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{{Primary sources|date=August 2017}}
]
{{short description|American association of lawyers}}
The '''National Lawyers Guild''' is a progressive ] in the ] for ]s and law students, as well as paralegals, legal secretaries, jailhouse lawyers, and other legal workers. It was founded in 1937 as an alternative to the ], which was segregated (see ]) at that time. The NLG is made up of national projects, committees and local chapters across the country. The NLG constitution states that one of its purposes is to establish a social and political movement "to the end that human rights shall be more sacred than property interests."
{{Infobox organization
| name = National Lawyers Guild
| image = National lawyers guild emblem.jpg
| image_border =
| size =
| map =
| msize =
| mcaption =
| motto =
| formation = 1937
| type = Legal society
| headquarters = 132 Nassau St., Ste 922,<br />New York, New York
| location = United States
| membership =
| language =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Elena L. Cohen
| key_people = Pooja Gehi, Executive Director
| num_staff =
| budget =
| website =
}}
The '''National Lawyers Guild''' ('''NLG''') is a ] ] association of lawyers, law students, ]s, ]s, ] members, and other activist legal workers, in the United States. The group was founded in 1937 as an alternative to the ] (ABA) in protest of that organization's then exclusionary membership practices and conservative political orientation. They were the first predominantly white US bar association to allow the admission of minorities to their ranks. The group sought to bring more lawyers closer to the labor movement and progressive political activities (e.g., the ] movement), to support and encourage lawyers otherwise "isolated and discouraged," and to help create a "united front" against Fascism.<ref name=history1937–1987>
{{cite book
|editor1-last=Rabinowitz
|editor1-first=Victor
|editor2-last=Ledwith
|editor2-first=Tim
|title=A History of the National Lawyers Guild: 1937–1987
|newspaper=National Lawyers Guild - "Human Rights over Property Interests"
|pages = 7–8 (founding), 12 (Berle, Ernst)
|date=1987
|publisher= National Lawyers Guild
|url=https://www.nlg.org/a-history-of-the-nlg-1937-1987/
|access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref>


Upon its formation in 1937, the organization aimed to provide a progressive and racially integrated alternative to the ABA.<ref name=":0">David Margolick, ''New York Times'', December 11, 1987.</ref> Shortly thereafter, ] and ] split from the organization, making it more left-wing. In its early days some of its members also belonged to the ].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
According to a summary prepared by the New York University Tamiment Library: "Since its founding, the Guild has been instrumental in leading struggles for civil rights and civil liberties in numerous historic legal controversies."


The group declares itself to be "dedicated to the need for basic and progressive change in the structure of our political and economic system ... to the end that human rights shall be regarded as more sacred than property interests."<ref name=history>Peter Erlinder, National Lawyers Guild, www.nlg.org/</ref> During the ], Attorney General ] and the ] accused the organization of operating as a communist ].
], a law professor at ], is the current President of the National Lawyers Guild. President-Elect ], a law professor at ], will become President in October 2006.


== Politics == ==History==
], a co-founder of the National Lawyers Guild.]]


===1930s===
The NLG opposes the ], corporate globalization, the ], and has called for the adoption of "the Plan of Action from the 2001 UN World Conference Against Racism, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance."
On December 1, 1936, nearly 25 East Coast lawyers met at the ] to discuss creation of a new group counter to the conservative ]. ] general counsel ] was instrumental in calling the meeting. Lawyers present included: ], Robert Silberstein and Mortimer Reimer of the Lawyers Security League, ACLU attorney ], ]-US founder ], and union lawyer Henry Sacher. The group agreed on an aim to unite "all lawyers who regarded adjustments to new conditions as more important than the veneration of precedent, who recognize the importance of safeguarding and extending the right of workers and farmers upon whom the welfare of the entire nation depends, of maintaining our civil rights and liberties and our democratic institutions." The group elected ], member of the ], as its first president.<ref name=history1937–1987/>


The National Lawyers Guild was founded in ], at a convention held from February 19–22, 1937, at the ].<ref name="HUAC1944p1267">Dies 1944, </ref> Individuals particularly instrumental in the creation of the organization included ] and George Wagman Fish, among others.<ref name="Lobel">Lobel, p. 2; Swidler and Henderson, p. 243.</ref> Other founding members included ], Albert Wald, ], ], as well as the general counsels of the ] and the ].<ref name=Tam>Keri A. Myers and Jan Hilley {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618221330/http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/nlg.html |date=2010-06-18 }} Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, Bobst Library, New York University, New York City.</ref> Another co-founder was ] of New York City.<ref name=UngerPapers>
The NLG supported the rights of attorney ] when she was charged with transmitting terrorist communications from prison by ], her former client and mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombings. The NLG condemned Stewart's conviction. Former NLG executive vice president Kit Gage replaced ] as president of the National Coalition to Protect Political Freedom (NCPPF) after al-Arian's February 2003 arrest on charges of funding terrorists. He was later acquited of the charges.
{{cite web
| title = Guide to the Abraham Unger Papers TAM.157: Historical/Biographical Note
| publisher = Tamiment Library
| url = http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/tam_157/bioghist.html
| date = January 2017
| access-date = 5 August 2017}}</ref> Other charter members included John McTernan and ] of Los Angeles.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/04/05/john-mcternan-dies/08d886bd-7f11-442b-b75b-9cb4a0926f3d/
| newspaper = Washington Post
| title = John McTernan Dies
| date = 5 April 2005
| access-date = 1 April 2020}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
| url = https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/guild56&div=12&id=&page=
| journal = Guild Practice
| publisher = National Lawyers Guild
| title = Ben Margolis: A Lifetime of Contempt for Injustice and Oppression
| date = 1999
| volume = 56
| page = 1
| access-date = 1 April 2020| last1 = McTernan
| first1 = John
}}</ref> Another early member was ], defender of the ].<ref name=LastParty>
{{cite news
| title = The Last Party
| newspaper = New York Times
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/27/books/the-last-party.html
| date = 27 April 1997
| access-date = 4 April 2020}}</ref> The first Executive Secretary of the organization was Mortimer Riemer.<ref name=Decker>Mark Decker, "A Lot Depends..." in Harold Bloom (ed.), "Richard Wright's Native Son.'' Langhorne, PA: Chelsea House, 1998; p. 180.</ref> ] sent a letter of support:


