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{{Short description|1st-century burial site in East Jerusalem}}
{{more footnotes|date=April 2010}}
{{Infobox ancient site
]
| name = Tombs of the Kings
| native_name =
| image = Tombs of the kings, Jerusalem, Holy Land-LCCN2002725016.jpg
| caption = Tombs of the Kings in the 1890s
| coordinates = {{WikidataCoord|display=it}}
| location = ]
| type = Catacombs
| built =
| management =
|image_size=270
|mapframe-frame-width=270
|mapframe=yes
|mapframe-caption=Click on the map for a fullscreen view
|mapframe-zoom=11
|mapframe-marker=monument
|mapframe-wikidata=yes
|archaeologists=]|excavations=1863}}
]


The '''Tombs of the Kings''' ({{Langx|he|קברי המלכים}} ''Keveri HaMlakhim''; {{Langx|ar|قبور السلاطين}}; {{Langx|fr|Tombeau des Rois}}) are a ] in ] believed to be the burial site of ] (died c. 50–56 CE), hence: '''Helena's Monuments'''.<ref>The term applied for this site in ], '']'' (5.4.2.). Cf. ''ibid''. '']'' (20.4.3.).</ref> The tombs are located {{convert|820|m|abbr=on}} north of Jerusalem's ] walls in the ] neighborhood (Hebrew: {{Langx|he|שכונת שייח ג'ראח}}; Arabic: {{Lang|ar|حي الشيخ جرّاح}})
== Introduction ==


The grandeur of the site led to the belief that the tombs had once been the burial place of the ], hence the name Tombs of the Kings; but the tombs are now associated with ] of ].<ref name=Rahmani3>"Ancient Jerusalem's Funerary Customs and Tombs: Part Three, L. Y. Rahmani, The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Winter, 1982), pp. 43–53</ref> According to this theory, Queen Helena chose the site to bury her son Isates and others of her dynasty. More recent research by noted French scholar and Dominican friar ] has concluded that the tomb was likely designed for ], the grandson of ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dospěl |first1=Marek |title=New insights into the Tomb of the Kings |url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/the-tomb-of-the-kings-in-jerusalem/?mqsc=E4140669&dk=ZE2410ZF0 |website=BAR Jan 2022 |publisher=Biblical Archeology |access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref>
The '''Tombs of the Kings''' in Arabic "قبور السلاطين" are a collection of ], located in ] 820 m north of the Old City walls. The grandeur of the site lead to the mistaken belief that the tombs had once been the burial place of the ], hence the name ''Tombs of the Kings'', but the tombs are now known to be the tomb of Queen ] or Mesopotamia.<ref name=Rahmani3>.
"Ancient Jerusalem's Funerary Customs and Tombs: Part Three Ancient Jerusalem's Funerary Customs and Tombs: Part Three, L. Y. Rahmani, The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Winter, 1982), pp. 43-53,</ref>
It is thought that Queen Helena came to this region accompanied by her children. She chose the site 500 meters to the north of the ] and ordered the digging of the tombs so that she could bury her son Isates and others of her dynasty.


The site is located east of the intersection of ] and Saladin Street. The gate of the property is marked "{{Langx|fr|Tombeau des Rois|4=|label=none}}", French for "Tomb of the Kings."


== Location == ==Public access==
] ]
The site is just east of the ], at the junction of Nablus Road and Saladin Street. The gate of the property is marked "Tombeau des Rois."


In 2009 the site was closed to the public to facilitate a restoration project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ben Zion |first=Ilan |date=2019-11-08 |title=France reopens contested Jewish tomb in east Jerusalem |url=https://apnews.com/article/8650651db50949ce88361f8c12e02012 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
== History ==


