Ukrainian People's Militsiya: Difference between revisions

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	] Militia join the ]/]. Celebration report. ] August ]. Occupied Eastern Poland]]
	{{Infobox military unit		{{Infobox military unit
	\|unit_name= Ukrainian People's Militia		\| unit_name = Ukrainian People's Militia
			\| native_name = {{langx\|uk\|Українська Міліція}} <br>{{langx\|de\|link=no\|Ukrainische Miliz}}<ref name="Grelka2005"/>
	\|image=
			\| image =
	\|caption= June, ].
			\| caption =
	\|dates= from 23 June ] to November 1941 (in rural areas)
			\| dates = 23 June 1941 – November 1941
	\|country= in alliance with{{Flag\|Nazi Germany}}
			\| country = Selected cities and rural areas of ] and '']''
	\|allegiance=
			\| allegiance =
	\|branch=
			\| branch =
	\|type=
			\| type =
	\|role= ] ]
			\| role =
	\|size=
			\| size =
	\|command_structure=
			\| command_structure =
	\|current_commander=
			\| notable_commanders =
	\|garrison=
			\| garrison =
	\|ceremonial_chief=
			\| ceremonial_chief =
	\|colonel_of_the_regiment=
			\| colonel_of_the_regiment =
	\|patron=
			\| patron =
	\|motto=
			\| motto =
	\|colours=
			\| colours =
	\|march=
	\|identification_symbol=		\| identification_symbol =
	\|battles= ], ], ],
	\|notable_commanders= ]<br>]
	\|anniversaries=
	}}		}}
			'''Ukrainian People's Militia''' ({{langx\|uk\|Українська Народна Міліція\|Ukrainska Narodna Militsiia}})<ref name="John-Paul Himka2013"/> or the '''Ukrainian National Militia''', was a paramilitary formation created by the ] (OUN) in the ] territory of ] and later in the ] during World War II. It was set up in the course of ], the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union.

			==Formation==
	'''Ukrainian People's Militia ''' (({{lang-uk\| ''Українська Народна Міліція ''}}), was military formation by ] in the ] and later in the ], set up after ]. It was made up of ethnic ]s - Bandera’s OUN followers and constitute a main part of the Bandera’s OUN ] in second half of the 1941. In major cities it was almost immediately incorporated into ] ]/]{{fact}}. In other places transformation into ] continued until end of September –October 1941. In rural areas it was disbanded or transformed into the ] by November 1941.
			Ukrainian People's Militsiya, created in June 1941, preceded the official founding of the ] in mid-August 1941 by ]. There is conclusive historical evidence indicating that members of the Ukrainian Militsiya took a leading role in the 1941 ], after the German army reached Lwów (Lemberg) at the end of June in Soviet-occupied eastern Poland (now ], Ukraine).<ref name="John-Paul Himka2013">{{cite news \| url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/columns/2013/02/25/114048/view_print/ \| title=Ще кілька слів про львівський погром (A few words about the Lviv pogrom) \| publisher=Історична правда \| work=Наявні фотографії із львівського погрому \| date=25 February 2013 \| access-date=14 July 2015 \| author=Prof. ] \| id=With links to relevant articles. For the English original, see: {{cite journal \|author=John-Paul Himka \|title=The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd \|journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers \|volume=53 \|issue=2–4 \|year=2011 \|pages=209–243 \|doi=10.1080/00085006.2011.11092673 \|jstor=41708340 \|s2cid=159577084 \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41708340\|issn=0008-5006}} }}</ref>{{verify quote\|I can't see the Militia named, just says "a militia"?\|date=July 2023}} Initially the Ukrainian Militsiya acted independently, with the blessings of the ], but later were limited to joint operations (''Aktionen'') with German units or otherwise functioned directly under the Nazi command.<ref name="Weiss">Jakob Weiss, '']'', New York: Alderbrook Press, 2011; pp. 165–174 (chpt. Prison Massacre), 206–210 (chpt. Petlura Days).</ref>

			The Ukrainian People's Militsiya was active in occupied territories behind the Wehrmacht lines, assisting the German Security Police and the '']'' while the army kept advancing in the direction of ], ] and ].{{cn\|date=July 2023}}
	Members of the Ukrainian People's Militia took part in round-ups of Jews for mass executions and participate in it{{fact}}, escorted Jews to their forced labor sites and guarded ]s.