<blockquote>
==History==
I am sure that the results of this meeting will be worth while. It is a time for progressive and constructive thinking, and having known most of you intimately for many years, I have every confidence that your deliberations will affect the welfare of your own profession and the well-being of the country at large. I send to you my hearty felicitations and warm personal regards.<ref name=history1937–1987/>
</blockquote>


According to ], head of the NLG in the 1960s, the original membership of the organization came from two camps — established liberal attorneys with a labor-oriented perspective and "a militant segment of the bar, mostly young and sometimes radical."<ref>Victor Rabinowitz, quoted in Decker, "A Lot Depends...", p. 180.</ref> The National Lawyers Guild was the nation's first ] ].<ref name="Lobel" /> Among the NLG's first causes was its support of ]'s ], which was opposed by the ] (ABA). NLG assisted the emerging labor movement, and opposed the racial segregation policies in the ABA and in society in general.<ref name=history /> Following the ], the Guild gave its support to President Roosevelt's wartime policies, including that of ].<ref>Peter H. Irons, ''Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases,'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1983; pp. 180–81.</ref>
During the ], the NLG was an active affiliate of the ]. In 1978, the ] described the NLG as "one of the most useful Communist front organizations at the service of the Soviet Communist Party, has so consistently demonstrated its support of Moscow's foreign policy objectives, and is so tied in with other front organizations and the Communist press, that it is difficult for it to pretend that its judgments are fair or relevant to basic legal tenets." This type of accusation has a long lineage.


Before mid-March 1937, within two weeks of its founding, the NLG formed chapters in New York City, Newark, Detroit, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, St. Louis, and Chicago.<ref name=history1937–1987/>
According to NYU's Tamiment library:
:"In the 1950s, HUAC labeled the Guild as a "Communist-front" organization and issued a publication entitled "The National Lawyers Guild: Bulwark of the Communist Party." Attorney General Herbert Brownell asserted that the Guild was controlled by the Communist Party. After years of legal battles, the U. S. Supreme Court granted the Guild injunctive relief and ended its persecution at the hands of Congress and the Attorney General's office."
== Membership ==


According to historian ], the NLG was allied with the ]; in the 1930s a significant number of NLG founders had been members or ]s of the ],<ref name=":1">Harvey Klehr, ''The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade.'' New York: Basic Books, 1984; p. 379.</ref> including Riemer and ] of the CP's ] auxiliary.<ref name=Decker /> During the ], the NLG was accused by ] ] as well as the ] of being a ] organization.<ref>"In 1950 the House Un-American Activities Committee issued a report denouncing the Guild as 'the foremost legal bulwark of the Communist Party,' and in 1953 Attorney-General Herbert Brownell attacked the Guild as 'the legal mouthpiece of the Communist Party.'"Michael Powell, {{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''Law and Social Inquiry,'' vol. 4, no. 3, p. 503</ref>
The membership of the NLG consists of lawyers, law students, legal workers and jailhouse lawyers. According to ], former Vice President of the NLG:


In 1937, ] joined the NLG and remained a member as late as 1956 during his second appearance before HUAC.<ref name=HUAC1956>
:"In the 1950s the National Lawyers Guild refused to purge its members who were members of the Communist Party. Today there are Guild members who are cadres in a variety of communist groups along with a majority of unaffiliated members. As a paralegal investigator, I joined the Guild in the 1970s. I found an example of an organization that tried hard to incorporate the participation of cadres within a democratic structure.
{{Cite web
| title = Hearings
| publisher = US GPO
| date = 1956
| location = Washington
| url = https://archive.org/stream/investigationofc564
| pages = 3252 (Joseph Robison), 3288–3289 (David Rein), 3300–3307 (Rosenberg), 3318 (Ruth Weyand Perry), 3320 (Weyand), 3325 (Weyand), 3329 (Weyand), 3362 (Jacob Krug)
| access-date = 26 August 2017}}</ref>


In 1937, ] was a founding member of the NLG.<ref name=NLG>
:Easy? You must be kidding! The cacophony at some (Guild) meetings makes Star Wars seem like a minimalist film. I have chaired committee meetings with debates featuring cadres from Leninist, Trotskyist, Stalinist, and Maoist groups, along with Marxists, anarchists, libertarians, and progressive independents-interacting with a preponderance of reluctant Democrats-all intertwined with multiple alternate identities as lawyers, legal workers, labor organizers, tribal sovereignty activists, civil liberties and civil rights advocates, environmentalists, feminists, gay men and lesbians, and people of color."
{{cite web
| url = http://www.nlg.org/about/75years/a-guild-divided
| title = Pecora Part walks out
| publisher = National Lawyers Guild
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327222357/http://www.nlg.org/about/75years/a-guild-divided/
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 2012-03-27
|date=2012-03-27}}</ref> On March 1, 1938, Pecora become NLG president, noted as a "forceful speaker."<ref>
{{cite book
| title = Forceful speaker: A new informal photograph of Justice Ferdinand Pecora of the New York Supreme Court, who was recently elected President of the National Lawyers Guild, 3/1/38
| author = Harris & Ewing
| work = Harris & Ewing photograph collection
| type = photograph
| date = 1 March 1938
| lccn = 2016873097
| url = https://lccn.loc.gov/2016873097
| access-date = 20 May 2020}}</ref> Pecora resigned from the NLG during its third annual convention in 1939 after the vote against his resolution disavowing Communists failed to carry in the national vote.<ref name=NLG/>


