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{{short description|Bosnian extinct variation of Cyrillic}}
{{History of Bosnia}}{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}
{{Prose|date=January 2021}}
'''Bosnian Cyrillic''', widely known as '''Bosančica''', is an extinct ] script, that originated in ]. It was widely used in ] and ] (] and ] regions). Its name in ], ] and ] is ''bosančica'' or ''bosanica'', which can literally be translated as ''Bosnian script''. ] also call it ''Croatian script'', ''Croatian-Bosnian script'', ''Bosnian-Croat Cyrillic'', ''harvacko pismo'', ''arvatica'' or ''Western Cyrillic''.
{{Infobox Writing system
| name = Bosnian Cyrillic
| type = Alphabet
| typedesc = ]
| time = 10th–19th century
| languages = ]
| creator =
| sample = Bosnian Cyrillic alphabet.svg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption =
| iso15924 =
}}
{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}
'''Bosnian Cyrillic''', widely known as '''Bosančica''',{{sfn|Bošnjak|Dobrowolsky|1968|p=24}}<ref name=Balic>{{cite book |title=Die Kultur der Bosniaken, Supplement I: Inventar des bosnischen literarischen Erbes in orientalischen Sprachen |last=Balić |first=Smail |year=1978 |publisher=Adolf Holzhausens, Vienna |location=Vienna |pages=49–50, 111 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Literature of the Bosnian Muslims: a Quadrilingual Heritage |last=Algar |first=Hamid |year=1995 |publisher=Nadwah Ketakwaan Melalui Kreativiti |location=Kuala Lumpur |pages=254–68 }}</ref> is a variant of the ] that originated in ].<ref name=Balic/> The term was coined at the end of the 19th century by ]. It was widely used in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and the bordering areas of modern-day Croatia (southern and middle ] and ] regions). Its name in ] is ''Bosančica'' and ''Bosanica''<ref>{{cite book |title=La littérature ottomane des musulmans yougoslaves: essai de bibliographie raisonnée, JA 259 |last=Popovic |first=Alexandre |year=1971 |publisher=Alan Blaustein Publishing House |location=Paris |pages=309–76 }}</ref> the latter of which might be translated as ''Bosnian script''. ] scholars call it ''Serbian script'', ''Serbian–Bosnian script'', ''Bosnian–Serb Cyrillic'', as part of variant of ] and deem the term "bosančica" Austro-Hungarian ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Prilozi za književnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor|volume=22–23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USA_AQAAIAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Državna štamparija|location=Belgrade|page=308|quote=<!--...можемо без резерве репи да ]е „босанчица" само термин ко^и ]е у нашу науку успела да убаци аустро-угарска пропаганда.-->}}</ref> ] scholars also call it ''Croatian script'', ''Croatian–Bosnian script'', ''Bosnian–Croat Cyrillic'', ''harvacko pismo'', ''arvatica'' or ''Western Cyrillic''.{{sfn|Prosperov Novak|Katičić|1987|p=73}}{{sfn|Superčić|Supčić|2009|p=296}} For other names of Bosnian Cyrillic, see below.

The use of Bosančica amongst ] was replaced by ] upon the introduction of ] in ], first amongst the elite, then amongst the wider public.<ref>{{cite book |title=Katalog arapskih, turskih i perzijskih rukopisa (Catalogue of the Arabic, Turkish and Persian Manuscripts in the Gazi Husrev-beg Library, Sarajevo) |last=Dobrača |first=Kasim |year=1963 |location= Sarajevo |pages=35–38 }}</ref> The first book in Bosančica was printed by ] in 1512 in Venice.{{sfn|Bošnjak|Dobrowolsky|1968|pp=23, 24, 26, 75,76}}


==History and characteristic features== ==History and characteristic features==
{{Main|Bosnian medieval literacy}}
] written in Bosnian Cyrillic]]
It is hard to ascertain when features of characteristically Bosnian type of ] had begun to appear, but paleographers consider that the ] (Bosnian Cyrillic tablet) is the first document of this type of script and dates back supposedly to the 10th/11th century. Bosnian Cyrillic lasted continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic uses even in the 20th century. Today it is preserved in a ] monastery of Humac near Ljubuški in ]. It is hard to ascertain when the earliest features of a characteristic Bosnian type of ] had begun to appear, but paleographers consider the ] (a tablet written in Bosnian Cyrillic) to be the first document of this type of script and is believed to date from the 10th or 11th century.<ref name="dzaja-lovrenovic-polemic-vjenac">{{cite web |title=Srećko M. Džaja vs. Ivan Lovrenović – polemika o kulturnom identitetu BiH Ivan Lovrenović |url=http://ivanlovrenovic.com/2015/06/srecko-m-dzaja-vs-ivan-lovrenovic-polemika-o-kulturnom-identitetu-bih/ |website=ivanlovrenovic.com |publisher=Polemics appeared between ] & ] in Zagreb's biweekly "Vijenac", later in whole published in Journal of Franciscan theology in Sarajevo, "Bosna franciscana" No.42 |access-date=6 June 2018 |language=hr |date=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411013513/http://ivanlovrenovic.com/2015/06/srecko-m-dzaja-vs-ivan-lovrenovic-polemika-o-kulturnom-identitetu-bih/ |archive-date=11 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bosnian Cyrillic was used continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic usage even taking place in the 20th century.<ref name="ILIEV-2013-SHORT-HISTORY"/>


Historically, a few areas of Bosnian Cyrillic had been prominent: Historically, Bosnian Cyrillic is prominent in the following areas:

*passages from the ] in documents of ] adherents, 14th and 15th century.
*Passages from the ] in documents of ] adherents, 13th and 15th century.
*numerous legal and commercial documents (charters, letters, donations) of nobles and royalty from medieval Bosnian state in correspondence with ] and various cities in ], beginning in the 12th and 13th century, and reaching its peak in the 14th and 15th centuries
*Numerous legal and commercial documents (charters, letters, donations) of nobles and royalty from medieval Bosnian state in correspondence with the ] and various cities in ] (''e.g.'' the ], beginning in the 12th and 13th centuries, and reaching its peak in the 14th and 15th centuries.
*] was written in 1404 by Hval Krstyanin in ] Script ''(bosančica or bosanica)'' in ] dialect with a ] introduction that reads, "in honour of praised sir ], duke of ] and the knight of Lower Country and others."
*tomb inscriptions on marbles in medieval ], chiefly between 11th and 15th centuries *] on marbles in medieval ], chiefly between 11th and 15th centuries.
*legal documents in central ], like the statute of ] (1440) and other numerous charters from this area; Poljica and neighbourhood Roman Catholic church books used this alphabet until late 19th c. *Legal documents in central ], like the ] (1440) and other numerous charters from this area; Poljica and neighbourhood Roman Catholic church books used this alphabet until the late 19th century.
*The "Supetar fragment" from the 12th century was found in ] in central ], among the stones of a collapsed southern monastery wall. Until the 15th century it was a Benedictine monastery and later a Pauline monastery. This finding could indicate that Bosančica spread all the way to Istria and ].
*Roman Catholic diecese in ] kept the ] in 19th c., in which ''arvatica'' letters were used (called "arvacki šeminarij", "Croat seminary")
*The Roman Catholic diocese in ] had a ] (called ''arvacki šeminarij'', "Croat seminary") active in the 19th century, in which ''arvatica'' letters were used.
*liturgical works (missals, breviaries, lectionaries) of the ] from ], 15th and 16th century (the most famous is a printed breviary from 1520)
*Liturgical works (missals, breviaries, lectionaries) of the ] from Dubrovnik, 15th and 16th century, the most famous of which is a printed breviary from 1512.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7U0PvCMl-5gC&pg=PA275 | access-date = 2013-01-24 | title = Orthographies in Early Modern Europe | page = 275 | quote = the first printed book in Cyrillic (or, to be more precise, in ''Bosančica'') (''Dubrovnik Breviary'' of 1512; cf. Rešetar and Đaneli 1938: 1-109). | author = Susan Baddeley | author2 = Anja Voeste | publisher = ] | year = 2012 | isbn = 9783110288179}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u5wGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA21 | access-date = 2013-01-24 | page = 21 | quote = Ofičje blažene gospođe (Dubrovački molitvenik iz 1512.) | language = hr | title = Zbornik proze XVI. i XVII. stoljeća | series = Pet stoljeća hrvatske književnosti | volume = 11 | editor = Jakša Ravlić | publisher = ] - Zora | year = 1972 | id = UDC 821.163.42-3(082) }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=udYWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA2 | page = 2 | quote = 2. Book of Hours, Venice, Franjo Ratković, Giorgio di Rusconi, 1512 (1512.08.02) | title = Cyrillic books printed before 1701 in British and Irish collections: a union catalogue | first = Ralph | last = Cleminson | publisher = ] | year = 2000 | isbn = 9780712347099}}</ref>
*the comprehensive body of Bosnian literacy, mainly associated with ] order, from the 1611 to mid-18th century and early 19th century. This is by far the most abundant corpus of works written in Bosnian Cyrillic, covering various genres, but belonging to the ] literature: numerous polemical tractates in the spirit of the ], popular tales from the ], ]s, ], historical ]s, local church histories, religious poetry and didactic works. Among the most important writings of this circle are works of ], ] and ].
*The comprehensive body of ], mainly portion associated with the ], from the 16th to mid-18th century and early 19th century. This is by far the most abundant corpus of works written in Bosnian Cyrillic, covering various genres, but belonging to the ] literature: numerous polemical tractates in the spirit of the ], popular tales from the ], ]s, ], historical ]s, local church histories, religious poetry and didactic works. Among the most important writings of this circle are works of ], ] and ].
*after the Ottoman conquest, Islamized nobility <!-- islamization struck all South Slavic nation concerned here --> (that's why also the term ''begovica'', ''bey's script'') used this script along with Arabic, chiefly in correspondence, mainly from 15th to 17th centuries. Isolated families and individuals could write in it even in the 20th century
*After the ], Bosnian Cyrillic was used, along with ], by the Bosnian Muslim nobility, chiefly in correspondence, mainly from the 15th to 17th centuries (hence, the script has also been called ''begovica'', "]'s script"). Isolated families and individuals could write in it even in the 20th century.


In conclusion, main traits of Bosnian Cyrillic include: In conclusion, main traits of Bosnian Cyrillic include:
*it was a form of Cyrillic script mainly in use in ], central ] and ]
*its first monuments are from the 11th century, but the golden epoch covered the period from 14th to 17th centuries. From the late 18th century it rather speedily fell into disuse to be replaced by Latin script
*its primary characteristics (scriptory, morphological, orthographical) show strong connection with the ] script, unlike the standard ] form of ] associated with ] churches
*it had been in use, in ecclesiastical works, mainly in ] and ] in historical lands of ], ], ] and ]. Also, it was a widespread script in Bosnian Muslim circles, which, however, preferred modified Arabic ] script. ] clergy and adherents used mainly standard, Resava orthography version of ].
*the form of Bosnian Cyrillic has passed through a few phases, so although culturally it is correct to speak about one script, it is evident that features present in Bosnian Franciscan documents in 1650s differ from the charters from ] island in ] in 1250s.


