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{{Short description|River in Sakha, Russia}}
⚫ ]The '''Yana River''' ({{lang-ru|Яна}}), is a ] in ] in ], located between the ] to the west and the ] to the east.
{{about||the river in Magadan Oblast|Yana (Sea of Okhotsk)}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Yana
| other_name = Яна / Дьааҥы
| native_name_lang =
| image = Усть-Куйга - panoramio.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = The Yana flowing past ]
| map = Yana river.png
| map_caption = Basin of the Yana
| source1_location = ] of ] and ]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|67.4634|133.2517|region:RU-SA_type:waterbody}}
| mouth_location = ]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|71|32|14|N|136|39|11|E|region:RU-SA_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=it}}
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = ]
| length = {{convert|872|km|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|1110|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size = {{convert|238,000|km2|abbr=on}}
| pushpin_map = Russia Sakha Republic
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption= Mouth location in ], Russia
}}
]
⚫ The '''Yana''' ({{lang-rus|Я́на|p=ˈjanə}}; {{langx|sah|Дьааҥы|Câñı}}) is a river in ] in ], located between the ] to the west and the ] to the east.


==Course==
It is 872 ] in length. The ] of its ] is 238,000&nbsp;km², whilst its annual discharge totals approximately 25 cubic kilometres (20 million ]). Most of this discharge occurs in May and June as the ice on the river breaks up. The Yana freezes up on the surface in October and stays under the ice until late May - early June. In the ] area, it stays frozen to the bottom for 70 to 110 days, and partly frozen for 220 days of the year. It is {{convert|872|km|mi}} long, and its ] covers {{convert|238000|km2|mi2}}.<ref name=gvr>{{GVR|255830|Река ЯНА}}</ref> Including its longest source river, the ], it is {{convert|1492|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=gvr2>{{GVR|255868|Река Сартанг}}</ref> Its annual discharge totals approximately {{convert|35|km3|acre.ft|lk=out}}. Most of this discharge occurs in May and June as the ice on the river breaks up. The Yana freezes up on the surface in October and stays under the ice until late May or early June. In the ] area, it stays frozen to the bottom for 70 to 110 days, and partly frozen for 220 days of the year.


The river begins at the ] of the rivers ] and ]. As the Yana flows into the ] of the ], it forms a huge ] (10,200&nbsp;km²). ] is a large flat island located east of the main mouths of the Yana. The river begins at the ] of the rivers ] and ] in the ]. It flows north across the vast ], part of the greater ], shared with the ] to the east. As the river flows into the ] of the ], it forms a huge ] covering {{convert|10200|km2|mi2}}.<ref name=bse>, ]</ref> ] is a large flat island located east of the main mouths of the Yana.


There are approximately 40,000 ]s in the Yana basin, including both alpine lakes formed from ] in the ] (lowlands were always too dry for glaciation) and overflow lakes on the marshy plains in the north of the basin. The whole Yana basin is under ] and most is ] woodland grading to ] north of about 70°N, though ]s extend in suitable microhabitats right to the delta. There are approximately 40,000 lakes in the Yana basin, including both alpine lakes formed from ] in the ] (lowlands were always too dry for glaciation) and overflow lakes on the marshy plains in the north of the basin. The whole Yana basin is under ] and most is ] woodland grading to ] north of about 70°N, though trees extend into suitable microhabitats right to the delta.


⚫ Verkhoyansk, ], ], and ] are the main ports on the Yana.<ref name=bse/>
The principal ] of the Yana are: ], ], ], ]. Most of these tributaries are short rivers flowing from the high Verkhoyansk Mountains.


⚫ The Yana basin is the site of the so-called ] of Russia, where the lowest recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere are found. In the winter, temperatures in the centre of the basin average as low as {{convert|-51|C|F}} and have reached as low as {{convert|-71|C|F}}; in the mountains it is believed that temperatures have reached {{convert|-82|C|F}}.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} ] ] says that, at such temperatures, if you shout to a friend and they cannot hear you, it is because the words have frozen in the air. However, when spring comes the words "thaw" and one can hear everything that was said months ago.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}
⚫ Verkhoyansk, ], ], ] are the main ports on the Yana.


=== Tributaries===
⚫ The Yana basin is the site of the so-called ] of Russia, where the lowest recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere are found. In the winter, temperatures in the centre of the basin average as low as -51 °C or -60 °F and have reached as low as -71 °C or -96 °F &mdash; though in the mountains it is believed that temperatures have reached -82 °C or -116 °F.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} ] ] says that, at such temperatures, if you shout to a friend and they can't hear you, it's because the words have frozen in the air. However, when spring comes the words "thaw" and one can hear everything that was said months ago.
The main ] of the Yana are the ], ], ] and ] from the right, and the ], ], ] and ] from the left.<ref name=bse/> Most of these tributaries are short rivers flowing from the Verkhoyansk Mountains or the ], part of the ].<ref name="WoR"></ref>