On 15 May 2019, Hekdesh, a Jewish organisation (''Association Hekdesh du Tombeau des rois''), hired ], a French lawyer, and took the French government to court. Goldnadel tried to prove that the site, after being purchased in 1878 by a French-Jewish woman, Berthe Amélie Bertrand, or by the brothers Péreire, French-Jewish bankers, was left to the French state on condition that the Jews would preserve the right to visit the site (see below at ]).<ref name="Haaretz19">, Nir Hasson for ], 28 June 2019</ref><ref name="FigaroJan">, Le Figaro and Agence France Presse, 27 January 2019, accessed 15 May 2020</ref> Goldnadel also hopes to reclaim the sarcophagus of queen Helena of Adiabene, presently housed at the ].<ref name="FigaroMay">, Thierry Oberlé for Le Figaro, 16 May 2019</ref>
In 1847 the Ottoman governor of Jerusalem started the excavation in the site. The excavation was then followed in 1863 by French archaeologists, was acquired by Pereire brothers, famous bankers of the Second Empire, who gave to France in 1886 (controversial). The tombs are located underneath a piece of land that has a small stone house on top of it. The house was built by and inhabited by a Muslim family called Irhimeh up until mid 1990s. The tomb was described by the Greek geographer Pausanias as the second most beautiful tomb in the world (after the tomb of Mausolus, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world).


On June 27, 2019, the French consulate in Jerusalem reopened the site to visitors purchasing tickets in advance.<ref name=Haaretz19/> The site was closed after protests at the site by ultra-Orthodox Jews who wanted to pray there, because they said it is the burial place of important historical individuals, among them the father-in-law of Rabbi Akiva.<ref name=ArutzSheva/> As of May 2024, the site was under renovation.
== Site Description ==
From the house there is a 9 meter wide staircase that was originally paved and leads to a forecourt. Water collected in the baths from a channel system carved in the steps. The entrance to the tombs is via a courtyard, of the same date, cut from the rock, itself entered via a rock-cut arch (facade). The 28 meter facade was crowned with three pyramids which no longer exist but are described by Josephus and other ancient sources. The architrave was originally supported by two pillars, fragments of which were found in the excavations.


==General layout==
The tombs are arranged on two levels around a central chamber, itself entered from the courtyard via an antechamber that goes down into a dimly lit maze of chambers; the access from the antechamber to the exterior courtyard could be sealed closed by rolling a round stone across it, and the stone still remains in-situ. In the first century A.D., a "secret mechanism" operated by water pressure moved the stone. Probably a small amount of water pressure activated a system of weights to open the tomb. Two of the eight burial chambers have arcosolia, resting places made of a bench with an arch over it. Some of the arcosolia have triangular niches where oil lamps were placed to give light during the burial process.
From street level a hewn staircase, measuring {{convert|9|m|ft|}} in width and having a length of {{convert|30|m|ft|}}, descends into a carved courtyard.<ref name="Ilan1980">{{cite book |last=Ilan|first=Zvi|editor=Chaim Rubenstein |author-link=:he:צבי אילן |contribution=Tombs of the Kings |title=Israel Guide – Jerusalem |volume=10 |publisher=Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence |location=Jerusalem|year=1980|pages=174–175 |language=he|oclc=745203905 }}</ref> Alongside the staircase there is built a drainage system and cisterns.<ref name="Ilan1980"/> The main courtyard sinks down to a depth of {{convert|8.5|m|ft|}} within the bedrock and has a total measurement of approximately {{convert|27|m|ft|}} x {{convert|26|m|ft|}}.<ref name="Ilan1980"/> The portal is on its western façade and is ascended by a flight of three steps. In front of the burial cave formerly stood two pillars and two ] carved in the rock face and which are now scarcely visible.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Barclay|author-first=J.T. |author-link=James Turner Barclay|title=City of the Great King (or, Jerusalem as it Was, as it Is, and as it To Be)|publisher=James Challen and Sons|location=Philadelphia|year=1857|page= |language=en |oclc=1152738303}} (reprint: {{OCLC|980280533}})</ref> Above the portal is a ] ], made of ]s and ], with a ] in the center and wreaths of ] leaves next to it.<ref name="Ilan1980"/> A leaf ] extends along the ].<ref name="Ilan1980"/>


