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| {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} | |||
| ] arriving in the ] carrying a banner with the initials of ] and ].]] | |||
| {{Short description|none}} | |||
| ], 1843]] | |||
| This '''timeline of European exploration''' lists major geographic discoveries and other firsts credited to or involving Europeans during the ] and ], between the years AD 1418 and 1957. | |||
| Despite several significant transoceanic and transcontinental explorations by European civilizations in the preceding centuries, the precise geography of the Earth outside of ] was largely unknown to Europeans before the 15th century, when technological advances (especially in ]) as well as the rise of ], ], and a host of other social, cultural, and economic changes made it possible to organize large-scale exploratory expeditions to uncharted parts of the globe. | |||
| The following timeline covers ]an ] from 1418 to 1854. | |||
| The |
The ] arguably began in the early 15th century with the rounding of the feared ] and ] exploration of the west coast of ], while in the last decade of the century the ] sent expeditions far across the Atlantic, where the ] would eventually be reached, and the Portuguese found a sea route to ]. In the 16th century, various European states funded expeditions to the interior of both North and South America, as well as to their respective west and east coasts, north to ] and ] and south to ] and ]. In the 17th century, ] explorers conquered ] in search of sables, while the ] contributed greatly to the charting of ]. The 18th century witnessed the first extensive explorations of the ] and ] and the exploration of ], while the 19th was dominated by exploration of the ]s and excursions into the heart of Africa. By the early 20th century, the poles themselves had been reached. | ||
| ==15th century == | |||
| Note, that the entries refer to "discoveries" only in a ''European'' sense, with the exception of ] and the ]a, among other regions which had never before been documented by humans. | |||
| ] lands at ], illustration for Os Lusíadas, 1880 by Ernesto Casanova]] | |||
| *1418 – ] explorers ] and ] discover ] in the ].<ref name=Diffie>{{cite book| last = Diffie| first = Bailey| title = Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580| publisher = University of Minnesota Press| year = 1977| isbn = 0-8166-0782-6| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&pg=1| pages = 465–474}}</ref> | |||
| ==Fifteenth century== | |||
| *1419 – ] and Vaz discover the main island of ].<ref name=Diffie/> | |||
| ], 1843]] | |||
| *1431 – ] discovers the ].<ref name=Diffie/> | |||
| ] | |||
| *1434 – ] passes ] and becomes the first confirmed person to sail beyond ] and return alive.<ref name=Morison1974>{{cite book| last = Morison| first = Samuel| title = The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492–1616| url = https://archive.org/details/europeandiscover00mori| url-access = registration| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1974| location = New York}}</ref> | |||
| *1418 - ] and ] discover ].{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} | |||
| *1419 - Gonçalves and Vaz discover ].<ref name=Diffie>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Diffie | |||
| | first = Bailey | |||
| | title = Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580 | |||
| | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | |||
| | year = 1977 | |||
| | location = | |||
| | isbn = 0816607826 | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&lpg=1 | |||
| | pages = 465–474}}</ref> | |||
| *1432 – ] discovers ], southeastern-most of the ] archipelago.<ref name=Morison>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Morison | |||
| | first = Samuel | |||
| | title = The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages | |||
| | publisher = Oxford University Press | |||
| | year = 1971 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| | page = }}</ref> | |||
| *1434 - ] passes ] and rounds ].<ref name=Morison1974>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Morison | |||
| | first = Samuel | |||
| | title = The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492-1616 | |||
| | publisher = Oxford University Press | |||
| | year = 1974 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| | page = }}</ref> | |||
| *1443 – ] passes ].<ref name=Diffie/> | |||
| *1444 – ] reaches the mouth of the ].<ref name=Whitfield/> | *1444 – ] reaches the mouth of the ].<ref name=Whitfield/> | ||
| *1446 |
*1446 – The Portuguese reach the mainland peninsula of ] and the ].<ref name=Whitfield/> | ||
| *1456 |
*1456 – ] and ] discover the ], {{convert|560|km}} west of the Cape Verde peninsula.<ref name=Diffie/> | ||
| *1460 |
*1460 – ] reaches ].<ref name=Diffie/> | ||
| *1470 |
*1470 – ] is passed.<ref name=Whitfield/> | ||
| *1472 |
*1472 – ] lands on the island of ].<ref name=Ravenstein>{{cite book| last = Ravenstein| first = Ernest George| title = The voyages of Diogo Cão and Bartholomeu Dias, 1482–88| publisher = W. Clowes and Sons| year = 1900| location = London| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qt-fAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> | ||
| *1473 – ] is the first European sailor to cross the ].<ref name=Whitfield/><ref name=Ravenstein/> | |||
| | last = Ravenstein | |||
| *1474–75 – Ruy de Sequeira discovers ].<ref name=Ravenstein/> | |||
| | first = Ernest George | |||
| *1482 – ] reaches the ], where he erects a ''padrão'' ("pillar of stone").<ref name=Ravenstein/> | |||
| | title = The voyages of Diogo Cão and Bartholomeu Dias, 1482-88 | |||
| *1485–86 – Cão reaches ], where he erects his last ''padrão''.<ref name=Ravenstein/> | |||
| | publisher = W. Clowes and Sons | |||
| *1487–92 – ] travels to ], to the mouth of the ], and then eastward by sail to the ] (visiting ] and ] on the ]n subcontinent). He later sails south along the east coast of Africa, visiting the trading stations of ], ], and ]; on his return journey he visits ] and ] before reaching ] in search of the mythical ].<ref name=Fleming2004>{{cite book| last = Fleming| first = Fergus| title = Off the Map: Tales of Endurance and Exploration| publisher = Atlantic Monthly Press| year = 2004| location = New York| isbn = 9780871138996| url =https://archive.org/details/offmap00ferg| url-access = registration}}</ref> | |||
| | year = 1900 | |||
| *1488 – ] rounds the "Cape of Storms" (]), at the southernmost tip of the African continent.<ref name=Ravenstein/> | |||
| | location = London | |||
| *1492 – Under the patronage of the ] of ], Italian explorer ] explores the ], ], and "Española" (]), which are only later recognized as part of the ].<ref name=Taviani>{{cite book| last = Taviani| first = Paulo| title = Columbus: The Great Adventure, His Life, His Times, and His Voyages| publisher = Random House| year = 1991| location = New York}}</ref> | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qt-fAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Voyages+of+Diogo+C%C3%A3o&hl=en&ei=kjs-TO-IDsGqlAe-gNn3BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| *1493–94 – On his second voyage to the ], Columbus reaches ] and ], among other islands of the ], as well as ] and ].<ref name=Taviani/> | |||
| *1473 - '''Lopo Gonçalves''' is the first to cross the ].<ref name=Whitfield/><ref name=Ravenstein/> | |||
| *1497 – Under the commission of ], Italian explorer ] explores ].<ref name=Morison>{{cite book| last = Morison| first = Samuel| title = The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages| url = https://archive.org/details/europeandiscover00moririch| url-access = registration| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1971| location = New York}}</ref> | |||
| *1474-75 - '''Ruy de Sequeira''' discovers ].<ref name=Ravenstein/> | |||
| *1497–98 – ] sails to ] and back.<ref name=Whitfield>{{cite book| last = Whitfield| first = Peter| title = New Found Lands: Maps in the History of Exploration| url = https://archive.org/details/newfoundlandsmap0000whit| url-access = registration| publisher = Routledge| year = 1998}}</ref> | |||
| *1482 - ] reaches the ], where he erects a "padrão" (pillar of stone).<ref name=Ravenstein/> | |||
| *1498 – On his third voyage to the Americas, Christopher Columbus reaches mainland ].<ref name=Taviani/> | |||
| *1485-86 - Cão reaches ], where he erects his last padrão.<ref name=Ravenstein/> | |||
| *1499 – Spanish explorer ] explores the South American mainland from about ] (in modern ]) to ] (in modern ]), reaching the mouth of the ] and entering ].<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| *1487 – ] and ] travel East overland in search of ].<ref name=Diffie/> | |||
| *1499 – Italian explorer ] explores the mouth of the ] and reaches 6°S latitude, in present-day northern ].<ref name=Pohl1966>{{cite book| last = Pohl| first = Frederick J.| title = Amerigo Vespucci: Pilot Major| url = https://archive.org/details/amerigovespuccip0000pohl| url-access = registration| publisher = Octagon Books| year = 1966| location = New York| pages = , 55 }}</ref> | |||
| *1488 – ] rounds the "Cape of Storms" (]).<ref name=Ravenstein/> | |||
| *1499 – ], together with ], sight ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Diffie|first=Bailey|title=Prelude to empire: Portugal overseas before Henry the Navigator|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=1960|isbn=0-8032-5049-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjBfEorbZWAC|ref=Diffie 1960|pages=463–464}}</ref> | |||
| *1492 – ] discovers the ], ], and "Española" (]).<ref name=Taviani>{{cite book | |||
| *1499 – ] and ] reach and map ].<ref name="ReferenceA">], pp. 464–465.</ref> | |||
| | last = Taviani | |||
| | first = Paulo | |||
| | title = Columbus: The Great Adventure, His Life, His Times, and His Voyages | |||
| | publisher = Random House | |||
| | year = 1991 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| | page = }}</ref> | |||
| *1493-94 – Columbus discovers ] and ], among other islands of the ]; also discovers ]. The following year he discovers ].<ref name=Taviani/> | |||
| *1497 – ] discovers ].<ref name=Morison/> | |||
| *1497-98 – ] sails to ] and back.<ref name=Whitfield>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Whitfield | |||
| | first = Peter | |||
| | title = New Found Lands: Maps in the History of Exploration | |||
| | publisher = Routledge | |||
| | year = 1998 | |||
| | location = | |||
| | page = }}</ref> | |||
| *1498 - Columbus discovers the mainland of ].<ref name=Taviani/> | |||
| *1499 - ] explores the South American mainland from about ] (in modern ]) to ] (in modern ]), discovering the mouths of the ] and entering ].<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| == |
==16th century== | ||
| ] | ]'s ship on the fleet that sighted the Brazilian mainland for the first time on 22 April 1500. From the manuscript ''Memória das Armadas que de Portugal passaram à Índia'']] | ||
| ] | ] claiming possession of the Mar del Sur ("South Sea").]] | ||
| ] and Mexico gulf made by one of ]' men, 1524, ], Chicago]] | |||
| ] (1823–1879) is a ] depiction of de Soto seeing the Mississippi River for the first time. It hangs in the ].]] | |||
| ] (1823–1879) is a ] depiction of de Soto seeing the Mississippi River for the first time. It hangs in the ].]] | |||
| ], 1861-1909]] | |||
| ] |
] Sets Out to the North'', by ], 1861–1909]] | ||
| ] |
] in San Diego, California]] | ||
| ] fighting a ], 1596]] | |||
| *1500 |
*1500 – ] reaches the northeast coast of what today is Brazil at a cape he names "Santa Maria de la Consolación" (]) and sails fifty miles up a river he names the "Marañón" (]).<ref name=Morison1974/> | ||
| *1500 – ] makes the "official" discovery of Brazil,<ref name=Morison1974/> leading the first ] that united Europe, America, Africa, and Asia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bailey Wallys Diffie|title=Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBTqPX4G9Y4C&pg=PA187|year=1977|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-0782-2|page=187}}</ref><ref> ''The Coming of the Portuguese'' by Paul Lunde, London University’s School of Oriental and African Studies, in Saudi Aramco World – July/August 2005 Volume 56, Number 4,</ref> | |||
| *1500 - ] makes the "official" discovery of Brazil.<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| *1500 |
*1500 – ] reaches ], ] ("Terra do Lavrador", or Land of the Husbandman).<ref name=Morison/> | ||
| *1500–02 – Gaspar and Miguel Corte Real explore and name the coasts of "Terra Verde" (likely Newfoundland) and Labrador.<ref name=Morison/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> | |||
| *1500 - ] reaches ], ] ("Tiera del Lavrador", or Land of the Husbandman).<ref name=Morison/> | |||
| * |
*1500–01 – ] reaches ] and reaches the gate of the ], the ] Strait.<ref name=Morison1974/> | ||
| *1500 |
*1500 – ] explores the Colombian coast from Cabo de la Vela to the ].<ref name=Morison1974/> | ||
| * |
*1501–02 – ] reaches "Rio de Janeiro" (]).<ref name=Morison1974/> | ||
| * |
*1502–03 – On his fourth voyage to the Americas, Christopher Columbus explores the North American mainland from ] off modern ] to the present-day border of ] and ].<ref name=Morison1974/><ref name=Taviani/> | ||
| *1505 |
*1505 – ] discovers ].<ref name=Morison1974/> | ||
| *1506 |
*1506 – ] reaches the ] and ].<ref>Ferguson, D. W. ''The discovery of Ceylon by the Portuguese in 1506'' (Journal of the Ceylon Asiatic Society, vol. xix, no. 59, 1907, pp. 284–384).</ref> | ||
| *1506 |
*1506 – ] discovers the remote island of ] in the South Atlantic Ocean. {{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} | ||
| *1509 – ] reaches ] and ].<ref name=Marsden>{{cite book| last = Marsden| first = William| title = The history of Sumatra: containing an account of the government, laws, customs, and manners of the native inhabitants, with a description of the natural productions, and a relation to the ancient political state of that island.| publisher = J. McCreery| year = 1811| location = London| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4hs7QCwhQakC&pg=PA406}}</ref> | |||
| *1509 - ] reaches ] and ].<ref name=Marsden>{{cite book | |||
| *1511 – ] leads a diplomatic mission to ] (Siam or ]).<ref name=Lach>{{cite book| last = Lach| first = Donald F.| title = Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery| publisher = University of Chicago Press| year = 1994| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iWorvZ17qcoC&pg=1| isbn = 0-226-46731-7| page = 520}}</ref> | |||
| | last = Marsden | |||
| *1511 – Rui Nunes da Cunha leads a diplomatic mission to ] (Burma or ]).<ref name=Lach/><ref name=Galvano>{{cite book| last = Galvano| first = Antonio Galvano| title = The Discoveries of the World from Their First Original unto the Year of Our Lord 1555| publisher = BiblioBazaar, LLC| year = 2009| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=o6wy0K0HX7cC&pg=PA114| isbn = 978-1-113-68747-0| page = 114}}</ref> | |||
| | first = William | |||
| *1511–12 – ] and Estevão de Fróis explore the "Cape of Santa Maria" (]) in the ], exploring its estuary, and traveling as far south as the ] at 42ºS, in present-day ] and ] (penetrating {{convert|300|km|0|abbr=on}} "around the Gulf").<ref></ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Bethell| first = Leslie| title = The Cambridge History of Latin America, Volume 1, Colonial Latin America| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1984| location = Cambridge| page = 257 | isbn = 9780521232234|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_w0kAPYQ5xMC}}</ref> | |||
| | title = The history of Sumatra: containing an account of the government, laws, customs, and manners of the native inhabitants, with a description of the natural productions, and a relation to the ancient political state of that island. | |||
| *1511–12 – ] sails through the ], between Sumatra and ], and along the coasts of ], ], ], ], and ] to the "Spice Islands" (]).<ref>{{cite book|first=Armando|last=Cortesão|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR81|title=The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires: an account of the east, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515/The Book of Francisco Rodrigues rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the east before 1515|publisher=The ]|year=1944|isbn=9788120605350}}</ref> | |||
| | publisher = J. McCreery | |||
| *1513 – ] becomes the first European to reach ] by sea, landing on ] at the ].<ref name=Diffie/> | |||
| | year = 1811 | |||
| *1513 – ] crosses the ] and reaches the ], reaching the "Mar del Sur" (]).<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| | location = London | |||
| *1513 – ] explores "La Florida" (]) and the ].<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4hs7QCwhQakC&pg=PA406&dq=Diogo+Lopes+de+Sequeira+Sumatra&hl=en&ei=qh1aTOHDJo-8sQOU-6X1Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| *1514–15 – António Fernandes reaches present-day ].<ref name=Russell-Wood>{{cite book| last = Russell-Wood| first = A. J. R.| title = The Portuguese empire, 1415–1808: a world on the move.| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 1998| location = Baltimore, MD| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JTVH7PZU1hUC&pg=PP7| isbn = 9780801859557}}</ref> | |||
| *1511 - ] leads a diplomatic mission to ] (Siam or ]).<ref name=Lach>{{cite book | |||
| *1515 – Gonzalo de Badajoz crosses the Isthmus of Panama at the site of ], reaching as far as the interior of the ].<ref name=Bancroft>{{cite book| last = Bancroft| first = Hubert Howe| title = History of Central America| publisher = A. L. Bancroft| year = 1882| location = San Francisco| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Bm8LAQAAIAAJ| quote = History of Central America.}}</ref> | |||
| | last = Lach | |||
| *1516 – ] explores the River Plate estuary and names it "La Mar Dulce" ("The Fresh-Water Sea").<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| | first = Donald F. | |||
| *1516 – Portuguese traders land in ], ], naming it ] (modern ]).<ref name=Li>{{cite book | |||
| | title = Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery | |||
| | publisher = University of Chicago Press | |||
| | year = 1994 | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=iWorvZ17qcoC&lpg=1 | |||
| | ISBN = 0226467317 | |||
| | page = 520}}</ref> | |||
| *1511 - '''Rui Nunes da Cunha''' leads a diplomatic mission to ] (Burma or ]).<ref name=Lach/><ref name=Galvano>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Galvano | |||
| | first = Antonio Galvano | |||
| | title = The Discoveries of the World from Their First Original unto the Year of Our Lord 1555 | |||
| | publisher = BiblioBazaar, LLC | |||
| | year = 2009 | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=o6wy0K0HX7cC&lpg=PA114&ots=A5R4LUdPfd&dq=Rui%20Nunes%20da%20Cunha%20pegu&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false | |||
| | ISBN = 1113687479 | |||
| | page = 114}}</ref> | |||
| *1512 - ] leads an expedition to the "Spice Islands" (]).<ref name=Diffie/> | |||
| *1513 - ] lands off the coast of ], on ] at the ].<ref name=Diffie/> | |||
| *1513 - ] crosses the ] and reaches the ], discovering the "Mar del Sur" (]).<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| *1513 - ] discovers "La Florida" (]) and the ].<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| *1514-15 - '''António Fernandes''' reaches present-day ].<ref name=Russell-Wood>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Russell-Wood | |||
| | first = A. J. R. | |||
| | title = The Portuguese empire, 1415-1808: a world on the move. | |||
| | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | |||
| | year = 1998 | |||
| | location = Baltimore, MD | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JTVH7PZU1hUC&oi=fnd&pg=PP7&ots=6EuQ7TTXzg&sig=tcHT6EAVDsq_9Ru_4GUcz_7KtOI#v=onepage&q=Zimbabwe&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| *1515 – '''Gonzalo de Badajoz''' crosses the Isthmus of Panama at the site of ], reaching as far as the interior of the ].<ref name=Bancroft>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Bancroft | |||
| | first = Hubert Howe | |||
| | title = History of Central America | |||
| | publisher = A. L. Bancroft | |||
| | year = 1882 | |||
| | location = San Francisco | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Bm8LAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+Central+America&hl=en&ei=xfeoTP7GDpOmsQPp-7jeDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| *1516 - ] reaches the estuary of what he names "La Mar Dulce" ("The Fresh-Water Sea"; now the ]).<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| *1516 - Portuguese traders land in ], ], naming it ] (modern ]).<ref name=Li>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Li | | last = Li | ||
| | first = Tana Li | | first = Tana Li | ||
| | title = Nguyễn Cochinchina: southern Vietnam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries |
| title = Nguyễn Cochinchina: southern Vietnam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries | ||
| | publisher = SEAP Publications | | publisher = SEAP Publications | ||
| | year = 1998 | | year = 1998 | ||
| | url = |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=05x5UGA8MmAC&pg=PA72 | ||
| | |
| isbn = 0-87727-722-2 | ||
| | page = 72}}</ref><ref name=Yule>{{cite book | | page = 72}}</ref><ref name=Yule>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Yule | | last = Yule | ||
| | first = Sir Henry Yule, A. C. Burnell, William Crooke | | first = Sir Henry Yule, A. C. Burnell, William Crooke | ||
| | title = A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson |
| title = A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson | ||
| | publisher = Routledge | | publisher = Routledge | ||
| | year = 1995 | | year = 1995 | ||
| | url = |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=20pdFRekGvMC&pg=PA226 | ||
| | |
| isbn = 0-7007-0321-7 | ||
| | page = 34}}</ref> | | page = 34}}</ref> | ||
| *1518 |
*1518 – Lourenço Gomes reaches ].<ref name=Keane>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Keane | | last = Keane | ||
| | first = A. H. | | first = A. H. | ||
| Line 168: | Line 91: | ||