By 1939, Assistant Secretary of State ] was a Guild member. According to the NLG's ''A History of the National Lawyers Guild 1937–1987'', two factions arose as early as 1940. External events driving these factions included the ] (started 1936), the ] (1939), and the Russian invasion of Finland (1940). One faction, led by Berle and Ernst, supported ] policies. The other, led by ] and ], supported freedom of speech and press as well as Anti-Fascism (seen at the time as a ] stance, thus pro-Communist). Other issues supported by Fraenkel, Emerson, the National Executive Board and many chapters included: support for Loyalist Spain, criticism of ] and the FBI, and support for labor unions. Berle and Ernst recommended anti-Communist oaths, which Fraenkel and Emerson opposed. Many Berle and Ernst supporters left the NLG by 1940. During the NLG's 1940 convention, newly elected president ] of California and secretary ] of New York sought to persuade members to return. During a phone call from Kenny, Berle gave him a short list of lawyers to leave as a simple matter of "cleaning house": Kenny rejected the request.<ref name=history1937–1987/> David Scribner, civil rights and labor lawyer, was a member of both the IJA and the NLG.<ref>
== Funding ==
{{cite web
| first1 = Julie
| last1 = Miller
| first2 = Shae
| last2 = Rafferty
| title = David Scribner Papers
| publisher = Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University
| url = http://reuther.wayne.edu/files/LP001607.pdf
| date = 15 March 2019
| access-date = 2 November 2020}}</ref>


===1940s===
The NLG has received funding from the ], the ], and the ].
] director ] repeatedly tried to get successive ] to declare the NLG a "subversive organization," but without success.<ref>Ellen Schrecker, ''Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America.'' New York: Little, Brown, 1998; p. 224.</ref>

In 1944 the Special House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) chaired by ] Congressman ] published a brief history of the NLG in its massive and controversial "Appendix — Part IX" cataloging so-called "Communist Front Organizations" and their supporters.<ref name="HUAC1944">Dies 1944</ref> This report charged that the NLG, despite being promoted as a "professional organization of liberal lawyers" had proven itself by its actions to be "just one more highly deceptive Communist-operated front organization, primarily intended to serve the interests of the Communist Party of the United States..."<ref name="HUAC1944p1267" />

The 1944 HUAC history asserted that the NLG was merely "a streamlined edition of the ]", a Communist Party mass organization established in 1931.<ref name="HUAC1944p1268">Dies 1944, </ref> The document charged that "the National Lawyers Guild has faithfully followed the line of the Communist Party on numerous issues and has proven itself an important bulwark in defense of that party, its members, and organizations under its control."<ref name="HUAC1944p1269">Dies 1944, </ref> Particularly damning in HUAC's eyes was the NLG's reversal of position on the ] after the ] of the Soviet Union by the forces of ], with an October resolution by the previously anti-war organization offering "unlimited support to all measures necessary to the defeat of Hitlerism" and supporting the ] policy of "'all out aid' and full collaboration with Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and other nations resisting Fascist aggression."<ref name="HUAC1944p1273">Dies 1944, </ref>

===1950s===

In January 1950, the NLG published a report for US President ] that accused the FBI of "systematic search by illegal methods" into the politics of thousands of private citizens, reported the ''Washington Post''. The report focused on FBI methods used against Soviet spy ]. The report recommended that the President stop such practices. It also recommended that the President appoint a committee of private citizens to investigate the FBI. Contributors to the report were NLG president ], Frederick K. Beutel, ], ], James A. Cobb, ], and Robert J. Silberstein.<ref name=Friendly>
{{cite news
| first = Alfred
| last = Friendly
| author-link = Alfred Friendly
| title = Lawyers Accuse FBI of Probing Beliefs
| newspaper = Washington Post
| page = 4
| date = 23 January 1950
}}</ref>

On September 21, 1950, HUAC responded with ''Report on the National Lawyers Guild: Legal Bulwark of the Communist Party''. The HUAC report accused the NLG of playing a part in "an overall Communist strategy aimed at weakening our nation's defenses against the international Communist conspiracy."<ref name="HUAC1950p6">Wood 1950, </ref><ref name="GingerTobin1988p117">Ginger and Tobin 1988, p.&nbsp;117</ref> The report advocated that Guild members be barred from federal employment in light of the organization's alleged subversive character.<ref name="HUAC1950p21">Wood 1950, </ref>

From 1951 to 1954, ] served as the first black president of the National Lawyers Guild.<ref> Blakely, Robert (2006) ''Earl B. Dickerson: A Voice for Freedom and Equality.'' Chicago, Illinois, United States: Northwestern University Press. p. 149. </ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nlg.org/1940-earl-dickerson/ |title = 1940 Earl Dickerson {{!}} National Lawyers Guild| newspaper=National Lawyers Guild &#124; "Human Rights over Property Interests" |date = 10 April 2017}}</ref> Dickerson was instrumental in contesting the proposed classification of the National Lawyers Guild as a "subversive organization."<ref> {{Cite book |last1=Blakely |first1=Robert J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OrkB5kiU6o8C&pg=PA151 |title=Earl B. Dickerson: A Voice for Freedom and Equality |last2=Shepard |first2=Marcus |date=2006-05-15 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-2335-9 |language=en}} </ref>

