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{{Short description|Hobbit character in The Lord of the Rings}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2008}}
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{{Infobox Tolkien character
{{good article}}
| image_character =
{{Use British English|date=October 2022}}
| image_caption =
{{Infobox character
| character_name = Samwise Gamgee
| name = Samwise Gamgee
| character_alias = Samwise Gardner, Sam,</br>''Banazîr Galbasi'',</br>Mayor of the Shire
| character_race = ]s | series = ]
| first = '']'' (1954–1955)
| date_created =
| race = ]
| Book(s) = '']'' (1954)<br />'']'' (1954)<br />'']'' (1955)
| affiliation = ]
| spouse = ]
}} }}
'''Samwise Gamgee''', later known as '''Samwise Gardner'''<ref name="gardner">Appendix C to ''The Lord of the Rings''</ref> and commonly as '''Sam''', is a ] in ]. Samwise is one of the chief characters in Tolkien's novel '']'', in which he fills an ] role as the ] of the ], ]. '''Samwise Gamgee''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|m|ˌ|w|aɪ|z|_|ˈ|ɡ|æ|m|ˌ|dʒ|iː}}, usually called '''Sam''') is a fictional character in ]'s ]. A ], Samwise is the chief supporting character of '']'', serving as the loyal companion (in effect, the manservant) of the ] ]. Sam is a member of the ], the group of nine charged with destroying the ] to prevent the Dark Lord ] from taking over the world.


Sam was Frodo's gardener. He was drawn into Frodo's adventure while eavesdropping on a private conversation Frodo was having with the wizard ]. Sam was Frodo's steadfast companion and servant, portrayed as both physically strong for his size and emotionally strong, often supporting Frodo through difficult parts of the journey and, at times, carrying Frodo when he was too weak to go on. Sam served as ] for a short time when Frodo was captured by ]; his emotional strength was again demonstrated when he willingly gave the Ring back to Frodo. Following the ], Sam returned to ] and his role as a gardener, helping to replant the trees which had been destroyed while he was away. He was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive terms.
==Literature==
{{Portal|Middle-earth}}
Samwise Gamgee is first introduced in '']''. Sam is ]' gardener, having inherited the position as Baggins' gardener from his father, Hamfast "Gaffer" Gamgee. At the time of the War of the Ring, Sam was living in Number 3, Bagshot Row with his father.


The name Gamgee derives from a local name for cotton wool, from a surgical dressing invented by ]; hence ] is from the Cotton family. Scholars have remarked on the symbolism in Sam's story, which carries ]; for instance, his carrying of Frodo is reminiscent of ]'s carrying of Christ's cross. Tolkien considered Sam ]. Psychologists have seen Sam's quest as ] of love. Tolkien's biographers have noted the resemblance of Sam's relationship with Frodo to that of ] to ] officers in the ].
As "punishment" for ] on ]'s conversation with Frodo regarding the ], Sam was made Frodo's first companion on his journey to ]. They were joined by ] and ], Frodo's cousins, and journeyed together to Rivendell where the ] took place.


== Fictional biography ==
When the Fellowship was split up at the ], Sam insisted on accompanying Frodo. As Frodo became progressively weaker under the burden of the Ring, Sam carried most of the luggage, cooked, kept watch at night whenever he could, and rationed the food so Frodo had enough for the journey. He protected and took care of Frodo as they move through the dangerous lands toward ]. Sam distrusted ], who became their guide into Mordor.


{{further|Tolkien's Middle-earth poetry}}
After the giant spider ] apparently killed Frodo, Sam drove her off. When a band of ] approached, Sam was forced to leave the apparently dead Frodo and take the Ring himself, and briefly became a ]. He was briefly tempted by its promise of power, but did not succumb to it. Using the Ring's power of invisibility, he rescued Frodo (who had only been paralysed) from the Orcs who held him captive. The two then journeyed alone through Mordor and into the heart of ], where Gollum attacked Frodo and reclaimed the Ring, only to inadvertently destroy both it and himself by falling into the mountain's lava.