The inner tomb is made-up of a complex labyrinth consisting of eight chambers, with a total of 48 burial niches, some of which formerly contained decorated ].<ref name="Ilan1980"/> The chambers of the royal tomb are made with both '']'' (burial niches) in the old Jewish style, and '']'' in the Roman fashion.<ref>{{cite book|last=Conder|first=C.R.|author-link=Claude R. Conder|title=Syrian Stone-lore; or, The Monumental History of Palestine |publisher=Alexander P. Watt |year=1889|location=London|language=en|url=https://archive.org/details/syrianstoneloreo00conduoft/page/ii/mode/2up |page= |oclc=751757461}}</ref>
The two most common types of tombs in the first century A.D. are both found in this tomb complex. Shaft tombs were long narrow shafts in which the deceased were placed and closed with a stone slab which probably had the name of the occupant inscribed on it. Channels in the center of the shafts were probably carved to drain the water that seeped through the rock.
]]]
The tombs are now empty, but previously housed a number of ]; they were excavated by a French archaeological mission headed by ], who took them back to France. They are exhibited at the ]. The French government took possession of the site after the death of a French citizen who purchased the land in 1874.


==History==
Although no kings were buried here, one of the sarcophagus has an inscription in both ] and ] identifying the ] within as that of ''Queen Sara'' (''Tzara Malchata''); this is thought to refer to ], the ] queen of ], who converted to Judaism in 30 CE, changed her name accordingly to ''Sara'', and has long been said to have been buried in roughly this location.<ref>], '']'' 2:12</ref> The decorative architecture of the tomb complex is ], which would fit with this identification; ] describes Helena's tomb as having three small pyramids on top, but (presuming this is Helena's tomb) these no longer survive<ref>Josephus, '']'' 20:4:3</ref>.
]'s 1745 ''A Plan of Jerusalem and the Adjacent Country'', showing both names for the site]]

===Queen Helena of Adiabene===
{{See also|Helena of Adiabene}}
The tomb is mentioned by the Roman-Jewish historian ] in the first century CE.<ref>], '']'' (5.4.2.). Cf. ''ibid''. '']'' (20.4.3.).</ref> He writes about Helena, queen of Adiabene, a small kingdom from ] (today part of northern Iraq) who came to Jerusalem at the end of the ]. Her family converted to Judaism and built a palace in the area today known as the ]. Helena's son ] had her remains and those of his brother buried "three stadia from Jerusalem." Medieval Europeans mistakenly identified the tomb as belonging to the kings of Judah.<ref name=Ynet>, Ron Peled for Ynetnews, 8 June 2006</ref>

===Discovery and exploration===
] and ] map of Jerusalem]]

In 1847, the Turkish governor ordered a search for treasures in the tomb but none were found. In 1863, the French archaeologist ] was given permission to excavate the tomb. The German architect ] drew up a map of the site. De Saulcy found sarcophagi, one of which was bearing the Hebrew inscription "Queen Tzaddah". He believed this was the sarcophagus of the wife of ], the last king of Judah.<ref name=Ynet/>

After human bones were found, the Jewish community appealed to Sir ] to persuade the Ottomans to halt the excavations. De Saulcy smuggled out some of his findings, which are now at the Louvre in Paris.<ref name=Ynet/>

===Purchase and property===
In 1864, the French-Jewish banker ] attempted to purchase the site but without success. In 1874, a French-Jewish woman, Berthe Amalie Bertrand, announced her purchase of the plot of ground.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Press |first=I. |author-link=Isaiah Press |title=Summary |journal=Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=I |date=1941 |jstor=23725106 |language=en}}</ref> After she had paid 30,000 francs for the property, it was then registered as French property under the trusteeship of the French consul. Bertrand declared: "I am of the firm opinion that this property, the field and the burial cave of the kings, will become the land in perpetuity of the Jewish community, to be preserved from desecration and abomination, and will never again be damaged by foreigners.<ref name=Ynet/> She had a wall and guard post built around the site. In 1886, Bertrand's heirs donated it to the French government<ref name=Ynet/> "to preserve it for science and the worship of the faithful ]".<ref>, M. Yves Teyssier d'Orfeuil for a round table discussion on the "Cultural heritage of Oriental Christians" at the ], Paris, February 2014. Posted by l'Œuvre d'Orient, accessed 15 May 2020.</ref> It's a part of the {{Interlanguage link|French national domain in the Holy Land|fr|Domaine national français en Terre sainte}}.