In 1954, the NLG New York chapter elected Frank Serri as president. Other officers included: Hubert T. Delany, Osmond K. Fraenkel, Leo J. Linder, Harold M. Phillips, David L. Weissman, ], and Simon Schachter. Directors included: ], Gloria Agrin, Michael B. Atkins, Benjamin H. Booth, Edward J. Cambridge, ], William B. Cherevas, ], ], Issac C. Donner, Stanley Faulkner, Royal W. France, Nathan Frankel, Doris Peterson Galen, Murray Gordon, ], Lazaar Henkin, Bernard L. Jaffe, H. Leonard King, Rhoda Lakes, Mendel Lurie, Edward J. Malament, Stanley J. Mayer, Basil Pollitt, ], Arnold E. Rosenblum, Barney Rosenstein, Simon Rosenstein, Mildred Roth, ], Arthur Schutzer, Elias M. Schwarzbart, Moses B. Sherr, Kenneth L. Shorter, Leonard P. Simpson, Lorna Rissler Wallach, and Henry R. Wolf.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Lawyers Guild Elects: Local Chapter Names Frank Serri to be its President
| work = New York Times
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1954/05/24/archives/lawyers-guild-elects-local-chapter-names-frank-serri-to-be-its.html
| page = 29
| date = 24 May 1954
| access-date = 6 October 2018}}</ref>

In 1958, the US Government determined that the NLG could not be declared subversive.<ref name="Glaberson1989">William Glaberson. in '']'', October 13, 1989</ref>

===1970s–1990s===

Again in 1974, the US Government determined that the NLG could not be declared subversive.<ref name="Glaberson1989"/>

Lawyers from the NLG were the biggest source of funding of the ], a far left militant group.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burrough |first=Bryan |title=Days of rage: America's radical underground, the FBI, and the forgotten age of revolutionary violence |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin Books, an imprint of Penguin Random House LLC |isbn=978-0-14-310797-2 |edition=Paperback |location=New York |pages=142}}</ref>

In 1977, at the request of Arab-American lawyers, the NLG sent a delegation to the occupied Palestinian Territories and published its findings in a 1978 report: "Treatment of Palestinians in Israeli-Occupied West Bank and Gaza".<ref>https://www.worldcat.org/title/treatment-of-palestinians-in-israeli-occupied-west-bank-and-gaza-report-of-the-national-lawyers-guild-1977-middle-east-delegation/oclc/4494570 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>{{secondary source needed|date=February 2024}}

In 1989 the FBI admitted its continued efforts to investigate and disrupt the NLG in the period from 1940 to 1975.<ref name="Glaberson1989" />

===2000s===

In the 2000s, the NLG opposed the ], corporate globalization, the ], and has called for the adoption of "the Plan of Action from the 2001 UN World Conference Against Racism, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance."{{cn|date=August 2024}} The NLG has also helped to train and provide ]s for political demonstrations.{{cn|date=August 2024}} The NLG has supported ] rights and a number of other causes.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

In 2005, NLG member ] was found guilty of violating ] imposed on her client ] and was sentenced in 2010 to 10 years in prison.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://bedfordandbowery.com/2017/03/controversial-fighting-activist-attorney-lynne-stewart-mourned-at-funeral/| author=Mary Reinholz| title=Controversial 'Fighting Activist Attorney' Lynne Stewart Mourned at Funeral| publisher=Bedford & Bowery| date=March 13, 2017}}</ref> The NLG mounted a campaign on her behalf.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nlg.org/national-lawyers-guild-stands-with-lynne-stewart/| title=National Lawyers Guild Stands with Lynne Stewart| newspaper=National Lawyers Guild - "Human Rights over Property Interests"| publisher=National Lawyers Guild| date=February 28, 2012}}</ref>

In November 2007, the NLG passed a resolution calling for the ] of then President ] and Vice President ].<ref>James M. Leas, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011010758/http://mwcnews.net/content/view/18368%26Itemid%3D1 |date=2008-10-11 }} Media With Conscience, November 27, 2007.</ref>

In 2011, the NLG defended the ] in the United States, making use of ] on behalf of encamped activists in an effort to forestall the forced dispersal of their sites by law enforcement.<ref name=challenges>Nathan Tempey, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209050502/http://www.nlg.org/news/press-releases/nlg-challenges-occupy-crackdowns/ |date=2011-12-09 }} National Lawyers Guild, November 22, 2011.</ref> Charging that the Occupy movement was the subject of a "coordinated national crackdown," NLG lawyers filed actions in ], New York City, ], ], ], and other cities seeking the temporary prohibition of site removal efforts.<ref name=challenges />

Commenting on the ] ], the NLG's president, Suzanne Adely, said the elections "were not only fair and transparent but also represented an example of popular civic participation. Their successful outcome is a triumph for the Venezuelan people, especially considering the level of U.S. interference and attempted sabotage of the democratic process, particularly through sanctions and coercive economic measures aimed at producing 'regime change' in Venezuela".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Jake |title=Maduro Wins Reelection for Third Presidential Term in Venezuela |url=https://truthout.org/articles/maduro-wins-reelection-for-third-presidential-term-in-venezuela/ |website=Truthout |access-date=30 July 2024 |date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

]

==Structure==

Past Guild presidents have included ] (the first female President of the NLG, first serving in 1970 and member of the 1972 "Dream Team" that successfully defended ] using innovative litigation techniques that are now mainstream),<ref> www.law.harvard.edu/</ref> ] (a law professor at ] and author), and ] (the first woman of color to be President of the NLG and a human rights attorney who defends the rights of immigrants and Muslims in the United States South). ] served as its Executive Director<ref>{{cite web|title=Board and Staff {{!}} National Lawyers Guild|url=http://www.nlg.org/about/board-staff|access-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110054620/http://www.nlg.org/about/board-staff|archive-date=10 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> for 15 years, from 1999 to 2014. ] is the current Executive Director.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

Full membership in the NLG is open to lawyers, law students, legal workers (including legal secretaries, legal investigators, paralegals, law collective members, and jailhouse lawyers). Prior to the 1972 NLG National Convention, held in ], membership was only open to lawyers. Members now include labor organizers, tribal sovereignty activists, civil liberties advocates, civil rights advocates, environmentalists, and G.I. rights counselors.<ref> National Lawyers Guild, nlgmltf.org/</ref>{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