			Heinrich Himmler was appointed Chief of SS and Police for the Eastern Territories on 17 July 1941 and decreed the formation of the '']'' from among the non-German auxiliaries. In mid-August he regrouped the indigenous Militsiya which had sprung up under military rule to form the core of the official ''Ukrainische Hilfspolizei''.<ref name="USHMM-Symposium">{{cite web\|url=http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-10/paper.pdf \|title=The Holocaust and Colonialism in Ukraine: A Case Study \|publisher=The Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum \|work=The Holocaust in the Soviet Union \|date=September 2005 \|access-date=7 December 2014 \|author=Symposium Presentations \|pages=15, 18–19, 20 in current document of 1/154 \|format=PDF file, direct download 1.63 MB \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816044021/http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2005-10/paper.pdf \|archive-date=16 August 2012 \|quote=Himmler rolled out his plans for recruiting and utilizing Ukrainian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Estonian police auxiliaries. As the newly appointed chief of SS and police forces in the East, he decreed the formation of non-German auxiliaries, known as Schutzmannschaften. In accord with Himmler's July 1941 order, these police collaborators were chosen from the local militias that had sprung up under the military occupation and from the screening of acceptable racial groups among the POWs, first and foremost from the ] and then Ukrainians. Many of the fresh Ukrainian recruits had been active in the nationalist movement.}}</ref> Before that, members of the Ukrainian Militsiya in formerly Polish cities with sizeable Polish-Jewish presence compiled lists of targets for the branch offices of the KdS{{what\|date=June 2023}} and assisted with the roundups (as in ], ], ]).{{Ref\|a-KdS\|}}<ref name="PWL">{{cite web \| url=http://pwl1943.republika.pl/stanislawowskie.html \| title=Mord w Czarnym Lesie (Murder in the Black Forest) \| publisher=PWL-Społeczna organizacja kresowa \| work=Województwo Stanisławowskie. Historia \| access-date=14 July 2015 \| author=PWL \| url-status=dead \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127133006/http://pwl1943.republika.pl/stanislawowskie.html \| archive-date=27 November 2014 \| df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Patrylyak2004"/><ref name="Качановський2013">{{cite web \| url=http://www.uamoderna.com/md/199 \| title=Сучасна політика пам'яті на Волині щодо ОУН(б) та нацистських масових вбивств \| publisher=Україна модерна \|trans-title=Contemporary politics of memory about OUN (b) in Volhynia and the Nazi massacres \| date=30 March 2013 \| access-date=14 July 2015 \| author=Іван Качановський }}</ref> In ], the Militsiya rounded up 238 Jews described as "a source of continuous unrest" and carried out the killings by themselves.<ref name="Headland1992">Ronald Headland (1992), '''' Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, pp. 125–126. {{ISBN\|0838634184}}.</ref>{{verify quote\|Does not mention militia\|date=July 2023}} In ], on 30 June 1941 they arrested and executed 183 Jews dubbed "the commissars". Other locations followed.<ref name="Grelka2005">{{cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6cdeIGI8uwC&q=%22ukrainische+Miliz%22 \| title=Ukrainischen Miliz \| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag \| work=Die ukrainische Nationalbewegung unter deutscher Besatzungsherrschaft 1918 und 1941/42 \| date=2005 \| access-date=17 July 2015 \| author=Dr. Frank Grelka \| pages=283–284 \| quote=RSHA von einer begrüßenswerten Aktivitat der ukrainischen Bevolkerung in den ersten Stunden nach dem Abzug der Sowjettruppen. \| isbn=3447052597 \| location=]}}</ref><ref name="Headland1992"/>
	==Background==
	In May 1941 at a meeting in ] the leadership of Bandera's OUN faction adopted the Instruction "Struggle and action of OUN during the war" ({{lang-uk\|"Боротьба й діяльність ОУН під час війни»}}) which outlined the plans for activities at the onset of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union and the western territories of the Ukrainian SSR.<ref>І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN p.111</ref> Section G of that document –"Directives for first days of the organization of the living state" {{lang-uk\|"Вказівки на перші дні організації державного життя»}} outline activity of the Bandera followers during summer 1941 <ref>І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN p.228-241 .</ref> In the subsection of "Minority Policy" the OUN-B ordered:
	"Moskali (a derogatory terms for Russians), Poles, Jews are hostile to us must be exterminated in this struggle, especially those who would resist our regime: deport them to their own lands, importantly: destroy their intelligentsia that may be in the positions of power ... Jews must be isolated, removed from governmental positions in order to prevent sabotage, those who are deemed necessary may only work with an overseer... Jewish assimilation is not possible." <ref>Меншинева політика.
	16. Національні меншини поділяються на:
	а) приязні нам, себто членів досі поневолених народів;
	б) ворожі нам, москалі, поляки, жиди.
	а) Мають однакові права з українцями, уможливлюємо їм поворот в їхню батьківщину.
	б) Винищування в боротьбі, зокрема тих, що боронитимуть режиму: переселювання в їх землі, винищувати головно інтелігенцію, якої не вільно допускати до ніяких урядів, і взагалі унеможливлюємо продуку-
	вання інтелігенції, себто доступ до шкіл і т.д. Наприклад, так званих польських селян треба асимілювати, усвідомлюючи з місця їм, тим більше в цей гарячий, повний фанатизму час, що вони українці, тільки
	латинського обряду, насильно асимільовані. Проводирів нищити. Жидів ізолювати, поусувати з урядів, щоб уникнути саботажу, тим більше москалів і поляків. Коли б була непоборна потреба оставити, приміром, в
	господарськім апараті жида, поставити йому нашого міліціянта над головою і ліквідувати за найменші провини. Керівники поодиноких галузей життя можуть бути лише українці, а не чужині – вороги. Асиміляція жидів виключається.