==Traditions==
The Tomb of the Kings was described by the Greek geographer ] as the second most beautiful tomb in the world (after the ] of ], one of the ]) who visited in ]. He declares that he "knows many wonderful tombs" and mentions two of them, one of which is in ] and the other "in the Hebrews" (Greek: ἐν τῇ Ἑβραίων) and has a sophisticated opening mechanism aimed at a certain day of the year and for a certain time: "The Hebrews have a tomb, that of ], a local woman, in the city of Jerusalem (Greek:πόλει Σολύμοις), which the ] razed to the ground. There is a contrivance in the tomb whereby the door, which like the entire tomb is made of stone, does not open until the year brings back the same day and the same hour. Then the mechanism, unaided, opens the door, which, after a short interval, closes itself again. It happens at the same time, but if you try at any other time to open the door, you will not be able to do so; Power will not open it, but will only break it."<ref>Pausanias ''Graeciae Descriptio'', ed. Teubner, VIII, 16:4–5</ref>

A small stone house was built on top of the tomb by Irhimeh clan ({{Langx|ar| ارحيمه}}), a Jerusalemite family.<ref>{{cite book|last=Michelson|first=Menachem|others=Milner, Moshe; Salomon, Yehuda|script-title=he:מקומות קדושים וקברי צדיקים בארץ ישראל|trans-title=The Jewish Holy Places in the Land of Israel|year=1996|publisher=]|location=]|isbn=965-05-0836-8|page=59|language=Hebrew|quote=בלובר שבפריס מוצגים ארונות קבורה, ממצאים ושרידים שנמצאו בקברי המלכים – מערת הקברים הידועה בירושלים המזרחית.}}</ref>
]]]
It is to be noted that ] distinguishes between the monuments of Queen Helena (located "three ] outside the walls of Jerusalem") and the Tombs of the Kings, being situated a little further distance away from the monuments.<ref>Josephus, '']'' (); '']'' ()</ref> For this reason, Italian architect and engineer, ], thought that ] marked the site of the tomb of Queen Helena, particularly after he discovered there a pyramidal rock formation and what resembled sepulchres.<ref>{{cite book |title=Jerusalem explored: being a description of the ancient and modern city, with numerous illustrations consisting of views, ground plans, and sections |first=Ermete |last=Pierotti |author-link=Ermete Pierotti |translator=T.G. Bonney |translator-link=Thomas George Bonney |publisher=Bell and Daldy |location=London|year=1864 |volume=1 |pages= |oclc=1472902357 |url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125012261307/page/n3/mode/2up }}</ref>

==Archaeological findings==
]
]

From the house there is a 9 meter wide staircase (23 steps) that was originally paved and leads to a forecourt. The rain water is collected in baths, which are carved in the steps, and carried via a channel system to the water wells. At the bottom of the stairs there are ancient ritual baths (''mikva’ot'') as well as a stone wall to the left with a gate. This gate leads to a courtyard that was cut from the rock at the same date. The dimensions of this courtyard are roughly 27 meters long from north to south and 25 meters wide from west to east.

The entrance to the tombs is via this courtyard. The tombs are entered via a rock-cut arch (facade) in the western side. The 28-meter façade was originally crowned with three pyramids, which no longer exist,<ref>cf. ], '']'' 20.4.3., where it is written: "But ] sent her bones, as well as those of Izates, his brother, to Jerusalem, and gave order that they should be buried at the pyramids ({{langx|el|Πυραμίσιν}}) which their mother had erected; they were three in number, and distant no more than three '']'' from the city Jerusalem."</ref> and decorated with reliefs of grapes, plexus leaves, acorns and fruit, reflecting the Greek architectural style. The architrave was originally supported by two pillars, fragments of which were found in the excavations.

The tombs are arranged on two levels around a central chamber, with four rooms upstairs and three rooms downstairs. The central chamber itself is entered from the courtyard via an antechamber that goes down into a dimly lit maze of chambers. The access from the antechamber to the exterior courtyard could be sealed closed by rolling a round stone across it, and the stone still remains ''in-situ''. In the first century CE, a "secret mechanism" operated by water pressure moved the stone.<ref>cf. ], ''Description of Greece'' (on ], 8.16.4–5), where the author writes: " I know many wonderful tombs, and will mention two of them, the one at ] (i.e. ]) and one in the '''land of the Hebrews'''. The one at Halicarnassus was made for ], king of the city, and it is of such vast size, and so notable for all its ornament, that the Romans in their great admiration of it call remarkable tombs in their country ''Mausolea'' (i.e. ]). The Hebrews have a tomb, that of ], a native woman, in the city of Jerusalem, which the Roman Emperor razed to the ground. There is a contrivance in the tomb whereby the door, which like the entire tomb is made of stone, does not open until the year brings back the same day and the same hour. Then the mechanism, unaided, opens the door, which, after a short interval, shuts itself again. This happens at that time, but should you at any other try to open the door you cannot do so; force will not open it, but only break it down."</ref> Probably a small amount of water pressure activated a system of weights to open the tomb. Two of the eight burial chambers have ], resting places made of a bench with an arch over it. Some of the arcosolia have triangular niches where oil lamps were placed to give light during the burial process.