The NLG is affiliated with the ].{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} It has supported the ], which documents police brutality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stolen Lives |url=http://www.democracynow.org/1999/10/22/stolen_lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=Democracy Now! |language=en}}</ref>

===Funding===

The NLG is a dues-paying membership organization, with income-based sliding scale rates ranging from $25 to $800 per annum used in 2020.<ref> National Lawyers Guild, www.nlg.org/ Retrieved January 1, 2020.</ref>

===Publications===

The first journal of the NLG was the ''National Lawyers Guild Quarterly,'' first issued in December 1937 and then terminated in July 1940.<ref> Washington, DC: The Guild, 1937–40. {{OCLC|1759280}}.</ref> This was succeeded in October 1940 by a new quarterly called ''Lawyers Guild Review,'' which was published continuously through the year 1960.<ref> Washington, DC: National Lawyers Guild, 1940–1960. {{ISSN|0734-1598}}.</ref> The publication's editorial office was moved to Los Angeles and its name was briefly changed from 1961 through 1964 to ''Law in Transition,'' followed by a change in 1965 to ''Guild Practitioner.''<ref> Los Angeles: National Lawyers Guild, 1961–1963. {{ISSN|0734-158X}}.</ref> In 2009, the journal once again changed name to ''National Lawyers Guild Review'', shortening to ''NLG Review''.{{cn|date=August 2024}} With the ], the NLG published a revised ''Jailhouse Lawyers Handbook'', and annually distributes thousands of copies to inmates seeking legal information and resources.<ref></ref>

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ] (CCR)
* ]
* ]
* ]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}


==Sources== ==Sources==
* ] (chairman of ]). in of Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1944
Doron Weinberg and Marty Fassler, A Historical Sketch of the National Lawyers Guild in American Politics, 1936-1968. National Lawyers Guild, n.d.
* ] and Eugene M. Tobin (editors); ] (foreword). ''The National Lawyers Guild: From Roosevelt Through Reagan.'' Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0877224889}}
* ] and Tim Ledwith (editors), ''A History of the National Lawyers Guild: 1937–1987'' (New York: National Lawyers Guild, 1987)
* ] (chair of the ]). Washington, DC: ] of the ], 1950.

==Further reading==
* Finan, Christopher M. ''From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act: A History of the Fight for Free Speech in America''. Boston: Beacon Press, 2007.
* Heard, Alex. ''The Eyes of Willie McGee: A Tragedy of Race, Sex, and Secrets in the Jim Crow South''. New York: Harper, 2010.
* Lobel, Jules. ''Success Without Victory: Lost Legal Battles and the Long Road to Justice in America''. New York: New York University Press, 2003.
* Swidler, Joseph Charles and Henderson, A. Scott. ''Power and the Public Interest: The Memoirs of Joseph C. Swidler''. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2002.


==External links== ==External links==
* , www.nlg.org/
*
* : Labadie Collection – ''National Lawyers Guild Review''
*
* , ], Bobst Library, New York University, New York City.
*
* at ]
*

*
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Latest revision as of 07:49, 12 December 2024

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources.
Find sources: "National Lawyers Guild" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
American association of lawyers
National Lawyers Guild
Formation1937
TypeLegal society
Headquarters132 Nassau St., Ste 922,
New York, New York
Location
  • United States
PresidentElena L. Cohen
Key peoplePooja Gehi, Executive Director
Websitenlg.org

The National Lawyers Guild (NLG) is a progressive public interest association of lawyers, law students, paralegals, jailhouse lawyers, law collective members, and other activist legal workers, in the United States. The group was founded in 1937 as an alternative to the American Bar Association (ABA) in protest of that organization's then exclusionary membership practices and conservative political orientation. They were the first predominantly white US bar association to allow the admission of minorities to their ranks. The group sought to bring more lawyers closer to the labor movement and progressive political activities (e.g., the Farmer-Labor Party movement), to support and encourage lawyers otherwise "isolated and discouraged," and to help create a "united front" against Fascism.

Upon its formation in 1937, the organization aimed to provide a progressive and racially integrated alternative to the ABA. Shortly thereafter, New Dealers and civil libertarians split from the organization, making it more left-wing. In its early days some of its members also belonged to the Communist Party.

The group declares itself to be "dedicated to the need for basic and progressive change in the structure of our political and economic system ... to the end that human rights shall be regarded as more sacred than property interests." During the McCarthy era, Attorney General Herbert Brownell Jr. and the House Un-American Activities Committee accused the organization of operating as a communist front group.

History

Harold I. Cammer, a co-founder of the National Lawyers Guild.

1930s

On December 1, 1936, nearly 25 East Coast lawyers met at the City Club of New York to discuss creation of a new group counter to the conservative American Bar Association. United Auto Workers general counsel Maurice Sugar was instrumental in calling the meeting. Lawyers present included: Morris Ernst, Robert Silberstein and Mortimer Reimer of the Lawyers Security League, ACLU attorney Osmond Fraenkel, IJA-US founder Carol Weiss King, and union lawyer Henry Sacher. The group agreed on an aim to unite "all lawyers who regarded adjustments to new conditions as more important than the veneration of precedent, who recognize the importance of safeguarding and extending the right of workers and farmers upon whom the welfare of the entire nation depends, of maintaining our civil rights and liberties and our democratic institutions." The group elected Frank P. Walsh, member of the New York State Power Authority, as its first president.