| | year = 1892 | | year = 1892 | ||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3HNKAAAAYAAJ| page = | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=3HNKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139&dq=Lorenzo+de+Gomez+New+Guinea+1518&hl=en&ei=EfhVTJK_MJDGsAP74u3WAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| | quote = Lorenzo de Gomez New Guinea 1518. | |||
| *1518 - ] explores the ] coast from "Patouchan" (]) to just north of the ].<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1519 – ] sails around the ] to the Pánuco, proving its insularity; also discovers the "Father of Waters" (the ]).<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| * |
*1518 – ] explores the ] coast from "Patouchan" (]) to just north of the ].<ref name=Morison1974/> | ||
| *1519 |
*1519 – ] travels from ] to the ] capital of ] on ].<ref name=Marks>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Marks | |||
| | first = Richard Lee | |||
| | title = Cortés: the Great Adventurer and the Fate of Aztec Mexico | |||
| | publisher = Knopf | |||
| | year = 1993 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1519 – ] sails around the ] to the Pánuco, proving its insularity; also reaches the "Father of Waters" (the ]).<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| *1519 – ] sails west along the west coasts of modern ] and ] as far as the ].<ref name=Bancroft/> | |||
| *1519–22 – ]'s expedition reaches the ] travelling westward, discovering the ] and crossing the ]. Later, ], a member of the tripulation, is elected captain after Magellan's death and completes the first circumnavigation of the ].<ref name=Bergreen>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Bergreen | | last = Bergreen | ||
| | first = Laurence | | first = Laurence | ||
| | title = Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe |
| title = Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/overedgeofworl00berg | |||
| | url-access = registration | |||
| | publisher = William Morrow | | publisher = William Morrow | ||
| | year = 2003 | | year = 2003 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1520–21 – ] explores ] and ] in Newfoundland, and ].<ref>Ganong, W. F., ''Crucial Maps in the Early Cartography and Place-Nomenclature of the Atlantic Coast of Canada'', with an introduction, commentary and map notes by Theodore E. Layng (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964), Chapter II: "João Àlvares Fagundes," 45–97.</ref><ref name="Francisco de Souza1570">{{cite book | |||
| *1520 - ] arrives in ] in a Portuguese embassy and meets ].<ref name=Diffie/> | |||
| | last = Souza | |||
| *1521 - '''Francisco Gordillo''' and '''Pedro de Quexos''' find the mouth of a river they name "Rio de San Juan Bautista" (perhaps ] at the mouth of the ] in modern ]).<ref name=Hayes>{{cite book | |||
| | first = Francisco | |||
| | title = Tratado das ilhas novas e descombrimento dellas e outras couzas | |||
| | publisher = University of Harvard, Archivo dos Açores | |||
| | year = 1884 | |||
| | location = University of Harvard | |||
| | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3WMDAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> | |||
| *1521 – Francisco Gordillo and Pedro de Quexos find the mouth of a river they name "Rio de San Juan Bautista" (perhaps ] at the mouth of the ] in modern ]).<ref name=Hayes>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Hayes | | last = Hayes | ||
| | first = Derek | | first = Derek | ||
| Line 188: | Line 130: | ||
| | year = 2004 | | year = 2004 | ||
| | location = Vancouver | | location = Vancouver | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1521 – ] explores the Plate River and explores the ], entering it for about 23 leagues (around 140 km), to near the present city of ].<ref name="Johson/Silva">{{cite book | |||
| *1522 - ] explores inland from the Gulf of Nicoya, discovering ], while his pilot '''Andrés Niño''' explores along the coast to the west, discovering the ] and perhaps reaching as far as the southwestern coast of modern ].<ref name=Bancroft/> | |||
| | last = John/Silva | |||
| *1524 – ] explores the eastern seaboard of the present ] from about ] to ]; discovers the mouth of the ].<ref name=Morison/> | |||
| | first = Harold/Maria Beatriz Nizza da | |||
| *c. 1524 – ] travels westward from ], across the ] (perhaps sighting ]) to the ] near the site of ], then across the ] to the ] and the ], somewhere between ] and ] in modern ].<ref name=Goodman/> | |||
| | title = Nova História da Expansão Portuguesa (direcção de Joel Serrão e A. H. de Oliveira Marques)- O Império Luso-brasileiro (1500–1620), vol. VI | |||
| *1524-25 – ] and ] explore from Punta Piña (7° 56’ N) on the southern coast of Panama to the ] (4° N), on the west coast of Colombia.<ref name=Prescott>{{cite book | |||
| | publisher = Editorial Presença | |||
| | year = 1992 | |||
| | location = Lisboa | |||
| |pages=114–170}}</ref> | |||
| *1522 – ] explores inland from the Gulf of Nicoya, reaching ], while his pilot ] explores along the coast to the west, reaching the ] and perhaps reaching as far as the southwestern coast of modern ].<ref name=Bancroft/> | |||
| *1524 – Under the commission of ], Italian explorer ] explores the eastern seaboard of the present-day ] from about ] to ]. He also explores the mouth of the ].<ref name=Morison/> | |||
| *c. 1524 – ] travels westward from ], across the ] (perhaps sighting ]) to the ] near the site of ], then across the ] to the ] and the ], somewhere between ] and ] in modern ].<ref name=Goodman/> | |||
| *1524–25 – ] and ] explore from Punta Piña (7°56’N) on the southern coast of Panama to the ] (4°N), on the west coast of Colombia.<ref name=Prescott>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Prescott | | last = Prescott | ||
| | first = William H. | | first = William H. | ||
| Line 199: | Line 149: | ||
| | year = 1890 | | year = 1890 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| | url = |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k_QqAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA122}}</ref> | ||
| *1525 |
*1525 – ] probes ], ].<ref name=Hayes/> | ||
| *1525 |
*1525 – The Portuguese reach "Celebes" (]).<ref>Crawfurd, J. 1856. ''A descriptive dictionary of the Indian islands and adjacent countries.'' London: Bradbury & Evans.</ref> | ||
| *1525 – Diogo da Rocha and ] explore the ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Galvano|first=Antonio |title=The Discoveries of the World from Their First Original Unto the Year of Our Lord 1555, issued by the Hakluyt Society|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=1563|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XivHTiZoMycC&pg=1|isbn=0-7661-9022-6 |ref=Galvano 1563|authorlink=António Galvão|page=168}} 2004 reissued</ref> | |||
| *1526-28 – Pizarro and his pilot '''Bartolomé Ruiz''' explore the west coast of South America from the San Juan River south to the ] (about 9° S), becoming the first to sight the coasts of ] and ].<ref name=Prescott/> | |||
| *1526 |
*1526 – ] reaches the ] (]).<ref name=Quanchi>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Quanchi | |||
| | first = Max, and John Robson | |||
| | title = Historical dictionary of the discovery and exploration of the Pacific Islands | |||
| | publisher = Scarecrow Press | |||
| | year = 2005 | |||
| | location = Lanham, Md. | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1526–28 – Pizarro and his pilot ] explore the west coast of South America from the San Juan River south to the ] (about 9°S), becoming the first Europeans to sight the coasts of ] and ].<ref name=Prescott/> | |||
| *1526–27 – ] reaches ].<ref name=Whiteway>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Whiteway | | last = Whiteway | ||
| | first = Richard Stephen | | first = Richard Stephen | ||
| | title = The rise of Portuguese power in India, |
| title = The rise of Portuguese power in India, 1497–1550. | ||
| | publisher = A. Constable | | publisher = A. Constable | ||
| | year = 1899 | | year = 1899 | ||
| | location = Westminster | | location = Westminster | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/riseportuguesep00whitgoog| page = | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=jM4NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA333&dq=Jorge+de+Menezes+New+Guinea&hl=en&ei=aPNVTK2-DY_SsAOX76jaAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| | quote = Jorge de Menezes New Guinea. | |||
| *1527-28 - ] explores several hundred miles up the Paraná River, past its confluence with the Paraguay.<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1528 - ] explores the ] (which he names after ]), naming the islands of ], ], and ].<ref name=Fonseca>{{cite book | |||
| *1527–28 – ] explores several hundred miles up the Paraná River, past its confluence with the Paraguay.<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| *1528 – ] explores the ] (which he names after ]), naming the islands of ], ], and ].<ref name=Fonseca>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Fonseca | | last = Fonseca | ||
| | first = José Nicolau da | | first = José Nicolau da | ||
| | title = An historical and archaeological sketch of the city of Goa: preceded by a short statistical account of the territory of Goa | | title = An historical and archaeological sketch of the city of Goa: preceded by a short statistical account of the territory of Goa | ||
| | publisher = Asian Educational Services |
| publisher = Asian Educational Services | ||
| | isbn = 81-206-0207-2 | |||
| | year = 1994 | | year = 1994 | ||
| | location = New Delhi | | location = New Delhi | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| * |
*1528–36 – ] and three others are the only survivors of a group of several hundred colonists who travel from the coast of western Florida to the Rio Sinaloa in northern Mexico, where they encounter ] ].<ref name="Reséndez">{{cite book | ||
| | last = Reséndez | | last = Reséndez | ||
| | first = Andrés | | first = Andrés | ||
| | title = A land so strange: the epic journey of Cabeza de Vaca |
| title = A land so strange: the epic journey of Cabeza de Vaca: the extraordinary tale of a shipwrecked Spaniard who walked across America in the sixteenth century | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465068418 | |||
| | url-access = registration | |||
| | publisher = Basic Books | | publisher = Basic Books | ||
| | year = 2007 | | year = 2007 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| | |
| isbn = 9780465068418 | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1531 – ] ascends the Orinoco to the Atures rapids, just past its confluence with the ].<ref name=Goodman/> | *1531 – ] ascends the Orinoco to the Atures rapids, just past its confluence with the ].<ref name=Goodman/> | ||
| * |
*1532–33 – Pizarro explores and conquers inland to ] and ].<ref name=Goodman>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Goodman | | last = Goodman | ||
| | first = Edward J. | | first = Edward J. | ||
| Line 236: | Line 201: | ||
| | year = 1992 | | year = 1992 | ||
| | location = Norman | | location = Norman | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1533 |
*1533 – ] finds the tip of ].<ref name=Hayes2007>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Hayes | | last = Hayes | ||
| | first = Derek | | first = Derek | ||
| | title = Historical Atlas of California | | title = Historical Atlas of California | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000haye | |||
| | url-access = registration | |||
| | publisher = University of California Press | | publisher = University of California Press | ||
| | year = 2007 | | year = 2007 | ||
| | |
| isbn = 9780520252585 | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1534 |
*1534 – ] explores the ], discovering ] and ].<ref name=Morison/> | ||
| *1535 |
*1535 – ] explores the ].<ref>Markham, Clements R. ''Discovery of the Galapagos Islands'' (Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XIV, May 1892, pp. 314–16).</ref> | ||
| *1535 |
*1535 – Cartier ascends "La Grande Rivière" or "La Rivière de Hochelaga" (the ]) to the village of ] (present-day ]).<ref name=Morison/> | ||
| * |
*1535–37 – Diego de Almagro leads en expedition from Cuzco to the south, taking the ] to the southwest shore of ], through the ] and the ] to ]; a detachment continues south to the ]. Almagro takes the coastal route back, through the ].<ref name=Goodman/> | ||
| *1539 |
*1539 – ] sails to the head of the ] and around Baja California to ], establishing that Baja is a peninsula.<ref name=Hayes2007/> | ||
| * |
*1539–43 – An expedition led by ] explores much of the present-day ], becoming the first to cross the ]s (over the ]s) and the ].<ref name=Morison1974/><ref name=Hayes/> | ||
| * |
*1540–42 – ] travels overland from Mexico in search of the mythical ], only to find ] in what is now the ]. He sends out smaller parties, one of which, under ], explores the ]; another reports the discovery of a city of ] called ] (in modern ]), which Coronado later visits – although he finds no gold.<ref name=Hayes/> | ||
| *1540 |
*1540 – ] ascends the ] to the confluence of the ] (near present-day ]).<ref name=Hayes2007/> | ||
| * |
*1541–42 – ] sails down the length of the Amazon River.<ref name=Smith>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Smith | | last = Smith | ||
| | first = Anthony | | first = Anthony | ||
| Line 259: | Line 226: | ||
| | publisher = University of Chicago Press | | publisher = University of Chicago Press | ||
| | year = 2004 | | year = 2004 | ||
| | isbn = |
| isbn = 0-226-76337-4 | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/explorersofamazo00smit | |||
| | page = }}</ref> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1542 - ] discovers ].<ref name=Kelsey>{{cite book | |||
| *1542–43 – ] explores the coasts of modern Baja and ] from Punta Baja to the ], reaching the ]; after his death, his second-in-command, ], reaches ].<ref name=Kelsey>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Kelsey | | last = Kelsey | ||
| | first = Harry | | first = Harry | ||
| Line 268: | Line 236: | ||
| | year = 1986 | | year = 1986 | ||
| | location = San Marino | | location = San Marino | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1542 or 1543 |
*1542 or 1543 – ], ] and Francisco Zeimoto reach ], ].<ref name=Diffie/> | ||
| *1543 – ] discovers three islands (], ] and ]) in the ]s and eight atolls (], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]) in the Marshall Islands.<ref name=Quanchi/> | |||
| *1543 - ] explores up the ], believing it to be "la mer du Cattay".<ref name=Morison/> | |||
| * |
*1543 – ] explores up the ], believing it to be "la mer du Cattay".<ref name=Morison/> | ||
| * |
*1553 – ] seeks a ] over ]; reaches either ] or ].<ref name=Vaughan/> | ||
| * |
*1556 – ] reaches as far as ], between Novaya Zemlya and ].<ref name=Vaughan/> | ||
| *1557–59 – ] and Cortés Hojea explore the ]an coast from ] (39° 48’ S) to Canal Santa Barbara (54° S); the former passes through the western entrance of the ] to its eastern entrance and back.<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| *1565 – ] discovers ], ] and ] in the Marshall Islands, while his subordinate ] discovers ] in the same island group, as well as five islands (], ], Pulap, ] and ]) in the Caroline Islands.<ref name=Quanchi/> | |||
| *1568 - ] discovers the ].<ref name=Whitfield/> | |||
| *1576 |
*1568 – ] reaches the ].<ref name=Whitfield/> | ||
| *1576 – ] discovers "Meta Incognita" ("the unknown bourne"; ]) and what he believes to be a passage to Cathay: "Frobishers Streytes" (]).<ref name=Morison/> | |||
| * |
*1577–80 – ] completes the second circumnavigation of the globe.<ref name=Bawlf>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Bawlf | | last = Bawlf | ||
| | first = Samuel | | first = Samuel | ||
| Line 282: | Line 252: | ||
| | publisher = Walker & Company | | publisher = Walker & Company | ||
| | year = 2003 | | year = 2003 | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| | location = | |||
| *1578 – Frobisher sails part way up the "Mistaken Straites" (]).<ref name=Morison/> | |||
| | page = }}</ref> | |||
| *1581–82 – ] and his men cross the ] and reach as far as ] on the banks of the ] (near modern ]).<ref name=Lincoln>{{cite book | |||
| *1578 - Frobisher sails part way up the "Mistaken Straites" (]).<ref name=Morison/> | |||
| *1581-82 - ] and his men cross the ] and reach as far as ] on the banks of the ] (near modern ]).<ref name=Lincoln>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Lincoln | | last = Lincoln | ||
| | first = W. Bruce | | first = W. Bruce | ||
| Line 292: | Line 261: | ||
| | year = 2007 | | year = 2007 | ||
| | location = Ithaca, N.Y. | | location = Ithaca, N.Y. | ||
| }}</ref><ref name= Lantzeff>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Lantzeff | | last = Lantzeff | ||
| | first = George V., and Richard A. Pierce | | first = George V., and Richard A. Pierce | ||
| Line 299: | Line 268: | ||
| | year = 1973 | | year = 1973 | ||
| | location = Montreal | | location = Montreal | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1585 |
*1585 – ] explores ], reaching 66°40′ N; also sails up ], thinking it to be a "passage to Cathay".<ref name=Morison/> | ||
| *1587 |
*1587 – Davis sails up the west coast of ] as far as 72°46′ N (about modern ]).<ref name=Morison/> | ||
| *1589 – ] reaches "Yezo" (]).<ref> ''Count Moric Benyovszky: A Hungarian Cruzoe in Asia'', Fr, Manuel Teixeira, page 129</ref> | |||
| *1592 - Davis discovers the ].<ref name=Markham1889>{{cite book | |||
| *1592 – Davis discovers the ].<ref name=Markham1889>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Markham | | last = Markham | ||
| | first = Clements | | first = Clements | ||
| | title = A life of John Davis: the navigator, |
| title = A life of John Davis: the navigator, 1550–1605, discoverer of Davis straits | ||
| | publisher = Dodd, Mead | | publisher = Dodd, Mead | ||
| | year = 1889 | | year = 1889 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U_gof0P6PukC| quote = A life of John Davis. | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=U_gof0P6PukC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+life+of+John+Davis&hl=en&ei=Y21UTL35KpKksQPAvezZAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1595 - Mendaña discovers the ].<ref name=Whitfield/> | |||
| * |
*1595 – Mendaña discovers the ].<ref name=Whitfield/> | ||
| *1596 – ] discovers ].<ref name=Conway>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Conway | | last = Conway | ||
| | first = William Marten | | first = William Marten | ||
| Line 318: | Line 289: | ||
| | year = 1906 | | year = 1906 | ||
| | location = Cambridge | | location = Cambridge | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/nomanslandahist00conwgoog| page = | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=j8AEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA146&dq=No+Man's+Land+Spitsbergen&hl=en&ei=pm1UTJzMFI34swP6oInaAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| == |
==17th century== | ||
| ]'s painting of Henry Hudson cast adrift.]] | ]'', ]'s 1881 painting of ] cast adrift.]] | ||
| ] in a museum in ]. Kochi were used to explore the ]n watershed and coasts by men such as Kurochkin, Perfilyev and Dezhnev.]] | ] in a museum in ]. Kochi were used to explore the ]n watershed and coasts by men such as Kurochkin, Perfilyev and Dezhnev.]] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ]]] | ]]] | ||
| ] (1838–1906), at ].]] | |||
| ] | |||
| *1600–01 – Prince Miron Shakhovskoi and D. Khripunov descend the ] to the ] and ascend the ], establishing the ] of ] about {{convert|161|km|mi}} to {{convert|240|km|mi}} from its mouth.<ref name=Lantzeff/><ref name=Forsyth>{{cite book | |||
| *1600 - ] is the first Briton to reach Japan after a nineteen-month voyage.<ref name=Corr>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Corr | |||
| | first = William | |||
| | title = Adams the Pilot: The Life and Times of Captain William Adams: 1564-1620 | |||
| | publisher = Curzon Press | |||
| | year = 1995 | |||
| | isbn = 1873410441 | |||
| | url = | |||
| | page =}}</ref> | |||
| *1600-01 - '''Prince Miron Shakhovskoi''' and '''D. Khripunov''' descend the ] to the ] and ascend the ], establishing the ] of ] about 100 to 150 miles from its mouth.<ref name=Lantzeff/><ref name=Forsyth>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Forsyth | | last = Forsyth | ||
| | first = James | | first = James | ||
| | title = A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian colony |
| title = A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian colony 1581–1990 | ||
| | publisher = Cambridge University Press | | publisher = Cambridge University Press | ||
| | year = 1992 | | year = 1992 | ||
| | location = Cambridge | | location = Cambridge | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| * |
*1602–06 – Portuguese missionary ] travels overland from India to China, via ] and the ].<ref name=Wessels>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Wessels | | last = Wessels | ||
| | first = C. | | first = C. | ||
| | title = Early Jesuit travellers in Central Asia: |
| title = Early Jesuit travellers in Central Asia: 1603–1721 | ||
| | publisher = Asian Educational Services | | publisher = Asian Educational Services | ||
| | year = 1992 | | year = 1992 | ||
| | isbn = |
| isbn = 81-206-0741-4 | ||
| | url = |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EXt95lmbRdoC&pg=1 | ||
| | page = 90}}</ref> | | page = 90}}</ref> | ||
| *1604-5 - ] leads an expedition down the ] to its mouth in the Gulf of California.<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1605 – ] serving men ascend the ], portage to the ], and descend it to its confluence with the ].<ref name=Fisher1943/> | *1605 – ] serving men ascend the ], portage to the ], and descend it to its confluence with the ].<ref name=Fisher1943/> | ||
| *1606 |
*1606 – Dutch navigator ] discovers ] at the mouth of the ] on the western coast of the ], exploring its coast from ] south to Cape Keerweer (13°58′S).<ref name=Mutch/> | ||
| *1606 |
*1606 – ] discovers ], the largest island in what is now the nation of ].<ref name=Mutch/> | ||
| *1606 |
*1606 – ] sails through ] that now bears his name.<ref name=Mutch>{{cite book | ||
| | last =Mutch | | last =Mutch | ||
| | first =T. D. | | first =T. D. | ||
| | authorlink = | |||
| | title =The First Discovery of Australia | | title =The First Discovery of Australia | ||
| | publisher =Mutch, ] | | publisher =Mutch, ] | ||
| | year =1942 | | year =1942 | ||
| | location =Sydney | | location =Sydney | ||