The two most common types of tombs in the first century CE are found in this tomb complex. ]s were long narrow shafts in which the deceased were placed and closed with a stone slab which probably had the name of the occupant inscribed on it. Channels in the center of the shafts were probably carved to drain the water that seeped through the rock.

The tombs are now empty, but previously housed a number of ]; they were excavated by a French archaeological mission headed by ], who took them back to France. They are exhibited at the Louvre.

Although no kings are known to have been buried here, one of the ] bears two ] inscriptions and is thought to be that of ''Queen Helena of ]''; the one inscription which reads, ''Ṣaddan Malkata'' (]: '''צדן מלכתא'''), and the other, ''Ṣaddah Malkatah'' (]: '''צדה מלכתה'''), interpreted by scholars to mean: "Our mistress, the Queen."<ref>'']'', Volume 2, plate 156, p. ; cf. '']'' 2:12</ref> The sarcophagus is now at the ] in Paris. The decorative architecture of the tomb complex is ], which would fit with this identification.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:A. Salzmann - Fragments d'un sarcophage, Tombeau du Rois de Juda - Jerusalem.jpg|Sarcophagus of ]
File:A. Salzmann - Fragments d'un sarcophage, Tombeau du Rois de Juda 2 - Jerusalem.jpg|Sarcophagus from the Tombs of the Kings
File:Sarcophagus Louvre AO5029 n01.jpg|The Sarcophagus in the ]
</gallery>

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

==External links==
* , Nir Hasson for Haaretz, 21 December 2018


== Events ==
In 1996, the Jerusalem Festival in East Jerusalem, featuring Arab and international artists, was held at the Tomb of the Kings. {{fact}}
==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commonscat|Tomb of the Kings}}
{{Commons category|Tomb of the Kings}}
{{reflist}}


{{Cemeteries in Jerusalem}}
{{coord|31.788218|N|35.229466|E|region:IL|display=title}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Tombs Of The Kings (Jerusalem)}}
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Latest revision as of 20:09, 3 December 2024

1st-century burial site in East Jerusalem
Tombs of the Kings
Tombs of the Kings in the 1890s
Click on the map for a fullscreen view
LocationEast Jerusalem
Coordinates31°47′18.67″N 35°13′45.08″E / 31.7885194°N 35.2291889°E / 31.7885194; 35.2291889
TypeCatacombs
Site notes
Excavation dates1863
ArchaeologistsLouis Félicien de Saulcy
Plan of the Tomb of the Kings 1872

The Tombs of the Kings (Hebrew: קברי המלכים Keveri HaMlakhim; Arabic: قبور السلاطين; French: Tombeau des Rois) are a rock-cut funerary complex in East Jerusalem believed to be the burial site of Queen Helene of Adiabene (died c. 50–56 CE), hence: Helena's Monuments. The tombs are located 820 m (2,690 ft) north of Jerusalem's Old City walls in the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood (Hebrew: Hebrew: שכונת שייח ג'ראח; Arabic: حي الشيخ جرّاح)

The grandeur of the site led to the belief that the tombs had once been the burial place of the kings of Judah, hence the name Tombs of the Kings; but the tombs are now associated with Queen Helena of Adiabene. According to this theory, Queen Helena chose the site to bury her son Isates and others of her dynasty. More recent research by noted French scholar and Dominican friar Jean-Baptiste Humbert has concluded that the tomb was likely designed for Herod Agrippa I, the grandson of Herod the Great.

The site is located east of the intersection of Nablus Road and Saladin Street. The gate of the property is marked "Tombeau des Rois", French for "Tomb of the Kings."