The National Lawyers Guild was founded in Washington, D.C., at a convention held from February 19–22, 1937, at the Hotel Washington. Individuals particularly instrumental in the creation of the organization included Harold I. Cammer and George Wagman Fish, among others. Other founding members included Frank P. Walsh, Albert Wald, Morris Ernst, Jerome Frank, as well as the general counsels of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Another co-founder was Abraham Unger of New York City. Other charter members included John McTernan and Ben Margolis of Los Angeles. Another early member was Bartley Crum, defender of the Hollywood Ten. The first Executive Secretary of the organization was Mortimer Riemer. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent a letter of support:

I am sure that the results of this meeting will be worth while. It is a time for progressive and constructive thinking, and having known most of you intimately for many years, I have every confidence that your deliberations will affect the welfare of your own profession and the well-being of the country at large. I send to you my hearty felicitations and warm personal regards.

According to Victor Rabinowitz, head of the NLG in the 1960s, the original membership of the organization came from two camps — established liberal attorneys with a labor-oriented perspective and "a militant segment of the bar, mostly young and sometimes radical." The National Lawyers Guild was the nation's first racially integrated bar association. Among the NLG's first causes was its support of President Roosevelt's New Deal, which was opposed by the American Bar Association (ABA). NLG assisted the emerging labor movement, and opposed the racial segregation policies in the ABA and in society in general. Following the Nazis' invasion of the Soviet Union, the Guild gave its support to President Roosevelt's wartime policies, including that of Japanese American internment.

Before mid-March 1937, within two weeks of its founding, the NLG formed chapters in New York City, Newark, Detroit, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, St. Louis, and Chicago.

According to historian Harvey Klehr, the NLG was allied with the Communist Party; in the 1930s a significant number of NLG founders had been members or fellow travelers of the Communist Party USA, including Riemer and Joseph Brodsky of the CP's International Labor Defense auxiliary. During the McCarthy era, the NLG was accused by Attorney General Herbert Brownell Jr. as well as the House Un-American Activities Committee of being a Communist front organization.

In 1937, Allan R. Rosenberg joined the NLG and remained a member as late as 1956 during his second appearance before HUAC.

In 1937, Ferdinand Pecora was a founding member of the NLG. On March 1, 1938, Pecora become NLG president, noted as a "forceful speaker." Pecora resigned from the NLG during its third annual convention in 1939 after the vote against his resolution disavowing Communists failed to carry in the national vote.

By 1939, Assistant Secretary of State Adolf A. Berle was a Guild member. According to the NLG's A History of the National Lawyers Guild 1937–1987, two factions arose as early as 1940. External events driving these factions included the Spanish Civil War (started 1936), the Hitler-Stalin Pact (1939), and the Russian invasion of Finland (1940). One faction, led by Berle and Ernst, supported New Deal policies. The other, led by Osmond Fraenkel and Thomas I. Emerson, supported freedom of speech and press as well as Anti-Fascism (seen at the time as a Popular Front stance, thus pro-Communist). Other issues supported by Fraenkel, Emerson, the National Executive Board and many chapters included: support for Loyalist Spain, criticism of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI, and support for labor unions. Berle and Ernst recommended anti-Communist oaths, which Fraenkel and Emerson opposed. Many Berle and Ernst supporters left the NLG by 1940. During the NLG's 1940 convention, newly elected president Robert W. Kenny of California and secretary Martin Popper of New York sought to persuade members to return. During a phone call from Kenny, Berle gave him a short list of lawyers to leave as a simple matter of "cleaning house": Kenny rejected the request. David Scribner, civil rights and labor lawyer, was a member of both the IJA and the NLG.

1940s

Federal Bureau of Investigation director J. Edgar Hoover repeatedly tried to get successive Attorneys General to declare the NLG a "subversive organization," but without success.

In 1944 the Special House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) chaired by Texas Congressman Martin Dies Jr. published a brief history of the NLG in its massive and controversial "Appendix — Part IX" cataloging so-called "Communist Front Organizations" and their supporters. This report charged that the NLG, despite being promoted as a "professional organization of liberal lawyers" had proven itself by its actions to be "just one more highly deceptive Communist-operated front organization, primarily intended to serve the interests of the Communist Party of the United States..."

The 1944 HUAC history asserted that the NLG was merely "a streamlined edition of the International Juridical Organization", a Communist Party mass organization established in 1931. The document charged that "the National Lawyers Guild has faithfully followed the line of the Communist Party on numerous issues and has proven itself an important bulwark in defense of that party, its members, and organizations under its control." Particularly damning in HUAC's eyes was the NLG's reversal of position on the war in Europe after the June 22, 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union by the forces of Nazi Germany, with an October resolution by the previously anti-war organization offering "unlimited support to all measures necessary to the defeat of Hitlerism" and supporting the Roosevelt administration's policy of "'all out aid' and full collaboration with Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and other nations resisting Fascist aggression."

1950s

In January 1950, the NLG published a report for US President Harry S. Truman that accused the FBI of "systematic search by illegal methods" into the politics of thousands of private citizens, reported the Washington Post. The report focused on FBI methods used against Soviet spy Judith Coplon. The report recommended that the President stop such practices. It also recommended that the President appoint a committee of private citizens to investigate the FBI. Contributors to the report were NLG president Clifford J. Durr, Frederick K. Beutel, Thomas I. Emerson, O. John Rogge, James A. Cobb, Joseph Forer, and Robert J. Silberstein.

On September 21, 1950, HUAC responded with Report on the National Lawyers Guild: Legal Bulwark of the Communist Party. The HUAC report accused the NLG of playing a part in "an overall Communist strategy aimed at weakening our nation's defenses against the international Communist conspiracy." The report advocated that Guild members be barred from federal employment in light of the organization's alleged subversive character.

From 1951 to 1954, Earl B. Dickerson served as the first black president of the National Lawyers Guild. Dickerson was instrumental in contesting the proposed classification of the National Lawyers Guild as a "subversive organization."

