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{{Infobox settlement
]
|name = Juodkrantė
|image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 275
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
|image1 = Juodkrante from bird's-eye view.jpg
|caption1 = Aerial view of Juodkrantė
|image2 = Evangelical Lutheran Church in Juodkrantė.jpg
|caption2 = Evangelical Lutheran Church
|image3 = Walk in Juodkrantė.jpg
|caption3 = Traditional houses and bicycle path
|image4 = Art of Juodkrantė 02.jpg
|caption4 = Coast of the ]
|image5 = Juodkrante dom Rezos 14.jpg
|caption5 = Resort house
|image6 = The Baltic (9633594856).jpg
|caption6 = A view of the ] near Juodkrantė
}}
|image_flag = Symbols of Neringa (Juodkrantė).svg
|pushpin_map = Lithuania#Baltic Sea
⚫ |coordinates = {{coord|55|33|N|21|07|E|region:LT_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = Lithuania
|subdivision_type1 = ]
|subdivision_name1 = ]
|subdivision_type2 = ]
|subdivision_name2 = ]
|established_title = First mentioned
|established_date = 1429
|population_footnotes =
|population_as_of =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = ]
|utc_offset = +2
|timezone_DST = ]
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|website =
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=11 |height=300 |width= | stroke-width=1 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}


'''Juodkrantė''' (literally: ''Black Shore'', ]: ''Schwarzort'' ) with permanent population of about 720 people is a quiet ]n seaside resort ] located on the ]. A part of ] ], Juodkrantė is the second largest settlement on Lithuania's part of the ]. It started as a fishermen village and underwent a tourist boom in the late 19th - early 20th century. '''Juodkrantė''' (literally: ''Black Shore'', ]: ''Šatnūrta'' or ''Šatnūrte'', ]: ''Schwarzort''<ref>In German, ''schwarz'' means "black" and ''Ort'' means "place", but an older meaning is "tip, point", preserved in mining jargon and placenames such as ''Darßer Ort'', the northern tip of the ] peninsula at the German coast of the Baltic. Compare ].</ref>) is a ]n seaside resort ] located on the ] with a permanent population of about 720 people. A part of ], Juodkrantė is the second largest settlement on Lithuania's part of the ]. For centuries it was a fishing village, which underwent a tourist boom in the late 19th–early 20th century.
For several centuries, until ] in 1923, Juodkrantė, then known under its German name Schwarzort, was a part of ].


==History== ==History==
]
]
Juodkrantė was first mentioned (as ''Schwarzort'') in 1429 in a letter by the ] describing storm damages. It was initially situated along the ] shore, about 2.5 km from the present location. In the early 17th century, facing ] and moving ], threatening to bury the village, the town lost almost all of its inhabitants. In the 1680s, the village relocated to its present location along the ] shore. After 1724, the sources do not mention the village along the Baltic Sea shore any more. The village did quite well in the new location: a tavern was opened in 1673, a school in 1743, and a wooden church in 1795. Until 1740 the village belonged to Klaipėda County ({{lang-de|] Memel}}) then from 1740-1795 to ] Church District ({{lang-de|Kirchspiel Karwaiten}}). It grew in importance after Carwaiten/Karvaičiai/ village was swallowed by traveling sand and the seat of the church district relocated here. The wooden church burned down in 1878 but was soon replaced by a red brick ] church in 1885. Juodkrantė was first mentioned (as ''Schwarzort'') by the ] in 1429 in a letter describing storm damages. It was initially situated along the ] shore, about 2.5&nbsp;km from the present location. In the early 17th century, due to the ], and moving ] threatening to bury the town, it lost almost all of its inhabitants. In the 1680s, the village relocated to its present location along the ] shore. After 1724, the sources do not mention the town along the Baltic Sea shore any more. The town did quite well in the new location: a tavern was opened in 1673, a school in 1743, and a wooden church in 1795. From the 18th century, the town formed part of the ], within which it belonged to the Memel/Klaipėda County until 1740, then from 1740–1795 to the ] (then Germanized as ''Karwaiten'') Church District. It grew in importance after Carwaiten/Karvaičiai/ village was swallowed by traveling sand and the seat of the Church District relocated here. The wooden church burned down in 1878 but was soon replaced by a red brick ] church in 1885.