| | |
| page =55 | ||
| | url =http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600631h.html}}</ref> | | url =http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600631h.html}}</ref> | ||
| *1607 |
*1607 – Mangazeyan '']'' and traders reach the lower ], establish ], and ascend the ], while Ketsk serving men ascend the Yenisei to the ], which they also ascend.<ref name=Fisher1943>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Fisher | | last = Fisher | ||
| | first = Raymond Henry | | first = Raymond Henry | ||
| | title = The Russian Fur Trade, |
| title = The Russian Fur Trade, 1550–1700 | ||
| | publisher = University of California Press | | publisher = University of California Press | ||
| | year = 1943 | | year = 1943 | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| | location = | |||
| *1607 – ] coasts the east coast of Greenland, naming "Hold-with-Hope" (around 73°N).<ref name=Asher>{{cite book | |||
| | page = }}</ref> | |||
| *1607 - ] coasts the east coast of Greenland, naming "Hold-with-Hope" (around 73° N).<ref name=Asher>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Asher | | last = Asher | ||
| | first = Georg Michael | | first = Georg Michael | ||
| | title = Henry Hudson: The Navigator |
| title = Henry Hudson: The Navigator | ||
| | publisher = Hakluyt Society | | publisher = Hakluyt Society | ||
| | year = 1860 | | year = 1860 | ||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/henryhudsonnavig27ashe| quote = Henry Hudson the navigator. | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=IwcVAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Henry+Hudson+the+navigator&hl=en&ei=zWxUTN26JY30swPPzqTZAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1609 - Hudson sails the ''Halve Maen'' up the ] as fall north as present day ].<ref name=Hunter>{{cite book | |||
| *1609 – Hudson sails the ''Halve Maen'' up the ] as far north as present-day ].<ref name=Hunter>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Hunter | | last = Hunter | ||
| | first = Douglas | | first = Douglas | ||
| Line 391: | Line 352: | ||
| | year = 2009 | | year = 2009 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1610 |
*1610 – ] ascends the ] and reaches ] and ] in ].<ref name=Butterfield>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Butterfield | | last = Butterfield | ||
| | first = Consul Willshire | | first = Consul Willshire | ||
| | title = History of Brulé's discoveries and explorations, |
| title = History of Brulé's discoveries and explorations, 1610–1626: being a narrative of the discovery, by Stephen Brulé of Lakes Huron, Ontario and Superior : and of his exploration (the first made by civilized man) of Pennsylvania and western New York, also of the province of Ontario, Canada | ||
| | publisher = Helman-Taylor | | publisher = Helman-Taylor | ||
| | year = 1898 | | year = 1898 | ||
| | location = Cleveland | | location = Cleveland | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofbruls00buttuoft| quote = History of Brulé's Discoveries and Explorations, 1610–1626. | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yBcuAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+Brul%C3%A9's+Discoveries+and+Explorations,+1610%E2%80%931626&hl=en&ei=5gt0TMOYAo7AsAPe2rzECA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1610 - '''Kondratiy Kurochkin''' leads an expedition, sailing in ], from Turukhansk to the mouth of the ] and east to the mouth of the ] on the ].<ref name=Vaughan/><ref name=Lantzeff/> | |||
| *1610 |
*1610 – Kondratiy Kurochkin leads an expedition, sailing in ], from Turukhansk to the mouth of the ] and east to the mouth of the ] on the ].<ref name=Vaughan/><ref name=Lantzeff/> | ||
| *1610 – A detachment from Mangazeya ascends the Yenisei a further {{convert|640|km|mi}} to its confluence with the ].<ref name=Fisher1943/> | |||
| *1610-11 - Hudson sails through ] into ], where he overwinters in ].<ref>{{cite book | |||
| *1610–11 – Hudson sails through ] into ], where he overwinters in ].<ref>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Mancall | | last = Mancall | ||
| | first = Peter | | first = Peter | ||
| Line 408: | Line 370: | ||
| | publisher = Basic Books | | publisher = Basic Books | ||
| | year = 2009 | | year = 2009 | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| | location = | |||
| *1611 – Mangazeyan men reach the ].<ref name=Armstrong2010>{{cite book | |||
| | pages = }}</ref> | |||
| | last = Armstrong | |||
| *1612-13 - ] is the first to explore the western shores of ], where he winters in the mouth of the ]; also discovers ] and ]s.<ref name=Christy/> | |||
| | first = Terence | |||
| *1614 - ] discover ].<ref name=Hacq>Hacquebord, Louwrens (2004). "The Jan Mayen Whaling Industry" in ''Jan Mayen Island in Scientific Focus'', Stig Skreslet, editor, Springer Verlag.</ref> | |||
| | title = Russian Settlement in the North | |||
| *1615-16 - Étienne Brûlé sights the western shore of ], descends the ], explores what are now parts of modern ] and ], and descends the ] to ].<ref name=Butterfield/> | |||
| | publisher = Cambridge University Press | |||
| *1616 - ] discovers and names ], ], and ], which was named in honor of his hometown of ].<ref name=Morison1974/> | |||
| | year = 2010 | |||
| *1616 - ] and ] reach 77° 30' N, enter ], discover ], ], and ]s and sight the coasts of ], ], and ]s.<ref name=Markham>{{cite book | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1612–13 – ] is the first to explore the western shores of ], where he winters in the mouth of the ]; also discovers ] and ]s.<ref name=Christy/> | |||
| *1614 – ] discover ].<ref name=Hacq>Hacquebord, Louwrens (2004). "The Jan Mayen Whaling Industry" in ''Jan Mayen Island in Scientific Focus'', Stig Skreslet, editor, Springer Verlag.</ref> | |||
| *1615–16 – Étienne Brûlé sights the western shore of ], descends the ], explores what are now parts of modern ] and ], and descends the ] to ].<ref name=Butterfield/> | |||
| *1616 – ] and ] discover and name ], ], and ]; also discover ] (], ], and ]), ] and ] (in modern ]), and several islands in the ] (], ], ], ] and ]) and ]s (including ] and ]).<ref name=Morison1974/><ref name=Quanchi/> | |||
| *1616 – ] and ] reach 77°30′ N, enter ], discover ], ], and ]s and sight the coasts of ], ], and ]s.<ref name=Markham>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Markham | | last = Markham | ||
| | first = Clements | | first = Clements | ||
| | title = The voyages of William Baffin, |
| title = The voyages of William Baffin, 1612–1622 | ||
| | publisher = Hakluyt Society | | publisher = Hakluyt Society | ||
| | year = 1881 | | year = 1881 | ||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pmcMAAAAIAAJ| quote = William Baffin. | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=pmcMAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=William+Baffin&hl=en&ei=iGxUTJDPKZKcsQOzy_3ZAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1616 - ] explores some 360 miles of coastline (the coast of ] from about 22° to 28° S), discovering ] and ].<ref name=Wood>{{cite book | |||
| *1616 – ] explores some {{convert|576|km|mi}} of coastline (the coast of ] from about 22° to 28° S), discovering ] and ].<ref name=Wood>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Wood | | last = Wood | ||
| | first = George Arnold | | first = George Arnold | ||
| Line 429: | Line 398: | ||
| | year = 1922 | | year = 1922 | ||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/discoveryofaustr00wooduoft}}</ref> | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=lHnOAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| *1617 |
*1617 – ] ] hunters sight the southern coast of "Sir Thomas Smith's Island" (]).<ref name=Conway/> | ||
| *1618 |
*1618 – Spanish missionary ] is believed to be the first European to see and describe the source of the ] in ].<ref name=Budge>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Budge | |||
| *1619 - ] sights the coast of Western Australia near ] and sails along the coast north for over 400 miles.<ref name=Mutch/> | |||
| | first = E.A. Wallis | |||
| *1620 - Mangazeyan serving men reach the ] and descend it to its confluence with the ].<ref name=Fisher1943/> | |||
| | authorlink = E. A. Wallis Budge | |||
| *1621-23 - Étienne Brûlé and and his companion '''Grenolle''' travel along the ] of Lake Huron (probably sighting ]) to "Grand Lac" (]) via ].<ref name=Butterfield/> | |||
| | title = A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, 1928 | |||
| *1622 - The ] ship ''Leeuwin'' discovers land near present-day ].<ref name=Wood/> | |||
| | publisher = Oosterhout: Anthropological Publications | |||
| *1623 - ] discovers the western coast of Cape York Peninsula from Cape Keerweer to the southern mouth of the ]; while his consort '''Willem Joosten van Colster''' discovers "Arnhemsland" and "Speultsland" (modern ] and perhaps ]).<ref name=Wood/><ref name=Peters>{{cite book | |||
| | year = 1970 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1618 – ] discovers an "island" at 22°S (the coast of Western Australia from ] to ]).<ref name=Mutch/> | |||
| *1619 – ] sights the coast of Western Australia near ] and sails along the coast north for over {{convert|640|km|mi}}.<ref name=Mutch/> | |||
| *1620 – Mangazeyan serving men reach the ] and descend it to its confluence with the ].<ref name=Fisher1943/> | |||
| *1621–23 – Étienne Brûlé and his companion Grenolle travel along the ] of Lake Huron (probably sighting ]) to "Grand Lac" (]) via ].<ref name=Butterfield/> | |||
| *1622 – The ] ship ''Leeuwin'' discovers land near present-day ].<ref name=Wood/> | |||
| *1623 – ] discovers the western coast of Cape York Peninsula from Cape Keerweer to the southern mouth of the ]; while his consort Willem Joosten van Colster discovers "Arnhemsland" and "Speultsland" (modern ] and perhaps ]).<ref name=Wood/><ref name=Peters>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Peters | | last = Peters | ||
| | first = Nonja | | first = Nonja | ||
| | title = The Dutch down under, |
| title = The Dutch down under, 1606–2006. | ||
| | publisher = University of Western Australia Press | | publisher = University of Western Australia Press | ||
| | year = 2006 | | year = 2006 | ||
| | location = Crawley, W.A.}}</ref> | | location = Crawley, W.A.}}</ref> | ||
| *1624 |
*1624 – ] becomes the first known European to cross the ] (through the ]), reaching ].<ref name=Wessels/> | ||
| *1627 |
*1627 – ] missionaries ] and ] cross the ] and are the first to enter ].<ref name=Wessels/><ref name=Kapadia>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Kapadia | | last = Kapadia | ||
| | first = Harish | | first = Harish | ||
| Line 450: | Line 427: | ||
| | publisher = Indus Publishing | | publisher = Indus Publishing | ||
| | year = 2005 | | year = 2005 | ||
| | isbn = |
| isbn = 81-7387-181-7 | ||
| | page = 72}}</ref> | | page = 72}}</ref> | ||
| *1627 |
*1627 – ], accompanied by ], discovers over {{convert|1609|km|mi}} of coastline east of ] to the eastern end of the ].<ref name=Mutch/> | ||
| *1628 |
*1628 – Cabral is the first to enter ].<ref name=Wessels/> | ||
| *1628 |
*1628 – Gerrit Frederikszoon de Witt captain of the ] discovers "Witsland" about 21° S, sailing {{convert|320|km|mi}} along the coast and discovering ] and parts of the ].<ref name=Wood/> | ||
| * |
*1628–30 – Vasilii Bugor ascends the ] and portages to the upper Lena, descending it to its confluence with the ].<ref name=Lantzeff/><ref name=Fisher1943/> | ||
| * |
*1631–32 – ] and ], in separate expeditions, both circumnavigate Hudson Bay in search of a Northwest Passage; Foxe sails through ] and into ] now named after him to 66°47′N, while James winters in ] named after him.<ref name=Christy>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Christy | | last = Christy | ||
| | first = Miller | | first = Miller | ||
| | title = The voyages of Captain Luke Foxe of Hull, and Captain Thomas James of Bristol, in search of a northwest passage, in |
| title = The voyages of Captain Luke Foxe of Hull, and Captain Thomas James of Bristol, in search of a northwest passage, in 1631–32; with narratives of the earlier northwest voyages of Frobisher, Davis, Weymouth, Hall, Knight, Hudson, Button, Gibbons, Bylot, Baffin, Hawkridge, and others | ||
| | publisher = Hakluyt Society | | publisher = Hakluyt Society | ||
| | year = 1894 | | year = 1894 | ||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/voyagescaptainl01wattgoog}}</ref> | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Vh87AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=related:STANFORD36105004846502#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| * |
*1632–33 – ] descends the Lena as far as its great bend, erects the ostrog ], and sends a detachment some {{convert|720|km|mi}} downriver (where the ''zimovie'' ] is built) and another east up the ] as far as the ] (which they also ascend in search of ]).<ref name=Lantzeff/><ref name=Forsyth/> | ||
| * |
*1633–34 – French trader ] discovers ] and likely reaches ].<ref name=Fischer>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Fischer | | last = Fischer | ||
| | first = David Hackett | | first = David Hackett | ||
| Line 472: | Line 449: | ||
| | year = 2008 | | year = 2008 | ||
| | location = New York}}</ref> | | location = New York}}</ref> | ||
| * |
*1633–38 – ] and Ivan Rebrov sail from Zhigansk in kochi some {{convert|800|km|mi}} downriver to the mouth of the Lena and sail along the coast east and west, reaching the mouths of the ], ], and ] rivers.<ref name=Lantzeff/><ref name=March>{{cite book | ||
| | last = March | | last = March | ||
| | first = G. Patrick | | first = G. Patrick | ||
| Line 479: | Line 456: | ||
| | year = 1996 | | year = 1996 | ||
| | location = Westport, Conn | | location = Westport, Conn | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| * |
*1638–40 – Poznik Ivanov crosses the ] into the upper reaches of the Yana, and then portages over the ] into the Indigirka River system.<ref name=Lantzeff/><ref name=March/> | ||
| * |
*1639–40 – ] ascends the ] to the ], which he also ascends (until rapids force him to turn back), becoming the first Russian to enter ].<ref name=Lantzeff/> | ||
| * |
*1639–41 – ] ascends the ], portages across the ], and descends the ] to the ]; two groups are sent to the north and south, reaching the mouths of the ] and ] rivers, respectively.<ref name=Lincoln/><ref name=Lantzeff/> | ||
| *1641 – Dmitri Zyrian discovers the ], which he ascends as far as the ].<ref name=Lantzeff/> | |||
| *1639-41 - ] ascends the ], portages across the ], and descends the ] to the ]; two groups are sent to the north and south, reaching the mouths of the ] and ] rivers, respectively.<ref name=Lincoln/><ref name=Lantzeff/> | |||
| *1642–43 – Dutch explorer ] discovers "Anthony van Diemenslandt" (]) and "Staten Landt" (]). The following year he discovers "'t Eylandt Amsterdam" (]), ] and ].<ref name=Quanchi/><ref name=Wood/> | |||
| *1641 – '''Dmitri Zyrian''' discovers the ], which he ascends as far as the ].<ref name=Lantzeff/> | |||
| *1642-43 - ] discovers "Anthony van Diemenslandt" (]) and "Staten Landt" (]); following year discovers "'t Eylandt Amsterdam" (]) and ].<ref name=Wood/> | |||
| *1643 – ] reaches the western shores of ], opposite ].<ref name=Haywood>{{cite book | *1643 – ] reaches the western shores of ], opposite ].<ref name=Haywood>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Haywood | | last = Haywood | ||
| | first = A. J. |
| first = A. J. | ||
| | title = Siberia: a cultural history | | title = Siberia: a cultural history | ||
| | publisher = Oxford University Press | | publisher = Oxford University Press | ||
| | year = 2010 | | year = 2010 | ||
| | location = Oxford | | location = Oxford | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1643 |
*1643 – ] sails along the eastern coast of "Yezo" (]), between ] and ], to ].<ref name=Whitfield/> | ||
| *1643 – Vasiliy Sychev discovers the ], where he establishes the ''zimovie'' Anabarskoye.<ref name=Armstrong2010/><ref name=Holland>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Holland | |||
| | first = Clive | |||
| | title = Arctic Exploration and Development, c. 500 B.C. to 1915: an encyclopedia | |||
| | publisher = Garland | |||
| | year = 1994 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1643–45 – ] crosses the ] and descends the ] to the ], which he follows to its mouth; from here, he coasts along the Sea of Okhotsk to the Ulya (on the way sighting the ]).<ref name=Golder>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Golder | | last = Golder | ||
| | first = Frank Alfred | | first = Frank Alfred | ||
| | title = Russian expansion on the Pacific, |
| title = Russian expansion on the Pacific, 1641–1850 an account of the earliest and later expeditions made by the Russians along the Pacific coast of Asia and North America; including some related expeditions to the Arctic regions | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924086365388 | |||
| | publisher = Authur H. Clark Co. | | publisher = Authur H. Clark Co. | ||
| | year = 1914 | | year = 1914 | ||
| | location = Cleveland | | location = Cleveland | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1644 |
*1644 – Tasman maps the northern coast of Australia, connecting "Nova Guinea" (the Cape York Peninsula) with "the land of D'Eendracht" (Western Australia).<ref name=Wood/> | ||
| *1644 |
*1644 – ] reaches the ].<ref name=Lantzeff/> | ||
| * |
*1644–47 – Ivan Pokhabov is the first to ascend the Angara to Lake Baikal, which he crosses to the ]; he later ascends it and reaches ] (in present-day ]).<ref name=Lantzeff/><ref name=Forsyth/> | ||
| *1646 |
*1646 – Isaya Ignatyev reaches ].<ref name=Vaughan>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Vaughan | | last = Vaughan | ||
| | first = Richard | | first = Richard | ||
| Line 512: | Line 498: | ||
| | year = 2007 | | year = 2007 | ||
| | location = Stroud | | location = Stroud | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| * |
*1648–49 – ] sails from the Kolyma, rounds ] (thus proving Asia and America are separate), and reaches the ], which he ascends for some {{convert|563|km|mi}} (here he builds the ''zimovie'' ]).<ref name=Lincoln/> | ||
| * |
*1649–51 – ] ascends the ], crosses the northern ], and descends the Amur to its confluence with the ].<ref name=Lincoln/><ref name=Golder/> | ||
| *1650 |
*1650 – Stadukhin and Semen Motora travel from the Kolyma, across the Anyuyskiy Range, to Anadyrsk.<ref name=Lincoln/> | ||
| * |
*1651–57 – Stadukhin travels from Anadyrsk to the mouth of the ], then west along the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk to ].<ref name=Lantzeff/><ref name=March/> | ||
| *1653–54 – Beketov ascends the ], crosses the southern Yablonoi Mountains, and descends the ] and ] rivers to the latter's confluence with the ] (where his men build the ostrog ]).<ref name=Lantzeff/> | |||
| *1661 – ] and ] are the first to visit ].<ref name=Sandberg>{{cite book | |||
| *1654 – ] explores the entire western shore of Lake Michigan.<ref name=DeVoto/> | |||
| *1659 – Groseilliers and ] explore the southern shore of Lake Superior as far west as ].<ref name=DeVoto/> | |||
| *1661 – Jesuit missionaries ] and ] are the first to visit ].<ref name=Sandberg>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Sandberg | | last = Sandberg | ||
| | first = Graham | | first = Graham | ||
| Line 523: | Line 512: | ||
| | publisher = Thacker, Spink & Co. | | publisher = Thacker, Spink & Co. | ||
| | year = 1904 | | year = 1904 | ||
| | location = Calcutta |
| location = Calcutta | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/explorationtibe01sandgoog| page = | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=OgRxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA15&dq=European+exploration+Tibet&hl=en&ei=5U-2TM_VMpCssAOLn_TDCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| | quote = European exploration Tibet. | |||
| *1675 - ] discovers ].{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1682 - ] descends the "Rivière de Colbert" (]) to its mouth.<ref name=Parkman>{{cite book | |||
| *1669 – ] discovers the ], descending it as far as the ] near the site of modern ].<ref name=Parkman/> | |||
| *1673 – French-Canadian explorer ] and Jesuit missionary ] reach the upper ], descending it to its confluence with the ] and becoming the first Europeans to map the surrounding river valley. They also discover the ].<ref name=Parkman/> | |||
| *1675 – During a commercial voyage, English merchant ] accidentally discovers ], the first ever discovery of land south of the ].{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} | |||
| *1682 – Robert de La Salle descends the "Rivière de Colbert" (]) to its mouth.<ref name=Parkman>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Parkman | | last = Parkman | ||
| | first = Francis | | first = Francis | ||
| Line 533: | Line 526: | ||
| | year = 1999 | | year = 1999 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1688–89 – ] discovers ] and ].<ref name=DeVoto/> | |||
| *1696 - '''Luka Morozko''' travels almost halfway down the west coast of ], reaching the ].<ref name=March/> | |||
| * |
*1690–92 – ] travels from ] southwestward, probably reaching the ] and the headwaters of the ], in the process becoming the first European to see the ].<ref name=DeVoto/> | ||
| *1696 – ] travels almost halfway down the west coast of ], reaching the ].<ref name=March/> | |||
| *1697–99 – ] reaches as far as the ] on the southwest coast of Kamchatka, from which he sights ]; also crosses the ] (twice), reaching ] and the ].<ref name=Lantzeff/><ref name=March/> | |||
| == |
==18th century== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] and ] in Matavai Bay'' by ]]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| *1702 – The Spanish ship ''Rosario'' discovers ], later renamed Nishinoshima in 1904, around {{convert|940.|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-southeast of ].<ref>{{cite book| author=Freeman, Otis W. |date=1951 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjIhAAAAMAAJ |title=''Geography of the Pacific,'' |pages=229–235 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9780598436061 }}</ref> | |||
| *1706 - '''Mikhail Nasedkin''' reaches ] and sights ], northernmost of the ].<ref name=March/> | |||
| * |
*1706 – Mikhail Nasedkin reaches ] and sights ], northernmost of the ].<ref name=March/> | ||