In 1954, the NLG New York chapter elected Frank Serri as president. Other officers included: Hubert T. Delany, Osmond K. Fraenkel, Leo J. Linder, Harold M. Phillips, David L. Weissman, Julius Cohen, and Simon Schachter. Directors included: Bella Abzug, Gloria Agrin, Michael B. Atkins, Benjamin H. Booth, Edward J. Cambridge, Harold Cammer, William B. Cherevas, George H. Cohen, Frank Donner, Issac C. Donner, Stanley Faulkner, Royal W. France, Nathan Frankel, Doris Peterson Galen, Murray Gordon, Charles Haydon, Lazaar Henkin, Bernard L. Jaffe, H. Leonard King, Rhoda Lakes, Mendel Lurie, Edward J. Malament, Stanley J. Mayer, Basil Pollitt, Samuel Rosenberg, Arnold E. Rosenblum, Barney Rosenstein, Simon Rosenstein, Mildred Roth, Harry Sacher, Arthur Schutzer, Elias M. Schwarzbart, Moses B. Sherr, Kenneth L. Shorter, Leonard P. Simpson, Lorna Rissler Wallach, and Henry R. Wolf.

In 1958, the US Government determined that the NLG could not be declared subversive.

1970s–1990s

Again in 1974, the US Government determined that the NLG could not be declared subversive.

Lawyers from the NLG were the biggest source of funding of the Weather Underground, a far left militant group.

In 1977, at the request of Arab-American lawyers, the NLG sent a delegation to the occupied Palestinian Territories and published its findings in a 1978 report: "Treatment of Palestinians in Israeli-Occupied West Bank and Gaza".

In 1989 the FBI admitted its continued efforts to investigate and disrupt the NLG in the period from 1940 to 1975.

2000s

In the 2000s, the NLG opposed the PATRIOT Act, corporate globalization, the World Trade Organization, and has called for the adoption of "the Plan of Action from the 2001 UN World Conference Against Racism, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance." The NLG has also helped to train and provide legal observers for political demonstrations. The NLG has supported Palestinian rights and a number of other causes.

In 2005, NLG member Lynne Stewart was found guilty of violating Special Administrative Measures imposed on her client Omar Abdel Rahman and was sentenced in 2010 to 10 years in prison. The NLG mounted a campaign on her behalf.

In November 2007, the NLG passed a resolution calling for the impeachment of then President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney.

In 2011, the NLG defended the Occupy movement in the United States, making use of temporary restraining orders on behalf of encamped activists in an effort to forestall the forced dispersal of their sites by law enforcement. Charging that the Occupy movement was the subject of a "coordinated national crackdown," NLG lawyers filed actions in Boston, New York City, San Diego, Fort Myers, Atlanta, and other cities seeking the temporary prohibition of site removal efforts.

Commenting on the contested 2024 Venezuelan presidential election, the NLG's president, Suzanne Adely, said the elections "were not only fair and transparent but also represented an example of popular civic participation. Their successful outcome is a triumph for the Venezuelan people, especially considering the level of U.S. interference and attempted sabotage of the democratic process, particularly through sanctions and coercive economic measures aimed at producing 'regime change' in Venezuela".

National Lawyers Guild legal observers, in trademark green hats, at a Solidarity Against Hate demonstration in Seattle.

Structure

Past Guild presidents have included Dobby Walker (the first female President of the NLG, first serving in 1970 and member of the 1972 "Dream Team" that successfully defended Angela Davis using innovative litigation techniques that are now mainstream), Marjorie Cohn (a law professor at Thomas Jefferson School of Law and author), and Azadeh Shahshahani (the first woman of color to be President of the NLG and a human rights attorney who defends the rights of immigrants and Muslims in the United States South). Heidi Boghosian served as its Executive Director for 15 years, from 1999 to 2014. Pooja Gehi is the current Executive Director.

Full membership in the NLG is open to lawyers, law students, legal workers (including legal secretaries, legal investigators, paralegals, law collective members, and jailhouse lawyers). Prior to the 1972 NLG National Convention, held in Boulder, Colorado, membership was only open to lawyers. Members now include labor organizers, tribal sovereignty activists, civil liberties advocates, civil rights advocates, environmentalists, and G.I. rights counselors.

The NLG is affiliated with the International Association of Democratic Lawyers. It has supported the Stolen Lives Project, which documents police brutality.

Funding

The NLG is a dues-paying membership organization, with income-based sliding scale rates ranging from $25 to $800 per annum used in 2020.

Publications

The first journal of the NLG was the National Lawyers Guild Quarterly, first issued in December 1937 and then terminated in July 1940. This was succeeded in October 1940 by a new quarterly called Lawyers Guild Review, which was published continuously through the year 1960. The publication's editorial office was moved to Los Angeles and its name was briefly changed from 1961 through 1964 to Law in Transition, followed by a change in 1965 to Guild Practitioner. In 2009, the journal once again changed name to National Lawyers Guild Review, shortening to NLG Review. With the Center for Constitutional Rights, the NLG published a revised Jailhouse Lawyers Handbook, and annually distributes thousands of copies to inmates seeking legal information and resources.