] ]
Major developments took place in 1860s. In the late 1850s the lagoon waterway was deepened and now ferries could arrive. It was the easiest way to travel, but it also had a side effect: workers found samples of ]. In 1860 Stantien & Becker company was founded to dig amber just north of the village. During 30 years of operations, it dug out about 2,250,000 kg of amber. During its peak the company employed about 1,000 workers. The company had a positive effect on the village as it built barracks for its workers, a second school, a luxurious villa ''Flora'', and a dock suited for ferries. The land dug out was used to reinforce the shore and swampy areas. After the company relocated to Palmnicken (now ]) in 1890, the population of Juodkrantė dropped from 851 in 1885 to 423 in 1895. Major developments took place in 1860s. In the late 1850s the lagoon waterway was deepened and now ferries could arrive. It was the easiest way to travel. In the course of the work, samples of ] were found. In 1860 the ] company was founded to dig amber just north of the village. During 30 years of operations, it dug out about 2,250&nbsp;tonnes of amber. At its peak, the company employed about 1,000 workers. The company had a positive effect on KAKALAS out was used to reinforce the shore and swampy areas. After the company relocated to Palmnicken (now ]) in 1890, the population of Schwarzort dropped from 851 in 1885 to 423 in 1895.


In 1871, the town became part of the ], within which it was administratively located in the province of ]. In the late 19th century, its population was ] and ], and was mostly living off fishing.<ref name=sgk/> Local church services were held in the Lithuanian and German languages.<ref name=sgk>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom X|year=1889|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=400}}</ref>
⚫ The tourist business was started in 1860s by Edward Stellmacher, who turned an old tavern house into a hotel named (Lithuanian: ''Kuršių kiemas'', now ''Gintaras''). Because of the amber business, a new Juodkrantė started to develop north to the old fishermen village. Many villas and hotels were built there. In the beginning of the 20th century there were 5 hotels, 20 villas, and a ] ''Luisenbad'' (Lithuanian: ''Luizės maudykla''). The new town was considered a luxury resort and attracted about 3,000 visitors a year. The ] destroyed the tourist business. Neringa was a strictly regulated border region. Only in the early 1960s tourists started to come back. However, ] became a more popular destination for tourists. This allowed Juodkrantė to retain its old business - fishing. Sometimes it is referred to as the "capital of fishermen" and holds annual fishermen festival in July.

Following ] and the re-establishment of independent Lithuania, it became part of Lithuania. During ], it was ].

]
⚫ The tourist business was started in 1860s by Edward Stellmacher, who turned an old tavern house into a hotel named (Lithuanian: ''Kuršių kiemas'', now ''Gintaras''). Because of the amber business, a new Juodkrantė was developed north of the old fishermen town. Many villas and hotels were built there. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 5 hotels, 20 villas, and a ] ''Luisenbad'' (Lithuanian: ''Luizės maudykla''). The new town was considered a luxury resort and attracted about 3,000 visitors a year. ] destroyed the tourist business. Neringa was a strictly regulated border region. Only in the early 1960s tourists started to come back. However, ] became a more popular destination for tourists. This allowed Juodkrantė to retain its old business - fishing. Sometimes it is referred to as the "capital of fishermen" and holds annual fishermen festival in July.