*It was a form of Cyrillic script mainly in use in ], central ] and ].
==Controversies and polemic==
*Its earliest monuments are from the 11th century, but the golden epoch covered the period from the 14th to 17th centuries. From the late 18th century it rather speedily fell into disuse to be replaced by the Latin script.
The polemic about "ethnic affiliation" of Bosnian Cyrillic started in 1850s and is not settled yet. Without going into nuances and details, the polemic about attribution and affiliation of Bosnian Cyrillic texts seems to rest on further arguments:
*Its primary characteristics (scriptory, morphological, orthographical) show strong connection with the ] script, unlike the standard ] form of ] associated with ] churches.<ref name="ILIEV-2013-SHORT-HISTORY"/>
*It had been in use, in ecclesiastical works, mainly in ] and ] in historical lands of ], ], ] and ]. Also, it was a widespread script in Bosnian Muslim circles, which, however, preferred modified Arabic '']'' script. ] clergy and adherents used mainly the standard ] of the Resava orthography.<ref name="ILIEV-2013-SHORT-HISTORY"/>
*The form of Bosnian Cyrillic has passed through a few phases, so although culturally it is correct to speak about one script, it is evident that features present in Bosnian Franciscan documents in the 1650s differ from the charters from ] island in ] in the 1250s.
==Polemics==
The polemic about "ethnic affiliation" of Bosnian Cyrillic started in the 19th century, then reappeared in the mid-1990s.<ref name="Kamusella2009">{{cite book|author=Tomasz Kamusella|title=The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzEqAQAAIAAJ|date=15 January 2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-55070-4|page=976}}</ref> The polemic about attribution and affiliation of Bosnian Cyrillic texts seems to rest on following arguments:


*Serbian scholars claim that it is just a variant of ]; actually, a minuscle, or Italic script devised at the court of Serbian king ]. This general claim ranges from the contention that other nations had been using a form of Serbian script to the idea that all who wrote in Bosnian Cyrillic were ethnically Serb. According to them, all Bosnian Cyrillic texts belong to the corpus of Serbian literacy. Some consider that a strong argument in favour of the Serb side is the fact that there are a lot of mentions of Bosnian Cyrillic as 'Serbian letters' or 'Serbian characters' among Catholics (in Bosnia and Dubrovnik) and Muslims. The main Serbian authorities in the field are Jorjo Tadić, ], Petar Kolendić, Petar Đorđić, Vera Jerković, Irena Grickat, ] and Aleksandar Mladenović. *Serbian scholars claim that it is just a variant of ]; actually, a "minuscle", or Italic (cursive) script devised at the court of ] ], and accordingly, include Bosnian Cyrillic texts into the Serbian literary corpus. Authors in ''Prilozi za književnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor'' in 1956, go as far to state that ''Bosančica'' was a term introduced through Austro-Hungarian propaganda, and regarded it a type of cursive Cyrillic script,<ref>{{cite book|title=Prilozi za književnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor|volume=22–23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USA_AQAAIAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Državna štamparija|location=Belgrade|page=308|quote=<!--...можемо без резерве репи да ]е „босанчица" само термин ко^и ]е у нашу науку успела да убаци аустро-угарска пропаганда.-->}}</ref> without specifics that would warrant an "isolation from Cyrillic".<ref>{{cite book|title=Književnost i jezik|volume=14|issue=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJtiAAAAMAAJ|year=1966|pages=298–302}}</ref> The main Serbian authorities in the field are Jorjo Tadić, ], Petar Kolendić, Petar Đorđić, Vera Jerković, Irena Grickat, ] and Aleksandar Mladenović.
*On the Croatian side, the split exists among philologists. One group basically challenges the letters being Serbian, and claims that majority of the most important documents of Bosnian Cyrillic had been written either before any innovations devised at the Serbian royal court happened, or did not have any historical connection with it whatsoever, thus considering Serbian claims on the origin of Bosnian Cyrillic to be unfounded and that the script, since they allege belonging to the Croatian cultural sphere, should be called not Bosnian, but Croatian Cyrillic. Other group of Croatian philologists acknowledges that "Serbian connection", as exemplified in variants present at the Serbian court of king Dragutin, did influence Bosnian Cyrillic, but, they aver, it was just one strand, since scriptory innovations have been happening both before and after the mentioned one. First group insists that all Bosnian Cyrillic texts belong to the corpus of Croatian literacy, and the second school that all texts from Croatia and only a part from Bosnia and Herzegovina are to be placed into Croatian literary canon, so they exclude c. half of Bosnian Christian texts, but include all Franciscan and the majority of legal and commercial document. Also, the second school generally uses the name "Western Cyrillic" instead of "Croatian Cyrillic" (or Bosnian Cyrillic, for that matter). Both schools allege that supposedly various sources, both Croatian and other European,{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} call this script "Croatian letters" or "Croatian script". The main Croatian authorities in the field are ], Mate Tentor, ], Vladimir Vrana, Jaroslav Šidak, Herta Kuna, Tomislav Raukar, ] and Benedikta Zelić-Bučan.
* Jahić, Halilović, and Palić dismiss claims made by Croatian or Serbian philologists about national affiliation.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jahić|first1=Dževad|last2=Halilović|first2=Senahid|last3=Palić|first3=Ismail|title=Gramatika bosanskoga jezika|date=2000|publisher=Dom štampe|location=Zenica|isbn=9789958420467|page=49|url=http://bih.fi/pub/pdf/gramatika-bosanskoga-jezika.pdf|access-date=4 November 2017|archive-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110122148/http://bih.fi/pub/pdf/gramatika-bosanskoga-jezika.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Ivan G. Iliev, in his "Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet", summarizes the Cyrillic variant and acknowledges it was spread into and used in both Bosnia and Croatia, where these variants were called "bosančica" or "bosanica" in Bosnian and Croatian ('Bosnian script'), with Croats also calling it "arvatica" ('Croatian script') or "Western Cyrillic".<ref name="ILIEV-2013-SHORT-HISTORY">{{cite web|last1=Iliev|first1=Ivan G.|title=Short history of the Cyrillic Alphabet|url=http://www.ijors.net/issue2_2_2013/articles/iliev.html|website=www.ijors.net|publisher=International Journal of Russian Studies|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>


