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			{{Short description\|Genus of jellyfishes}}
	{{Taxobox
			{{Distinguish\|Cassiopeia (disambiguation)}}
⚫	\| ~~name~~ = ''Cassiopea''
			{{Automatic taxobox
	\| image = fkeysmacro.jpg		\| image = fkeysmacro.jpg
		⚫	\| image_caption = ''Cassiopea sp.''
	\| image_width = 250px
			\| parent_authority = Agassiz, 1862
⚫	\| image_caption = ''Cassiopea ~~spp~~.''
		⚫	\| taxon = Cassiopea
	\| The upside down jellyfish is so called because it tends to stay upside down in shallow, muddy waters that it inhabits. The upside down jellyfish is also called the Mangrove jellyfish because it mainly inhabits the mangroves in the Caribbean and southern Gulf of Mexico among other tropical waters.
			\| authority = Péron & Lesueur, 1809
			\| subdivision_ranks = ]
			\| subdivision = 8 species, see ]
			\| synonyms = {{Species list
			\|Cassiopeia\|Gistl, 1848<ref>IRMNG (2021). . Accessed on 2023-05-29.</ref>
			\|Cassiopeja\|Schultze, 1898<ref>IRMNG (2021). . Accessed on 2023-05-29.</ref>
			}}
			}}
		⚫	]]]
			'''''Cassiopea''''' ('''upside-down jellyfish''') is a ] of ] and members of the family '''Cassiopeidae'''.<ref>{{WoRMS \|id=135234 \|title=Cassiopeidae \|accessdate=3 August 2012}}</ref> They are found in warmer coastal regions around the world, including shallow ] swamps, mudflats, canals, and ] flats in ], the ] and ]. The ] usually lives upside-down on the sea floor in shallow areas, which has earned them their common name. These jellyfish partake in a ] relationship with ] ]s and therefore, must lie upside-down in areas with sufficient light penetration to fuel their energy source.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Ohdera Aki H. \|author2=Abrams Michael J. \|author3=Ames Cheryl L. \|author4=Baker David M. \|author5=Suescún-Bolívar Luis P. \|author6=Collins Allen G. \|author7=Freeman Christopher J. \|author8=Gamero-Mora Edgar \|author9=Goulet Tamar L. \|author10=Hofmann Dietrich K. \|author11=Jaimes-Becerra Adrian \|author12=Long Paul F. \|author13=Marques Antonio C. \|author14=Miller Laura A. \|author15=Mydlarz Laura D. \|author16=Morandini Andre C. \|author17=Newkirk Casandra R. \|author18=Putri Sastia P. \|author19=Samson Julia E. \|author20=Stampar Sérgio N. \|author21=Steinworth Bailey \|author22=Templeman Michelle \|author23=Thomé Patricia E. \|author24=Vlok Marli \|author25=Woodley Cheryl M. \|author26=Wong Jane C.Y. \|author27=Martindale Mark Q. \|author28=Fitt William K. \|author29=Medina Mónica \|title=Upside-Down but Headed in the Right Direction: Review of the Highly Versatile Cassiopea xamachana System \|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution \|volume=6 \|year=2018\|page=35 \|doi=10.3389/fevo.2018.00035\|doi-access=free \|hdl=11449/176281 \|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Where found, there may be numerous individuals with varying shades of white, blue, green and brown.

			== Species ==
	The upside down jellyfish looks different compared to any jellyfish you may have seen. This jellyfish looks less like a jellyfish and more like a sea anemone. Its appearance is such that it can be easily mistaken for a bluish green water flower. However, this appearance of the upside down jellyfish is very important for its survival. Its appearance provides it a very good camouflage against its predators.
			According to the '']'', this genus includes 8 species:<ref name=WoRMS>{{WoRMS \|id=135253 \|title=Cassiopea \|accessdate=3 August 2012}}</ref>

			* '']'' <small>(Forsskål, 1775)—Indo-Pacific, introduced in the Mediterranean</small>
	Apart from its appearance, the upside down jellyfish is unique in another important aspect. Instead of just hunting its own food, the upside down jellyfish depends upon unicellular algae, called zooxanthellae, for partial nutrition. The algae use photosynthesis to create nutrition from sunlight. The nutrition created by the algae is absorbed by the upside down jellyfish for its own survival.
			* '']'' <small> Haeckel, 1880—Western Indian Ocean off the African coast</small>
			* '']'' <small>(Pallas, 1774)—Western Atlantic, Caribbean Sea</small>
			* '']'' <small>Gershwin, Zeidler & Davie, 2010—Western Pacific Ocean, off the Australian Coast</small>
			* '']'' <small>Light, 1914—Pacific Ocean, Philippines and Palau Region</small>
			* '']'' <small>Brandt, 1838—Pacific Ocean Southern Micronesia</small>
			* '']'' <small>Agassiz & Mayer, 1899—Pacific Ocean, Australia and Fiji</small>
			* '']'' <small>Haeckel, 1880—Pacific Ocean, Palau, Philippines, Okinawa</small>
			* '']'' <small>Bigelow, 1892—Caribbean Sea and the Northern Atlantic Area of the West indies</small>