===Amber treasure=== ===Amber treasure===
]
Workers of Stantien & Becker company would dig up many pieces of ] shaped as amulets or knick-knacks. At first they would give them out as souvenirs, but then started collecting these items from the Mid ] and the ]s. Richard Klebs, professor at ], described 435 items (pendants, buttons, tubular beads, discs, and figurines of humans and animals) in his book ''Stone Age Amber Adornments'' in 1882. These ancient ''Schwarzorter Funde'' are considered to contain earliest known amber carvings. About 150 items have detailed images. The collection was shown in Berlin, St. Petersburg, London, Chicago. After Klebs death, Königsberg University purchased his collection. However, during the turbulent times of World War II most of the large collection in Königsberg was destroyed or stolen and only a few items were saved at ], the previous sister university of Königsberg. But because of detailed illustrations in Klebs' book, scientists managed to make replicas. Stantien & Becker would dig up many pieces of ] shaped as amulets or knick-knacks. At first, they would give them out as souvenirs, but then started collecting these items from the Mid ] and the ]s. Richard Klebs, professor at ], described 435 items (pendants, buttons, tubular beads, discs, and figurines of humans and animals) in his book ''Stone Age Amber Adornments'' in 1882. These ancient ''Schwarzorter Funde'' are considered to contain the earliest known amber carving finds from the Baltic Sea area (with amber carvings thousands of years older in other locations). About 150 items have detailed images. The collection was exhibited in ], ], ], ]. After Klebs' death, Königsberg University purchased his collection. However, during the turbulent times of World War II and the expulsions from East Prussia most of the large collection in Königsberg was destroyed or stolen and only a few items were saved at ], previously the sister university of Königsberg. But scientists were able to make replicas from detailed illustrations in Klebs' book.


===Genealogy=== ===Genealogy===
Most of genealogical traces were made in Church books when wooden church was built in 1795. Records are stored in and Bundesarchiv. Some families moved to Juodkrantė from when sand buried this site completely in 1797. Most of the genealogical information was recorded in Church books when the wooden church was built in 1795. Records are stored in and Bundesarchiv. Some families moved to Juodkrantė from Karwaiten () when sand buried this site completely in 1797.

⚫ ==Tourist attractions==


⚫ ==Tourist Attractions==
===Hill of Witches=== ===Hill of Witches===
A large collection of unique wooden ]s by various artists is displayed on the ] ({{lang-lt|Raganų kalnas}}). The sculpture park was started in 1979 and now has more than 70 wooden objects. Most of the figures are based on Lithuanian legends or folk tales. Before the surrounding area was planted with tress, visitors could admire a view of the sea and the lagoon. A large collection of wooden ]s by various artists is displayed on the ] ({{langx|lt|Raganų kalnas}}). The sculpture park was started in 1979 and now has more than 70 wooden objects. Most of the figures are based on Lithuanian legends or folk tales. Before the surrounding area was planted with trees, visitors could admire a view of the sea and the lagoon.


===Sculpture park "Land and Water"=== ===Sculpture park "Land and Water"===
] gallery]]
Another sculpture park was finished in 2002. It houses 31 stone and metal sculptures created during an international symposium "Land and Water." The sculptures are located on the recently built quay, 2.4 km in length, along the lagoon shore. Another sculpture park was finished in 2002. It houses 31 stone and metal sculptures created during an international symposium "Land and Water." The sculptures are located on the recently built quay, 2.4&nbsp;km in length, along the lagoon shore.


A Museum of ]s is maintained by Daiva and Remigijus Žadeikiai. The gallery informs on Nerija cultural heritage. There is also a gallery maintained by the ''Lithuanian National Art Museum''. A ] gallery (''Vėtrungių galerija'') is maintained by Daiva and Remigijus Žadeikiai. The gallery has information on the Nerija cultural heritage. There is also a gallery maintained by the ].