==Legacy==
*The Croatian side is split. One school of paleography basically challenges the letters being Serbian. It claims that majority of the most important documents of Bosnian Cyrillic had been written either before any innovations devised at the Serbian royal court happened, or did not have any historical connection with it whatsoever- the Serbian claims on the origin of Bosnian Cyrillic are unfounded, and the script, since belonging to the Croatian cultural sphere should be called not Bosnian, but Croatian Cyrillic. Another school of Croatian philologists acknowledges that "Serbian connection", as exemplified in variants present at the Serbian court of king Dragutin, did influence Bosnian Cyrillic- but, they aver, it was just one strand, since scriptory innovations have been happening both before and after the mentioned one. First school insists that all Bosnian Cyrillic texts belong to the corpus of Croatian literacy, and the second school that all texts from ] and only a part from ] are to be placed into Croatian literary canon (they exclude ca. half of Bosnian Christian texts, but include all Franciscan and the majority of legal and commercial documents). Also, the second school generally uses the name Western Cyrillic instead of Croatian Cyrillic (or Bosnian Cyrillic, for that matter). Both schools mention that various sources, both Croatian and other European (German, Italian,..) call this script "Croatian letters" or "Croatian script". The main Croatian authorities in the field are ], Mate Tentor, ], Vladimir Vrana, ], ], ], ] and ].
]'s ] of ''Officio'', printed in ] in 1512, using Bosančica script]]
In 2015, a group of artists started a project called "I write to you in Bosančica" which involved art and graphic design students from ], ], ], and ]. Exhibitions of the submitted artworks will be held in ], ], ], ], and ]. The purpose of the project was to resurrect the ancient script and show the "common cultural past" of all the groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first phase of the project was to reconstruct all of the ancient characters by using ancient, handwritten documents.<ref name="Toe-Balkan Insight-2015-Save-Script">{{cite web |author1=Rodolfo Toe |title=Bosnian Arts Save Vanished Script From Oblivion |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2015/12/10/bosnian-designers-save-ancient-font-from-oblivion-12-09-2015/ |website=Balkan Insight |access-date=7 May 2020 |date=10 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Morton-Calvert-2015-Bosnian artists">{{cite web |last1=Morton |first1=Elise |title=Bosnian artists revive disused script |url=https://www.calvertjournal.com/articles/show/5143/bosnian-artists-revive-disused-script |website=The Calvert Journal |access-date=7 May 2020 |date=11 December 2015}}</ref>


==Names==
*Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) scholars have always considered the issue to be obvious. Their opinion is that Bosnian Cyrillic is neither Croat nor Serb, but "ethnically" Bosnian and, subsequently, Bosniak, as the supposed ethnic descendants of medieval Bosnia and the native ]. The Bosniak academic community has not yet produced a prominent authority in the field of Bosnian Cyrillic studies, due to the national rebirth of the Bosniaks being very recent (since the late 1980s and early 1990s).
The name ''bosančica'' was first used by ] in 1861.<ref name="Vražalica-2018-Bosančica-paleografiji">{{cite journal |last1=Vražalica |first1=Edina |title=Bosančica u ćiriličnoj paleografiji i njen status u filološkoj nauci |journal=Književni Jezik |date=2018 |volume=29 |issue=29 |pages=7–27 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=764560 |access-date=7 May 2020 |publisher=Institut za jezik |doi=10.33669/KJ2018-29-01 |language=bs |issn=0350-3496|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other instances of naming by individuals, in scholarship and literature or publications (chronological order, recent first):<ref name="Kempgen/Tomelleri-2019-Slavic-Alphabets-Identities">{{cite book |last1=Kempgen |first1=Sebastian |last2=Tomelleri |first2=Vittorio Springfield |title=Slavic Alphabets and Identities |date=2019 |publisher=University of Bamberg Press |isbn=978-3-86309-617-5 |page=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5CODwAAQBAJ&q=bosanska+brzopisna+grafija&pg=PA202 |access-date=7 May 2020 |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Midžić-2018-Bosančica">{{cite journal |last1=Midžić |first1=Fikret |title=Bosančica (zapadna ćirilica) kroz odabrana krajišnička pisma |journal=MemorabiLika: Časopis za Povijest, Kulturu i Geografiju Like (Jezik, Običaji, Krajolik i Arhivsko Gradivo) |date=2018 |issue=god. 1, br. 1 |pages=47–62 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=331553 |access-date=7 May 2020 |language=hr |issn=2623-9469}}</ref>