			== Defense system ==
	This symbiotic relationship between the upside down jellyfish and the algae is the reason for the upside down nature of the jellyfish. The algae reside inside the bell of the jellyfish and it needs sunlight to photosynthesize food. To enable the algae to access sunlight, the jellyfish floats upside down in water. This is also why the upside down jellyfish resides in shallow water. That way they can settle upside down on the bed of the water body, while providing ample sunlight to the algae inside its bell.
			''Cassiopea'' species have a mild sting since they are primarily ], but sensitive individuals may have a stronger reaction. The photosynthesis occurs because, like most ]s, they host ] in their tissues.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Murphy \|first=Richard C. \|title=Coral Reefs: Cities Under The Sea \|year=2002 \|publisher=The Darwin Press \|location=Princeton, New Jersey \|isbn=978-0-87850-138-0 }}</ref> The stinging cells are also found in cellular masses, dubbed "cassiosomes", excreted in a ]; people swimming near the jellyfish may come in contact with these cassiosomes and be stung.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Ames\|first1=Cheryl L.\|last2=Klompen\|first2=Anna M. L.\|last3=Badhiwala\|first3=Krishna\|last4=Muffett\|first4=Kade\|last5=Reft\|first5=Abigail J.\|last6=Kumar\|first6=Mehr\|last7=Janssen\|first7=Jennie D.\|last8=Schultzhaus\|first8=Janna N.\|last9=Field\|first9=Lauren D.\|last10=Muroski\|first10=Megan E.\|last11=Bezio\|first11=Nick\|date=2020-02-13\|title=Cassiosomes are stinging-cell structures in the mucus of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana\|journal=Communications Biology\|language=en\|volume=3\|issue=1\|pages=67\|doi=10.1038/s42003-020-0777-8\|pmid=32054971\|pmc=7018847\|issn=2399-3642}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Stinging water mystery solved: Jellyfish can sting swimmers, prey with 'mucus grenades' \|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-02-mystery-jellyfish-swimmers-prey-mucus.html \|publisher=] \|date=February 13, 2020 \|access-date=February 14, 2020}}</ref> The stings, appearing in the form of a red rash-like skin irritation, are known for being extraordinarily itchy. Sometimes this jellyfish is picked up by the ] '']'' and carried on its back{{Citation needed\|date=August 2022}}. The crab uses the jellyfish to defend itself against possible predators.

			==Behavior==
	The food created by the algae is mainly carbon and not adequate nourishment for the upside down jellyfish. That is why the upside down jellyfish also make use of its stinging cells, the nematocysts, to capture its primary source of nutrition, mainly plankton and zooplankton. The nematocysts are released in columns of mucus that float above the jellyfish. Floating plankton and zooplankton get paralyzed when they come in contact with the nematocysts and become food for the upside down jellyfish. Once the prey has been paralyzed, the tentacles also help transport the food to the mouth of the upside down jellyfish.
			Certain species of ''Cassiopea'' have been observed to enter a ] - exhibiting decreased pulsation rate, reduced responsiveness to stimuli, and compensatory rebound sleep after deprivation.<ref>{{cite web\|title=The surprising, ancient behavior of jellyfish\|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-09/ciot-tsa091517.php#.WcUvtLr_O5M.reddit\|website=EurekAlert\|access-date=22 September 2017}}</ref> They are the first animals with no central nervous system to have been observed sleeping.<ref>{{Cite web \|first= \|date=2017 \|title=The Jellyfish Cassiopea Exhibits a Sleep-like State \|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28943083/ \|website=Current biology}}</ref>

			]
	There is another interesting aspect to the upside down jellyfish. Instead of having a single primary mouth, the upside down jellyfish has a primary mouth and a series of secondary mouths. The primary mouth is used to break the food down into small particles, which are then ingested by the secondary mouths.

			==References==
	The upside down jellyfish has a number of fascinating characteristics. One interesting aspect of the upside down jellyfish is that is a regularly used by water crabs as a form of protection. When these crabs reach the surface or the edge of the waterbed, they tend to carry upside down jellyfish on their backs. They do so to protect themselves from their likely predator by using the tentacles of the upside down jellyfish as their shield.
			{{Reflist}}

		⚫	== External links ==
⚫	]
			{{Commons}}

			{{Wikispecies}}
⚫	==External links==
	*		*
	*		*
	*		*

			{{Taxonbar\|from=Q289354}}
⚫	]

	{{commons}}

	{{cnidarian-stub}}

	]		]
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	]

Latest revision as of 18:00, 28 February 2024

Genus of jellyfishes Not to be confused with Cassiopeia (disambiguation).