| * |
*1710 – ] discovers ].{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} | ||
| *1713 – Ivan Kozyrevsky reaches Shumshu and ].<ref name=March/> | |||
| *1714 – ] ascends the Missouri River as far as its confluence with the ], becoming the first European to enter present-day ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1720 – Pedro de Villasur travels from ], through what is now part of southeastern ], to the lower Platte in eastern Nebraska.<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1722 – Dutch explorer ] discovers "Paasch Eiland" (]) and ] and ].<ref name=Fischer2005>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Fischer | | last = Fischer | ||
| | first = Steven R. | | first = Steven R. | ||
| Line 550: | Line 551: | ||
| | year = 2005 | | year = 2005 | ||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| }}</ref><ref name=Tcherkezoff>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Tcherkezoff | | last = Tcherkezoff | ||
| | first = Serge | | first = Serge | ||
| | title = First contacts in Polynesia: the Samoan case ( |
| title = First contacts in Polynesia: the Samoan case (1722–1848) : western misunderstanding about sexuality and divinity | ||
| | publisher = ANUE Press | | publisher = ANUE Press | ||
| | year = 2008 | | year = 2008 | ||
| | location = Canberra | | location = Canberra | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1728 - ] sails through the strait that now bears his name |
*1728 – In the service of the ], Danish-born Russian explorer ] sails through ] that now bears his name. He also discovers and names ].<ref name=Vaughan/> | ||
| *1732 |
*1732 – ] discovers the "Large Country" (]).<ref name=Golder/> | ||
| *1734 |
*1734 – ] discovers ].<ref name=DeVoto>{{cite book | ||
| | last = DeVoto | | last = DeVoto | ||
| | first = Bernard | | first = Bernard | ||
| Line 567: | Line 568: | ||
| | year = 1980 | | year = 1980 | ||
| | location = Boston | | location = Boston | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| * |
*1734–37 – Stepan Muravev and Mikhail Pavlov chart the Russian coast from ] to just east of the ], while ] charts it from there to the Ob River, including the ].<ref name=Lincoln/> | ||
| * |
*1735–36 – ] charts the Russian coast from the Lena west to the ].<ref name=Lincoln/> | ||
| *1737 – ] charts the Russian coast from the mouth of the Ob to the Yenisei.<ref name=Lincoln/> | *1737 – ] charts the Russian coast from the mouth of the Ob to the Yenisei.<ref name=Lincoln/> | ||
| *1738 – ] visits ] villages near the site of present-day ].<ref name=Parkman1893>{{cite book | |||
| *1738-40 – ] charts the Russian coast from the Yenisei to the Pyasina.<ref name=Lincoln/> | |||
| | last = Parkman | |||
| *1739 - ] discovers "Cape Circumcision" (]).<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| | first = Francis | |||
| *1739-41 – ] charts the Russian coast from the Lena to just east of the Kolyma.<ref name=Lincoln/> | |||
| | title = France and England in North America: A Series of Historical Narratives | |||
| *1741 - Bering and ] reach the Alaskan mainland; the former reaches ], the latter ] on the west coast of ] (also discovers nearby ] and ] in the ]).<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| | publisher = Little, Brown | |||
| *1741-42 - ] and ] chart the ], with the latter reaching ], the northernmost point of Asia.<ref name=Lincoln/> | |||
| | year = 1893 | |||
| *1742 - ] discovers ] and ].<ref name=Williams2003>{{cite book | |||
| | location = Boston | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1738–40 – ] charts the Russian coast from the Yenisei to the Pyasina.<ref name=Lincoln/> | |||
| *1739 – ] discovers "Cape Circumcision" (]).<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1739–41 – ] charts the Russian coast from the Lena to just east of the Kolyma.<ref name=Lincoln/> | |||
| *1741 – Bering sights ], the entrance of ], the ] (from Cape Providence to Chignik Bay) and several of the ] (discovering ], ], and ]), as well as discovering ], ], ], ], and the ] and ]; his second-in-command, ], sights ] and ] and discovers Noyes and ]s (both off the west coast of ]), as well as ], ], ], ], ], ], the Aleutian Islands (], ], ], ], and the ]), and the ].<ref name=Golder1922>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Golder | |||
| | first = Frank Alfred and Leonhard Stejneger | |||
| | title = Bering's voyages: an account of the efforts of the Russians to determine the relation of Asia and America | |||
| | publisher = American Geographical Society | |||
| | year = 1922 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7P0HAQAAIAAJ| page = | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1741–42 – ] and ] chart the ], with the latter reaching ], the northernmost point of Asia.<ref name=Lincoln/> | |||
| *1742 – ] discovers ] and ].<ref name=Williams2003>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Williams | | last = Williams | ||
| | first = Glyndwr | | first = Glyndwr | ||
| | title = Voyages of delusion: the quest for the Northwest Passage | | title = Voyages of delusion: the quest for the Northwest Passage | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/voyagesofdelusio00glyn | |||
| | url-access = registration | |||
| | publisher = Yale University Press | | publisher = Yale University Press | ||
| | year = 2003 | | year = 2003 | ||
| | location = New Haven | | location = New Haven | ||
| | |
| isbn = 9780300098662 | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1747 - '''Jeremiah Westall''' discovers ] and sails about sixty miles up it.<ref name=Williams2003/> | |||
| *1742–43 – ] and his brother ] reach the ] of modern ]; on their return they reach the vicinity of present-day ].<ref name=Parkman1893/><ref>Champagne, Father Antoine. The Vérendryes and Their Succossors, 1727–1760 (MHS Transactions, Series 3, No. 25, 1968–69 Season).</ref> | |||
| *1761-62 - '''William Christopher''' sails 230 miles up Chesterfield Inlet to the western end of ].<ref name=Williams2003/> | |||
| *1747 – Jeremiah Westall discovers ] and sails about sixty miles up it.<ref name=Williams2003/> | |||
| *1763 - '''Stepan Glotov''' reaches ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1761–62 – William Christopher sails {{convert|370|km|mi}} into Chesterfield Inlet to the western end of ].<ref name=Williams2003/> | |||
| *1767 - ] discovers "King George's Land" (]).<ref name=Hough>{{cite book | |||
| *1767 – ] discovers "King George's Land" (]).<ref name=Hough>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Hough | | last = Hough | ||
| | first = Richard | | first = Richard | ||
| Line 594: | Line 614: | ||
| | year = 1994 | | year = 1994 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1769 |
*1769 – José Ortega discovers ].<ref name=Hayes2007/> | ||
| * |
*1769–70 – English explorer ] circumnavigates both islands of ], proving they are not part of ]. He also charts the east coast of Australia from ] to ].<ref name=Hough/> | ||
| *1771–72 – ] reaches the ], descending it to what would become known as ]; the following year, on his way back, he becomes the first to sight and cross ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1770 - ], following the tracks of ], finds the ].<ref name=Vaughan/> | |||
| *1772 – ] discovers the ].<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1771-72 - ] reaches the ], descending it to what would become known as ]; the following year, on his way back, he becomes the first to sight and cross ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1772 |
*1772 – ] sights the ].<ref>{{cite book | ||
| |last=Farquhar | |||
| *1773-75 – Cook is the first to cross the ], reaching 71° 10’ S, thus finally disproving the existence of Terra Australis Incognita; also discovers ] and the ].<ref name=Hough/> | |||
| |first=Francis P. | |||
| *1774 - ] explores the western coast of ] from ] northwards, discovering the ] and ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| |title=History of the Sierra Nevada | |||
| *1775 - ] discovers the mouth of the ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| |publisher=University of California Press | |||
| *1776 - ] and ] follow the Rio Grande north to the modern state of ], where they travel west, discovering ] and thus becoming the first Europeans to each the state of ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| |year=2007 | |||
| *1777-78 - Cook discovers ] and ]; also explores the Alaskan coast as far north as ].<ref name=Hough/> | |||
| |isbn=978-0-520-25395-7}}</ref> | |||
| *1787 - ] discovers the ].<ref name=Williams2003/> | |||
| *1773 – ] reaches ].<ref name=Vaughan/> | |||
| *1789 - ] descends the ] to its mouth in the ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1773–75 – Cook is the first to cross the ], reaching 71° 10’ S, thus finally disproving the existence of Terra Australis Incognita; also discovers ] and the ].<ref name=Hough/> | |||
| *1791 - ] discovers the "Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario" (]); ] explores up it, reaching nearly a hundred miles past the mouth of the ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| * |
*1774 – ] explores the western coast of ] from ] northwards, discovering the ], ], and ].<ref name=Hayes2001>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Hayes | |||
| | first = Derek | |||
| | title = Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean: maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500–2000 | |||
| | publisher = Douglas & McIntyre | |||
| | year = 2001 | |||
| | location = Vancouver | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1775 – ] discovers the mouth of the ]; his consort ] discovers ] (]).<ref name=Hayes1999>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Hayes | |||
| | first = Derek | |||
| | title = Historical atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and discovery; British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, Yukon | |||
| | publisher = Sasquatch Books | |||
| | year = 1999 | |||
| | location = Seattle | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1776 – Attempting to travel overland to ], Franciscan priests ] and ] follow the ] north to the modern state of ] and then travel west, discovering ] and exploring much of the ] region before returning to ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1777–78 – James Cook discovers ] and ], and also explores the Alaskan coast as far north as ], discovering ] and ].<ref name=Hough/> | |||
| *1787 – ] discovers the ].<ref name=Williams2003/> | |||
| *1788 – Captain ] arrives with ] in ] on the coast of ]. | |||
| *1789 – ] descends the ] to its mouth in the ].<ref name=Mackenzie1801>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Mackenzie | |||
| | first = Alexander | |||
| | title = Voyages from Montreal, on the river St. Lawrence, through the continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific oceans; in the years 1789 and 1793 | |||
| | publisher = T. Cadell, jun. and W. Davies | |||
| | year = 1801 | |||
| | location = London | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1791 – ] discovers the "Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario" (]); ] explores up it, passing the mouth of the ] and reaching as far north as ].<ref name=Hayes1999/> | |||
| *1791–95 – ], together with ], ], ], and ], charts the modern states of ] and ], the coast of ], and the ], discovering ], ] and ]s in the ], as well as proving the insularity of ] and ]s. The expedition also charts ] and ] and discovers the ] and ].<ref name=Vancouver>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Vancouver | | last = Vancouver | ||
| | first = George, and John Vancouver | | first = George, and John Vancouver | ||
| | title = A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world | | title = A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world | ||
| | publisher = J. Stockdale | | publisher = J. Stockdale | ||
| | year = 1801 |
| year = 1801 | ||
| | volume = I-IV | |||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| | url = |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qwol8bPaYxsC}}</ref> | ||
| *1792 |
*1792 – Spanish naval officers ] and ] circumnavigate Vancouver Island, proving its insularity.<ref name=Hayes/> | ||
| *1792 – ] enters ], showing that much of the Alaska Panhandle is an archipelago and not part of the mainland, as had been presumed. He also sights the southwest coast of Revillagigedo Island.<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1797-98 - ] explores from Cape Howe to ], discovering ].<ref name=Wood/> | |||
| *1792–93 – Mackenzie ascends the ] and ], crosses the ] to the headwaters of the ], ascends the ] and crosses the ], reaching the ], which he descends to ] and ].<ref name=Mackenzie1801/> | |||
| *1798-99 - ] and George Bass circumnavigate Tasmania, proving its insularity.<ref name=Wood/> | |||
| *1796 – Scottish explorer ] reaches the upper ], exploring it from ] to ].<ref name=Fernandez-Armesto>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Fernandez-Armesto | |||
| | first = Felipe | |||
| | title = Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration | |||
| | publisher = W.W. Norton & Company | |||
| | year = 2006 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1797–98 – ] explores from Cape Howe to ], discovering the ].<ref name=Wood/> | |||
| *1798 – ] discovers "Pleasant Island" (]).<ref name=Quanchi/> | |||
| *1798 – ] travels from ] northwest to ].<ref name=Jeal1973>{{cite book|last=Jeal|first =Tim|title=Livingstone|publisher = G. P. Putnam’s Sons|year=1973|location=New York|isbn =9780399112157|url=https://archive.org/details/livingstone00jeal|url-access=registration}}</ref> | |||
| *1798–99 – English cartographer ] and George Bass circumnavigate ], proving its insularity.<ref name=Wood/> | |||
| == |
==19th century== | ||
| ] and ] rivers, and the Rocky Mountains.]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ]'' making water on a floe on 6 February 1838.]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ].]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] in 1866<br>From left to right: ], ], Clovis Thorel, Captain ], Lucien Joubert, Louis de Carné<br> engraving from photo by ]}}]] | |||
| *1800 |
*1800 – ] discovers the Australian coastline from ] to ].<ref name=Wood/> | ||
| * |
*c. 1801–04 – A fur trading post is built on ].<ref name=Keith>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Keith | |||
| *1802 - Matthew Flinders explores the coast from ] to ], discovering ], ], and ].<ref name=Wood/> | |||
| | first = Lloyd | |||
| *1802 - ] explores the coast from Cape Banks to Encounter Bay, where he meets Flinders.<ref name=Wood/> | |||
| | title = North of Athabasca: Slave Lake and Mackenzie River documents of the North West Company, 1800–1821 | |||
| *1802-03 - Flinders circumnavigates Australia.<ref name=Wood/> | |||
| | publisher = McGill-Queen's University Press | |||
| *1806 - ] discovers the ].<ref name=Mawar/> | |||
| | year = 2001 | |||
| *1808 - ] descends the ] for some 500 miles to its mouth, reaching the Strait of Georgia.<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| | location = Rupert's Land Record Society series. Montreal | |||
| *1810 - ] discovers ] and ]s.<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1816 - ] discovers ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| * |
*1802 – ] discovers ].<ref name=Wood/> | ||
| *1802 – Matthew Flinders explores the coast from ] to ], discovering ], ], and ].<ref name=Wood/> | |||
| *1802 – ] explores the coast from Cape Banks to Encounter Bay, where he meets Flinders.<ref name=Wood/> | |||
| *1802–03 – Flinders circumnavigates Australia.<ref name=Wood/> | |||
| *1805–06 – ] and ], from ], ascend the Missouri to its headwaters, cross the ] via ] in the ] to enter the present state of ], and descend the ] and ]s to the Columbia, which they descend to its mouth; on the way back Lewis explores the ] and ]s, as well as the headwaters of the ], while Clark travels through ] and descends the ] to its confluence with the Missouri.<ref name=Ambrose>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Ambrose | |||
| | first = Stephen E. | |||
| | title = Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West | |||
| | publisher = Simon & Schuster | |||
| | year = 1996 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| | isbn = 9780684826974 | |||
| | url =https://archive.org/details/undauntedcourage00ambr| url-access = registration | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1805–06 – Mungo Park descends the Niger as far as the Bussa rapids, where he is drowned.<ref name=Fernandez-Armesto/> | |||
| *1806 – ] discovers ].<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1806 – ] discovers the ].<ref name=Mawar/> | |||
| *1808 – ] descends the ] for some {{convert|800|km|mi}} to its mouth, reaching the Strait of Georgia.<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1810 – ] discovers ] and ]s.<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1811–12 – ] discovers ] in the ] and reaches the upper Snake River, while ] discovers ]—his route would later become the ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1816 – ] discovers ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1819 – ] discovers the ].<ref name=Riffenburgh>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Riffenburgh | | last = Riffenburgh | ||
| | first = Beau | | first = Beau | ||
| Line 642: | Line 731: | ||
| | year = 2007 | | year = 2007 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| | url = |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fRJtB2MNdJMC| isbn = 9780415970242 | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1819-20 - ] enters ] and reaches ], discovering and naming ], ], and ]s; the following year sights "Banks Land" (]).<ref name=Parry>{{cite book | |||
| *1819–20 – ] enters ] and reaches ], discovering and naming ], ], and ]s; the following year sights "Banks Land" (]).<ref name=Parry>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Parry | | last = Parry | ||
| | first = William Edward | | first = William Edward | ||
| | title = Journal of a voyage for the discovery of a North-West passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific: performed in the years |
| title = Journal of a voyage for the discovery of a North-West passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific: performed in the years 1819–20 | ||
| | publisher = John Murray | | publisher = John Murray | ||
| | year = 1821 | | year = 1821 | ||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_sdM0AAAAQAAJ| quote = William Edward Parry 1819. | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=sdM0AAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=William+Edward+Parry+1819&hl=en&ei=bZ5LTM64M46WsgOW2I1J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1820 - ] sights the ]; also discovers northernmost islands of the South Shetlands.<ref name=Mills>{{cite book | |||
| *1820 – ] sights the ]; also discovers northernmost islands of the South Shetlands.<ref name=Mills>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Mills | | last = Mills | ||
| | first = William James | | first = William James | ||
| Line 658: | Line 749: | ||
| | year = 2003 | | year = 2003 | ||
| | location = Santa Barbara | | location = Santa Barbara | ||
| | url = |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&q=Exploring+polar+frontiers| isbn = 9781576074220 | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1820-21 - ] discovers the northernmost islands of the South Sandwich group; following year discovers ] and ]s.<ref>Cook, F. A. ''Captain Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, 1819-21. The Discovery of Alexander I., Peter I., and other islands'' (Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York, Vol. XXXIII, 1901, pp. 36-41).</ref> | |||
| *1820–21 – ] discovers the northernmost islands of the South Sandwich group; following year discovers ] and ]s.<ref>Cook, F. A. ''Captain Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, 1819–21. The Discovery of Alexander I., Peter I., and other islands'' (Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York, Vol. XXXIII, 1901, pp. 36–41).</ref> | |||
| *1821 - ] explores over 500 miles of coastline from the mouth of the Coppermine River to Point Turnagain on the ].<ref name=Franklin>{{cite book | |||
| *1821 – English naval officer ] explores over {{convert|800|km|mi}} of coastline from the mouth of the Coppermine River to Point Turnagain on the ].<ref name=Franklin>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Franklin | | last = Franklin | ||
| | first = John | | first = John | ||
| Line 667: | Line 759: | ||
| | year = 1824 | | year = 1824 | ||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/narrativeajourn00frangoog| quote = John Franklin. | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=bN8BAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+Franklin&hl=en&ei=pV9QTOSCMoemsQOFr-DYBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1821 - Sealers ] and '''George Powell''' discover "Powell's Islands" (]).<ref name=Spears>{{cite book | |||
| *1821 – Sealers ] and George Powell discover "Powell's Islands" (]).<ref name=Spears>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Spears | | last = Spears | ||
| | first = John Randolph | | first = John Randolph | ||
| Line 675: | Line 768: | ||
| | year = 1922 | | year = 1922 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LPwlAAAAMAAJ| quote = Captain Nathaniel Brown Palmer. | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LPwlAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Captain+Nathaniel+Brown+Palmer&hl=en&ei=GgVXTOKvGYbGsAPi7bjaAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1821-23 - Parry explores the eastern side of the ], reaching the western entrance of ]; also explores the northern coast of ].<ref name=Parry1824>{{cite book | |||
| *1821–23 – Parry explores the eastern side of the ], reaching the western entrance of ]; also explores the northern coast of ].<ref name=Parry1824>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Parry | | last = Parry | ||
| | first = William Edward | | first = William Edward | ||
| Line 683: | Line 777: | ||