===The heron and cormorant colonies=== ===The heron and cormorant colonies===
] ]
Of interest to nature watchers are the large ] (2000 pairs) and ] (500 pairs) colonies west of Juodkrantė. Of interest to nature watchers are the large ] (2000 pairs) and ] (500 pairs) colonies west of Juodkrantė.
It is believed that the herons have nested near Juodkrantė since 17th century, and the cormorants arrived only at the beginning of 19th century. Eventually, the cormorants were exterminated at the end of 19th century due to Prussian administration regulations and started to re-appear only in the 1970s. The large cormorant colony has damaged the old and fragile forest because the ingredients of the birds' excrement burn tree roots. During last 15 years about 10 ha of forest has died. Fishermen blame the birds for diminishing fish catches, but unlike in Prussia, the regulations now do not allow killing them as both grey heron and great cormorant are protected species in Lithuania. It is believed that the herons have nested near Juodkrantė since 17th century, but the cormorants arrived only at the beginning of 19th century. The cormorants were exterminated at the end of the 19th century due to Prussian administration regulations and started to reappear only in the 1970s. The large cormorant colony has damaged the old and fragile forest because the birds' excrement burns tree roots. During last 15 years about 10 ha (25 acres) of forest has died. Fishermen blame the birds for diminishing fish catches, but unlike in Prussia, the regulations now do not allow killing them as both grey heron and great cormorant are protected species in Lithuania.


==Famous people== ==Famous people==
⚫ * ], a sea- and landscape painter, was born in 1872 in nearby ] and lived for many years in the village.


⚫ ==Sport and sailing==
⚫ ], a sea- and landscape painter was born 1872 in nearby ] and lived for many years in the village.

⚫ ==Sport and Sailing==


'''Kitesurfing/Windsurfing''' '''Kitesurfing/Windsurfing'''


Juodkrantė is one of the best ] / ] and in Lithuania. Juodkrantė is one of the best ] / ] and beaches in Lithuania.
Open for all wind directions. Curonian lagoon side is also great for snowkiteboarding. It is open to all wind directions. The Curonian lagoon side is also great for snowkiteboarding.


'''Sailing''' '''Sailing'''


Juodkrantė is on inland waterway from Nida to Klaipėda. There is two piers in Juodkrantė for yacht's and boats. Yachtclub is under development. Navigation - ] (20m) - on black square metal framework tower with viewing platform. From sea visible only top part. Juodkrantė is on inland waterway from Nida to Klaipėda. There are two piers in Juodkrantė for yachts and boats. A yacht club is under development. Navigation - ] (20m) - on black square metal framework tower with viewing platform. From sea visible only top part.


'''Paragliding''' '''Paragliding'''
Line 52: Line 99:
Juodkrantė is a place of choice for eastern winds. ] sand dune site is south-east from town. Western side - beach dunes are hard to fly. Juodkrantė is a place of choice for eastern winds. ] sand dune site is south-east from town. Western side - beach dunes are hard to fly.


==References== == References ==
{{reflist}}
⚫ * {{lt icon}} Nijolė Strakauskaitė, Klaipėda, Kuršių nerija, Karaliaučius (2005). R. Paknys Publishing. Pages 94-103. ISBN 9986-830-82-6.

⚫ * , Direction ]. Accessed August 19, 2006.
;Sources
⚫ * {{in lang|lt}} Nijolė Strakauskaitė, Klaipėda, Kuršių nerija, Karaliaučius (2005). R. Paknys Publishing. Pages 94–103. {{ISBN|9986-830-82-6}}.
⚫ * , Direction ]. Accessed August 19, 2006.
* Matas Mizgiris, , Amber Museum-Gallery. Accessed August 19, 2006. * Matas Mizgiris, , Amber Museum-Gallery. Accessed August 19, 2006.
* {{lt icon}} Asta Aleksėjūnaitė, , L.T., March 28, 2005. ]. Accessed August 19, 2006. * {{in lang|lt}} Asta Aleksėjūnaitė, , L.T., March 28, 2005. ]. Accessed August 19, 2006.