			By 7 August 1941 stations of Ukrainian People's Militsiya were established in most areas conquered by the ] including ] (Lwów, Lemberg), ], Stanislavov (Stanisławów) (now ]), ] (Łuck), ], ], ], ] (Drohobycz), ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and others.<ref>Р. П. Шляхтич, ''ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х частинах Ін-т історії України НАН України'' (''OUN in 1941: Documents in 2 volumes''). Institute of History of Ukraine. Kiev: Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2006, pp. 426–427. {{ISBN\|966-02-2535-0}}. {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065626/http://journals.hnpu.edu.ua/ojs/hisgeo/article/view/1868 \|date=8 December 2015 }}</ref>{{verify quote\|no mention of Народна Міліція in PDF\|date=July 2023}}
	p.103-104 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0</ref><ref>same text p.485-486 І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004</ref> The main provider at place of such policy were suggested to be a Ukrainian People's Militia - a “sole institution of the state security”- Banderas’s OUN Ukraine heralded as a ”Ukraine for Ukrainians.”

	== Ukrainian People's ~~Militia~~ ~~Instruction~~==		==Ukrainian People's Militsiya instructions==
			The stated duty of the Ukrainian People's Militsiya was to maintain order in the newly occupied territories by defending the Ukrainian population from attacks by scattered remnants of the Red Army, killing resistance members or Soviet parachutists caught behind the German lines, confiscating weapons, registering former communist officials or specialists brought into western Ukraine from eastern regions, and shooting looters or those caught hiding firearms as well as collaborators with the Soviet state and the Soviet ''diversionaries''. The regulations of the Ukrainian People's Militsiya allowed Jews to join in but only under strict rules requiring them to wear yellow stars on their clothing. Poles and Russians were expressly prohibited from joining the force.<ref>Patrylyak 2004, pp. 527 (9 in PDF), and 563 (45 in PDF).</ref><ref name="UkArmy63">Dzyobak, Ilyushyn I.I. and I.K. Patrylyak et al. ''та інші Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія'' (''The Organization of the Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army''). Institute of History of Ukraine. Kiev: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2004, p. 63. {{in lang\|uk}}</ref>
	Along with other ordinary tasks it was suggested that the Militia will stage actions against “hostile elements”:

			The OUN controlling the Ukrainian People' Militsiya was strongly opposed to the Soviet power structure that had been established in ] after the Soviet annexations, particularly the ]. The command sought to neutralize those particular elements that the OUN felt were critical to projecting Soviet power over Ukraine. Instructions issued in May 1941 by OUN in '']'' were very specific about who the enemy was.<ref>Patrylyak 2004, p. 524 (6 in PDF).</ref>
	<blockquote>... ... There are an elements (a “supporters of the regime and NKVD”) which at the time of the creation of the new revolutionary regime in Ukraine must be neutralized. These elements are:

			{{quote\|There are elements that give support to the Soviet regime and NKVD, which, with the creation of the new revolutionary power in Ukraine must be neutralized (i.e. liquidated; унешкідливлені). These elements are:
	* The Muscovites dispatched at the Ukrainian lands to root the Moscow’s power in the Ukraine;
			# The Muscovites (Russians) sent to Ukrainian lands in order to strengthen Moscow's power in Ukraine
	* The Jews, individually and as a national group;
			# The Jews, individually and as a national group
	* The foreigners, mostly are different Asians, which Moscow used to colonizes the Ukraine- to create the Ukraine ethnical chess board;
			# The foreigners, mostly Asians, which Moscow uses to colonize Ukraine in order to turn the country into an ethnic chessboard
	* The Poles on the West Ukrainian lands, which did not give dreams to build the Great Poland, even just at the expense of the Ukrainian lands, even if Poland will became red. "<ref> p.524 І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 - i</ref></blockquote>
			# The Poles on the West Ukrainian lands who have not given up the dream to build a Greater Poland at the expense of the Ukrainian lands, even if Greater Poland will become Red.<ref name="Patrylyak2004">I.K. Patrylyak (2004), '''' Shevchenko University; Institute of History of Ukraine, Kiev, pp. 522–524 (4–6/45 in PDF).</ref>}}

			The objectives of the People's Militsiya were to facilitate the eradication of the suspected members of the NKVD and the Communist Party including Soviet prosecutors or citizens who during the Soviet rule collaborated with them. All prominent non-Ukrainians were to be interred. The People's Militsiya – according to instructions – were advised to act in such way that "the army and the authorities of the ally" (i.e. the German Security Police and the Gestapo) would draw obvious benefits from the existence of the People's Militsiya."<ref>Patrylyak 2004, p. 550.</ref>