Public access

Tomb of the Kings gate

In 2009 the site was closed to the public to facilitate a restoration project.

On 15 May 2019, Hekdesh, a Jewish organisation (Association Hekdesh du Tombeau des rois), hired Gilles-William Goldnadel, a French lawyer, and took the French government to court. Goldnadel tried to prove that the site, after being purchased in 1878 by a French-Jewish woman, Berthe Amélie Bertrand, or by the brothers Péreire, French-Jewish bankers, was left to the French state on condition that the Jews would preserve the right to visit the site (see below at History). Goldnadel also hopes to reclaim the sarcophagus of queen Helena of Adiabene, presently housed at the Louvre.

On June 27, 2019, the French consulate in Jerusalem reopened the site to visitors purchasing tickets in advance. The site was closed after protests at the site by ultra-Orthodox Jews who wanted to pray there, because they said it is the burial place of important historical individuals, among them the father-in-law of Rabbi Akiva. As of May 2024, the site was under renovation.

General layout

From street level a hewn staircase, measuring 9 metres (30 ft) in width and having a length of 30 metres (98 ft), descends into a carved courtyard. Alongside the staircase there is built a drainage system and cisterns. The main courtyard sinks down to a depth of 8.5 metres (28 ft) within the bedrock and has a total measurement of approximately 27 metres (89 ft) x 26 metres (85 ft). The portal is on its western façade and is ascended by a flight of three steps. In front of the burial cave formerly stood two pillars and two pilasters carved in the rock face and which are now scarcely visible. Above the portal is a Doric frieze, made of metopes and triglyphs, with a cluster of grapes in the center and wreaths of acanthus leaves next to it. A leaf plexus extends along the architrave.

The inner tomb is made-up of a complex labyrinth consisting of eight chambers, with a total of 48 burial niches, some of which formerly contained decorated sarcophagi. The chambers of the royal tomb are made with both kokhim (burial niches) in the old Jewish style, and arcosolia in the Roman fashion.

History

Detail from Richard Pococke's 1745 A Plan of Jerusalem and the Adjacent Country, showing both names for the site

Queen Helena of Adiabene

See also: Helena of Adiabene

The tomb is mentioned by the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus in the first century CE. He writes about Helena, queen of Adiabene, a small kingdom from Mesopotamia (today part of northern Iraq) who came to Jerusalem at the end of the Second Temple Period. Her family converted to Judaism and built a palace in the area today known as the City of David. Helena's son Monobaz II had her remains and those of his brother buried "three stadia from Jerusalem." Medieval Europeans mistakenly identified the tomb as belonging to the kings of Judah.

Discovery and exploration

"Tombs of the Kings" (top center) shown in the 1841 Aldrich and Symonds map of Jerusalem

In 1847, the Turkish governor ordered a search for treasures in the tomb but none were found. In 1863, the French archaeologist Félicien de Saulcy was given permission to excavate the tomb. The German architect Conrad Schick drew up a map of the site. De Saulcy found sarcophagi, one of which was bearing the Hebrew inscription "Queen Tzaddah". He believed this was the sarcophagus of the wife of Zedekiah, the last king of Judah.

After human bones were found, the Jewish community appealed to Sir Moses Montefiore to persuade the Ottomans to halt the excavations. De Saulcy smuggled out some of his findings, which are now at the Louvre in Paris.

Purchase and property

In 1864, the French-Jewish banker Isaac Péreire attempted to purchase the site but without success. In 1874, a French-Jewish woman, Berthe Amalie Bertrand, announced her purchase of the plot of ground. After she had paid 30,000 francs for the property, it was then registered as French property under the trusteeship of the French consul. Bertrand declared: "I am of the firm opinion that this property, the field and the burial cave of the kings, will become the land in perpetuity of the Jewish community, to be preserved from desecration and abomination, and will never again be damaged by foreigners. She had a wall and guard post built around the site. In 1886, Bertrand's heirs donated it to the French government "to preserve it for science and the worship of the faithful children of Israel". It's a part of the French national domain in the Holy Land [fr].