*''poljičica, poljička azbukvica'', among the people of ] and ] (1863−1947)<ref></ref>
The irony of the contemporary status of Bosnian Cyrillic is as follows: scholars are still trying to prove that Bosnian Cyrillic is ethnically their own, while simultaneously relegating the corpus of Bosnian Cyrillic written texts to the periphery of national culture. This extinct form of ] is peripheral to Croatian paleography which focuses on ] and ] script corpora while ], although acknowledging Bosnian Cyrillic heritage, have been focusing efforts on investigating Bosnian vernacular literature in a modified Arabic script. The heated dispute on the nature and status of Bosnian Cyrillic is probably destined to remain confined to specialist academic circles.
*''srbskoga slovi ćirilskimi'' (Serbian Cyrillic letters) and ''bosansko-dalmatinska ćirilica'' (Bosnian-Dalmatian Cyrillic), by Croatian linguist ] (1838–1923)<ref name="JCS-133">{{cite book|title=Journal of Croatian Studies|volume=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=obshAQAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Croatian Academy of America|page=133}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jagić|first=Vatroslav|title=Historija književnosti naroda hrvatskoga i srbskoga. Knj.l.Staro doba,, Opseg 1|date=1867|publisher=Štamparija Dragutina Albrechta|location=Zagreb|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhYEAAAAYAAJ|access-date=4 November 2017|page=142}}</ref>
*''bosanska ćirilica'' ("Bosnian Cyrillic"), by Croatian historian and Catholic priest ] (1828–1894)<ref name="Midžić-2018-Bosančica"/>
*''bosanska azbukva'' ("Bosnian alphabet"), by Catholic priest ] (1824–1870)
* (Bosnian-Catholic alphabet), by Franciscan writer ] (1818–1857)<ref name="JCS-133"/>
* (Bosnian or Croatian Cyrillic alphabet), by Slovene linguist ] (1780–1844)<ref name="JCS-133"/>
*''bosanska brzopisna grafija'' ("Bosnian cursive graphics"), by ]<ref name="Vražalica-2018-Bosančica-paleografiji"/>
*''zapadna varijanta ćirilskog brzopisa'' ("Western variant of Cyrillic cursive"), by Petar Đorđić
* ''Serbian letters'', by ] writer ], who explains in preface to his ''Nauk krstjanski za narod slovinski'', that he wrote "for the Slavic folk in correct and true Bosnian language", while Georgijević also notes that he referred to the Bosnian Cyrillic, which he wrote in, as "Serbian letters".<ref name="Fine-2010-When Ethnicity-pp.304-305">{{cite book |last1=Fine |first1=John V. A. (Jr ) |author-link1=John V. A. Fine |title=When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods |date=2010 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-02560-2 |pages=304–305 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&q=Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87 |access-date=7 May 2020 |language=en |quote=Jagić cites another seventeenth-century author, the Bosnian Matija Divković (1563–1631), who was born in Bosnia, educated in Italy, and then became a Franciscan back in Bosnia; Divković, though usually calling the language “Illyrian,” at times called it “Bosnian.” Georgijević disagrees, saying he usually called the language “Bosnian”, “Slavic”, or “ours” and goes on to cite a passage: that Divković had translated (a work) into Slavic language, in the way that in Bosnia they speak the Slavic language. Moreover, Ravlić provides excerpts from Divković’s “Beside varhu evandjela nediljnieh priko svehga godišta” (Venice 1614), including the whole dedication to Makarska Bishop Bartol Kačić (spelled Kadčić by Divković). In that dedication Divković twice refers to the language he is employing; both times he calls it “Slavic” (Slovinski jezik). Divković also used the term “Slavic,” at times for the people involved; Kombol notes that he published in Venice, in 1611, a work entitled “Christian Doctrine for the Slavic People” (Nauk krstjanski za narod slovinski). In its preface, he stated that he wrote for the Slavic folk in correct and true Bosnian language. Georgijević also notes that he referred to the Bosnian Cyrillic, which he wrote in, as Serbian letters.”}}</ref><ref name="Georgijević-1969-Hrvatska književnost-pp.150,158,164,165">{{cite book |author1=Krešimir Georgijević |title=Hrvatska književnost od XVI do XVIII stoljeća u Sjevernoj Hrvatskoj i Bosni |date=1969 |publisher=Matica hrvatska Zagreb |pages=150, 158, 164, 165 |edition=Katalog Knjižnica grada Zagreba - Detalji |url=https://katalog.kgz.hr/pagesResults/bibliografskiZapis.aspx?&currentPage=1&searchById=30&sort=0&spid0=30&spv0=hrvatska+knji%C5%BEevnost+-+16%2F18.st.&selectedId=86010790 |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Other names for Bosnian Cyrillic==
<gallery>
Other names (originally written): ''bosanica'' (Stjepan Zlatović), ''bosanska azbukva'' (Ivan Berčić), ''bosanska ćirilica'' (Franjo Rački), ''hrvatsko-bosanska ćirilica'' (Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski), ''bosansko-dalmatinska ćirilica'' (Vatroslav Jagić), ''bosanska brzopisna grafija'' (E. F. Karskij), ''zapadna varijanta ćirilskog brzopisa'' (Petar Đorđić), ''zapadna (bosanska) ćirilica'' (Stjepan Ivšić), ''harvacko pismo'' (Dmine Papalić), ''rvasko pismo, arvatica, arvacko pismo'' (Povaljska listina), ''poljičica, poljička azbukvica'' (among the people of ] - Frane Ivanišević), ''sarpski'' fra Antun Depope).
File:Humacka ploca 2v.jpg|] (10th–11th century)

File:Povelja Kulina bana.jpg|] of Bosnia (12th century)
==Literature==
File:Batalovof2.jpg|]'s Gospel (1393)
*Bože Mimica: ''Omiška krajina Poljica makarsko primorje. Od antike do 1918. godine'', Rijeka, 2003. ISBN 953-6059-62-2
File:Hvalov zbornik1.jpg|], 1404, kept in the ], Italy
*(ed. Žarko Domljan): ''Omiš i Poljica'', Naklada Ljevak, Zagreb, 2006., ISBN 953-178-733-6
File:Poljički statut..jpg|] (1400)
File:Alte schrift eremitage blaca brac kroatien.JPG|Document from ]
</gallery>


==See also== ==See also==
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]


==External links== ==References==
;Notes
*
{{Reflist}}
*
* Poljica statute from 1440.


;Bibliography
]
]
]
]
]
]
]


* {{cite book |last1=Bošnjak |first1=Mladen |last2=Dobrowolsky |first2=Ferdinand |title=A Study of Slavic Incunabula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vBMWAQAAIAAJ&q=Bosan%C4%8Dica |publisher=Mladost |year=1968 |isbn= |quote=Najstarija do sada poznata djela tiskana su tim pismom u izdanju Dubrovcanina Franje Micalovic Ratkova}}
]
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Domljan |editor-first=Žarko |title=Omiš i Poljica |publisher=Naklada Ljevak |year=2006 |isbn=953-178-733-6 }}
]
* {{Cite book|last=Mimica |first=Bože |title=Omiška krajina Poljica makarsko primorje: Od antike do 1918. godine |year=2003 |publisher=Vitagraf |isbn=953-6059-62-2 }}
]
* {{Cite book | editor1-last = Prosperov Novak | editor1-first = Slobodan | editor1-link = Slobodan Prosperov Novak | editor2-first = Radoslav | editor2-last = Katičić | editor2-link = Radoslav Katičić | title = Dva tisućljeća pismene kulture na tlu Hrvatske |trans-title= Two thousand years of writing in Croatia | publisher = Sveučilišna naklada Liber: Muzejski prostor | year = 1987 | isbn = 863290101X
]
}}
]
* {{Cite book|last1=Superčić |first1=Ivan |last2=Supčić |first2=Ivo |title=Croatia in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance: A Cultural Survey |publisher=Philip Wilson Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-85667-624-6 }}
]

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
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Latest revision as of 13:20, 18 December 2024

Bosnian extinct variation of Cyrillic
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Bosnian Cyrillic
Script type Alphabet Cyrillic script
Time period10th–19th century
LanguagesSerbo-Croatian
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
South Slavic languages and dialects
Western South Slavic
Eastern South Slavic
Transitional dialects
Alphabets
Includes Banat Bulgarian alphabet.