Cassiopea

Cassiopea sp.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Class:	Scyphozoa
Order:	Rhizostomeae
Family:	Cassiopeidae Agassiz, 1862
Genus:	Cassiopea Péron & Lesueur, 1809
Species
8 species, see text
Synonyms
Cassiopeia Gistl, 1848 Cassiopeja Schultze, 1898

Cassiopea (upside-down jellyfish) is a genus of true jellyfish and members of the family Cassiopeidae. They are found in warmer coastal regions around the world, including shallow mangrove swamps, mudflats, canals, and turtle grass flats in Florida, the Caribbean and Micronesia. The medusa usually lives upside-down on the sea floor in shallow areas, which has earned them their common name. These jellyfish partake in a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellates and therefore, must lie upside-down in areas with sufficient light penetration to fuel their energy source. Where found, there may be numerous individuals with varying shades of white, blue, green and brown.

Species

According to the World Register of Marine Species, this genus includes 8 species:

Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskål, 1775)—Indo-Pacific, introduced in the Mediterranean
Cassiopea depressa Haeckel, 1880—Western Indian Ocean off the African coast
Cassiopea frondosa (Pallas, 1774)—Western Atlantic, Caribbean Sea
Cassiopea maremetens Gershwin, Zeidler & Davie, 2010—Western Pacific Ocean, off the Australian Coast
Cassiopea medusa Light, 1914—Pacific Ocean, Philippines and Palau Region
Cassiopea mertensi Brandt, 1838—Pacific Ocean Southern Micronesia
Cassiopea ndrosia Agassiz & Mayer, 1899—Pacific Ocean, Australia and Fiji
Cassiopea ornata Haeckel, 1880—Pacific Ocean, Palau, Philippines, Okinawa
Cassiopea xamachana Bigelow, 1892—Caribbean Sea and the Northern Atlantic Area of the West indies

Defense system

Cassiopea species have a mild sting since they are primarily photosynthetic, but sensitive individuals may have a stronger reaction. The photosynthesis occurs because, like most corals, they host zooxanthellae in their tissues. The stinging cells are also found in cellular masses, dubbed "cassiosomes", excreted in a mucus; people swimming near the jellyfish may come in contact with these cassiosomes and be stung. The stings, appearing in the form of a red rash-like skin irritation, are known for being extraordinarily itchy. Sometimes this jellyfish is picked up by the crab Dorippe frascone and carried on its back. The crab uses the jellyfish to defend itself against possible predators.

Behavior

Certain species of Cassiopea have been observed to enter a sleep state - exhibiting decreased pulsation rate, reduced responsiveness to stimuli, and compensatory rebound sleep after deprivation. They are the first animals with no central nervous system to have been observed sleeping.

References

IRMNG (2021). Cassiopeia Gistl, 1848. Accessed on 2023-05-29.
IRMNG (2021). Cassiopeja Schultze, 1898. Accessed on 2023-05-29.
"Cassiopeidae". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
Ohdera Aki H.; Abrams Michael J.; Ames Cheryl L.; Baker David M.; Suescún-Bolívar Luis P.; Collins Allen G.; Freeman Christopher J.; Gamero-Mora Edgar; Goulet Tamar L.; Hofmann Dietrich K.; Jaimes-Becerra Adrian; Long Paul F.; Marques Antonio C.; Miller Laura A.; Mydlarz Laura D.; Morandini Andre C.; Newkirk Casandra R.; Putri Sastia P.; Samson Julia E.; Stampar Sérgio N.; Steinworth Bailey; Templeman Michelle; Thomé Patricia E.; Vlok Marli; Woodley Cheryl M.; Wong Jane C.Y.; Martindale Mark Q.; Fitt William K.; Medina Mónica (2018). "Upside-Down but Headed in the Right Direction: Review of the Highly Versatile Cassiopea xamachana System". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 6: 35. doi:10.3389/fevo.2018.00035. hdl:11449/176281.
"Cassiopea". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
Murphy, Richard C. (2002). Coral Reefs: Cities Under The Sea. Princeton, New Jersey: The Darwin Press. ISBN 978-0-87850-138-0.
Ames, Cheryl L.; Klompen, Anna M. L.; Badhiwala, Krishna; Muffett, Kade; Reft, Abigail J.; Kumar, Mehr; Janssen, Jennie D.; Schultzhaus, Janna N.; Field, Lauren D.; Muroski, Megan E.; Bezio, Nick (2020-02-13). "Cassiosomes are stinging-cell structures in the mucus of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana". Communications Biology. 3 (1): 67. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-0777-8. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 7018847. PMID 32054971.
"Stinging water mystery solved: Jellyfish can sting swimmers, prey with 'mucus grenades'". Phys.org. February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
"The surprising, ancient behavior of jellyfish". EurekAlert. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
"The Jellyfish Cassiopea Exhibits a Sleep-like State". Current biology. 2017.

External links

Taxon identifiers
Cassiopea	Wikidata: Q289354 Wikispecies: Cassiopea ADW: Cassiopea AFD: Cassiopea BOLD: 26998 CoL: 84M5W GBIF: 2264598 iNaturalist: 128144 IRMNG: 1341812 ITIS: 51759 NCBI: 12992 Open Tree of Life: 811884 WoRMS: 135253

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