| | year = 1824 | | year = 1824 | ||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/journalasecondv02parrgoog| quote = William Edward Parry 1824. | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=x4K_clZG0c4C&pg=PP11&dq=William+Edward+Parry+1824&hl=en&ei=kthVTIbGC43ksQPUtd3ZAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1823 - ], ], and ] are the first Europeans to sight ].<ref name=Fleming>{{cite book | |||
| *1823 – ], ], and ] are the first Europeans to sight ].<ref name=Fleming>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Fleming | | last = Fleming | ||
| | first = Fergus | | first = Fergus | ||
| Line 691: | Line 786: | ||
| | year = 1998 | | year = 1998 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1823 |
*1823 – Sealer ] sails to 74°15′S into "King George IV's Sea" (]).<ref name=Weddell>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Weddell | | last = Weddell | ||
| | first = James | | first = James | ||
| | title = A voyage towards the South Pole, performed in the years |
| title = A voyage towards the South Pole, performed in the years 1822–'24. Containing ... a visit to Tierra del Fuego, with a particular account of the inhabitants. | ||
| | publisher = Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green | | publisher = Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green | ||
| | year = 1825 | | year = 1825 | ||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| | url = |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tuIBAAAAYAAJ&q=James+Weddell}}</ref> | ||
| *1824 – ] ascends the ] to ], source of the Finlay-Peace-Slave-Mackenzie river system, then portages to the ] and ].<ref name=Hayes2002>{{cite book | |||
| *1824-25 - ], ], and ] independently reach ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| | last = Hayes | |||
| *1826 - ] charts the Alaskan coastline from Icy Cape to ]; also discovers ], ], and ] in the ].<ref name=Beechey>{{cite book | |||
| | first = Derek | |||
| | title = Historical Atlas of Canada: Canada's History Illustrated with Original Maps | |||
| | publisher = Douglas & McIntyre | |||
| | year = 2002 | |||
| | location = Vancouver | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1824–25 – ], ], and ] independently reach the ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1825–26 – Franklin explores the Arctic coastline from the mouth of the Mackenzie River west to Point Beechey, while his partner ] explores east to the Coppermine River, naming ] and discovering "]" (part of the southern coast of ]) — combining to chart over {{convert|1930|km|mi}} of coastline; Richardson also surveys the five arms of ].<ref name=Franklin1828>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Franklin | |||
| | first = John | |||
| | title = Narrative of a second expedition to the shores of the Polar sea in the years 1825, 1826 and 1827, by John Franklin,... including an account of the progress of a detachment to the Eastward, by John Richardson. | |||
| | publisher = J. Murray | |||
| | year = 1828 | |||
| | location = London | |||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QOyb_rz5czIC| quote = John Franklin 1826. | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1826 – ] charts the Alaskan coastline from Icy Cape to ]; also discovers ], ], and ] in the ].<ref name=Beechey>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Beechey | | last = Beechey | ||
| | first = Frederick William | | first = Frederick William | ||
| Line 708: | Line 820: | ||
| | year = 1832 | | year = 1832 | ||
| | location = Philadelphia | | location = Philadelphia | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7YcBAAAAYAAJ| page = | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=7YcBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA364&dq=Frederick+Beechey+1826&hl=en&ei=nqtYTMq_MYfSsAPLmKHuBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| | quote = Frederick Beechey 1826. | |||
| *1826 - ] becomes the first European to reach the fabled city of ].<ref name=Fleming/> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1826 - Franklin explores the Arctic coastline from the mouth of the Mackenzie River west to Point Beechey, while his partner ] explores east to the Coppermine River, naming ] and discovering "]" (part of the southern coast of ]) — combining to chart over 1,200 miles of coastline.<ref name=Franklin1828>{{cite book | |||
| *1826 – Scottish explorer ] becomes the first European to reach the fabled city of ], but is murdered upon leaving the city.<ref name=Fleming/> | |||
| | last = Franklin | |||
| *1827 – ] crosses the Sierra Nevada (via ]) and the ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| | first = John | |||
| *1828 – French explorer ] is the first European to return alive from Timbuktu. | |||
| | title = Narrative of a second expedition to the shores of the Polar sea in the years 1825, 1826 and 1827, by John Franklin,... including an account of the progress of a detachment to the Eastward, by John Richardson. | |||
| *1829–30 – ] discovers "Boothia Felix" (the ]); the following year his nephew ] crosses its narrow ] and reaches ].<ref name=Edinger>{{cite book | |||
| | publisher = J. Murray | |||
| | year = 1828 | |||
| | location = London | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=QOyb_rz5czIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+Franklin+1826&hl=en&ei=xl9QTM_zCIO8sQPn5MmOBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| *1829 - ] sights ].<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1829-30 - ] discovers "Boothia Felix" (the ]); the following year his nephew ] crosses its narrow ] and reaches ].<ref name=Edinger>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Edinger | | last = Edinger | ||
| | first = Ray | | first = Ray | ||
| Line 726: | Line 833: | ||
| | year = 2003 | | year = 2003 | ||
| | location = New York}}</ref> | | location = New York}}</ref> | ||
| *1830 – English explorer ] and his brother ] descend the ] for more than {{convert|643|km|mi}} from ] to its mouth.<ref name=Fleming2004/> | |||
| *1831-32 - ] discovers ]; following year discovers ], ], and ].<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1831–32 – ] discovers ]; following year discovers ], ], and ].<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1833 - ] and '''Semyon Lukin''' discover the mouth of the ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| * |
*1833 – ] and Semyon Lukin discover the mouth of the ].<ref name=Hayes/> | ||
| *1833–35 – ] and ] chart the entire east coast of ], as well as the east coast of ] north to nearly 74°24’ N.<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1834 – ] descends the ] to ].<ref name=Back>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Back | | last = Back | ||
| | first = George | | first = George | ||
| Line 735: | Line 844: | ||
| | year = 1836 | | year = 1836 | ||
| | location = Philadelphia | | location = Philadelphia | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Q8vhUiBdUXYC| quote = George Back 1836. | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Q8vhUiBdUXYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=George+Back+1836&hl=en&ei=T5FdTIy7IZKgsQO1-4WqCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1837-39 - ] and ] reach ] from the east; following two summers they map the region from Point Turnagain to just north of the ] on the Boothia Peninsula and chart the coastline of "Victoria Land" (Victoria Island) from Point Back to Point Parry.<ref name=Simpson>{{cite book | |||
| *1837 – Glazunov ascends the ] and portages to the middle Yukon.<ref name=Bockstoce>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Bockstoce | |||
| | first = John R. | |||
| | title = Furs and Frontiers in the Far North: the Contest Among Native and Foreign Nations for the Bering Strait Fur Trade | |||
| | publisher = Yale University Press | |||
| | year = 2009 | |||
| | location = New Haven | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1837–39 – ] and ] reach ] from the east; following two summers they map the region from Point Turnagain to just north of the ] on the Boothia Peninsula and chart the coastline of "Victoria Land" (Victoria Island) from Point Back to Point Parry.<ref name=Simpson>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Simpson | | last = Simpson | ||
| | first = Thomas | | first = Thomas | ||
| | title = Narrative of the discoveries on the north coast of America: effected by the officers of the Hudson's Bay Company during the years |
| title = Narrative of the discoveries on the north coast of America: effected by the officers of the Hudson's Bay Company during the years 1836–39. | ||
| | publisher = R. Bentley | | publisher = R. Bentley | ||
| | year = 1843 | | year = 1843 | ||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CXBIAAAAMAAJ| quote = Thomas Simpson 1843. | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=CXBIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=Thomas+Simpson+1843&hl=en&ei=IFZkTJeBI46UnQeBk6WODw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1838 - '''Petr Malakov''' ascends the Yukon River as far as the ].<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1838 |
*1838 – Pyotr Malakhov reaches ], near the confluence of the ] and Yukon.<ref name=Bockstoce/> | ||
| * |
*1838–40 – ] discovers the ] and ] (138°21′ E).<ref name=Mills/> | ||
| *1839 – ] discovers the ] and sights the ] (121° E).<ref name=Mawar>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Mawar | | last = Mawar | ||
| | first = Granville Allen | | first = Granville Allen | ||
| Line 753: | Line 872: | ||
| | year = 1999 | | year = 1999 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| | isbn=0-312-22809-0 |
| isbn = 0-312-22809-0 | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/ahabstradesagaof00mawe | |||
| *1840 - ] discovers ], mapping 1,500 miles of the Antarctic coast from Piner Bay (140° E) to the ] (97° E), proving that ] is a ].<ref name=Philbrick>{{cite book | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1840 – An expedition led by United States Navy Lieutenant ] discovers ], mapping {{convert|2414|km|mi}} of the Antarctic coast from Piner Bay (140°E) to the ] (97°E), proving that ] is a ].<ref name=Philbrick>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Philbrick | | last = Philbrick | ||
| | first = Nathaniel | | first = Nathaniel | ||
| | title = Sea of Glory: America's Voyage of Discovery, the U.S. Exploring Expedition, |
| title = Sea of Glory: America's Voyage of Discovery, the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842. | ||
| | publisher = Viking | | publisher = Viking | ||
| | year = 2003 | | year = 2003 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| | |
| isbn = 9780670032310 | ||
| | url =https://archive.org/details/seaofgloryameric00phil| url-access = registration | |||
| *1841-43 - James Clark Ross discovers the ], reaches 78° 09' 30" S, and discovers the active volcano ] on ], the ], and ]; also sights ], ], and ]s.<ref name=Ross1843>{{cite book | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1841–43 – James Clark Ross discovers the ], reaches 78°09′30″S, and discovers the active volcano ] on ], the ], and ]. He also sights ], ], and ].<ref name=Ross1843>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Ross | | last = Ross | ||
| | first = James Clark | | first = James Clark | ||
| | title = A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions, during the years |
| title = A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions, during the years 1839–43. | ||
| | publisher = John Murray | | publisher = John Murray | ||
| | year = 1847 | | year = 1847 | ||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QDsNAAAAIAAJ}}</ref> | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=QDsNAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=James%20Clark%20Ross%201847%20%20A%20Voyage%20of%20Discovery%20and%20Research%20to%20Southern%20and%20Antarctic%20Regions%20Vol.%201&source=gbs_book_other_versions#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| * |
*1845 – ] discovers the ], which he descends to its confluence with the ].<ref name=Bockstoce/> | ||
| *1846 – Candido José da Costa Cardoso discovers ].<ref name=Jeal1973/> | |||
| *1846 – Rodrigues Graça travels from ] to southwestern ].<ref name=Jeal1973/> | |||
| *1846–47 – Scottish explorer ] maps over {{convert|1046|km|mi}} of coastline from ] to Cape Crozier, discovering ].<ref name=McGoogan>{{cite book | |||
| | last = McGoogan | | last = McGoogan | ||
| | first = Kenneth | | first = Kenneth | ||
| | title = Fatal passage: the true story of John Rae, the |
| title = Fatal passage: the true story of John Rae, the Arctic hero time forgot. | ||
| | publisher = Carroll & Graf Publishers | | publisher = Carroll & Graf Publishers | ||
| | year = 2003 | | year = 2003 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| | |
| isbn = 9780786709939 | ||
| | url =https://archive.org/details/fatalpassagetrue00mcgo| url-access = registration | |||
| *1849 - James Clark Ross charts 150 miles of the west coast of Somerset Island south to Cape Coulman, discovering ].<ref name=Savours>{{cite book | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *c. 1847–48 – ] reaches the upper ].<ref name=Jeal1973/> | |||
| *1848 – German missionary ] is the first European to sight ].<ref name=Krapf>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Krapf | |||
| | first = J. L. | |||
| | title = Travels, researches, and missionary labors during an eighteen years' residence in Eastern Africa together with journeys to Jagga, Usambara, Ukambani, Shoa, Abessinia and Khartum, and a coasting voyage from Mombaz to Cape Delgado | |||
| | publisher = Ticknor and Fields | |||
| | year = 1860 | |||
| | location = Boston | |||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/travelsresearche00krap}}</ref> | |||
| *1849 – ] and ] cross the ] to ].<ref name=Jeal1973/> | |||
| *1849 – James Clark Ross charts {{convert|240|km|mi}} of the west coast of Somerset Island south to Cape Coulman, discovering ].<ref name=Savours>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Savours | | last = Savours | ||
| | first = Ann | | first = Ann | ||
| Line 785: | Line 923: | ||
| | year = 1999 | | year = 1999 | ||
| | location = New York | | location = New York | ||
| | |
| isbn = 9780312223724 | ||
| | url =https://archive.org/details/searchfornorth00savo_0}}</ref> | |||
| *1850-54 - ] transits the ] (by boat and sledge); he and his men also chart some 1,700 miles of new coastline, consisting of the entire coast of Banks Island and much of the northwestern coast of Victoria Island (from just east of Point Reynolds in the north to ] in the south), in the process discovering ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Discovery of the North-West Passage |last=McClure |first=Robert|editor1-first=Sherard |editor1-last=Osborn |editor1-link=Sherard Osborn |year=1856 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts |location=London |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SGUZAAAAMAAJ&vq=the+discovery+of+the+north-west+passage&hl=en&source=gbs_navlinks_s }}</ref><ref name=Armstrong1>{{cite book |title=A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the Northwest Passage|last=Armstrong |first=Alexander|coauthors= |year=1857 |publisher=Hurst and Blackett |location=London |isbn= |page= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=04dAAAAAYAAJ | |||
| *1850 – ] sails up ], discovering and naming "Grinnell Land" (the ], which forms the northwestern corner of Devon Island).<ref name=Savours/> | |||
| |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
| *1850–54 – ] transits the ] (by boat and sledge); he and his men also chart some {{convert|2736|km|mi}} of new coastline, consisting of the entire coast of Banks Island and much of the northwestern coast of Victoria Island (from just east of Point Reynolds in the north to ] in the south), in the process discovering ] and ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Discovery of the North-West Passage |last=McClure |first=Robert|editor1-first=Sherard |editor1-last=Osborn |editor1-link=Sherard Osborn |year=1856 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SGUZAAAAMAAJ }}</ref><ref name=Armstrong1>{{cite book |title=A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the Northwest Passage|last=Armstrong |first=Alexander |year=1857 |publisher=Hurst and Blackett |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/apersonalnarrat00armsgoog | |||
| *1851 - Rae charts over 600 miles of the southern coastline of Victoria Island, from Cape Back to Pelly Point.<ref name=McGoogan/> | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1854 - Rae charts the Boothia Peninsula from the Castor and Pollux River north to Point de la Guiche, discovering ] and proving the insularity of King William Island.<ref name=McGoogan/> | |||
| *1851 – Rae charts over {{convert|965|km|mi}} of the southern coastline of Victoria Island, from Cape Back to Pelly Point.<ref name=McGoogan/> | |||
| *1851 – ], ] and William Browne chart the northern half of ], Osborn west to Sherard Osborn Point (72°20’ N) and Browne east to ]; meanwhile, Robert D. Aldrich charts the west coast of the Bathurst Island group north to Cape Aldrich (about 76°11’ N, on ]) and Dr. Abraham Bradford charts the east coast of Melville Island north to Bradford Point.<ref name=Mills/><ref name= Osborn1852>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Osborn | |||
| | first = Sherard | |||
| | title = Stray leaves from an Arctic journal, or, Eighteen months in the polar regions : in search of Sir John Franklin's expedition, in the years 1850–51 | |||
| | publisher = Putnam’s | |||
| | year = 1852 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6t8-AAAAYAAJ| quote = Sherard Osborn. | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1851 – ] descends the ] to the Yukon, which he descends to its confluence with the Porcupine, reaching ].<ref name=Bockstoce/> | |||
| *1851–52 – ] and ] discover ] and cross Prince of Wales Island east to west, reaching ].<ref name=Savours/> | |||
| *1852 – ] reaches 78° 28’ N, entering Smith Sound; also charts Jones Sound as far west as 84° 10’ W.<ref name=Inglefield>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Inglefield | |||
| | first = E. A., George Dickie, and Peter C. Sutherland | |||
| | title = A Summer Search for Sir John Franklin: with a Peep into the Polar Basin | |||
| | publisher = T. Harrison | |||
| | year = 1853 | |||
| | location = London | |||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3lAS8_tPLMYC| quote = A summer search for Sir John Franklin; with a peep into the polar basin. | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1852–53 – ] sails two of his squadron to the northwestern coast of the Grinnell Peninsula, wintering at 77° 52’ N, 97° W; later circumnavigates the peninsula via Arthur Strait (now Fiord), discovering ] and ].<ref name=Savours/> | |||
| *1853 – ] and ] chart the Sabine Peninsula of Melville Island from Cape Mudge east to Bradford Point; the latter, along with Sherard Osborn, also charts the northern coast of Bathurst Island.<ref name=Savours/><ref name=MDougall/> | |||
| *1853 – ] discovers ] and ]s and charts the southwest corner of Melville Island; along with ], he charts nearly the entire coast of Prince Patrick; McClintock also charts the northwest coast of Melville Island, from Cape Fisher northwest to Cape Scott and south along its west coast to Cape Purchase.<ref name=MDougall>{{cite book | |||
| | last = M'Dougall | |||
| | first = George F. | |||
| | title = The eventful voyage of H.M. discovery ship "Resolute" to the Arctic regions, in search of Sir John Franklin and the missing crews of H.M. discovery ships "Erebus" and "Terror," 1852, 1853, 1854 | |||
| | publisher = Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts | |||
| | year = 1857 | |||
| | location = London | |||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Bm4SAAAAYAAJ_2| page = | |||
| | quote = The Eventful Voyages of HMS Resolute. | |||
| }}</ref><ref name=Murphy>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Murphy | |||
| | first = David | |||
| | title = The Arctic Fox: Francis Leopold McClintock, discoverer of the fate of Franklin | |||
| | publisher = Dundurn Press | |||
| | year = 2004 | |||
| | location = Toronto | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1853–54 – American explorer ] and his men chart the ] and discover ]. One of his men, William Morton, reaches as far north as Kap Constitution (81°22’N).<ref name=Kane>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Kane | |||
| | first = Elisha Kent | |||
| | title = Arctic Explorations: The Second Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin, 1853, '54, '55 | |||
| | publisher = S. C. Griggs & Co. | |||
| | year = 1856 | |||
| | location = Chicago | |||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/arcticexplorati07kanegoog| quote = Elisha Kent Kane. | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1853–56 – Livingstone becomes the first to traverse Africa from west to east, traveling from ] in Angola to ] in ]; also explores much of the upper Zambezi and discovers and names ].<ref name=Jeal1973/> | |||
| *1854 – Rae charts the Boothia Peninsula from the Castor and Pollux River north to Point de la Guiche, discovering ] and proving the insularity of King William Island.<ref name=McGoogan/> | |||
| *1858 – ] and ] discover ] and ].<ref name=Speke>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Speke | |||
| | first = John Hanning | |||
| | title = What led to the discovery of the source of the Nile | |||
| | publisher = Blackwood & Sons | |||
| | year = 1864 | |||
| | location = Edinburgh | |||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KlAGAAAAQAAJ| quote = John Hanning Speke Lake Tanganyika. | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1859 – McClintock charts the remaining {{convert|193|km|mi}} of the continental coastline of America (on the west coast of the Boothia Peninsula), while his companion ] charts the southern half of Prince of Wales Island.<ref name=Savours/> | |||
| *1860–61 – ] and ] are the first to cross Australia from south to north, traveling from ] to the ].<ref name=Fleming2004/> | |||
| *1862 – Speke discovers the Nile flowing from the northern end of Lake Victoria.<ref name=Fleming2004/> | |||
| *1862 – Ivan Lukin ascends the Yukon to Fort Yukon.<ref name=Bockstoce/> | |||
| *1864 – ] discovers "Luta Nzige" (]); in the distance he sights the ] (the ]).<ref name=Fleming2004/> | |||
| *1865 – ] is the first to ascend the ].<ref name=Fleming2004/> | |||