			==State security department of the Militsiya==
	The objectives of the "People's Militia" was to stage an initial "cleaning out of the NKVD personnel, Muscovites, Jews and others" as well as compiling lists of "noted in the harassment and persecution" of Ukrainians "- primarily" non-Ukrainians "- but actually the Jews, Muscovites and Poles."
			The Ukrainian People's Militsiya structure also included a "political department" similar to the Gestapo (familiar to the OUN-R organization) named the "Secret State Police ".<ref>Lysenko, A.E. and I.K. Patrylyak. ''Матеріали та документи Служби безпеки ОУН (б) у 1940–х'' (''Materials and Documents of the Security Service of the OUN (b) in the 1940s''). Kiev: Institute of History of Ukraine, 2003, p. 7. {{ISBN\|966-02-2729-9}}. {{in lang\|uk}}</ref>{{verify quote\|offline non-Eng source\|date=July 2023}}
	For urban commands of the People's Militia were "recommended" that ... after cleansing among the NKVD personnel, Muscovites, Jews and others it can begin to organize the proper life in the city. "

			On 25 June 1941 ] wrote to ] that OUN had "formed a Militsiya to remove the Jews".<ref name="UkArmy63"/>{{verify quote\|offline non-Eng source\|date=July 2023}} After the proclamation of "Ukrainian Statehood with the leader of Stepan Bandera"{{clarify\|This needs a better translation\|date=July 2023}} its government was created by UDB (Department of the State Security). On 2 July 1941 Bandera's OUN People's Militsiya established by the Yaroslav Stetsko group at ] was placed under the command of the ] and ].<ref>Patrylyak 2004, p. 231.</ref>{{verify quote\|offline non-Eng source\|date=July 2023}}

			If available, personnel of the Bandera's OUN People's Militsiya were to use captured Soviet Army uniforms with a yellow-blue armband worn on the left sleeve. If such military clothing was not on hand, members were to wear a white armband stamped with the name People's Militsiya (Народна Міліція).<ref>''OUN in 1941'', p. 130. ] faction.</ref>{{verify quote\|offline non-Eng source\|date=July 2023}}
	Also, "The People's Militia" had to act in such way that «the army and the authorities of the ally will see the benefit for their own from the existence of the People's Militia".<ref> p.550 І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004- I.K Patrylyak. Military activities of theOUN (B) in the years 1940-1942. - Shevchenko University \ Institute of History of Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . Kyiv, 2004</ref>

			==See also==
	==State security department of the Militia==
			* ]
	The Ukrainian People's Militia structure also included a "political department” - which is similar to the Gestapo (familiar to the OUN-R organization) - named as a "Secret State Police ".
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]

			==Footnotes==
	<ref> page. 7 Матеріали та документи Служби безпеки ОУН (б) у 1940-х рр. / Упоряд.: О. Є. Лисенко, І. К. Патриляк. – К.: Ін-т історії України НАН України, 2003. - Materials and documents of the Security Service of the OUN (b) in the 1940's. / Compiled by: A.E. Lysenko, I.K. Patrylyak. - K.: Institute of History of Ukraine, 2003 ISBN 966-02-2729-9 </ref>
			{{Notelist}}
			:a. {{Note\|a-KdS}} The KdS stands for the ''Kommandateur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD'', or the Regional Command of the Sipo ('']'') and SD ('']'', the intelligence branch of the '']'').

	==~~Formation~~==		==Citations==
			{{Reflist\|2}}
	On June 25, ] wrote to Stepan Bandera that OUN had “formed a militia to remove the Jews”. <ref> page 63 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Ukrainian Insurgent Army Institute of History of Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . Kyiv, 2004 </ref>
	After the proclamation of the “Ukrainian Statehood with the leader of Stepan Bandera” in its government was created UDB (Department of the State Security). The July 12 1941 Bandera’s OUN People's militia - established by Yaroslav Stetsko group at ] - was placed under the command of the ] and ] <ref> p.231 І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004- I.K Patrylyak. Military activities of theOUN (B) in the years 1940-1942. - Shevchenko University \ Institute of History of Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . Kyiv, 2004</ref>

			==References==
	By August 7, 1941 Ukrainian People's Militia stations were established at most areas conquered by ] including ] <ref> pp 426-427 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х частинах Ін-т історії України НАН України - OUN in 1941: Documents: in 2 volumes Institute of History of Ukraine Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine K. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0 </ref>
			* ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х частинах Ін-т історії України НАН України – OUN in 1941: Documents: in 2 volumes Institute of History of Ukraine Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine K. 2006 {{ISBN\|966-02-2535-0}}
			* I.K. Patrylyak {{langx\|uk\|І.К. Патриляк}} (2004), '''' Університет імені Шевченко, Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ (Institute of History of Ukraine).
			* Pohl D. Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941–1944: Organisation und Durchfuhrung eines staatlichen Massen-verbrechens. – Munich, 1997