⚫ {{coord|55|33|N|21|07|E|region:LT_type:city|display=title}}


{{Authority control}}
⚫ ]
⚫ ]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Juodkrante}}
]
⚫ ]
]
⚫ ]
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Latest revision as of 11:12, 17 November 2024

Place in Klaipėda County, Lithuania
Juodkrantė
Aerial view of JuodkrantėEvangelical Lutheran ChurchTraditional houses and bicycle pathCoast of the Curonian LagoonResort houseA view of the Baltic Sea near Juodkrantė
Flag of JuodkrantėFlag
Juodkrantė is located in LithuaniaJuodkrantėJuodkrantėShow map of LithuaniaJuodkrantė is located in Baltic SeaJuodkrantėJuodkrantėShow map of Baltic Sea
Coordinates: 55°33′N 21°07′E / 55.550°N 21.117°E / 55.550; 21.117
CountryLithuania
CountyKlaipėda County
MunicipalityNeringa Municipality
First mentioned1429
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)

Juodkrantė (literally: Black Shore, Kursenieki: Šatnūrta or Šatnūrte, German: Schwarzort) is a Lithuanian seaside resort town located on the Curonian Spit with a permanent population of about 720 people. A part of Neringa municipality, Juodkrantė is the second largest settlement on Lithuania's part of the spit. For centuries it was a fishing village, which underwent a tourist boom in the late 19th–early 20th century.

History

Evangelical Lutheran Church, 1888

Juodkrantė was first mentioned (as Schwarzort) by the Teutonic Knights in 1429 in a letter describing storm damages. It was initially situated along the Baltic Sea shore, about 2.5 km from the present location. In the early 17th century, due to the Black Death, and moving sand dunes threatening to bury the town, it lost almost all of its inhabitants. In the 1680s, the village relocated to its present location along the Curonian Lagoon shore. After 1724, the sources do not mention the town along the Baltic Sea shore any more. The town did quite well in the new location: a tavern was opened in 1673, a school in 1743, and a wooden church in 1795. From the 18th century, the town formed part of the Kingdom of Prussia, within which it belonged to the Memel/Klaipėda County until 1740, then from 1740–1795 to the Karvaičiai (then Germanized as Karwaiten) Church District. It grew in importance after Carwaiten/Karvaičiai/Karwaiten village was swallowed by traveling sand and the seat of the Church District relocated here. The wooden church burned down in 1878 but was soon replaced by a red brick Lutheran church in 1885.

Stantien & Becker operations in the Amber Bay in 1880

Major developments took place in 1860s. In the late 1850s the lagoon waterway was deepened and now ferries could arrive. It was the easiest way to travel. In the course of the work, samples of amber were found. In 1860 the Stantien & Becker company was founded to dig amber just north of the village. During 30 years of operations, it dug out about 2,250 tonnes of amber. At its peak, the company employed about 1,000 workers. The company had a positive effect on KAKALAS out was used to reinforce the shore and swampy areas. After the company relocated to Palmnicken (now Yantarny) in 1890, the population of Schwarzort dropped from 851 in 1885 to 423 in 1895.

In 1871, the town became part of the German Empire, within which it was administratively located in the province of East Prussia. In the late 19th century, its population was Kursenieki and Lithuanian, and was mostly living off fishing. Local church services were held in the Lithuanian and German languages.

Following World War I and the re-establishment of independent Lithuania, it became part of Lithuania. During World War II, it was occupied by Germany.

Juodkrantė in 1936

The tourist business was started in 1860s by Edward Stellmacher, who turned an old tavern house into a hotel named Kurischer Hof (Lithuanian: Kuršių kiemas, now Gintaras). Because of the amber business, a new Juodkrantė was developed north of the old fishermen town. Many villas and hotels were built there. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 5 hotels, 20 villas, and a convalescent home Luisenbad (Lithuanian: Luizės maudykla). The new town was considered a luxury resort and attracted about 3,000 visitors a year. World War II destroyed the tourist business. Neringa was a strictly regulated border region. Only in the early 1960s tourists started to come back. However, Nida became a more popular destination for tourists. This allowed Juodkrantė to retain its old business - fishing. Sometimes it is referred to as the "capital of fishermen" and holds annual fishermen festival in July.