| *1866–68 – A group of ] officers, led by ], undertakes a ] of the Mekong River and into ].<ref name="end-of-empires">{{cite journal |url=http://end-of-empires-south-east-asia.wikispaces.com/file/view/THE+MEKONG+EXPLORATION+COMMISSION.pdf |title=The Mekong Exploration Commission, 1866 – 68: Anglo-French Rivalry in South East Asia |last=Keay |first=John |journal=] |volume=XXXVI| issue = III |publisher=Routledge |date=November 2005 |accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref> | |||
| *1869 – American naturalist ] leads the first expedition to travel the entire length of the ] through the ]. | |||
| *1869–70 – ] and ] explore the east coast of Greenland from 74°18’ to 77°01’N.<ref name=Fleming2001>{{cite book|last=Fleming|first=Fergus|title= Ninety Degrees North: The Quest for the North Pole|publisher=Grove Press|year=2001|location=New York|isbn=9780802117250 |url=https://archive.org/details/ninetydegreesnor00flem|url-access=registration}}</ref> | |||
| *1871 – ] reaches ], sailing his ship as far north as 82°11’N; he later travels by sledge to 83°05’N.<ref name=Dick>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Dick | |||
| | first = Lyle | |||
| | title = Muskox Land: Ellesmere Island in the Age of Contact | |||
| | publisher = University of Calgary Press | |||
| | year = 2001 | |||
| | location = Calgary, Alta | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1872 – William Adams proves the insularity of Bylot Island.<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1873–74 – ] and Von Payer discover and name ].<ref name=Fleming2001/> | |||
| *1875–76 – ] sails as far north as 82°24’N; the following year, ] sledges to 83°20’26" N, while ] sledges along the northern coast of ] east to Alert Point and ] explores the northwestern coast of ].<ref name=Dick/> | |||
| *1875–77 – ] circumnavigates both Lakes Tanganyika and Victoria, sights ], and descends the ] and ] to the sea.<ref name=Jeal>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Jeal | |||
| | first = Tim | |||
| | title = Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer | |||
| | publisher = Yale University Press | |||
| | year = 2007 | |||
| | location = New Haven | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1876 – ] ascends over {{convert|800|km|mi}} up the ] in New Guinea.<ref name=Albertis>{{cite journal|author=D’Albertis, L. M. |year=1879|title=Journeys up the Fly River and in other parts of New Guinea|journal=Royal Geographical Society|volume=1|issue=1|pages=4–16|doi=10.2307/1800487|jstor=1800487|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2452886}}</ref> | |||
| *1878–79 – ] is the first to transit the ].<ref name=Leslie1879>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Leslie | |||
| | first = Alexander | |||
| | title = The Arctic Voyages of Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. 1858–1879 | |||
| | publisher = Macmillan and Co. | |||
| | year = 1879 | |||
| | location = London | |||
| | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HrUvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA343}}</ref> | |||
| *1881–83 – ] explores the interior of Ellesmere Island, discovering ]; one of his men, ], crosses the island and reaches ], as well as sledging eastwards to the vicinity of Kap Washington (reaching 83° 23’08" N in the process).<ref name=Dick/> | |||
| *1883–84 – German-American anthropologist ] is the first to see ] on ].<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1887–89 – Stanley traverses the ], explores the Rwenzori, and follows the ] to its source (which he names ]).<ref name=Jeal/> | |||
| *1892 – ] discovers and names ] and ].<ref name=Fleming2001/> | |||
| *1893–96 – ] and ] sledge to 86°13'06" N; their ship, the ], under ], drifts in the ice from the New Siberian Islands west to the northwest coast of Spitsbergen, reaching 85°55'05" N—a new record for a ship.<ref name=Fleming2001/> | |||
| *1898–1902 – Sverdrup and ] chart the western coast of Ellesmere Island and discover and name ], ], ], and ]s.<ref name=Sverdrup>{{cite book|last=Sverdrup|first=Otto and Ethel Harriet Hearn|title=New Land; Four Years in the Arctic Regions|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|year=1904|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_K0ENAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> | |||
| ==20th century== | |||
| ], ], ] and ] (photo by fifth member ].]] | |||
| ], ], ]; (seated) ], ].]] | |||
| ] | |||
| *1900 – Peary explores the north coast of Greenland from ] to ], on the way reaching ], the most northern point of mainland Greenland.<ref name=Mirsky>{{cite book|last=Mirsky|first=Jeannette|title=To the Arctic: The story of northern exploration from earliest times to the present|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1970|location=Chicago|isbn=9780226531786 |url=https://archive.org/details/toarcticstoryofn0000mirs|url-access=registration}}</ref> | |||
| *1902–04 – ] traces the length of the Ross Ice Shelf, discovers the ], reaches about 82°11’ S (in the process tracing {{convert|600|km|mi}} of the west coast of the shelf), crosses the ] and discovers the ], penetrating nearly {{convert|240|km|mi}} into it; he is also the first to see the ] of the ].<ref name=Crane>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Crane | |||
| | first = David | |||
| | title = Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage and Tragedy | |||
| | publisher = Alfred N. Knopf | |||
| | year = 2006 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| | isbn = 9780375415272 | |||
| | url =https://archive.org/details/scottofantarctic00cran| url-access = registration | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1903–06 – Norwegian polar explorer ] leads the first expedition to traverse the entire ], in the sloop '']''; Godfred Hansen, his second-in-command, charts the east coast of Victoria Island north to Cape Nansen (72°02'N, 104°45'W).<ref name=Amundsen>{{cite book|last=Amundsen|first=Roald and Godfred Hansen|title=Roald Amundsen's "The North West Passage"; being the record of a voyage of exploration of the ship "Gjøa" 1903–1907|publisher=A Constable and Co.|year=1908|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA27}}</ref> | |||
| *1906–07 – ] and ] chart the northeast coast of Greenland from ] (76°42' N) to Cape Clarence Wyckoff (82°52' N), discovering ].<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1908–09 – ] and Peary each claim to have reached the ]—the former is a fraud, the latter widely doubted.<ref name=Fleming2001/> | |||
| *1910–11 – ] crosses Baffin Island from Cumberland Sound to the ], exploring the west coast of the island north to 68°45’N.<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1911–12 – Amundsen becomes the first person to reach the ]. Scott and his team reach the Pole over a month later, all perishing on the return journey.<ref name=Crane/> | |||
| *1913 – ] and ] on their ] discover the route of the ] river.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mason|first1=Kenneth|title=In Memoriam: Henry Treise Morshead|journal=Himalayan Journal|date=1932|volume=4|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/04/17/in-memorium/|accessdate=12 August 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814003240/https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/04/17/in-memorium/|archivedate=14 August 2014}}</ref> | |||
| *1913–14 – ] and Per Novopashennyy discover ], surveying parts of its eastern coast from ] to Mys Vaygacha (its southeast point), as well as much of its south coast west to Mys Neupokoyeva.<ref name=Barr1975>{{cite journal|author=Barr, William |year=1975|title=Severnaya Zemlya: the last major discovery |journal=Geographical Journal|volume=141|number=1|pages=59–71|doi=10.2307/1796946|jstor=1796946|bibcode=1975GeogJ.141...59B }}</ref> | |||
| *1915–17 – ] discovers ], ], ], ], and ]s; one of his men, Storker T. Storkerson, charts part of the northeast coast of Victoria Island, discovering the Storkerson Peninsula and ].<ref name=Mills/><ref name=Stefansson>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Stefansson | |||
| | first = Vilhjalmur | |||
| | title = The Friendly Arctic: The Story of Five Years in Polar Regions | |||
| | publisher = Macmillan | |||
| | year = 1922 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| | url =https://archive.org/details/friendlyarctics01stefgoog}}</ref> | |||
| *1924–29 – ] explores the interior of Baffin Island before surveying its west coast north to Hantzsch River.<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1926 – Amundsen, ] and ] in the airship ] are the first definitely known to have sighted the North Pole.<ref name=Fleming2001/> | |||
| *1927 – ] charts the north coast of the Foxe Peninsula from Cape Dorchester to ].<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1930–32 – ] and ] survey the entire coast of Severnaya Zemlya, showing it to be made up of four main islands: ], ], ], and ]s—in all surveying some {{convert|2200|km|mi}} of coastline and interior.<ref name=Barr1975/> | |||
| *1932 – W. A. Poole discovers ].<ref>Hayes, Derek. Newestfoundland (''Canadian Geographic'', October -November 2003 issue).</ref> | |||
| *1934 – ] discovers and names ]. | |||
| *1937–41 – ] map the west coast of Baffin Island from the Hantzsch River to ].<ref name=Mills/> | |||
| *1940 – Byrd discovers ], believing it to be a peninsula. | |||
| *1948 – E. C. Kerslake charts Prince Charles, ], and ]s.<ref name=Hayes/> | |||
| *1950 – ] and ] of the ] become the first climbers to reach the summit of an ] peak.<ref name=Herzog1997>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Herzog | |||
| | first = Maurice | |||
| | title = Annapurna, first conquest of an 8000-meter peak (26,493 feet) | |||
| | publisher = Lyons & Burford | |||
| | year = 1997 | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| | url =https://archive.org/details/annapurnafirstco0000herz| url-access = registration | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| *1953 – ] and ] are the first to ascend ].<ref name="HighAdventure">Hillary, Edmund (1955). ''High Adventure: The True Story of the First Ascent of Everest''. Hodder & Stoughton, London.</ref> | |||
| *1954 – ] and ] are the first to ascend ] on the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=K2: The Story of the Savage Mountain|last=Curran|first=Jim|year=1995 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|isbn=978-0-340-66007-2}}</ref> | |||
| *1957 – ] discovers ]. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Pbox|History|Europe}} | |||
| *] | |||
| {{clear}} | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{reflist|colwidth=24em}} | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. ''Harper encyclopedia of the modern world: a concise reference history from 1760 to the present'' (1970) | |||
| {{Exploration}} | {{Exploration}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 01:08, 26 October 2024
This timeline of European exploration lists major geographic discoveries and other firsts credited to or involving Europeans during the Age of Discovery and the following centuries, between the years AD 1418 and 1957.
Despite several significant transoceanic and transcontinental explorations by European civilizations in the preceding centuries, the precise geography of the Earth outside of Europe was largely unknown to Europeans before the 15th century, when technological advances (especially in sea travel) as well as the rise of colonialism, mercantilism, and a host of other social, cultural, and economic changes made it possible to organize large-scale exploratory expeditions to uncharted parts of the globe.
The Age of Discovery arguably began in the early 15th century with the rounding of the feared Cape Bojador and Portuguese exploration of the west coast of Africa, while in the last decade of the century the Spanish sent expeditions far across the Atlantic, where the Americas would eventually be reached, and the Portuguese found a sea route to India. In the 16th century, various European states funded expeditions to the interior of both North and South America, as well as to their respective west and east coasts, north to California and Labrador and south to Chile and Tierra del Fuego. In the 17th century, Russian explorers conquered Siberia in search of sables, while the Dutch contributed greatly to the charting of Australia. The 18th century witnessed the first extensive explorations of the South Pacific and Oceania and the exploration of Alaska, while the 19th was dominated by exploration of the polar regions and excursions into the heart of Africa. By the early 20th century, the poles themselves had been reached.
15th century
- 1418 – Portuguese explorers João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira discover Porto Santo Island in the Madeira archipelago.
- 1419 – Gonçalves and Vaz discover the main island of Madeira.
- 1431 – Diogo de Silves discovers the Azores.
- 1434 – Gil Eanes passes Cabo de Não and becomes the first confirmed person to sail beyond Cape Bojador and return alive.
- 1444 – Dinis Dias reaches the mouth of the Senegal River.
- 1446 – The Portuguese reach the mainland peninsula of Cape Verde and the Gambia River.
- 1456 – Alvise Cadamosto and Diogo Gomes discover the Cape Verde Islands, 560 kilometres (350 mi) west of the Cape Verde peninsula.
- 1460 – Pêro de Sintra reaches Sierra Leone.
- 1470 – Cape Palmas is passed.
- 1472 – Fernão do Pó lands on the island of Bioko.
- 1473 – Lopo Gonçalves is the first European sailor to cross the Equator.
- 1474–75 – Ruy de Sequeira discovers São Tomé and Príncipe.
- 1482 – Diogo Cão reaches the Congo River, where he erects a padrão ("pillar of stone").
- 1485–86 – Cão reaches Cape Cross, where he erects his last padrão.
- 1487–92 – Pêro da Covilhã travels to Arabia, to the mouth of the Red Sea, and then eastward by sail to the Malabar Coast (visiting Calicut and Goa on the Indian subcontinent). He later sails south along the east coast of Africa, visiting the trading stations of Mombasa, Zanzibar, and Sofala; on his return journey he visits Mecca and Medina before reaching Ethiopia in search of the mythical Prester John.
- 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias rounds the "Cape of Storms" (Cape of Good Hope), at the southernmost tip of the African continent.
- 1492 – Under the patronage of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, Italian explorer Christopher Columbus explores the Bahamas, Cuba, and "Española" (Hispaniola), which are only later recognized as part of the New World.
- 1493–94 – On his second voyage to the Americas, Columbus reaches Dominica and Guadeloupe, among other islands of the Lesser Antilles, as well as Puerto Rico and Jamaica.
- 1497 – Under the commission of Henry VII of England, Italian explorer John Cabot explores Newfoundland.
- 1497–98 – Vasco da Gama sails to India and back.
- 1498 – On his third voyage to the Americas, Christopher Columbus reaches mainland South America.
- 1499 – Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda explores the South American mainland from about Cayenne (in modern French Guiana) to Cabo de la Vela (in modern Colombia), reaching the mouth of the Orinoco River and entering Lake Maracaibo.
- 1499 – Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci explores the mouth of the Amazon River and reaches 6°S latitude, in present-day northern Brazil.
- 1499 – João Fernandes Lavrador, together with Pêro de Barcelos, sight Labrador.
- 1499 – Gaspar and Miguel Corte-Real reach and map Greenland.
16th century
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- 1500 – Vicente Yáñez Pinzón reaches the northeast coast of what today is Brazil at a cape he names "Santa Maria de la Consolación" (Cabo de Santo Agostinho) and sails fifty miles up a river he names the "Marañón" (Amazon).
- 1500 – Pedro Álvares Cabral makes the "official" discovery of Brazil, leading the first expedition that united Europe, America, Africa, and Asia.
- 1500 – João Fernandes reaches Cape Farewell, Greenland ("Terra do Lavrador", or Land of the Husbandman).
- 1500–02 – Gaspar and Miguel Corte Real explore and name the coasts of "Terra Verde" (likely Newfoundland) and Labrador.
- 1500–01 – Diogo Dias reaches Madagascar and reaches the gate of the Red Sea, the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait.
- 1500 – Rodrigo de Bastidas explores the Colombian coast from Cabo de la Vela to the Gulf of Urabá.
- 1501–02 – Gonçalo Coelho reaches "Rio de Janeiro" (Guanabara Bay).
- 1502–03 – On his fourth voyage to the Americas, Christopher Columbus explores the North American mainland from Guanaja off modern Honduras to the present-day border of Panama and Colombia.
- 1505 – Juan de Bermúdez discovers Bermuda.
- 1506 – Lourenço de Almeida reaches the Maldives and Sri Lanka.
- 1506 – Tristão da Cunha discovers the remote island of Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean.
- 1509 – Diogo Lopes de Sequeira reaches Sumatra and Malacca.
- 1511 – Duarte Fernandes leads a diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam or Thailand).
- 1511 – Rui Nunes da Cunha leads a diplomatic mission to Pegu (Burma or Myanmar).
- 1511–12 – João de Lisboa and Estevão de Fróis explore the "Cape of Santa Maria" (Punta Del Este) in the River Plate, exploring its estuary, and traveling as far south as the Gulf of San Matias at 42ºS, in present-day Uruguay and Argentina (penetrating 300 km (186 mi) "around the Gulf").
- 1511–12 – António de Abreu sails through the Strait of Malacca, between Sumatra and Bangka, and along the coasts of Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, and Flores to the "Spice Islands" (Maluku).
- 1513 – Jorge Álvares becomes the first European to reach China by sea, landing on Nei Lingding Island at the Pearl River Delta.
- 1513 – Vasco Núñez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama and reaches the Bay of San Miguel, reaching the "Mar del Sur" (Pacific Ocean).
- 1513 – Juan Ponce de León explores "La Florida" (Florida) and the Yucatán.
- 1514–15 – António Fernandes reaches present-day Zimbabwe.
- 1515 – Gonzalo de Badajoz crosses the Isthmus of Panama at the site of Nombre de Dios, reaching as far as the interior of the Azuero Peninsula.
- 1516 – Juan Díaz de Solís explores the River Plate estuary and names it "La Mar Dulce" ("The Fresh-Water Sea").
- 1516 – Portuguese traders land in Da Nang, Champa, naming it Cochinchina (modern Vietnam).
- 1518 – Lourenço Gomes reaches Borneo.
- 1518 – Juan de Grijalva explores the Mexican coast from "Patouchan" (Champotón) to just north of the Pánuco River.
- 1519 – Hernán Cortés travels from Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan on Lake Texcoco.
- 1519 – Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda sails around the Gulf of Mexico to the Pánuco, proving its insularity; also reaches the "Father of Waters" (the Mississippi).
- 1519 – Gaspar de Espinosa sails west along the west coasts of modern Panama and Costa Rica as far as the Gulf of Nicoya.
- 1519–22 – Ferdinand Magellan's expedition reaches the Maluku Islands travelling westward, discovering the Strait of All Saints and crossing the Pacific Ocean. Later, Juan Sebastian Elcano, a member of the tripulation, is elected captain after Magellan's death and completes the first circumnavigation of the globe.
- 1520–21 – João Alvares Fagundes explores Burgeo and Saint Pierre and Miquelon in Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia.
- 1521 – Francisco Gordillo and Pedro de Quexos find the mouth of a river they name "Rio de San Juan Bautista" (perhaps Winyah Bay at the mouth of the Pee Dee River in modern South Carolina).
- 1521 – Cristóvão Jacques explores the Plate River and explores the Parana River, entering it for about 23 leagues (around 140 km), to near the present city of Rosario.
- 1522 – Gil González Dávila explores inland from the Gulf of Nicoya, reaching Lake Nicaragua, while his pilot Andrés Niño explores along the coast to the west, reaching the Gulf of Fonseca and perhaps reaching as far as the southwestern coast of modern Guatemala.
- 1524 – Under the commission of Francis I of France, Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano explores the eastern seaboard of the present-day United States from about Cape Fear to Maine. He also explores the mouth of the Hudson River.
- c. 1524 – Aleixo Garcia travels westward from Santa Catarina, across the Paraná River (perhaps sighting Iguazu Falls) to the Paraguay River near the site of Asunción, then across the Gran Chaco to the Andes and the Inca frontier, somewhere between Mizque and Tomina in modern Bolivia.
- 1524–25 – Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro explore from Punta Piña (7°56’N) on the southern coast of Panama to the San Juan River (4°N), on the west coast of Colombia.
- 1525 – Estêvão Gomes probes Penobscot Bay, Maine.
- 1525 – The Portuguese reach "Celebes" (Sulawesi).
- 1525 – Diogo da Rocha and Gomes de Sequeira explore the Caroline Islands.
- 1526 – Alonso de Salazar reaches the Marshall Islands (Bokak Atoll).
- 1526–28 – Pizarro and his pilot Bartolomé Ruiz explore the west coast of South America from the San Juan River south to the Santa River (about 9°S), becoming the first Europeans to sight the coasts of Ecuador and Peru.
- 1526–27 – Jorge de Menezes reaches New Guinea.
- 1527–28 – Sebastian Cabot explores several hundred miles up the Paraná River, past its confluence with the Paraguay.
- 1528 – Diogo Rodrigues explores the Mascarene Islands (which he names after Pedro Mascarenhas), naming the islands of Réunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues.
- 1528–36 – Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and three others are the only survivors of a group of several hundred colonists who travel from the coast of western Florida to the Rio Sinaloa in northern Mexico, where they encounter Spanish slavers.
- 1531 – Diego de Ordaz ascends the Orinoco to the Atures rapids, just past its confluence with the Meta.
- 1532–33 – Pizarro explores and conquers inland to Cajamarca and Cuzco.
- 1533 – Fortún Ximénez finds the tip of Baja California.
- 1534 – Jacques Cartier explores the Gulf of St. Lawrence, discovering Anticosti Island and Prince Edward Island.
- 1535 – Fray Tomás de Berlanga explores the Galapagos Islands.
- 1535 – Cartier ascends "La Grande Rivière" or "La Rivière de Hochelaga" (the St. Lawrence River) to the village of Hochelaga (present-day Montreal).