Bosnian Cyrillic, widely known as Bosančica, is a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet that originated in medieval Bosnia. The term was coined at the end of the 19th century by Ćiro Truhelka. It was widely used in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and the bordering areas of modern-day Croatia (southern and middle Dalmatia and Dubrovnik regions). Its name in Serbo-Croatian is Bosančica and Bosanica the latter of which might be translated as Bosnian script. Serb scholars call it Serbian script, Serbian–Bosnian script, Bosnian–Serb Cyrillic, as part of variant of Serbian Cyrillic and deem the term "bosančica" Austro-Hungarian propaganda. Croat scholars also call it Croatian script, Croatian–Bosnian script, Bosnian–Croat Cyrillic, harvacko pismo, arvatica or Western Cyrillic. For other names of Bosnian Cyrillic, see below.

The use of Bosančica amongst Bosnian Muslims was replaced by Arebica upon the introduction of Islam in Bosnia Eyalet, first amongst the elite, then amongst the wider public. The first book in Bosančica was printed by Frančesko Micalović in 1512 in Venice.

History and characteristic features

Main article: Bosnian medieval literacy

It is hard to ascertain when the earliest features of a characteristic Bosnian type of Cyrillic script had begun to appear, but paleographers consider the Humac tablet (a tablet written in Bosnian Cyrillic) to be the first document of this type of script and is believed to date from the 10th or 11th century. Bosnian Cyrillic was used continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic usage even taking place in the 20th century.

Historically, Bosnian Cyrillic is prominent in the following areas:

  • Passages from the Bible in documents of Bosnian Church adherents, 13th and 15th century.
  • Numerous legal and commercial documents (charters, letters, donations) of nobles and royalty from medieval Bosnian state in correspondence with the Republic of Ragusa and various cities in Dalmatia (e.g. the Charter of Ban Kulin, beginning in the 12th and 13th centuries, and reaching its peak in the 14th and 15th centuries.
  • Tombstone inscriptions on marbles in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina, chiefly between 11th and 15th centuries.
  • Legal documents in central Dalmatia, like the Poljica Statute (1440) and other numerous charters from this area; Poljica and neighbourhood Roman Catholic church books used this alphabet until the late 19th century.
  • The "Supetar fragment" from the 12th century was found in Monastery of Saint Peter in the Forest in central Istria, among the stones of a collapsed southern monastery wall. Until the 15th century it was a Benedictine monastery and later a Pauline monastery. This finding could indicate that Bosančica spread all the way to Istria and Kvarner Gulf.
  • The Roman Catholic diocese in Omiš had a seminary (called arvacki šeminarij, "Croat seminary") active in the 19th century, in which arvatica letters were used.
  • Liturgical works (missals, breviaries, lectionaries) of the Roman Catholic Church from Dubrovnik, 15th and 16th century, the most famous of which is a printed breviary from 1512.
  • The comprehensive body of Bosnian literature, mainly portion associated with the Franciscan order, from the 16th to mid-18th century and early 19th century. This is by far the most abundant corpus of works written in Bosnian Cyrillic, covering various genres, but belonging to the liturgical literature: numerous polemical tractates in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation, popular tales from the Bible, catechisms, breviaries, historical chronicles, local church histories, religious poetry and didactic works. Among the most important writings of this circle are works of Matija Divković, Stjepan Matijević and Pavao Posilović.
  • After the Ottoman conquest, Bosnian Cyrillic was used, along with Arebica, by the Bosnian Muslim nobility, chiefly in correspondence, mainly from the 15th to 17th centuries (hence, the script has also been called begovica, "bey's script"). Isolated families and individuals could write in it even in the 20th century.

In conclusion, main traits of Bosnian Cyrillic include:

  • It was a form of Cyrillic script mainly in use in Bosnia and Herzegovina, central Dalmatia and Dubrovnik.
  • Its earliest monuments are from the 11th century, but the golden epoch covered the period from the 14th to 17th centuries. From the late 18th century it rather speedily fell into disuse to be replaced by the Latin script.
  • Its primary characteristics (scriptory, morphological, orthographical) show strong connection with the Glagolitic script, unlike the standard Church Slavonic form of Cyrillic script associated with Eastern Orthodox churches.
  • It had been in use, in ecclesiastical works, mainly in Bosnian Church and Roman Catholic Church in historical lands of Bosnia, Herzegovina, Dalmatia and Dubrovnik. Also, it was a widespread script in Bosnian Muslim circles, which, however, preferred modified Arabic aljamiado script. Serbian Orthodox clergy and adherents used mainly the standard Serbian Cyrillic of the Resava orthography.
  • The form of Bosnian Cyrillic has passed through a few phases, so although culturally it is correct to speak about one script, it is evident that features present in Bosnian Franciscan documents in the 1650s differ from the charters from Brač island in Dalmatia in the 1250s.