==History== ==History==
Evidence of modern human habitation was found in the delta at the ] as early as 32,000 years ago. These people, designated as "Ancient North Siberians”, ] 38,000 years ago from Western Eurasians, soon after the Western Eurasians split from East Asians.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448829v1 |doi = 10.1101/448829 |title = The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene |year = 2018 |last1 = Sikora |first1 = Martin |last2 = Pitulko |first2 = Vladimir V. |last3 = Sousa |first3 = Vitor C. |last4 = Allentoft |first4 = Morten E. |last5 = Vinner |first5 = Lasse |last6 = Rasmussen |first6 = Simon |last7 = Margaryan |first7 = Ashot |last8 = De Barros Damgaard |first8 = Peter |last9 = de la Fuente Castro |first9 = Constanza |last10 = Renaud |first10 = Gabriel |last11 = Yang |first11 = Melinda |last12 = Fu |first12 = Qiaomei |last13 = Dupanloup |first13 = Isabelle |last14 = Giampoudakis |first14 = Konstantinos |last15 = Bravo Nogues |first15 = David |last16 = Rahbek |first16 = Carsten |last17 = Kroonen |first17 = Guus |last18 = Peyrot |first18 = Michäel |last19 = McColl |first19 = Hugh |last20 = Vasilyev |first20 = Sergey V. |last21 = Veselovskaya |first21 = Elizaveta |last22 = Gerasimova |first22 = Margarita |last23 = Pavlova |first23 = Elena Y. |last24 = Chasnyk |first24 = Vyacheslav G. |last25 = Nikolskiy |first25 = Pavel A. |last26 = Grebenyuk |first26 = Pavel S. |last27 = Fedorchenko |first27 = Alexander Yu. |last28 = Lebedintsev |first28 = Alexander I. |last29 = Slobodin |first29 = Sergey B. |last30 = Malyarchuk |first30 = Boris A. |s2cid = 91983065 |display-authors = 29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501233156/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/448829v1 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |url-status=dead|hdl = 1887/3198847 |hdl-access = free }}</ref>
The Yana River area is the first known site of human habitation in the ], with evidence of habitation found in the delta from as early as 30,000 years ago (12,000 years before the height of the last period of ], or the ]).


In 1633-38 ] and Ivan Rebrov sailed down the Lena and east along the Arctic coast to the mouth of the Yana and reached the ] estuary. In 1636-42 Elisei Buza followed essentially the same route. In 1638-40, Poznik Ivanov ascended a tributary of the lower Lena, crossed the Verkhoyansk Range to the upper Yana and then crossed the ] to the Indigirka.<ref name= Lantzeff>{{cite book In 1633–38 ] and Ivan Rebrov sailed down the Lena and east along the Arctic coast to the mouth of the Yana and reached the ] estuary. In 1636–42 Elisei Buza followed essentially the same route. In 1638–40, Poznik Ivanov ascended a tributary of the lower Lena, crossed the Verkhoyansk Range to the upper Yana and then crossed the ] to the Indigirka.<ref name= Lantzeff>{{cite book
| last = Lantzeff | last = Lantzeff
| first = George V., and Richard A. Pierce | first = George V., and Richard A. Pierce
Line 23: Line 52:
| year = 1973 | year = 1973
| location = Montreal | location = Montreal
| page = }}</ref> }}</ref>


In 1892-1894 ], accompanied by expedition leader ], carried out geological surveys in the basin of the Yana (among other Far-eastern Siberian rivers) on behalf of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences. During one year and two days the expedition covered 25,000&nbsp;km, of which 4,200&nbsp;km were up rivers, carrying out geodesic surveys en route. In 1892–1894 ], accompanied by expedition leader ], carried out geological surveys in the basin of the Yana (among other Far-eastern Siberian rivers) on behalf of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences. During one year and two days the expedition covered {{convert|25000|km|mi}}, of which {{convert|4200|km|mi}} were up rivers, carrying out geodesic surveys en route.

==See also==
*]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist}}


== General References == == General References ==
*], Baron Eduard Von Toll's Last Expedition. Arctic, Sept 1980. *], Baron Eduard Von Toll's Last Expedition. Arctic, Sept 1980.

*Alexander von Bunge & Baron Eduard Von Toll, ''The Expedition to the New Siberian Islands and the Jana country, equipped by the Imperial Academy of Sciences.'' 1887. *Alexander von Bunge & Baron Eduard Von Toll, ''The Expedition to the New Siberian Islands and the Jana country, equipped by the Imperial Academy of Sciences.'' 1887.

{{coord missing|Russia}}


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Latest revision as of 03:25, 19 November 2024

River in Sakha, Russia For the river in Magadan Oblast, see Yana (Sea of Okhotsk).
Yana
Яна / Дьааҥы
The Yana flowing past Ust-Kuyga
Basin of the Yana
Yana (river) is located in Sakha RepublicYana (river)Mouth location in Yakutia, Russia
Location
CountryRussia
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationConfluence of Sartang and Dulgalakh
 • coordinates67°27′48″N 133°15′06″E / 67.4634°N 133.2517°E / 67.4634; 133.2517
Mouth 
 • locationLaptev Sea
 • coordinates71°32′14″N 136°39′11″E / 71.53722°N 136.65306°E / 71.53722; 136.65306
 • elevation0 m (0 ft)
Length872 km (542 mi)
Basin size238,000 km (92,000 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • average1,110 m/s (39,000 cu ft/s)
Map showing the two Yana Rivers in the Russian Far East. The river of this article is the northern one which It flows into the Laptev Sea.