- 1535–37 – Diego de Almagro leads en expedition from Cuzco to the south, taking the Inca highway to the southwest shore of Lake Titicaca, through the altiplano and the Salta valley to Copiapó; a detachment continues south to the Maule River. Almagro takes the coastal route back, through the Atacama Desert.
- 1539 – Francisco de Ulloa sails to the head of the Gulf of California and around Baja California to Cedros Island, establishing that Baja is a peninsula.
- 1539–43 – An expedition led by Hernando de Soto explores much of the present-day Southern United States, becoming the first to cross the Appalachians (over the Blue Ridge Mountains) and the Mississippi River.
- 1540–42 – Francisco Vásquez de Coronado travels overland from Mexico in search of the mythical Seven Cities of Cibola, only to find villages of mud and thatch in what is now the Southwestern United States. He sends out smaller parties, one of which, under García López de Cárdenas, explores the Grand Canyon; another reports the discovery of a city of gold called Quivira (in modern Kansas), which Coronado later visits – although he finds no gold.
- 1540 – Hernando de Alarcón ascends the Colorado River to the confluence of the Gila River (near present-day Yuma, Arizona).
- 1541–42 – Francisco de Orellana sails down the length of the Amazon River.
- 1542–43 – Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo explores the coasts of modern Baja and California from Punta Baja to the Russian River, reaching the Channel Islands; after his death, his second-in-command, Bartolomé Ferrer, reaches Point Arena.
- 1542 or 1543 – Fernão Mendes Pinto, António Mota and Francisco Zeimoto reach Tanegashima, Japan.
- 1543 – Ruy López de Villalobos discovers three islands (Fais, Ulithi and Yap) in the Carolines and eight atolls (Kwajalein, Lae, Ujae, Wotho, Likiep, Wotje, Erikub and Maloelap) in the Marshall Islands.
- 1543 – Jean Alfonce explores up the Saguenay River, believing it to be "la mer du Cattay".
- 1553 – Hugh Willoughby seeks a Northeast Passage over Russia; reaches either Kolguyev Island or Novaya Zemlya.
- 1556 – Steven Borough reaches as far as Kara Strait, between Novaya Zemlya and Vaygach Island.
- 1557–59 – Juan Fernández Ladrillero and Cortés Hojea explore the Chilean coast from Valdivia (39° 48’ S) to Canal Santa Barbara (54° S); the former passes through the western entrance of the Strait of Magellan to its eastern entrance and back.
- 1565 – Miguel López de Legazpi discovers Mejit, Ailuk and Jemo in the Marshall Islands, while his subordinate Alonso de Arellano discovers Lib in the same island group, as well as five islands (Oroluk, Chuuk, Pulap, Sorol and Ngulu) in the Caroline Islands.
- 1568 – Álvaro de Mendaña reaches the Solomon Islands.
- 1576 – Martin Frobisher discovers "Meta Incognita" ("the unknown bourne"; Baffin Island) and what he believes to be a passage to Cathay: "Frobishers Streytes" (Frobisher Bay).
- 1577–80 – Sir Francis Drake completes the second circumnavigation of the globe.
- 1578 – Frobisher sails part way up the "Mistaken Straites" (Hudson Strait).
- 1581–82 – Yermak Timofeyevich and his men cross the Ural Mountains and reach as far as Isker on the banks of the Irtysh (near modern Tobolsk).
- 1585 – John Davis explores Davis Strait, reaching 66°40′ N; also sails up Cumberland Sound, thinking it to be a "passage to Cathay".
- 1587 – Davis sails up the west coast of Greenland as far as 72°46′ N (about modern Upernavik).
- 1589 – João da Gama reaches "Yezo" (Hokkaido).
- 1592 – Davis discovers the Falkland Islands.
- 1595 – Mendaña discovers the Marquesas.
- 1596 – Willem Barentsz discovers Spitsbergen.
17th century
- 1600–01 – Prince Miron Shakhovskoi and D. Khripunov descend the Ob to the Ob Estuary and ascend the Taz River, establishing the ostrog of Mangazeya about 161 kilometres (100 mi) to 240 kilometres (150 mi) from its mouth.
- 1602–06 – Portuguese missionary Bento de Góis travels overland from India to China, via Afghanistan and the Pamirs.
- 1605 – Ketsk serving men ascend the Ket, portage to the Yenisei, and descend it to its confluence with the Sym.
- 1606 – Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon discovers Australia at the mouth of the Pennefather River on the western coast of the Cape York Peninsula, exploring its coast from Badu Island south to Cape Keerweer (13°58′S).
- 1606 – Pedro Fernandes de Queirós discovers Espiritu Santo, the largest island in what is now the nation of Vanuatu.
- 1606 – Luís Vaz de Torres sails through the strait that now bears his name.
- 1607 – Mangazeyan promyshlenniki and traders reach the lower Yenisei, establish Turukhansk, and ascend the Lower Tunguska, while Ketsk serving men ascend the Yenisei to the Angara, which they also ascend.
- 1607 – Henry Hudson coasts the east coast of Greenland, naming "Hold-with-Hope" (around 73°N).
- 1609 – Hudson sails the Halve Maen up the Hudson River as far north as present-day Albany, New York.
- 1610 – Étienne Brûlé ascends the Ottawa River and reaches Lake Nipissing and Georgian Bay in Lake Huron.
- 1610 – Kondratiy Kurochkin leads an expedition, sailing in kochi, from Turukhansk to the mouth of the Yenisei and east to the mouth of the Pyasina on the Taymyr Peninsula.
- 1610 – A detachment from Mangazeya ascends the Yenisei a further 640 kilometres (400 mi) to its confluence with the Sym.
- 1610–11 – Hudson sails through Hudson Strait into Hudson Bay, where he overwinters in James Bay.
- 1611 – Mangazeyan men reach the Khatanga.
- 1612–13 – Thomas Button is the first to explore the western shores of Hudson Bay, where he winters in the mouth of the Nelson River; also discovers Coats and Southampton Islands.
- 1614 – Whalers discover Jan Mayen.
- 1615–16 – Étienne Brûlé sights the western shore of Lake Ontario, descends the Niagara River, explores what are now parts of modern New York and Pennsylvania, and descends the Susquehanna River to Chesapeake Bay.
- 1616 – Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten discover and name Le Maire Strait, Staten Island, and Cape Horn; also discover Tonga (Niuafo'ou, Niuatoputapu, and Tafahi), Futuna and Alofi (in modern Wallis and Futuna), and several islands in the Tuamotu (Takaroa, Takapoto, Manihi, Ahe and Rangiroa) and Bismarck Archipelagos (including New Hanover and New Ireland).
- 1616 – Robert Bylot and William Baffin reach 77°30′ N, enter Baffin Bay, discover Smith, Jones, and Lancaster Sounds and sight the coasts of Ellesmere, Devon, and Bylot Islands.
- 1616 – Dirk Hartog explores some 576 kilometres (358 mi) of coastline (the coast of Western Australia from about 22° to 28° S), discovering Dirk Hartog Island and Shark Bay.
- 1617 – English walrus hunters sight the southern coast of "Sir Thomas Smith's Island" (Nordaustlandet).
- 1618 – Spanish missionary Pedro Páez is believed to be the first European to see and describe the source of the Blue Nile in Ethiopia.
- 1618 – Lenaert Jacobszoon discovers an "island" at 22°S (the coast of Western Australia from Point Cloates to North West Cape).
- 1619 – Frederick de Houtman sights the coast of Western Australia near Fremantle and sails along the coast north for over 640 kilometres (400 mi).
- 1620 – Mangazeyan serving men reach the Vilyuy River and descend it to its confluence with the Lena.
- 1621–23 – Étienne Brûlé and his companion Grenolle travel along the North Channel of Lake Huron (probably sighting Manitoulin Island) to "Grand Lac" (Lake Superior) via St. Mary's River.
- 1622 – The Dutch ship Leeuwin discovers land near present-day Cape Leeuwin.
- 1623 – Jan Carstenszoon discovers the western coast of Cape York Peninsula from Cape Keerweer to the southern mouth of the Gilbert River; while his consort Willem Joosten van Colster discovers "Arnhemsland" and "Speultsland" (modern Arnhem Land and perhaps Groote Eylandt).
- 1624 – António de Andrade becomes the first known European to cross the Himalayas (through the Mana Pass), reaching Tibet.
- 1627 – Jesuit missionaries Estêvão Cacella and João Cabral cross the Himalayas and are the first to enter Bhutan.
- 1627 – François Thijssen, accompanied by Pieter Nuyts, discovers over 1,609 kilometres (1,000 mi) of coastline east of Cape Leeuwin to the eastern end of the Great Australian Bight.
- 1628 – Cabral is the first to enter Nepal.
- 1628 – Gerrit Frederikszoon de Witt captain of the Vianen discovers "Witsland" about 21° S, sailing 320 kilometres (200 mi) along the coast and discovering Barrow Island and parts of the Dampier Archipelago.
- 1628–30 – Vasilii Bugor ascends the Upper Tunguska and portages to the upper Lena, descending it to its confluence with the Kirenga.
- 1631–32 – Luke Foxe and Thomas James, in separate expeditions, both circumnavigate Hudson Bay in search of a Northwest Passage; Foxe sails through the channel and into the basin now named after him to 66°47′N, while James winters in the bay named after him.
- 1632–33 – Pyotr Beketov descends the Lena as far as its great bend, erects the ostrog Yakutsk, and sends a detachment some 720 kilometres (450 mi) downriver (where the zimovie Zhigansk is built) and another east up the Aldan as far as the Amga (which they also ascend in search of yasak).
- 1633–34 – French trader Jean Nicolet discovers Lake Michigan and likely reaches Green Bay, Wisconsin.
- 1633–38 – Ilya Perfilyev and Ivan Rebrov sail from Zhigansk in kochi some 800 kilometres (500 mi) downriver to the mouth of the Lena and sail along the coast east and west, reaching the mouths of the Olenyok, Yana, and Indigirka rivers.
- 1638–40 – Poznik Ivanov crosses the Verkhoyansk Range into the upper reaches of the Yana, and then portages over the Chersky Range into the Indigirka River system.
- 1639–40 – Maksim Perfilyev ascends the Vitim River to the Tsipa, which he also ascends (until rapids force him to turn back), becoming the first Russian to enter Transbaikal.
- 1639–41 – Ivan Moskvitin ascends the Maya, portages across the Dzhugdzhur Mountains, and descends the Ulya to the Sea of Okhotsk; two groups are sent to the north and south, reaching the mouths of the Taui and Uda rivers, respectively.
- 1641 – Dmitri Zyrian discovers the Alazeya, which he ascends as far as the tree line.
- 1642–43 – Dutch explorer Abel Tasman discovers "Anthony van Diemenslandt" (Tasmania) and "Staten Landt" (New Zealand). The following year he discovers "'t Eylandt Amsterdam" (Tongatapu), Fiji and New Britain.
- 1643 – Kurbat Ivanov reaches the western shores of Lake Baikal, opposite Olkhon.
- 1643 – Maarten Gerritsz Vries sails along the eastern coast of "Yezo" (Hokkaidō), between Iturup and Urup, to Sakhalin.
- 1643 – Vasiliy Sychev discovers the Anabar, where he establishes the zimovie Anabarskoye.
- 1643–45 – Vassili Poyarkov crosses the Stanovoy Range and descends the Zeya to the Amur, which he follows to its mouth; from here, he coasts along the Sea of Okhotsk to the Ulya (on the way sighting the Shantar Islands).
- 1644 – Tasman maps the northern coast of Australia, connecting "Nova Guinea" (the Cape York Peninsula) with "the land of D'Eendracht" (Western Australia).
- 1644 – Mikhail Stadukhin reaches the Kolyma.
- 1644–47 – Ivan Pokhabov is the first to ascend the Angara to Lake Baikal, which he crosses to the Selenga; he later ascends it and reaches Urga (in present-day Mongolia).
- 1646 – Isaya Ignatyev reaches Chaunskaya Bay.
- 1648–49 – Semyon Dezhnyov sails from the Kolyma, rounds Cape Dezhnev (thus proving Asia and America are separate), and reaches the Anadyr River, which he ascends for some 563 kilometres (350 mi) (here he builds the zimovie Anadyrsk).
- 1649–51 – Yerofey Khabarov ascends the Olyokma River, crosses the northern Yablonoi Mountains, and descends the Amur to its confluence with the Songhua.
- 1650 – Stadukhin and Semen Motora travel from the Kolyma, across the Anyuyskiy Range, to Anadyrsk.
- 1651–57 – Stadukhin travels from Anadyrsk to the mouth of the Penzhina River, then west along the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk to Okhotsk.
- 1653–54 – Beketov ascends the Khilok, crosses the southern Yablonoi Mountains, and descends the Ingoda and Shilka rivers to the latter's confluence with the Nercha (where his men build the ostrog Nerchinsk).
- 1654 – Médard Chouart des Groseilliers explores the entire western shore of Lake Michigan.
- 1659 – Groseilliers and Pierre-Esprit Radisson explore the southern shore of Lake Superior as far west as Chequamegon Bay.
- 1661 – Jesuit missionaries Johann Grueber and Albert Dorville are the first to visit Lhasa.
- 1669 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle discovers the Ohio River, descending it as far as the Falls of the Ohio near the site of modern Louisville, Kentucky.
- 1673 – French-Canadian explorer Louis Jolliet and Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette reach the upper Mississippi River, descending it to its confluence with the Arkansas River and becoming the first Europeans to map the surrounding river valley. They also discover the Missouri River.
- 1675 – During a commercial voyage, English merchant Anthony de la Roché accidentally discovers South Georgia Island, the first ever discovery of land south of the Antarctic Convergence.
- 1682 – Robert de La Salle descends the "Rivière de Colbert" (Mississippi) to its mouth.
- 1688–89 – Jacques de Noyon discovers Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods.
- 1690–92 – Henry Kelsey travels from York Factory southwestward, probably reaching the Saskatchewan and the headwaters of the Assiniboine, in the process becoming the first European to see the Canadian Prairies.
- 1696 – Luka Morozko travels almost halfway down the west coast of Kamchatka, reaching the Tigil River.
- 1697–99 – Vladimir Atlasov reaches as far as the Golygina River on the southwest coast of Kamchatka, from which he sights Atlasov Island; also crosses the Sredinny Range (twice), reaching Olyutor Gulf and the Kamchatka River.
18th century
- 1702 – The Spanish ship Rosario discovers Rosario Island, later renamed Nishinoshima in 1904, around 940 km (584 mi) south-southeast of Tokyo.
- 1706 – Mikhail Nasedkin reaches Cape Lopatka and sights Shumshu, northernmost of the Kuril Islands.
- 1710 – Yakov Permyakov discovers Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island.
- 1713 – Ivan Kozyrevsky reaches Shumshu and Paramushir.
- 1714 – Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont ascends the Missouri River as far as its confluence with the Platte River, becoming the first European to enter present-day Nebraska.
- 1720 – Pedro de Villasur travels from Santa Fe, through what is now part of southeastern Colorado, to the lower Platte in eastern Nebraska.
- 1722 – Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen discovers "Paasch Eiland" (Easter Island) and Tutuila and Upolu.
- 1728 – In the service of the Russian Empire, Danish-born Russian explorer Vitus Bering sails through the strait that now bears his name. He also discovers and names Saint Lawrence Island.
- 1732 – Mikhail Gvozdev discovers the "Large Country" (Alaska).
- 1734 – Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye discovers Lake Winnipeg.
- 1734–37 – Stepan Muravev and Mikhail Pavlov chart the Russian coast from Arkhangelsk to just east of the Pechora, while Stepan Malygin charts it from there to the Ob River, including the Yamal Peninsula.
- 1735–36 – Vasili Pronchishchev charts the Russian coast from the Lena west to the Khatanga.
- 1737 – Dmitry Ovtsyn charts the Russian coast from the mouth of the Ob to the Yenisei.
- 1738 – Pierre de La Vérendrye visits Mandan villages near the site of present-day Bismarck, North Dakota.
- 1738–40 – Fyodor Minin charts the Russian coast from the Yenisei to the Pyasina.
- 1739 – Jean Bouvet de Lozier discovers "Cape Circumcision" (Bouvet Island).
- 1739–41 – Dmitry Laptev charts the Russian coast from the Lena to just east of the Kolyma.
- 1741 – Bering sights Mount St. Elias, the entrance of Prince William Sound, the Alaska Peninsula (from Cape Providence to Chignik Bay) and several of the Aleutian Islands (discovering Great Sitkin, Atka, and Kiska), as well as discovering Kayak, Montague, Hinchinbrook, Sitkalidak, and the Shumagin and Commander Islands; his second-in-command, Aleksei Chirikov, sights Mounts Fairweather and Douglas and discovers Noyes and Baker Islands (both off the west coast of Prince of Wales Island), as well as Baranof, Chichagof, Kruzof, Yakobi, Kodiak, Afognak, the Aleutian Islands (Umnak, Adak, Agattu, Attu, and the Islands of Four Mountains), and the Kenai Peninsula.
- 1741–42 – Khariton Laptev and Semion Chelyuskin chart the Taymyr Peninsula, with the latter reaching Cape Chelyuskin, the northernmost point of Asia.
- 1742 – Christopher Middleton discovers Wager Bay and Repulse Bay.
- 1742–43 – Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye and his brother François reach the Big Horn Mountains of modern Wyoming; on their return they reach the vicinity of present-day Pierre, South Dakota.
- 1747 – Jeremiah Westall discovers Chesterfield Inlet and sails about sixty miles up it.
- 1761–62 – William Christopher sails 370 kilometres (230 mi) into Chesterfield Inlet to the western end of Baker Lake.
- 1767 – Samuel Wallis discovers "King George's Land" (Tahiti).
- 1769 – José Ortega discovers San Francisco Bay.
- 1769–70 – English explorer James Cook circumnavigates both islands of New Zealand, proving they are not part of Terra Australis Incognita. He also charts the east coast of Australia from Cape Howe to Cape York.
- 1771–72 – Samuel Hearne reaches the Coppermine, descending it to what would become known as Coronation Gulf; the following year, on his way back, he becomes the first to sight and cross Great Slave Lake.
- 1772 – Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec discovers the Kerguelen Islands.
- 1772 – Pedro Fages sights the Sierra Nevada.
- 1773 – Ivan Lyakhov reaches Kotelny Island.
- 1773–75 – Cook is the first to cross the Antarctic Circle, reaching 71° 10’ S, thus finally disproving the existence of Terra Australis Incognita; also discovers New Caledonia and the South Sandwich Islands.
- 1774 – Juan José Pérez Hernández explores the western coast of North America from Cape Mendocino northwards, discovering the Queen Charlotte Islands, Vancouver Island, and Dall Island.
- 1775 – Bruno de Heceta discovers the mouth of the Columbia River; his consort Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra discovers Prince of Wales Island (Bucareli Bay).
- 1776 – Attempting to travel overland to Las Californias, Franciscan priests Atanasio Domínguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante follow the Rio Grande north to the modern state of Colorado and then travel west, discovering Utah Lake and exploring much of the Four Corners region before returning to Santa Fe.
- 1777–78 – James Cook discovers Christmas Island and Hawaii, and also explores the Alaskan coast as far north as Icy Cape, discovering Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound.
- 1787 – Charles William Barkley discovers the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
- 1788 – Captain Arthur Phillip arrives with The First Fleet in Botany Bay on the coast of Sydney, Australia.
- 1789 – Alexander Mackenzie descends the Mackenzie River to its mouth in the Arctic Ocean.
- 1791 – Francisco de Eliza discovers the "Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario" (Strait of Georgia); José María Narváez explores up it, passing the mouth of the Fraser River and reaching as far north as Texada Island.
- 1791–95 – George Vancouver, together with William Broughton, Peter Puget, Joseph Whidbey, and James Johnstone, charts the modern states of Oregon and Washington, the coast of British Columbia, and the Alaska Panhandle, discovering Admiralty, Mitkof and Wrangell Islands in the Alexander Archipelago, as well as proving the insularity of Kuiu and Revillagigedo Islands. The expedition also charts Admiralty Inlet and Puget Sound and discovers the Chatham Islands and The Snares.
- 1792 – Spanish naval officers Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdés y Flores circumnavigate Vancouver Island, proving its insularity.
- 1792 – Jacinto Caamaño enters Clarence Strait, showing that much of the Alaska Panhandle is an archipelago and not part of the mainland, as had been presumed. He also sights the southwest coast of Revillagigedo Island.