=== The War of the Ring ===
After the hobbits' return home and the ], Sam travelled the length and breadth of the Shire replanting trees that had been cut down during ]'s brief reign. He used the gift of earth given to him by the Lady ], which caused the saplings he planted to grow at an accelerated rate. The small amount remaining he took to the ] (roughly the centre of the Shire) and cast into the air, prompting the bountiful period of growth starting in the spring of the year 1420 (]). The greatest wonder was a young '']'' tree sprouting in the Party Field: "the only ''mallorn'' west of the Mountains and east of the Sea" (grown from a nut included as part of Galadriel's gift).


] and Sam guided by ] through the ]. ] illustration by ], 1984]]
After the War of the Ring, Sam married ] and moved to ] with Frodo. Sam and Rosie had thirteen children: ], Frodo, Rose, Merry, Pippin, Goldilocks, Hamfast, Daisy, Primrose, Bilbo, Ruby, Robin, and Tolman (Tom). Sam was elected ] for seven consecutive seven-year terms and came to be known as Samwise Gardner.


As told in '']'', Samwise Gamgee is ]'s gardener, having inherited the position from his father, Hamfast "Gaffer" Gamgee, who was ]'s gardener. As "punishment" for eavesdropping on ]'s ] about the ], Sam is made Frodo's first companion on his journey to ].<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1954a|loc=book 1, ch. 2, "]"}}</ref> They are joined by ] and ], Frodo's cousins, travelling together to ]. At the ] there, Sam joins ].<ref name="The Council of Elrond" group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1954a|loc=book 2, ch. 2, "]"}}</ref> In the ] land of ], ] gives Sam a small box of earth from her garden.<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1954a|loc=book 2, ch. 8, "Farewell to Lórien"}}</ref>
After Sam and Rose's first child was born it was revealed that Frodo would leave ], along with Bilbo (Sam's old hero), Gandalf and most of the remaining ], for the ]. Before Frodo left, he gave the estate of Bag End to Sam, as well as the ] for Sam to continue, hinting that Sam might also be allowed to travel into the West eventually.


When the Fellowship splits up at the ], Sam insists on accompanying Frodo.<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1954a|loc=book 2, ch. 10, "The Breaking of the Fellowship"}}</ref> Sam protects and cares for Frodo, who is growing weaker under the Ring's influence, as they move through the dangerous lands toward ]. Sam distrusts ], who became their guide into Mordor, leading them through the Dead Marshes.<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1954|loc=book 4, ch. 1, "The Taming of Sméagol"}}</ref><ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1954|loc=book 4, ch. 2, "The Passage of the Marshes"}}</ref> His suspicions are confirmed in the mountain pass of Cirith Ungol, where Gollum betrays them to the giant spider ]. Shelob stings Frodo, and Sam drives her off.<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1954a|loc=book 4, ch. 9, "Shelob's Lair"}}</ref> A band of ] approaches; Sam chooses to leave the apparently dead Frodo and take the Ring himself, and briefly becomes the ]. He is momentarily tempted by the ] ], but does not succumb to it.<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1954a|loc=book 4, ch. 10, "The Choices of Master Samwise"}}</ref> Sam then rescues Frodo (who had only been paralysed) from the ]s who held him captive. Sam returns the ring to Frodo.<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1955|loc=book 6, ch. 1, "The Tower of Cirith Ungol"}}</ref> The two journey through Mordor<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1955|loc=book 6, ch. 2, "The Land of Shadow"}}</ref> and into ]. Sam carries Frodo on his back for some of the way. Gollum attacks Frodo and reclaims the Ring, only to destroy both it and himself by falling into one of the Cracks of Doom.<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1955|loc=book 6, ch. 3, "Mount Doom"}}</ref>
After the death of his wife in the year 62 of the ] (] 1482), Sam entrusted the Red Book to Elanor and left the Shire at the age of 102. He was not seen again in Middle-earth, but Elanor and her descendants preserved the tradition that he went to the ] and sailed into the West. As the last of the Ring-bearers, he was entitled to sail across the Sea and be reunited with Frodo in the Undying Lands.


=== The Scouring of the Shire ===
===Characteristics===


{{further|The Scouring of the Shire}}
At the start of ''The Lord of the Rings'' Sam, typically for a hobbit, had never before ventured far from the immediate area where he lived. Unusually for a hobbit, however, since childhood Sam was fond of legends and other fantastical stories. Sam was particularly interested in the Elves, and always hoped to one day see one. Sam was literate, having been taught by ] and Frodo, which was atypical for most hobbits due to their rustic culture. Sam often showed a skill in poetry, one occasion being when in ] after Gandalf fell to his apparent death, Sam added to the poem that Frodo had made about him.