	==Uniform==
	] Late September ]. ] {{deletable image-caption}}]]

	If available, personnel of the Bandera’s OUN People's militia should use captured Soviet Army uniform with yellow-blue armband at the left sleeve. If unavailable, it should be a white armband with text in Ukrainian “People's Militia”({{lang-uk\| ''Народна Міліція ''}}). <ref> p. 130 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х частинах Ін-т історії України НАН України - OUN in 1941: Documents: in 2 volumes Institute of History of Ukraine Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine K. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0 </ref>

	==Role in the Holocaust==
	Members of the Ukrainian People's Militia took part in round-ups of Jews for mass executions and participate in it, escorted Jews to their forced labour sites and create an early ]s. <ref>І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN p.228-241 .</ref> <ref> THE DESTRUCTION OF THE JEWS OF LWÓW, 1941-1944 at Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. Contributors: Philip Friedman - author, Ada June Friedman - editor. Publisher: Jewish Publication Society of America. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1980. </ref> <ref> Yale F. Edeiken The Einsatzgruppen http://www.holocaust-history.org/intro-einsatz/</ref> <ref> p.347-355 Browning, Christopher. The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004. ISBN 0803213271</ref>

	The Ukrainian militia participated in the ]. During the four-week pogrom from the end of June to early July 1941, 4,000 Jews were murdered.<ref>Grzegorz Motyka, Ukraińska Partyzantka 1942-1960, Warszawa 2006, p. 98</ref>

	==Transformation into the ] ==
	In major cities it was almost immediately incorporated into ] ]/]. In other places transformation into ] continued until end of September –October 1941. In rural areas it was disbanded or transformed into the ] by November 1941.

	===]===
	=== ]===

	==Activity reports==

	* Bandera’s OUN Report
	<blockquote>July 28, 1941
	…
	Our police now conducting with the German authorities numerous arrests of the Jews. Prior to the liquidation, Jews were tried to protected themselves in all ways, primarily in cash.</blockquote>
	* German ] Report

	<blockquote>August 18, 1941
	….
	Ukrainian militia did not stop pillages, torments and killings. ...
	Poles equalized with Jews, and they are required to wear armbands on the sleeves.
	In many places the Ukrainian militia units formed a "Ukrainian Security Service", "Ukrainian Gestapo", etc.
	…
	<ref> ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х частинах Ін-т історії України НАН України - OUN in 1941: Documents: in 2 volumes Institute of History of Ukraine Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine K. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0 </ref></blockquote>
	* German report to ]
	<blockquote>December 2, 1941

	Aktion moved in the main from east to west. It was carried out entirely in public, with the assistance of Ukrainian militia; in many cases, regrettably, also with the voluntary participation of members of the Wehrmacht. These Aktionen included aged men, women, and children of all ages, and the manner in which they were carried out was appalling. The gigantic number of executions involved in this Aktion is far greater than any similar measure undertaken in the Soviet Union up to now. Altogether about 150,000 to 200,000 Jews may have been executed in this section of the Ukraine belonging to the RK ;
	<ref>The Extermination of the Jews in the Ukraine
	(December 2, 1941)
	http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Ukraine.html </ref></blockquote>
	==Sources==
	*ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х частинах Ін-т історії України НАН України - OUN in 1941: Documents: in 2 volumes Institute of History of Ukraine Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine K. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
	*І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004
	*Pohl D. Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941-1944: Organisation und Durchfuhrung eines staatlichen Massen-verbrechens. - Munich, 1997
	==See also==
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
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	==References==
	{{Reflist}}
	{{Holocaust Ukraine}}		{{Holocaust Ukraine}}
			{{Holocaust Poland}}

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Latest revision as of 02:08, 18 November 2024

Ukrainian People's Militia
Ukrainian: Українська Міліція German: Ukrainische Miliz
Active	23 June 1941 – November 1941
Country	Selected cities and rural areas of General Government and Reichskommissariat Ukraine

Military unit

Ukrainian People's Militia (Ukrainian: Українська Народна Міліція, romanized: Ukrainska Narodna Militsiia) or the Ukrainian National Militia, was a paramilitary formation created by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) in the General Government territory of occupied Poland and later in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine during World War II. It was set up in the course of Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union.

Formation

Ukrainian People's Militsiya, created in June 1941, preceded the official founding of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police in mid-August 1941 by Heinrich Himmler. There is conclusive historical evidence indicating that members of the Ukrainian Militsiya took a leading role in the 1941 Lviv pogroms, after the German army reached Lwów (Lemberg) at the end of June in Soviet-occupied eastern Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine). Initially the Ukrainian Militsiya acted independently, with the blessings of the SS, but later were limited to joint operations (Aktionen) with German units or otherwise functioned directly under the Nazi command.