- 1792–93 – Mackenzie ascends the Peace and Parsnip, crosses the Canadian Rockies to the headwaters of the Fraser, ascends the West Road River and crosses the Coast Mountains, reaching the Bella Coola, which he descends to North Bentinck Arm and Dean Channel.
- 1796 – Scottish explorer Mungo Park reaches the upper Niger, exploring it from Ségou to Silla.
- 1797–98 – George Bass explores from Cape Howe to Western Port, discovering the Bass Strait.
- 1798 – John Fearn discovers "Pleasant Island" (Nauru).
- 1798 – Francisco de Lacerda travels from Tete northwest to Lake Mweru.
- 1798–99 – English cartographer Matthew Flinders and George Bass circumnavigate Tasmania, proving its insularity.
19th century
From left to right: Francis Garnier, Louis Delaporte, Clovis Thorel, Captain Ernest Doudart de Lagrée, Lucien Joubert, Louis de Carné
engraving from photo by Émile Gsell
- 1800 – James Grant discovers the Australian coastline from Cape Banks to Cape Otway.
- c. 1801–04 – A fur trading post is built on Great Bear Lake.
- 1802 – John Murray discovers Port Phillip Bay.
- 1802 – Matthew Flinders explores the coast from Fowlers Bay to Encounter Bay, discovering Spencer Gulf, Kangaroo Island, and Gulf St. Vincent.
- 1802 – Nicolas Baudin explores the coast from Cape Banks to Encounter Bay, where he meets Flinders.
- 1802–03 – Flinders circumnavigates Australia.
- 1805–06 – Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, from Fort Mandan, ascend the Missouri to its headwaters, cross the Continental Divide via Lemhi Pass in the Bitterroot Range to enter the present state of Idaho, and descend the Clearwater and Snake rivers to the Columbia, which they descend to its mouth; on the way back Lewis explores the Blackfoot and Sun rivers, as well as the headwaters of the Marias, while Clark travels through Bozeman Pass and descends the Yellowstone to its confluence with the Missouri.
- 1805–06 – Mungo Park descends the Niger as far as the Bussa rapids, where he is drowned.
- 1806 – Yakov Sannikov discovers New Siberia Island.
- 1806 – Abraham Bristow discovers the Auckland Islands.
- 1808 – Simon Fraser descends the Fraser River for some 800 kilometres (500 mi) to its mouth, reaching the Strait of Georgia.
- 1810 – Frederick Hasselborough discovers Campbell and Macquarie Islands.
- 1811–12 – Wilson Price Hunt discovers Union Pass in the Wind River Range and reaches the upper Snake River, while Robert Stuart discovers South Pass—his route would later become the Oregon Trail.
- 1816 – Otto von Kotzebue discovers Kotzebue Sound.
- 1819 – William Smith discovers the South Shetland Islands.
- 1819–20 – William Edward Parry enters Lancaster Sound and reaches Melville Island, discovering and naming Cornwallis, Bathurst, and Somerset Islands; the following year sights "Banks Land" (Banks Island).
- 1820 – Edward Bransfield sights the Antarctic Peninsula; also discovers northernmost islands of the South Shetlands.
- 1820–21 – Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen discovers the northernmost islands of the South Sandwich group; following year discovers Peter I and Alexander Islands.
- 1821 – English naval officer John Franklin explores over 800 kilometres (500 mi) of coastline from the mouth of the Coppermine River to Point Turnagain on the Kent Peninsula.
- 1821 – Sealers Nathaniel Palmer and George Powell discover "Powell's Islands" (South Orkney Islands).
- 1821–23 – Parry explores the eastern side of the Melville Peninsula, reaching the western entrance of Fury and Hecla Strait; also explores the northern coast of Foxe Basin.
- 1823 – Dixon Denham, Walter Oudney, and Hugh Clapperton are the first Europeans to sight Lake Chad.
- 1823 – Sealer James Weddell sails to 74°15′S into "King George IV's Sea" (Weddell Sea).
- 1824 – Samuel Black ascends the Finlay to Thutade Lake, source of the Finlay-Peace-Slave-Mackenzie river system, then portages to the Stikine and Turnagain.
- 1824–25 – Étienne Provost, Jim Bridger, and Peter Skene Ogden independently reach the Great Salt Lake.
- 1825–26 – Franklin explores the Arctic coastline from the mouth of the Mackenzie River west to Point Beechey, while his partner John Richardson explores east to the Coppermine River, naming Dolphin and Union Strait and discovering "Wollaston Land" (part of the southern coast of Victoria Island) — combining to chart over 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) of coastline; Richardson also surveys the five arms of Great Bear Lake.
- 1826 – Frederick William Beechey charts the Alaskan coastline from Icy Cape to Point Barrow; also discovers Vanavana, Fangataufa, and Ahunui in the Tuamotu archipelago.
- 1826 – Scottish explorer Alexander Gordon Laing becomes the first European to reach the fabled city of Timbuktu, but is murdered upon leaving the city.
- 1827 – Jedediah Smith crosses the Sierra Nevada (via Ebbetts Pass) and the Great Basin.
- 1828 – French explorer René Caillié is the first European to return alive from Timbuktu.
- 1829–30 – John Ross discovers "Boothia Felix" (the Boothia Peninsula); the following year his nephew James Clark Ross crosses its narrow isthmus and reaches King William Island.
- 1830 – English explorer Richard Lander and his brother John descend the Niger for more than 643 kilometres (400 mi) from Bussa to its mouth.
- 1831–32 – John Biscoe discovers Enderby Land; following year discovers Adelaide, Anvers, and Biscoe Islands.
- 1833 – Andrei Glazunov and Semyon Lukin discover the mouth of the Yukon River.
- 1833–35 – Pyotr Pakhtusov and Avgust Tsivolko chart the entire east coast of Yuzhny Island, as well as the east coast of Severny Island north to nearly 74°24’ N.
- 1834 – George Back descends the Back River to Chantrey Inlet.
- 1837 – Glazunov ascends the Unalakleet and portages to the middle Yukon.
- 1837–39 – Peter Warren Dease and Thomas Simpson reach Point Barrow from the east; following two summers they map the region from Point Turnagain to just north of the Castor and Pollux River on the Boothia Peninsula and chart the coastline of "Victoria Land" (Victoria Island) from Point Back to Point Parry.
- 1838 – Pyotr Malakhov reaches Nulato, near the confluence of the Koyukuk and Yukon.
- 1838–40 – Jules Dumont d'Urville discovers the Joinville Island group and Adélie Land (138°21′ E).
- 1839 – John Balleny discovers the Balleny Islands and sights the Sabrina Coast (121° E).
- 1840 – An expedition led by United States Navy Lieutenant Charles Wilkes discovers Wilkes Land, mapping 2,414 kilometres (1,500 mi) of the Antarctic coast from Piner Bay (140°E) to the Shackleton Ice Shelf (97°E), proving that Antarctica is a continent.
- 1841–43 – James Clark Ross discovers the Ross Sea, reaches 78°09′30″S, and discovers the active volcano Mount Erebus on Ross Island, the Ross Ice Shelf, and Victoria Land. He also sights Snow Hill, Seymour, and James Ross Island.
- 1845 – John Bell discovers the Porcupine River, which he descends to its confluence with the Yukon.
- 1846 – Candido José da Costa Cardoso discovers Lake Malawi.
- 1846 – Rodrigues Graça travels from Angola to southwestern Katanga.
- 1846–47 – Scottish explorer John Rae maps over 1,046 kilometres (650 mi) of coastline from Lord Mayor Bay to Cape Crozier, discovering Committee Bay.
- c. 1847–48 – António da Silva Porto reaches the upper Zambezi.
- 1848 – German missionary Johannes Rebmann is the first European to sight Mount Kilimanjaro.
- 1849 – David Livingstone and William Cotton Oswell cross the Kalahari Desert to Lake Ngami.
- 1849 – James Clark Ross charts 240 kilometres (150 mi) of the west coast of Somerset Island south to Cape Coulman, discovering Peel Sound.
- 1850 – Edwin De Haven sails up Wellington Channel, discovering and naming "Grinnell Land" (the Grinnell Peninsula, which forms the northwestern corner of Devon Island).
- 1850–54 – Robert McClure transits the Northwest Passage (by boat and sledge); he and his men also chart some 2,736 kilometres (1,700 mi) of new coastline, consisting of the entire coast of Banks Island and much of the northwestern coast of Victoria Island (from just east of Point Reynolds in the north to Prince Albert Sound in the south), in the process discovering Prince of Wales Strait and McClure Strait.
- 1851 – Rae charts over 965 kilometres (600 mi) of the southern coastline of Victoria Island, from Cape Back to Pelly Point.
- 1851 – Erasmus Ommanney, Sherard Osborn and William Browne chart the northern half of Prince of Wales Island, Osborn west to Sherard Osborn Point (72°20’ N) and Browne east to Pandora Island; meanwhile, Robert D. Aldrich charts the west coast of the Bathurst Island group north to Cape Aldrich (about 76°11’ N, on Île Vanier) and Dr. Abraham Bradford charts the east coast of Melville Island north to Bradford Point.
- 1851 – Robert Campbell descends the Pelly to the Yukon, which he descends to its confluence with the Porcupine, reaching Fort Yukon.
- 1851–52 – William Kennedy and Joseph René Bellot discover Bellot Strait and cross Prince of Wales Island east to west, reaching Ommanney Bay.
- 1852 – Edward Augustus Inglefield reaches 78° 28’ N, entering Smith Sound; also charts Jones Sound as far west as 84° 10’ W.
- 1852–53 – Edward Belcher sails two of his squadron to the northwestern coast of the Grinnell Peninsula, wintering at 77° 52’ N, 97° W; later circumnavigates the peninsula via Arthur Strait (now Fiord), discovering Cornwall and North Kent.
- 1853 – Richard Vesey Hamilton and George Henry Richards chart the Sabine Peninsula of Melville Island from Cape Mudge east to Bradford Point; the latter, along with Sherard Osborn, also charts the northern coast of Bathurst Island.
- 1853 – George Mecham discovers Prince Patrick and Eglinton Islands and charts the southwest corner of Melville Island; along with Francis Leopold McClintock, he charts nearly the entire coast of Prince Patrick; McClintock also charts the northwest coast of Melville Island, from Cape Fisher northwest to Cape Scott and south along its west coast to Cape Purchase.
- 1853–54 – American explorer Elisha Kent Kane and his men chart the Kane Basin and discover Kennedy Channel. One of his men, William Morton, reaches as far north as Kap Constitution (81°22’N).
- 1853–56 – Livingstone becomes the first to traverse Africa from west to east, traveling from Luanda in Angola to Quelimane in Mozambique; also explores much of the upper Zambezi and discovers and names Victoria Falls.
- 1854 – Rae charts the Boothia Peninsula from the Castor and Pollux River north to Point de la Guiche, discovering Rae Strait and proving the insularity of King William Island.
- 1858 – Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke discover Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria.
- 1859 – McClintock charts the remaining 193 kilometres (120 mi) of the continental coastline of America (on the west coast of the Boothia Peninsula), while his companion Allen Young charts the southern half of Prince of Wales Island.
- 1860–61 – Robert O'Hara Burke and William Wills are the first to cross Australia from south to north, traveling from Melbourne to the Flinders River.
- 1862 – Speke discovers the Nile flowing from the northern end of Lake Victoria.
- 1862 – Ivan Lukin ascends the Yukon to Fort Yukon.
- 1864 – Samuel Baker discovers "Luta Nzige" (Lake Albert); in the distance he sights the Mountains of the Moon (the Rwenzori).
- 1865 – Edward Whymper is the first to ascend the Matterhorn.
- 1866–68 – A group of French colonial officers, led by Ernest Doudard de Lagrée, undertakes a naval exploration and scientific expedition of the Mekong River and into Southern China.
- 1869 – American naturalist John Wesley Powell leads the first expedition to travel the entire length of the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon.
- 1869–70 – Carl Koldewey and Julius von Payer explore the east coast of Greenland from 74°18’ to 77°01’N.
- 1871 – Charles Francis Hall reaches Robeson Channel, sailing his ship as far north as 82°11’N; he later travels by sledge to 83°05’N.
- 1872 – William Adams proves the insularity of Bylot Island.
- 1873–74 – Karl Weyprecht and Von Payer discover and name Franz Josef Land.
- 1875–76 – George Nares sails as far north as 82°24’N; the following year, Albert Hastings Markham sledges to 83°20’26" N, while Pelham Aldrich sledges along the northern coast of Ellesmere Island east to Alert Point and Lewis A. Beaumont explores the northwestern coast of Greenland.
- 1875–77 – Henry Morton Stanley circumnavigates both Lakes Tanganyika and Victoria, sights Lake George, and descends the Lualaba and Congo to the sea.
- 1876 – Luigi D'Albertis ascends over 800 kilometres (500 mi) up the Fly River in New Guinea.
- 1878–79 – Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld is the first to transit the Northeast Passage.
- 1881–83 – Adolphus Greely explores the interior of Ellesmere Island, discovering Lake Hazen; one of his men, James Booth Lockwood, crosses the island and reaches Greely Fiord, as well as sledging eastwards to the vicinity of Kap Washington (reaching 83° 23’08" N in the process).
- 1883–84 – German-American anthropologist Franz Boas is the first to see Nettilling Lake on Baffin Island.
- 1887–89 – Stanley traverses the Ituri Rainforest, explores the Rwenzori, and follows the Semliki to its source (which he names Lake Edward).
- 1892 – Robert Peary discovers and names Independence Bay and Peary Land.
- 1893–96 – Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen sledge to 86°13'06" N; their ship, the Fram, under Otto Sverdrup, drifts in the ice from the New Siberian Islands west to the northwest coast of Spitsbergen, reaching 85°55'05" N—a new record for a ship.
- 1898–1902 – Sverdrup and Gunnar Isachsen chart the western coast of Ellesmere Island and discover and name Axel Heiberg, Ellef Ringnes, Amund Ringnes, and King Christian Islands.
20th century
- 1900 – Peary explores the north coast of Greenland from Cape Washington to Cape Clarence Wyckoff, on the way reaching Cape Morris Jesup, the most northern point of mainland Greenland.
- 1902–04 – Robert Falcon Scott traces the length of the Ross Ice Shelf, discovers the Edward VII Peninsula, reaches about 82°11’ S (in the process tracing 600 kilometres (370 mi) of the west coast of the shelf), crosses the Transantarctic Mountains and discovers the Antarctic Plateau, penetrating nearly 240 kilometres (150 mi) into it; he is also the first to see the dry valleys of the Antarctic.
- 1903–06 – Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen leads the first expedition to traverse the entire Northwest Passage, in the sloop Gjøa; Godfred Hansen, his second-in-command, charts the east coast of Victoria Island north to Cape Nansen (72°02'N, 104°45'W).
- 1906–07 – Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen and Johan Peter Koch chart the northeast coast of Greenland from Cape Bismarck (76°42' N) to Cape Clarence Wyckoff (82°52' N), discovering Danmark Fjord.
- 1908–09 – Frederick Cook and Peary each claim to have reached the North Pole—the former is a fraud, the latter widely doubted.
- 1910–11 – Bernhard Hantzsch crosses Baffin Island from Cumberland Sound to the Koukdjuak River, exploring the west coast of the island north to 68°45’N.
- 1911–12 – Amundsen becomes the first person to reach the South Pole. Scott and his team reach the Pole over a month later, all perishing on the return journey.
- 1913 – Frederick Bailey and Henry Morshead on their exploration of the Tsangpo Gorge discover the route of the Yarlung Tsangpo river.
- 1913–14 – Boris Vilkitsky and Per Novopashennyy discover Severnaya Zemlya, surveying parts of its eastern coast from Mys Arkticheskiy to Mys Vaygacha (its southeast point), as well as much of its south coast west to Mys Neupokoyeva.
- 1915–17 – Vilhjalmur Stefansson discovers Brock, Mackenzie King, Borden, Meighen, and Lougheed Islands; one of his men, Storker T. Storkerson, charts part of the northeast coast of Victoria Island, discovering the Storkerson Peninsula and Stefansson Island.
- 1924–29 – Joseph Dewey Soper explores the interior of Baffin Island before surveying its west coast north to Hantzsch River.
- 1926 – Amundsen, Lincoln Ellsworth and Umberto Nobile in the airship Norge are the first definitely known to have sighted the North Pole.
- 1927 – George P. Putnam charts the north coast of the Foxe Peninsula from Cape Dorchester to Bowman Bay.
- 1930–32 – Georgy Ushakov and Nikolay Urvantsev survey the entire coast of Severnaya Zemlya, showing it to be made up of four main islands: October Revolution, Komsomolets, Pioneer, and Bolshevik Islands—in all surveying some 2,200 kilometres (1,400 mi) of coastline and interior.
- 1932 – W. A. Poole discovers Prince Charles Island.
- 1934 – Richard E. Byrd discovers and names Roosevelt Island.
- 1937–41 – Thomas and Ella Manning map the west coast of Baffin Island from the Hantzsch River to Steensby Inlet.
- 1940 – Byrd discovers Thurston Island, believing it to be a peninsula.
- 1948 – E. C. Kerslake charts Prince Charles, Air Force, and Foley Islands.
- 1950 – Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal of the French Annapurna expedition become the first climbers to reach the summit of an 8,000-metre peak.
- 1953 – Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay are the first to ascend Mount Everest.
- 1954 – Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni are the first to ascend K2 on the Italian Karakoram expedition.
- 1957 – Finn Ronne discovers Berkner Island.
See also
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References
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- ^ Golder, Frank Alfred (1914). Russian expansion on the Pacific, 1641–1850 an account of the earliest and later expeditions made by the Russians along the Pacific coast of Asia and North America; including some related expeditions to the Arctic regions. Cleveland: Authur H. Clark Co.
- ^ DeVoto, Bernard (1980). The Course of Empire. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
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- ^ Parkman, Francis (1999). La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West. New York: The Modern Library.
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- ^ Parkman, Francis (1893). France and England in North America: A Series of Historical Narratives. Boston: Little, Brown.
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- ^ Williams, Glyndwr (2003). Voyages of delusion: the quest for the Northwest Passage. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300098662.
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- ^ Hayes, Derek (1999). Historical atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and discovery; British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, Yukon. Seattle: Sasquatch Books.
- ^ Mackenzie, Alexander (1801). Voyages from Montreal, on the river St. Lawrence, through the continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific oceans; in the years 1789 and 1793. London: T. Cadell, jun. and W. Davies.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
- ^ Jeal, Tim (1973). Livingstone. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. ISBN 9780399112157.
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- ^ Mawar, Granville Allen (1999). Ahab's Trade: The Saga of South Seas Whaling. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-22809-0.
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William Edward Parry 1819.
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John Franklin.
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Captain Nathaniel Brown Palmer.
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William Edward Parry 1824.
- ^ Fleming, Fergus (1998). Barrow's Boys. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
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John Franklin 1826.
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Frederick Beechey 1826.
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George Back 1836.
- ^ Bockstoce, John R. (2009). Furs and Frontiers in the Far North: the Contest Among Native and Foreign Nations for the Bering Strait Fur Trade. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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Thomas Simpson 1843.
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Sherard Osborn.
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A summer search for Sir John Franklin; with a peep into the polar basin.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ M'Dougall, George F. (1857). The eventful voyage of H.M. discovery ship "Resolute" to the Arctic regions, in search of Sir John Franklin and the missing crews of H.M. discovery ships "Erebus" and "Terror," 1852, 1853, 1854. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts. p. 452.
The Eventful Voyages of HMS Resolute.
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Elisha Kent Kane.
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John Hanning Speke Lake Tanganyika.
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- ^ Fleming, Fergus (2001). Ninety Degrees North: The Quest for the North Pole. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 9780802117250.
- ^ Dick, Lyle (2001). Muskox Land: Ellesmere Island in the Age of Contact. Calgary, Alta: University of Calgary Press.
- ^ Jeal, Tim (2007). Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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- ^ Crane, David (2006). Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage and Tragedy. New York: Alfred N. Knopf. ISBN 9780375415272.
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- ^ Barr, William (1975). "Severnaya Zemlya: the last major discovery". Geographical Journal. 141 (1): 59–71. Bibcode:1975GeogJ.141...59B. doi:10.2307/1796946. JSTOR 1796946.
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (1922). The Friendly Arctic: The Story of Five Years in Polar Regions. New York: Macmillan.
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- Herzog, Maurice (1997). Annapurna, first conquest of an 8000-meter peak (26,493 feet). New York: Lyons & Burford.
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Further reading
- Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. Harper encyclopedia of the modern world: a concise reference history from 1760 to the present (1970) online
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