{{Quote box
Tolkien called Sam the "chief hero" of the ] in one of his letters: he places special emphasis on Sam's "rustic love" for Rosie,<ref name="letter">In the long summary-letter sent to Milton Waldman, an extract of which was published in '']'' as #131 and was reproduced in its entirety in '']''. It read "''I think the simple 'rustic' love of Sam and his Rosie (nowhere elaborated) is absolutely essential to the study of his (the chief hero's) character, and to the theme of the relation of ordinary life (breathing, eating, working, begetting) and quests, sacrifice, causes, and the 'longing for Elves', and sheer beauty.''" - J. R. R. Tolkien letter dated 1951</ref> a union that serves to establish a family in which allusions to Elvish wonders (embodied in Sam's daughter Elanor) are combined with the best qualities of traditional Shire-life. Sam and his descendants also become the keepers of the history of the ] (in the form of the ]) and uphold the memory of events that most 'ordinary' hobbits take little interest in.
| quote = So Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful or beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of the precious dust in the soil at the root of each. He went up and down the Shire in this labour; but if he paid special attention to ] and Bywater no one blamed him. ...<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;Spring surpassed his wildest hopes. His trees began to sprout and grow, as if time was in a hurry and wished to make one year do for twenty. In the Party Field a beautiful young sapling leaped up: it had silver bark and long leaves and burst into golden flowers in April. It was indeed a '']'', and it was the wonder of the neighbourhood.
| source = '']'', book 6, ch. 9 "The Grey Havens"
| width = 40%
| align = right
}}


The hobbits return home<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1955|loc=book 6, ch. 7, "Homeward Bound"}}</ref> horrified to find the Shire under the control of "Sharkey" (]) and his ruffians who had wantonly felled trees and despoiled the villages; the hobbits defeat them at the ] and ] of all the ruffians and their works.<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1955|loc=book 6, ch. 8, "]"}}</ref> Sam travels the length and breadth of ] replanting trees, using the elf-queen ]'s gift of earth from her garden, and one seed of the elvish ] tree, which he plants at Hobbiton. The saplings grow at an astonishing rate.<ref name="Grey Havens" group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1955|loc=book 6, ch. 9, "The Grey Havens"}}</ref>
Most of the hobbits' travels in Mordor are seen through Sam's point of view: including his spying on Gollum when the creature debates with himself; the battle with Shelob; Frodo's rescue from the orcs; and the final confrontation at Mount Doom.


=== In the Fourth Age ===
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the heart of ''The Lord of the Rings''.{{ME-fact|date=June 2008}} A strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of ], where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. Sam is extremely protective of Frodo and does everything he can to keep Frodo sane even as the One Ring warps his mind.


Sam marries ] and moves into ] with Frodo. The next year they have a daughter, Elanor, the first of their thirteen children. Frodo tells Sam that he (Frodo) and Bilbo will leave ], along with Gandalf and most of the remaining High Elves, for the ]. Frodo gives Sam the estate of Bag End, and the '']'' for Sam to continue, hinting that Sam may also be allowed to travel into the West eventually. Sam returns to meet his family at Bag End, ending the story with the words "Well, I'm back."<ref name="Grey Havens" group=T/>
Tolkien wrote in a private letter:
<blockquote>"My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflexion of the English soldier, of the privates and ] I knew in ], and recognised as so far superior to myself" (''J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography'' page 89, Chapter VIII. Humphrey Carpenter).</blockquote>


] in the year 1427 of the ], Sam was elected ] for the first of seven consecutive seven-year terms.<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1955|loc=Appendix B, "The Tale of Years", "Later Events Concerning the Members of the Fellowship of the Ring"}}</ref> His descendants took the surname Gardner in his honour.<ref name="gardner" group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1955|loc=Appendix C "Family Trees", "The Longfather-Tree of Master Samwise"}}</ref>
===Names and titles===
In the appendices of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien says the "true" or ] form of Sam's name is ''Banazîr Galbasi'' (also spelled ''Galpsi''). ''Banazîr'' comes from elements meaning "halfwise" or "simple". ''Galbasi'' comes from the name of the village ''Galabas''. The name ''Galabas'' uses the elements ''galab-'', meaning "game", and ''bas-'', corresponding somewhat to "-wich" or "-wick". In his role as "translator" of the ], Tolkien devised a strict English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', which develops into ''Samwise Gammidgy'' and eventually comes to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.