Traditions

The Tomb of the Kings was described by the Greek geographer Pausanias as the second most beautiful tomb in the world (after the tomb of Mausolus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) who visited in Jerusalem. He declares that he "knows many wonderful tombs" and mentions two of them, one of which is in Halicarnassus and the other "in the Hebrews" (Greek: ἐν τῇ Ἑβραίων) and has a sophisticated opening mechanism aimed at a certain day of the year and for a certain time: "The Hebrews have a tomb, that of Helena, a local woman, in the city of Jerusalem (Greek:πόλει Σολύμοις), which the Roman emperor razed to the ground. There is a contrivance in the tomb whereby the door, which like the entire tomb is made of stone, does not open until the year brings back the same day and the same hour. Then the mechanism, unaided, opens the door, which, after a short interval, closes itself again. It happens at the same time, but if you try at any other time to open the door, you will not be able to do so; Power will not open it, but will only break it."

A small stone house was built on top of the tomb by Irhimeh clan (Arabic: ارحيمه), a Jerusalemite family.

Photo of Tombs of the Kings in Jerusalem, by Ermete Pierotti

It is to be noted that Josephus distinguishes between the monuments of Queen Helena (located "three stadia outside the walls of Jerusalem") and the Tombs of the Kings, being situated a little further distance away from the monuments. For this reason, Italian architect and engineer, Ermete Pierotti, thought that St. Stephen's Basiica marked the site of the tomb of Queen Helena, particularly after he discovered there a pyramidal rock formation and what resembled sepulchres.

Archaeological findings

Tombs of the Kings, 1842
Tombs of the Kings in Jerusalem (click to enlarge)

From the house there is a 9 meter wide staircase (23 steps) that was originally paved and leads to a forecourt. The rain water is collected in baths, which are carved in the steps, and carried via a channel system to the water wells. At the bottom of the stairs there are ancient ritual baths (mikva’ot) as well as a stone wall to the left with a gate. This gate leads to a courtyard that was cut from the rock at the same date. The dimensions of this courtyard are roughly 27 meters long from north to south and 25 meters wide from west to east.

The entrance to the tombs is via this courtyard. The tombs are entered via a rock-cut arch (facade) in the western side. The 28-meter façade was originally crowned with three pyramids, which no longer exist, and decorated with reliefs of grapes, plexus leaves, acorns and fruit, reflecting the Greek architectural style. The architrave was originally supported by two pillars, fragments of which were found in the excavations.

The tombs are arranged on two levels around a central chamber, with four rooms upstairs and three rooms downstairs. The central chamber itself is entered from the courtyard via an antechamber that goes down into a dimly lit maze of chambers. The access from the antechamber to the exterior courtyard could be sealed closed by rolling a round stone across it, and the stone still remains in-situ. In the first century CE, a "secret mechanism" operated by water pressure moved the stone. Probably a small amount of water pressure activated a system of weights to open the tomb. Two of the eight burial chambers have arcosolia, resting places made of a bench with an arch over it. Some of the arcosolia have triangular niches where oil lamps were placed to give light during the burial process.

The two most common types of tombs in the first century CE are found in this tomb complex. Shaft tombs were long narrow shafts in which the deceased were placed and closed with a stone slab which probably had the name of the occupant inscribed on it. Channels in the center of the shafts were probably carved to drain the water that seeped through the rock.

The tombs are now empty, but previously housed a number of sarcophagi; they were excavated by a French archaeological mission headed by Louis Felicien de Saulcy, who took them back to France. They are exhibited at the Louvre.

Although no kings are known to have been buried here, one of the sarcophagi bears two Aramaic inscriptions and is thought to be that of Queen Helena of Adiabene; the one inscription which reads, Ṣaddan Malkata (Palmyrene: צדן מלכתא), and the other, Ṣaddah Malkatah (Aramaic: צדה מלכתה), interpreted by scholars to mean: "Our mistress, the Queen." The sarcophagus is now at the Louvre Museum in Paris. The decorative architecture of the tomb complex is Seleucid, which would fit with this identification.