The Ukrainian People's Militsiya was active in occupied territories behind the Wehrmacht lines, assisting the German Security Police and the Einsatzgruppen while the army kept advancing in the direction of Zhytomyr, Rivne and Kiev.

Heinrich Himmler was appointed Chief of SS and Police for the Eastern Territories on 17 July 1941 and decreed the formation of the Schutzmannschaften from among the non-German auxiliaries. In mid-August he regrouped the indigenous Militsiya which had sprung up under military rule to form the core of the official Ukrainische Hilfspolizei. Before that, members of the Ukrainian Militsiya in formerly Polish cities with sizeable Polish-Jewish presence compiled lists of targets for the branch offices of the KdS and assisted with the roundups (as in Stanisławów, Włodzimierz Wołyński, Lutsk). In Korosten, the Militsiya rounded up 238 Jews described as "a source of continuous unrest" and carried out the killings by themselves. In Sokal, on 30 June 1941 they arrested and executed 183 Jews dubbed "the commissars". Other locations followed.

By 7 August 1941 stations of Ukrainian People's Militsiya were established in most areas conquered by the Wehrmacht including Lviv (Lwów, Lemberg), Tarnopol, Stanislavov (Stanisławów) (now Ivano-Frankivsk), Lutsk (Łuck), Rovno, Yavoriv, Kamenetz-Podolsk, Drohobych (Drohobycz), Dubno, Sambir, Kostopol, Sarny, Zolochiv, Berezhany, Pidhaytsi, Kolomyya, Rava-Ruska, Radekhiv, Terebovlia, Zbarazh, Zhytomyr, Fastov and others.

Ukrainian People's Militsiya instructions

The stated duty of the Ukrainian People's Militsiya was to maintain order in the newly occupied territories by defending the Ukrainian population from attacks by scattered remnants of the Red Army, killing resistance members or Soviet parachutists caught behind the German lines, confiscating weapons, registering former communist officials or specialists brought into western Ukraine from eastern regions, and shooting looters or those caught hiding firearms as well as collaborators with the Soviet state and the Soviet diversionaries. The regulations of the Ukrainian People's Militsiya allowed Jews to join in but only under strict rules requiring them to wear yellow stars on their clothing. Poles and Russians were expressly prohibited from joining the force.

The OUN controlling the Ukrainian People' Militsiya was strongly opposed to the Soviet power structure that had been established in Galicia after the Soviet annexations, particularly the NKVD. The command sought to neutralize those particular elements that the OUN felt were critical to projecting Soviet power over Ukraine. Instructions issued in May 1941 by OUN in Distrikt Galizien were very specific about who the enemy was.

There are elements that give support to the Soviet regime and NKVD, which, with the creation of the new revolutionary power in Ukraine must be neutralized (i.e. liquidated; унешкідливлені). These elements are:
The Muscovites (Russians) sent to Ukrainian lands in order to strengthen Moscow's power in Ukraine

The Jews, individually and as a national group

The foreigners, mostly Asians, which Moscow uses to colonize Ukraine in order to turn the country into an ethnic chessboard

The Poles on the West Ukrainian lands who have not given up the dream to build a Greater Poland at the expense of the Ukrainian lands, even if Greater Poland will become Red.

The objectives of the People's Militsiya were to facilitate the eradication of the suspected members of the NKVD and the Communist Party including Soviet prosecutors or citizens who during the Soviet rule collaborated with them. All prominent non-Ukrainians were to be interred. The People's Militsiya – according to instructions – were advised to act in such way that "the army and the authorities of the ally" (i.e. the German Security Police and the Gestapo) would draw obvious benefits from the existence of the People's Militsiya."

State security department of the Militsiya

The Ukrainian People's Militsiya structure also included a "political department" similar to the Gestapo (familiar to the OUN-R organization) named the "Secret State Police ".

On 25 June 1941 Yaroslav Stetsko wrote to Stepan Bandera that OUN had "formed a Militsiya to remove the Jews". After the proclamation of "Ukrainian Statehood with the leader of Stepan Bandera" its government was created by UDB (Department of the State Security). On 2 July 1941 Bandera's OUN People's Militsiya established by the Yaroslav Stetsko group at Lemberg was placed under the command of the Security police and Secret police.

If available, personnel of the Bandera's OUN People's Militsiya were to use captured Soviet Army uniforms with a yellow-blue armband worn on the left sleeve. If such military clothing was not on hand, members were to wear a white armband stamped with the name People's Militsiya (Народна Міліція).

Footnotes

a. The KdS stands for the Kommandateur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, or the Regional Command of the Sipo (Sicherheitspolizei) and SD (Sicherheitsdienst, the intelligence branch of the SS).