Polemics

The polemic about "ethnic affiliation" of Bosnian Cyrillic started in the 19th century, then reappeared in the mid-1990s. The polemic about attribution and affiliation of Bosnian Cyrillic texts seems to rest on following arguments:

  • Serbian scholars claim that it is just a variant of Serbian Cyrillic; actually, a "minuscle", or Italic (cursive) script devised at the court of Serbian king Stefan Dragutin, and accordingly, include Bosnian Cyrillic texts into the Serbian literary corpus. Authors in Prilozi za književnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor in 1956, go as far to state that Bosančica was a term introduced through Austro-Hungarian propaganda, and regarded it a type of cursive Cyrillic script, without specifics that would warrant an "isolation from Cyrillic". The main Serbian authorities in the field are Jorjo Tadić, Vladimir Ćorović, Petar Kolendić, Petar Đorđić, Vera Jerković, Irena Grickat, Pavle Ivić and Aleksandar Mladenović.
  • On the Croatian side, the split exists among philologists. One group basically challenges the letters being Serbian, and claims that majority of the most important documents of Bosnian Cyrillic had been written either before any innovations devised at the Serbian royal court happened, or did not have any historical connection with it whatsoever, thus considering Serbian claims on the origin of Bosnian Cyrillic to be unfounded and that the script, since they allege belonging to the Croatian cultural sphere, should be called not Bosnian, but Croatian Cyrillic. Other group of Croatian philologists acknowledges that "Serbian connection", as exemplified in variants present at the Serbian court of king Dragutin, did influence Bosnian Cyrillic, but, they aver, it was just one strand, since scriptory innovations have been happening both before and after the mentioned one. First group insists that all Bosnian Cyrillic texts belong to the corpus of Croatian literacy, and the second school that all texts from Croatia and only a part from Bosnia and Herzegovina are to be placed into Croatian literary canon, so they exclude c. half of Bosnian Christian texts, but include all Franciscan and the majority of legal and commercial document. Also, the second school generally uses the name "Western Cyrillic" instead of "Croatian Cyrillic" (or Bosnian Cyrillic, for that matter). Both schools allege that supposedly various sources, both Croatian and other European, call this script "Croatian letters" or "Croatian script". The main Croatian authorities in the field are Vatroslav Jagić, Mate Tentor, Ćiro Truhelka, Vladimir Vrana, Jaroslav Šidak, Herta Kuna, Tomislav Raukar, Eduard Hercigonja and Benedikta Zelić-Bučan.
  • Jahić, Halilović, and Palić dismiss claims made by Croatian or Serbian philologists about national affiliation.
  • Ivan G. Iliev, in his "Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet", summarizes the Cyrillic variant and acknowledges it was spread into and used in both Bosnia and Croatia, where these variants were called "bosančica" or "bosanica" in Bosnian and Croatian ('Bosnian script'), with Croats also calling it "arvatica" ('Croatian script') or "Western Cyrillic".

Legacy

Micalović's colophon of Officio, printed in Venice in 1512, using Bosančica script

In 2015, a group of artists started a project called "I write to you in Bosančica" which involved art and graphic design students from Banja Luka, Sarajevo, Široki Brijeg, and Trebinje. Exhibitions of the submitted artworks will be held in Sarajevo, Trebinje, Široki Brijeg, Zagreb, and Belgrade. The purpose of the project was to resurrect the ancient script and show the "common cultural past" of all the groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first phase of the project was to reconstruct all of the ancient characters by using ancient, handwritten documents.

Names

The name bosančica was first used by Fran Kurelac in 1861. Other instances of naming by individuals, in scholarship and literature or publications (chronological order, recent first):

  • poljičica, poljička azbukvica, among the people of Poljica and Frane Ivanišević (1863−1947)
  • srbskoga slovi ćirilskimi (Serbian Cyrillic letters) and bosansko-dalmatinska ćirilica (Bosnian-Dalmatian Cyrillic), by Croatian linguist Vatroslav Jagić (1838–1923)
  • bosanska ćirilica ("Bosnian Cyrillic"), by Croatian historian and Catholic priest Franjo Rački (1828–1894)
  • bosanska azbukva ("Bosnian alphabet"), by Catholic priest Ivan Berčić (1824–1870)
  • (Bosnian-Catholic alphabet), by Franciscan writer Ivan Franjo Jukić (1818–1857)
  • (Bosnian or Croatian Cyrillic alphabet), by Slovene linguist Jernej Kopitar (1780–1844)
  • bosanska brzopisna grafija ("Bosnian cursive graphics"), by E. F. Karskij
  • zapadna varijanta ćirilskog brzopisa ("Western variant of Cyrillic cursive"), by Petar Đorđić
  • Serbian letters, by Bosnian Franciscan writer Matija Divković, who explains in preface to his Nauk krstjanski za narod slovinski, that he wrote "for the Slavic folk in correct and true Bosnian language", while Georgijević also notes that he referred to the Bosnian Cyrillic, which he wrote in, as "Serbian letters".