The Yana (Russian: Я́на, IPA: [ˈjanə]; Yakut: Дьааҥы, romanized: Câñı) is a river in Sakha in Russia, located between the Lena to the west and the Indigirka to the east.

Course

It is 872 kilometres (542 mi) long, and its drainage basin covers 238,000 square kilometres (92,000 sq mi). Including its longest source river, the Sartang, it is 1,492 km (927 mi) long. Its annual discharge totals approximately 35 cubic kilometres (28,000,000 acre⋅ft). Most of this discharge occurs in May and June as the ice on the river breaks up. The Yana freezes up on the surface in October and stays under the ice until late May or early June. In the Verkhoyansk area, it stays frozen to the bottom for 70 to 110 days, and partly frozen for 220 days of the year.

The river begins at the confluence of the rivers Sartang and Dulgalakh in the Yana-Oymyakon Highlands. It flows north across the vast Yana-Indigirka Lowland, part of the greater East Siberian Lowland, shared with the Indigirka to the east. As the river flows into the Yana Bay of the Laptev Sea, it forms a huge river delta covering 10,200 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi). Yarok is a large flat island located east of the main mouths of the Yana.

There are approximately 40,000 lakes in the Yana basin, including both alpine lakes formed from glaciation in the Verkhoyansk Mountains (lowlands were always too dry for glaciation) and overflow lakes on the marshy plains in the north of the basin. The whole Yana basin is under continuous permafrost and most is larch woodland grading to tundra north of about 70°N, though trees extend into suitable microhabitats right to the delta.

Verkhoyansk, Batagay, Ust-Kuyga, and Nizhneyansk are the main ports on the Yana.

The Yana basin is the site of the so-called Pole of Cold of Russia, where the lowest recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere are found. In the winter, temperatures in the centre of the basin average as low as −51 °C (−60 °F) and have reached as low as −71 °C (−96 °F); in the mountains it is believed that temperatures have reached −82 °C (−116 °F). Yakut folklore says that, at such temperatures, if you shout to a friend and they cannot hear you, it is because the words have frozen in the air. However, when spring comes the words "thaw" and one can hear everything that was said months ago.

Tributaries

The main tributaries of the Yana are the Adycha, Oldzho, Sartang and Abyrabyt from the right, and the Dulgalakh, Bytantay, Tykakh and Baky from the left. Most of these tributaries are short rivers flowing from the Verkhoyansk Mountains or the Chersky Range, part of the East Siberian Mountains.

History

Evidence of modern human habitation was found in the delta at the Yana RHS (Rhinoceros Horn Site) as early as 32,000 years ago. These people, designated as "Ancient North Siberians”, genetically diverged 38,000 years ago from Western Eurasians, soon after the Western Eurasians split from East Asians.

In 1633–38 Ilya Perfilyev and Ivan Rebrov sailed down the Lena and east along the Arctic coast to the mouth of the Yana and reached the Indigirka estuary. In 1636–42 Elisei Buza followed essentially the same route. In 1638–40, Poznik Ivanov ascended a tributary of the lower Lena, crossed the Verkhoyansk Range to the upper Yana and then crossed the Chersky Range to the Indigirka.

In 1892–1894 Baron Eduard Von Toll, accompanied by expedition leader Alexander von Bunge, carried out geological surveys in the basin of the Yana (among other Far-eastern Siberian rivers) on behalf of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences. During one year and two days the expedition covered 25,000 kilometres (16,000 mi), of which 4,200 kilometres (2,600 mi) were up rivers, carrying out geodesic surveys en route.

See also

References

  1. "Река ЯНА in the State Water Register of Russia". textual.ru (in Russian).
  2. "Река Сартанг in the State Water Register of Russia". textual.ru (in Russian).
  3. ^ Яна, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  4. Water of Russia - Яна
  5. Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; De Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente Castro, Constanza; Renaud, Gabriel; Yang, Melinda; Fu, Qiaomei; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Giampoudakis, Konstantinos; Bravo Nogues, David; Rahbek, Carsten; Kroonen, Guus; Peyrot, Michäel; McColl, Hugh; Vasilyev, Sergey V.; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Gerasimova, Margarita; Pavlova, Elena Y.; Chasnyk, Vyacheslav G.; Nikolskiy, Pavel A.; Grebenyuk, Pavel S.; Fedorchenko, Alexander Yu.; Lebedintsev, Alexander I.; Slobodin, Sergey B.; et al. (2018). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene". doi:10.1101/448829. hdl:1887/3198847. S2CID 91983065. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. Lantzeff, George V., and Richard A. Pierce (1973). Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier, to 1750. Montreal: McGill-Queen's U.P.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

General References

  • William Barr, Baron Eduard Von Toll's Last Expedition. Arctic, Sept 1980.
  • Alexander von Bunge & Baron Eduard Von Toll, The Expedition to the New Siberian Islands and the Jana country, equipped by the Imperial Academy of Sciences. 1887.
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