Citations

^ Dr. Frank Grelka (2005). Ukrainischen Miliz. Viadrina European University: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 283–284. ISBN 3447052597. Retrieved 17 July 2015. RSHA von einer begrüßenswerten Aktivitat der ukrainischen Bevolkerung in den ersten Stunden nach dem Abzug der Sowjettruppen. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Prof. John-Paul Himka (25 February 2013). "Ще кілька слів про львівський погром (A few words about the Lviv pogrom)". Наявні фотографії із львівського погрому. Історична правда. With links to relevant articles. For the English original, see: John-Paul Himka (2011). "The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 53 (2–4): 209–243. doi:10.1080/00085006.2011.11092673. ISSN 0008-5006. JSTOR 41708340. S2CID 159577084.. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
Jakob Weiss, The Lemberg Mosaic, New York: Alderbrook Press, 2011; pp. 165–174 (chpt. Prison Massacre), 206–210 (chpt. Petlura Days).
Symposium Presentations (September 2005). "The Holocaust and [German] Colonialism in Ukraine: A Case Study" (PDF). The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. The Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 15, 18–19, 20 in current document of 1/154. Archived from the original (PDF file, direct download 1.63 MB) on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2014. Himmler rolled out his plans for recruiting and utilizing Ukrainian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Estonian police auxiliaries. As the newly appointed chief of SS and police forces in the East, he decreed the formation of non-German auxiliaries, known as Schutzmannschaften. In accord with Himmler's July 1941 order, these police collaborators were chosen from the local militias that had sprung up under the military occupation and from the screening of acceptable racial groups among the POWs, first and foremost from the Volksdeutsche and then Ukrainians. Many of the fresh Ukrainian recruits had been active in the nationalist movement.
PWL. "Mord w Czarnym Lesie (Murder in the Black Forest)". Województwo Stanisławowskie. Historia. PWL-Społeczna organizacja kresowa. Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
^ I.K. Patrylyak (2004), Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках (The Military Activities of the OUN (B), 1940–1942). Shevchenko University; Institute of History of Ukraine, Kiev, pp. 522–524 (4–6/45 in PDF).
Іван Качановський (30 March 2013). "Сучасна політика пам'яті на Волині щодо ОУН(б) та нацистських масових вбивств" [Contemporary politics of memory about OUN (b) in Volhynia and the Nazi massacres]. Україна модерна. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
^ Ronald Headland (1992), Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941–1943. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, pp. 125–126. ISBN 0838634184.
Р. П. Шляхтич, ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х частинах Ін-т історії України НАН України (OUN in 1941: Documents in 2 volumes). Institute of History of Ukraine. Kiev: Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2006, pp. 426–427. ISBN 966-02-2535-0. Abstract, with links to PDF files. Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Patrylyak 2004, pp. 527 (9 in PDF), and 563 (45 in PDF).
^ Dzyobak, Ilyushyn I.I. and I.K. Patrylyak et al. та інші Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія (The Organization of the Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army). Institute of History of Ukraine. Kiev: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2004, p. 63. (in Ukrainian)
Patrylyak 2004, p. 524 (6 in PDF).
Patrylyak 2004, p. 550.
Lysenko, A.E. and I.K. Patrylyak. Матеріали та документи Служби безпеки ОУН (б) у 1940–х (Materials and Documents of the Security Service of the OUN (b) in the 1940s). Kiev: Institute of History of Ukraine, 2003, p. 7. ISBN 966-02-2729-9. (in Ukrainian)
Patrylyak 2004, p. 231.
OUN in 1941, p. 130. Stepan Bandera faction.

References

ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х частинах Ін-т історії України НАН України – OUN in 1941: Documents: in 2 volumes Institute of History of Ukraine Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine K. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
I.K. Patrylyak Ukrainian: І.К. Патриляк (2004), Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках (The Military Activities of the OUN (B), 1940–1942). Університет імені Шевченко, Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ (Institute of History of Ukraine).
Pohl D. Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941–1944: Organisation und Durchfuhrung eines staatlichen Massen-verbrechens. – Munich, 1997

The Holocaust in Ukraine

Main article: The Holocaust
Related articles by country: Belarus; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russia

People

Perpetrators	Paul Blobel Werner Braune Kurt Eberhard Hermann Fegelein Lothar Fendler Hans Frank Günther Herrmann Friedrich Jeckeln Ernst Kaltenbrunner Fritz Katzmann Erich Koch Felix Landau Gustav Adolf Nosske Hans von Obstfelder Otto Ohlendorf Hans-Adolf Prützmann Paul Otto Radomski Otto Rasch Walter von Reichenau Walter Schimana Karl Eberhard Schöngarth Heinz Schubert Erwin Schulz Heinrich Seetzen Hans Graf von Sponeck Otto Wächter Dieter Wisliceny
Collaborators	John Demjanjuk Feodor Fedorenko Anatoliy Kabayda Vladimir Katriuk Vasyl Meleshko Hryhoriy Vasiura Petro Voinovsky Petro Zakhvalynsky
Victims	Tatiana Markus
Rescuers	Ukrainian Righteous Among the Nations Aleksei Glagolev Hermann Friedrich Graebe Omelyan Kovch Klymentiy Sheptytsky Yurii Sokolov