Gallery

See also

References

Notes
  1. Bošnjak & Dobrowolsky 1968, p. 24.
  2. ^ Balić, Smail (1978). Die Kultur der Bosniaken, Supplement I: Inventar des bosnischen literarischen Erbes in orientalischen Sprachen. Vienna: Adolf Holzhausens, Vienna. pp. 49–50, 111.
  3. Algar, Hamid (1995). The Literature of the Bosnian Muslims: a Quadrilingual Heritage. Kuala Lumpur: Nadwah Ketakwaan Melalui Kreativiti. pp. 254–68.
  4. Popovic, Alexandre (1971). La littérature ottomane des musulmans yougoslaves: essai de bibliographie raisonnée, JA 259. Paris: Alan Blaustein Publishing House. pp. 309–76.
  5. Prilozi za književnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor. Vol. 22–23. Belgrade: Državna štamparija. 1956. p. 308.
  6. Prosperov Novak & Katičić 1987, p. 73.
  7. Superčić & Supčić 2009, p. 296.
  8. Dobrača, Kasim (1963). Katalog arapskih, turskih i perzijskih rukopisa (Catalogue of the Arabic, Turkish and Persian Manuscripts in the Gazi Husrev-beg Library, Sarajevo). Sarajevo. pp. 35–38.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. Bošnjak & Dobrowolsky 1968, pp. 23, 24, 26, 75, 76.
  10. "Srećko M. Džaja vs. Ivan Lovrenović – polemika o kulturnom identitetu BiH Ivan Lovrenović". ivanlovrenovic.com (in Croatian). Polemics appeared between Srećko M. Džaja & Ivan Lovrenović in Zagreb's biweekly "Vijenac", later in whole published in Journal of Franciscan theology in Sarajevo, "Bosna franciscana" No.42. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  11. ^ Iliev, Ivan G. "Short history of the Cyrillic Alphabet". www.ijors.net. International Journal of Russian Studies. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  12. Susan Baddeley; Anja Voeste (2012). Orthographies in Early Modern Europe. Walter de Gruyter. p. 275. ISBN 9783110288179. Retrieved 2013-01-24. the first printed book in Cyrillic (or, to be more precise, in Bosančica) (Dubrovnik Breviary of 1512; cf. Rešetar and Đaneli 1938: 1-109).
  13. Jakša Ravlić, ed. (1972). Zbornik proze XVI. i XVII. stoljeća. Pet stoljeća hrvatske književnosti (in Croatian). Vol. 11. Matica hrvatska - Zora. p. 21. UDC 821.163.42-3(082). Retrieved 2013-01-24. Ofičje blažene gospođe (Dubrovački molitvenik iz 1512.)
  14. Cleminson, Ralph (2000). Cyrillic books printed before 1701 in British and Irish collections: a union catalogue. British Library. p. 2. ISBN 9780712347099. 2. Book of Hours, Venice, Franjo Ratković, Giorgio di Rusconi, 1512 (1512.08.02)
  15. Tomasz Kamusella (15 January 2009). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 976. ISBN 978-0-230-55070-4.
  16. Prilozi za književnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor. Vol. 22–23. Belgrade: Državna štamparija. 1956. p. 308.
  17. Književnost i jezik. Vol. 14. 1966. pp. 298–302.
  18. Jahić, Dževad; Halilović, Senahid; Palić, Ismail (2000). Gramatika bosanskoga jezika (PDF). Zenica: Dom štampe. p. 49. ISBN 9789958420467. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  19. Rodolfo Toe (10 December 2015). "Bosnian Arts Save Vanished Script From Oblivion". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  20. Morton, Elise (11 December 2015). "Bosnian artists revive disused script". The Calvert Journal. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  21. ^ Vražalica, Edina (2018). "Bosančica u ćiriličnoj paleografiji i njen status u filološkoj nauci". Književni Jezik (in Bosnian). 29 (29). Institut za jezik: 7–27. doi:10.33669/KJ2018-29-01. ISSN 0350-3496. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  22. Kempgen, Sebastian; Tomelleri, Vittorio Springfield (2019). Slavic Alphabets and Identities (in German). University of Bamberg Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-3-86309-617-5. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  23. ^ Midžić, Fikret (2018). "Bosančica (zapadna ćirilica) kroz odabrana krajišnička pisma". MemorabiLika: Časopis za Povijest, Kulturu i Geografiju Like (Jezik, Običaji, Krajolik i Arhivsko Gradivo) (in Croatian) (god. 1, br. 1): 47–62. ISSN 2623-9469. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  24. Poljička glagoljica ili poljiška azbukvica
  25. ^ Journal of Croatian Studies. Vol. 10. Croatian Academy of America. 1986. p. 133.
  26. Jagić, Vatroslav (1867). Historija književnosti naroda hrvatskoga i srbskoga. Knj.l.Staro doba,, Opseg 1. Zagreb: Štamparija Dragutina Albrechta. p. 142. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  27. Fine, John V. A. (Jr ) (2010). When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods. University of Michigan Press. pp. 304–305. ISBN 978-0-472-02560-2. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Jagić cites another seventeenth-century author, the Bosnian Matija Divković (1563–1631), who was born in Bosnia, educated in Italy, and then became a Franciscan back in Bosnia; Divković, though usually calling the language "Illyrian," at times called it "Bosnian." Georgijević disagrees, saying he usually called the language "Bosnian", "Slavic", or "ours" and goes on to cite a passage: that Divković had translated (a work) into Slavic language, in the way that in Bosnia they speak the Slavic language. Moreover, Ravlić provides excerpts from Divković's "Beside varhu evandjela nediljnieh priko svehga godišta" (Venice 1614), including the whole dedication to Makarska Bishop Bartol Kačić (spelled Kadčić by Divković). In that dedication Divković twice refers to the language he is employing; both times he calls it "Slavic" (Slovinski jezik). Divković also used the term "Slavic," at times for the people involved; Kombol notes that he published in Venice, in 1611, a work entitled "Christian Doctrine for the Slavic People" (Nauk krstjanski za narod slovinski). In its preface, he stated that he wrote for the Slavic folk in correct and true Bosnian language. Georgijević also notes that he referred to the Bosnian Cyrillic, which he wrote in, as Serbian letters."
  28. Krešimir Georgijević (1969). Hrvatska književnost od XVI do XVIII stoljeća u Sjevernoj Hrvatskoj i Bosni (Katalog Knjižnica grada Zagreba - Detalji ed.). Matica hrvatska Zagreb. pp. 150, 158, 164, 165. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
Bibliography
  • Bošnjak, Mladen; Dobrowolsky, Ferdinand (1968). A Study of Slavic Incunabula. Mladost. Najstarija do sada poznata djela tiskana su tim pismom u izdanju Dubrovcanina Franje Micalovic Ratkova
  • Domljan, Žarko, ed. (2006). Omiš i Poljica. Naklada Ljevak. ISBN 953-178-733-6.
  • Mimica, Bože (2003). Omiška krajina Poljica makarsko primorje: Od antike do 1918. godine. Vitagraf. ISBN 953-6059-62-2.
  • Prosperov Novak, Slobodan; Katičić, Radoslav, eds. (1987). Dva tisućljeća pismene kulture na tlu Hrvatske [Two thousand years of writing in Croatia]. Sveučilišna naklada Liber: Muzejski prostor. ISBN 863290101X.
  • Superčić, Ivan; Supčić, Ivo (2009). Croatia in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance: A Cultural Survey. Philip Wilson Publishers. ISBN 978-0-85667-624-6.
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