Amber treasure

Amber Bay in 2023

Stantien & Becker would dig up many pieces of amber shaped as amulets or knick-knacks. At first, they would give them out as souvenirs, but then started collecting these items from the Mid Neolithic and the Bronze Ages. Richard Klebs, professor at Königsberg University, described 435 items (pendants, buttons, tubular beads, discs, and figurines of humans and animals) in his book Stone Age Amber Adornments in 1882. These ancient Schwarzorter Funde are considered to contain the earliest known amber carving finds from the Baltic Sea area (with amber carvings thousands of years older in other locations). About 150 items have detailed images. The collection was exhibited in Berlin, St. Petersburg, London, Chicago. After Klebs' death, Königsberg University purchased his collection. However, during the turbulent times of World War II and the expulsions from East Prussia most of the large collection in Königsberg was destroyed or stolen and only a few items were saved at Göttingen University, previously the sister university of Königsberg. But scientists were able to make replicas from detailed illustrations in Klebs' book.

Genealogy

Most of the genealogical information was recorded in Church books "Kirchenbücher" when the wooden church was built in 1795. Records are stored in Evangelisches Zentralarchiv Berlin and Bundesarchiv. Some families moved to Juodkrantė from Karwaiten (Karvaičiai) when sand buried this site completely in 1797.

Tourist attractions

Hill of Witches

A large collection of wooden sculptures by various artists is displayed on the Hill of Witches (Lithuanian: Raganų kalnas). The sculpture park was started in 1979 and now has more than 70 wooden objects. Most of the figures are based on Lithuanian legends or folk tales. Before the surrounding area was planted with trees, visitors could admire a view of the sea and the lagoon.

Sculpture park "Land and Water"

Weathervane gallery

Another sculpture park was finished in 2002. It houses 31 stone and metal sculptures created during an international symposium "Land and Water." The sculptures are located on the recently built quay, 2.4 km in length, along the lagoon shore.

A Weathervane gallery (Vėtrungių galerija) is maintained by Daiva and Remigijus Žadeikiai. The gallery has information on the Nerija cultural heritage. There is also a gallery maintained by the Lithuanian National Art Museum.

The heron and cormorant colonies

Cormorant nests on dead pine trees in the colony near Juodkrantė

Of interest to nature watchers are the large great cormorant (2000 pairs) and grey heron (500 pairs) colonies west of Juodkrantė. It is believed that the herons have nested near Juodkrantė since 17th century, but the cormorants arrived only at the beginning of 19th century. The cormorants were exterminated at the end of the 19th century due to Prussian administration regulations and started to reappear only in the 1970s. The large cormorant colony has damaged the old and fragile forest because the birds' excrement burns tree roots. During last 15 years about 10 ha (25 acres) of forest has died. Fishermen blame the birds for diminishing fish catches, but unlike in Prussia, the regulations now do not allow killing them as both grey heron and great cormorant are protected species in Lithuania.

Famous people

  • Gustav Fenkohl, a sea- and landscape painter, was born in 1872 in nearby Memel and lived for many years in the village.

Sport and sailing

Kitesurfing/Windsurfing

Juodkrantė is one of the best kitesurfing / windsurfing spot and kite flying beaches in Lithuania. It is open to all wind directions. The Curonian lagoon side is also great for snowkiteboarding.

Sailing

Juodkrantė is on inland waterway from Nida to Klaipėda. There are two piers in Juodkrantė for yachts and boats. A yacht club is under development. Navigation - Juodkrantė Lighthouse (20m) int.no 0049 (C3334) - White rectangle on black square metal framework tower with viewing platform. From sea visible only top part.

Paragliding

Juodkrantė is a place of choice for eastern winds. Paragliding sand dune site is south-east from town. Western side - beach dunes are hard to fly.

References

  1. In German, schwarz means "black" and Ort means "place", but an older meaning is "tip, point", preserved in mining jargon and placenames such as Darßer Ort, the northern tip of the Darß peninsula at the German coast of the Baltic. Compare Wiktionary.
  2. ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom X (in Polish). Warszawa. 1889. p. 400.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Sources


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