Organizations

Perpetrators	Einsatzgruppen Nachtigall Battalion Police Regiment South Schutzmannschaft Ukrainian Auxiliary Police Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) Ukrainian People's Militia

Events

Places

Evidence

Trials

Books & films

See also: History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia; Transnistria Governorate

Holocaust in German-occupied Poland

Main article: The Holocaust
Related articles by country: Belarus; Belgium; Croatia; Denmark; Estonia; France; Germany; Latvia; Lithuania; Norway; Romania; Russia; Slovakia; Ukraine

Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks

Camps

Extermination	Auschwitz II-Birkenau Chełmno Majdanek Operation Reinhard Belzec Sobibor Treblinka
Concentration	Auschwitz I Gross-Rosen Kraków-Płaszów Potulice Soldau Stutthof Szebnie Trawniki Warsaw Danzig-Matzkau

Mass shootings

Pogroms

Ghettos

Other atrocities

Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators

Perpetrators

Organizers	Viktor Brack Josef Bühler Adolf Eichmann Theodor Eicke Ludwig Fischer Hans Frank Odilo Globocnik Richard Glücks Arthur Greiser Heinrich Himmler Hermann Höfle Fritz Katzmann Wilhelm Koppe Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger Franz Kutschera Erwin Lambert Ernst Lerch Georg Michalsen Oswald Pohl Heinz Reinefarth Julian Scherner Arthur Seyss-Inquart Jakob Sporrenberg Bruno Streckenbach Richard Thomalla Otto Wächter Dieter Wisliceny
Camp command	Hans Aumeier Richard Baer Wilhelm Boger Hermine Braunsteiner Irmfried Eberl Theodor van Eupen Kurt Franz Karl Frenzel Karl Fritzsch Amon Göth Maximilian Grabner Otto Hantke Fritz Hartjenstein Gottlieb Hering Rudolf Höss Franz Hössler Karl-Otto Koch Josef Kramer Arthur Liebehenschel Maria Mandl Heinrich Matthes Hermann Michel Karl Möckel Robert Mulka Johann Niemann Josef Oberhauser Franz Reichleitner Heinrich Schwarz Johann Schwarzhuber Franz Stangl Gustav Wagner Christian Wirth
Gas chamber executioners	Erich Bauer Kurt Bolender Lorenz Hackenholt Josef Klehr Hans Koch Herbert Lange Otto Moll Ludwig Plagge Adolf Theuer
Physicians	Franz von Bodmann Carl Clauberg Karl Gebhardt Horst Fischer Fritz Klein Josef Mengele Horst Schumann Alfred Trzebinski Eduard Wirths
Ghetto command	Heinz Auerswald Hans Biebow Josef Blösche Franz Bürkl Heinrich Klaustermeyer Franz Konrad Alexander Palfinger Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg Jürgen Stroop
Einsatzgruppen	Wolfgang Birkner Helmut Bischoff Lothar Beutel Paul Blobel Karl Brunner Ernst Damzog Gerhard Flesch Ludwig Hahn Felix Landau Josef Meisinger Bruno Müller Erich Naumann Emanuel Schäfer Hermann Schaper Karl Eberhard Schöngarth Udo von Woyrsch

Personnel

Camp guards

By camp

Organizations

Einsatzgruppen (SS)
Order Police battalions (Ordnungspolizei)
WVHA
RKFDV
VoMi
General Government
Hotel Polski

Collaboration

Resistance, victims, documentation and technical

Organizations

Uprisings

Leaders

Victim lists

Ghettos	Kraków Łódź Lviv (Lwów) Warsaw
Camps	Auschwitz Bełżec Gross-Rosen Izbica Majdanek Sobibór Soldau Stutthof Trawniki Treblinka

Documentation

Nazi sources	Auschwitz Album Frank memorandum Höcker Album Höfle telegram Katzmann Report Korherr Report Posen speeches Sobibor perpetrator album Special Prosecution Book – Poland Stroop Report Wannsee Conference
Witness accounts	Graebe affidavit Gerstein Report Vrba–Wetzler report Witold's Report Sonderkommando photographs
Concealment	Sonderaktion 1005

Technical and logistics

Aftermath, trials and commemoration

Aftermath

Trials

West German trials	Frankfurt Auschwitz trials Treblinka trials
Polish, East German, and Soviet trials	Auschwitz trial (Poland) Stutthof trials Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission

Memorials

Righteous Among the Nations

Categories:

Latest revision as of 02:08, 18 November 2024

Formation

Ukrainian People's Militsiya instructions

State security department of the Militsiya

See also

Footnotes

Citations

References