See also

External links

References

  1. The term applied for this site in Josephus, The Jewish War (5.4.2.). Cf. ibid. Antiquities (20.4.3.).
  2. "Ancient Jerusalem's Funerary Customs and Tombs: Part Three, L. Y. Rahmani, The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Winter, 1982), pp. 43–53
  3. Dospěl, Marek. "New insights into the Tomb of the Kings". BAR Jan 2022. Biblical Archeology. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  4. Ben Zion, Ilan (2019-11-08). "France reopens contested Jewish tomb in east Jerusalem". AP News. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  5. ^ French consulate opens disputed Second Temple site in East Jerusalem, Nir Hasson for Haaretz, 28 June 2019
  6. À Jérusalem, les juifs ultra-orthodoxes réclament l'accès au Tombeau des rois, Le Figaro and Agence France Presse, 27 January 2019, accessed 15 May 2020
  7. Des rabbins israéliens veulent chasser la France du Tombeau des rois, Thierry Oberlé for Le Figaro, 16 May 2019
  8. Cite error: The named reference ArutzSheva was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Ilan, Zvi (1980). "Tombs of the Kings". In Chaim Rubenstein (ed.). Israel Guide – Jerusalem (in Hebrew). Vol. 10. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. pp. 174–175. OCLC 745203905.
  10. Barclay, J.T. (1857). City of the Great King (or, Jerusalem as it Was, as it Is, and as it To Be). Philadelphia: James Challen and Sons. p. 193. OCLC 1152738303. (reprint: OCLC 980280533)
  11. Conder, C.R. (1889). Syrian Stone-lore; or, The Monumental History of Palestine. London: Alexander P. Watt. p. 220. OCLC 751757461.
  12. Josephus, The Jewish War (5.4.2.). Cf. ibid. Antiquities (20.4.3.).
  13. ^ In Memoriam: The Tomb of the Kings, Ron Peled for Ynetnews, 8 June 2006
  14. Press, I. (1941). "Summary". Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society. 8 (2): I. JSTOR 23725106.
  15. Terre Sainte : l'action de la France en faveur du patrimoine chrétien, M. Yves Teyssier d'Orfeuil for a round table discussion on the "Cultural heritage of Oriental Christians" at the Arab World Institute, Paris, February 2014. Posted by l'Œuvre d'Orient, accessed 15 May 2020.
  16. Pausanias Graeciae Descriptio, ed. Teubner, VIII, 16:4–5
  17. Michelson, Menachem (1996). מקומות קדושים וקברי צדיקים בארץ ישראל [The Jewish Holy Places in the Land of Israel] (in Hebrew). Milner, Moshe; Salomon, Yehuda. Israel: Israel Ministry of Defense. p. 59. ISBN 965-05-0836-8. בלובר שבפריס מוצגים ארונות קבורה, ממצאים ושרידים שנמצאו בקברי המלכים – מערת הקברים הידועה בירושלים המזרחית.
  18. Josephus, The Jewish War (5.4.2.); Antiquities (20.4.3.)
  19. Pierotti, Ermete (1864). Jerusalem explored: being a description of the ancient and modern city, with numerous illustrations consisting of views, ground plans, and sections. Vol. 1. Translated by T.G. Bonney. London: Bell and Daldy. pp. 36–37. OCLC 1472902357.
  20. cf. Josephus, Antiquities 20.4.3., where it is written: "But Monobazus sent her bones, as well as those of Izates, his brother, to Jerusalem, and gave order that they should be buried at the pyramids (Greek: Πυραμίσιν) which their mother had erected; they were three in number, and distant no more than three stadia from the city Jerusalem."
  21. cf. Pausanias, Description of Greece (on Arcadia, 8.16.4–5), where the author writes: " I know many wonderful tombs, and will mention two of them, the one at Halicarnassus (i.e. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus) and one in the land of the Hebrews. The one at Halicarnassus was made for Mausolus, king of the city, and it is of such vast size, and so notable for all its ornament, that the Romans in their great admiration of it call remarkable tombs in their country Mausolea (i.e. mausoleum). The Hebrews have a tomb, that of Helena, a native woman, in the city of Jerusalem, which the Roman Emperor razed to the ground. There is a contrivance in the tomb whereby the door, which like the entire tomb is made of stone, does not open until the year brings back the same day and the same hour. Then the mechanism, unaided, opens the door, which, after a short interval, shuts itself again. This happens at that time, but should you at any other try to open the door you cannot do so; force will not open it, but only break it down."
  22. Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, Volume 2, plate 156, p. 179; cf. Ecclesiastical History 2:12
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