed Zimbabwe in 1980), during the Bush War of the 1970s, guerrillas operating in the country were considered communist terrorists by the government. The organisations in question received war materiels and financial support from numerous communist countries, and they also received training in several of those same countries, including the Soviet Union, China and Cuba. Both guerrilla armies involved in the war—the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) of the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), and the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) attached to the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU)—were initially based in the Lusaka area of Zambia, so as to be within striking distance of Rhodesia. ZANU and ZANLA moved their bases to Mozambique's Tete province around 1972, and based themselves there until the war's end in 1979. ZIPRA remained based in Zambia. In line with the Maoist ideology professed by its parent organisation, ZANU, ZANLA used Chinese Maoist tactics to great effect, politicising the rural population and hiding amongst the locals between strikes. While ZIPRA conducted similar operations to a lesser extent, most of its men made up a conventional-style army in Zambia, which was trained by Cuban and Soviet officers to eventually overtly invade Rhodesia and openly engage in combat against the Rhodesian Security Forces. This ultimately never happened.

Soviet Union

Main article: Terrorism and the Soviet Union

After the Russian Revolution in 1917, the use of terrorism to subdue people characterized the new communist regime. Historian Anna Geifman stated that this was "evident in the regime's very origins." An estimated 17,000 people died as a result of the initial campaign of violence known as the Red Terror. Lenin stated that his "Jacobian party would never reject terror, nor could it do so", referring to the Jacobian Reign of Terror of 1793–1794 as a model for the Bolshevik Red Terror. Felix Dzerzhinsky, founder of the Cheka (the Soviet secret police), widely employed terrorist tactics, especially against peasants who refused to surrender their grain to the government. Upon initiating the New Economic Policy (NEP) Lenin stated, "It is a mistake to think the NEP has put an end to terrorism. We shall return to terrorism, and it will be an economic terrorism".

South Africa

During the apartheid era in South Africa, the government under the Afrikaner National Party deemed the ANC and its military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe, communist terrorists. As a result, a series of laws were introduced by the government, such as the Suppression of Communism Act, which defined and banned organizations and people that the government considered communist. In 1967 the government promulgated the Terrorism Act, which made terrorist acts a statutory crime and implemented indefinite detention against those who were captured.

Vietnam

Main articles: Vietnam War and Viet Cong

During World War II the communist Viet Minh fought a guerrilla campaign led by Ho Chi Minh against the Japanese occupation forces and, following Japan's surrender, against the French colonial forces. This insurgency continued until 1954 as the Viet Minh evolved into the Viet Cong (VC), which fought against both the South Vietnamese government and American forces. These campaigns involved terrorism resulting in the deaths of thousands. Although an armistice was signed between the Viet Minh and the French forces in 1954, terrorist actions continued. Carol Winkler has written that in the 1950s, Viet Cong terrorism was rife in South Vietnam, with political leaders, provincial chiefs, teachers, nurses, doctors, and members of the military being targeted. Between 1965 and 1972, Viet Cong terrorists had killed over 33,000 people and abducted a further 57,000. Terrorist actions in Saigon were described by Nghia M. Vo as "long and murderous." In these campaigns, South Vietnamese prime minister Trần Văn Hương was the target of an assassination attempt; in 1964 alone, the Viet Cong carried out 19,000 attacks on civilian targets.

Infant victim of Dak Son massacre

Historian and former U.S. State Department analyst Douglas Pike has called the Massacre at Huế one of the worst communist terrorist actions of the Vietnam War. Estimates of the losses in the massacre have been cited as high as 6,000 dead. The United States Army recorded as killed "3800 killed in and around Huế, 2786 confirmed civilians massacred, 2226 civilians found in mass graves and 16 non Vietnamese civilians killed." While some historians have claimed that the majority of these deaths occurred as the result of US bombing in the fight to retake the city, the vast majority of the dead were found in mass graves outside the city. Benjamin A. Valentino has estimated a total death toll of between 45,000 and 80,000 people between 1954 and 1975 from VC terrorism.

Douglas Pike also described the Đắk Sơn massacre, in which the Viet Cong used flamethrowers against civilians in Đắk Sơn, killing 252, as a terrorist act. In May 1967, Tran Van-Luy reported to the World Health Organization "that over the previous 10 years Communist terrorists had destroyed 174 dispensaries, maternity homes and hospitals." Ami Pedahzur has written that "the overall volume and lethality of Viet Cong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful (e.g. Algeria, Sri Lanka) of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century," and that the VC used suicide terrorism as a form of propaganda of the deed. Arthur J. Dommen has written that the majority of those killed due to VC terrorism were civilians, caught in ambushes as they traveled on buses, and that the group burnt down villages and forcibly conscripted members.

See also

References

Citations

  1. Fleming pp110
  2. ^ Chaliand page 197/202
  3. Clymer page 107
  4. C. J. M. Drake page 19
  5. Sloan pp61
  6. Yonah ppIX
  7. Grzymala-Busse, Anna M. (2002), "CONVINCING THE VOTERS: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS", Redeeming the Communist Past, Cambridge University Press, pp. 175–226, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511613388.005, ISBN 9780511613388
  8. David C. Wills page 219
  9. Conway pp17
  10. Gadberry pp7
  11. Slocum pp75
  12. Phillip Deery. The Terminology of Terrorism: Malaya, 1948–52. Journal of Southeast Asia Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2 (June 2003), pp. 231–247.
  13. Weinberg pp14
  14. Alexander pp16
  15. Harmon pp13
  16. Harmon pp58
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  20. Paoletti p202
  21. Richard Drake. Terrorism and the Decline of Italian Communism: Domestic and International Dimensions. Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 12, Number 2, Spring 2010 1531–3298
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  28. Losurdo, Domenico (2004). "Towards a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism" (PDF). Historical Materialism. 12 (2): 25–55. doi:10.1163/1569206041551663. In May 1948, Arendt denounced the 'development of totalitarian methods' in Israel, referring to 'terrorism' and the expulsion and deportation of the Arab population. Only three years later, no room was left for criticism directed against the contemporary West.
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  53. Richard W. Mansbach page 336
  54. David Schmidtz page 191
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  56. Mockaitis pp23
  57. Crenshaw pp503
  58. Pedahzur pp114
  59. Freeman pp192
  60. Winkler pp17
  61. Forest pp82
  62. Vo pp28/29
  63. Lanning pp185
  64. {Anderson, David L. The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War. 2004, page 98-9}
  65. Brown pp163
  66. Krohn pp126
  67. T. Louise Brown pp163
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