See also

References

  1. ^ Rabinowitz, Victor; Ledwith, Tim, eds. (1987). A History of the National Lawyers Guild: 1937–1987. National Lawyers Guild. pp. 7–8 (founding), 12 (Berle, Ernst). Retrieved 14 May 2019. {{cite book}}: |newspaper= ignored (help)
  2. ^ David Margolick, "The Law: At the Bar," New York Times, December 11, 1987.
  3. ^ Harvey Klehr, The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade. New York: Basic Books, 1984; p. 379.
  4. ^ Peter Erlinder, "National Lawyers Guild: History," National Lawyers Guild, www.nlg.org/
  5. ^ Dies 1944, p. 1267
  6. ^ Lobel, p. 2; Swidler and Henderson, p. 243.
  7. Keri A. Myers and Jan Hilley "Guide to the National Lawyers Guild Records: Historical/Biographical Note," Archived 2010-06-18 at the Wayback Machine Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, Bobst Library, New York University, New York City.
  8. "Guide to the Abraham Unger Papers TAM.157: Historical/Biographical Note". Tamiment Library. January 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  9. "John McTernan Dies". Washington Post. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  10. McTernan, John (1999). "Ben Margolis: A Lifetime of Contempt for Injustice and Oppression". Guild Practice. 56. National Lawyers Guild: 1. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  11. "The Last Party". New York Times. 27 April 1997. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  12. ^ Mark Decker, "A Lot Depends..." in Harold Bloom (ed.), "Richard Wright's Native Son. Langhorne, PA: Chelsea House, 1998; p. 180.
  13. Victor Rabinowitz, quoted in Decker, "A Lot Depends...", p. 180.
  14. Peter H. Irons, Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases, New York: Oxford University Press, 1983; pp. 180–81.
  15. "In 1950 the House Un-American Activities Committee issued a report denouncing the Guild as 'the foremost legal bulwark of the Communist Party,' and in 1953 Attorney-General Herbert Brownell attacked the Guild as 'the legal mouthpiece of the Communist Party.'"Michael Powell, "Anatomy of a Counter-Bar Association: The Chicago Council of Lawyers," Law and Social Inquiry, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 503
  16. "Hearings". Washington: US GPO. 1956. pp. 3252 (Joseph Robison), 3288–3289 (David Rein), 3300–3307 (Rosenberg), 3318 (Ruth Weyand Perry), 3320 (Weyand), 3325 (Weyand), 3329 (Weyand), 3362 (Jacob Krug). Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  17. ^ "Pecora Part walks out". National Lawyers Guild. 2012-03-27. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27.
  18. Harris & Ewing (1 March 1938). Forceful speaker: A new informal photograph of Justice Ferdinand Pecora of the New York Supreme Court, who was recently elected President of the National Lawyers Guild, 3/1/38 [graphic] (photograph). LCCN 2016873097. Retrieved 20 May 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  19. Miller, Julie; Rafferty, Shae (15 March 2019). "David Scribner Papers" (PDF). Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  20. Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. New York: Little, Brown, 1998; p. 224.
  21. Dies 1944
  22. Dies 1944, p. 1268
  23. Dies 1944, p. 1269
  24. Dies 1944, p. 1273
  25. Friendly, Alfred (23 January 1950). "Lawyers Accuse FBI of Probing Beliefs". Washington Post. p. 4.
  26. Wood 1950, p. 6
  27. Ginger and Tobin 1988, p. 117
  28. Wood 1950, p. 21
  29. Blakely, Robert (2006) Earl B. Dickerson: A Voice for Freedom and Equality. Chicago, Illinois, United States: Northwestern University Press. p. 149.
  30. "1940 Earl Dickerson | National Lawyers Guild". National Lawyers Guild | "Human Rights over Property Interests". 10 April 2017.
  31. Blakely, Robert J.; Shepard, Marcus (2006-05-15). Earl B. Dickerson: A Voice for Freedom and Equality. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-8101-2335-9.
  32. "Lawyers Guild Elects: Local Chapter Names Frank Serri to be its President". New York Times. 24 May 1954. p. 29. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  33. ^ William Glaberson. "F.B.I. Admits Bid to Disrupt Lawyers Guild" in The New York Times, October 13, 1989
  34. Burrough, Bryan (2016). Days of rage: America's radical underground, the FBI, and the forgotten age of revolutionary violence (Paperback ed.). New York: Penguin Books, an imprint of Penguin Random House LLC. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-14-310797-2.
  35. https://www.worldcat.org/title/treatment-of-palestinians-in-israeli-occupied-west-bank-and-gaza-report-of-the-national-lawyers-guild-1977-middle-east-delegation/oclc/4494570
  36. Mary Reinholz (March 13, 2017). "Controversial 'Fighting Activist Attorney' Lynne Stewart Mourned at Funeral". Bedford & Bowery.
  37. "National Lawyers Guild Stands with Lynne Stewart". National Lawyers Guild - "Human Rights over Property Interests". National Lawyers Guild. February 28, 2012.
  38. James M. Leas, "National Lawyers Guild Backs Impeachment," Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine Media With Conscience, November 27, 2007.
  39. ^ Nathan Tempey, "NLG Challenges Occupy Crackdowns," Archived 2011-12-09 at the Wayback Machine National Lawyers Guild, November 22, 2011.
  40. Johnson, Jake (29 July 2024). "Maduro Wins Reelection for Third Presidential Term in Venezuela". Truthout. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  41. "Harvard Law School Video Archives," www.law.harvard.edu/
  42. "Board and Staff | National Lawyers Guild". Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  43. "Military Law Task Force of the National Lawyers Guild: About," National Lawyers Guild, nlgmltf.org/
  44. "Stolen Lives". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  45. "Join and Renew," National Lawyers Guild, www.nlg.org/ Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  46. National Lawyers Guild Quarterly, Washington, DC: The Guild, 1937–40. OCLC 1759280.
  47. Lawyers Guild Review, Washington, DC: National Lawyers Guild, 1940–1960. ISSN 0734-1598.
  48. Law in Transition, Los Angeles: National Lawyers Guild, 1961–1963. ISSN 0734-158X.
  49. Jailhouse Lawyers Handbook

Sources

Further reading

  • Finan, Christopher M. From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act: A History of the Fight for Free Speech in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 2007.
  • Heard, Alex. The Eyes of Willie McGee: A Tragedy of Race, Sex, and Secrets in the Jim Crow South. New York: Harper, 2010.
  • Lobel, Jules. Success Without Victory: Lost Legal Battles and the Long Road to Justice in America. New York: New York University Press, 2003.
  • Swidler, Joseph Charles and Henderson, A. Scott. Power and the Public Interest: The Memoirs of Joseph C. Swidler. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2002.

External links

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