== Analysis ==
Frodo affectionately dubbed him "Samwise the stouthearted".<!-- "Samwise the Brave" is from Peter Jackson--><ref>{{ME-ref|ttt}}</ref> The Appendix of ''The Return of the King'' says that in ] 7 (] 1427), Sam was elected '']'' for the first of seven consecutive seven-year terms.


=== Christianity ===
==Concept and creation==
Tolkien was an admirer of heroism out of obedience and love but despised arrogance, pride and wilfulness. The courage displayed by Samwise Gamgee on his journey with Frodo, his subjection to dangers and the preparedness to die out of loyalty for Frodo is the kind of spirit that was praised by Tolkien in a number of essays on the Old English poem "]".<ref>{{ME-ref|Solopova|p. 40–42}}</ref> Likewise the rejection of the Ring by Sam and other characters in the novel is a rejection of power but can also be seen as a "desire for renown which the defeat over ] will bring".<ref>{{ME-ref|Solopova|p. 42}}</ref>


{{further|Christianity in Middle-earth}}
Tolkien took the name "Gamgee" from a colloquial word in Birmingham for cotton wool. This was in turn derived from ], a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century ] surgeon named ]. Tolkien originally used it as a nickname for a man living in Lamorna Cove, England before adapting it into his stories:


] has been compared to ], and Sam, who carried Frodo on the way to ], to ], who carried Christ's cross to ].{{sfn|Pearce|2013|pp=97–98}}]]
<blockquote>"There was a curious local character, an old man who used to go about swapping gossip and weather-wisdom and such like. To amuse my children I named him Gaffer Gamgee... The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration; but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin."<ref>'']'' #257, ed. Humphrey Carpenter</ref></blockquote>


Tolkien intentionally avoided making Christianity explicit in his Middle-earth writings,{{sfn|Flieger|2005|pp=36–37}} choosing instead to allow "the story and the symbolism" ].<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1977|p=xii}}</ref> Frodo finds the Ring a crushing weight, just as the cross was for Jesus. Sam, who carries Frodo up to Mount Doom, parallels ], who helps Jesus by carrying his cross to ].{{sfn|Pearce|2013|pp=97–98}} Sam gains prominence as he is willing to be unimportant in doing his duty, echoing the Christian emphasis on the humble.{{sfn|Wood|2003|p=165}} The ordeal of crossing Mordor, too, reflects the Christian theme of ].<ref name="Olar 2002">{{cite journal |last=Olar |first=Jared L. |title=The Gospel According to J.R.R. Tolkien |journal=Grace and Knowledge |issue=12 |date=July 2002 |url=http://graceandknowledge.faithweb.com/tolkien.html}}</ref>
Tolkien claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:


=== Heroism ===
<blockquote>"Dear Mr. Gamgee,</blockquote>
<blockquote>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours."<ref>''The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien'', ed. Humphrey Carpenter{{page needed|date=January 2011}}</ref></blockquote>


{{further|Heroism in The Lord of the Rings}}
He sent Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal:


Tolkien called Sam the "chief hero" of the saga, adding: "I think the simple 'rustic' love of Sam and his Rosie (nowhere elaborated) is absolutely essential to the study of his (the chief hero's) character, and to the theme of the relation of ordinary life (breathing, eating, working, begetting) and quests, sacrifice, causes, and the 'longing for Elves', and sheer beauty."<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=letter 131 to Milton Waldman, 1951 }}</ref> Tolkien admired heroism out of loyalty and love, but despised arrogance, pride and wilfulness. The courage and loyalty displayed by Samwise Gamgee on his journey with Frodo is the kind of spirit that Tolkien praised in his essays on the ] poem "]".{{sfn|Solopova|2009|pp=40–42}} Likewise, Sam's rejection of the Ring is a rejection of power, but also a "desire for renown which the defeat over ] will bring".{{sfn|Solopova|2009|p=42}}
<blockquote>"For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with."<ref>''Tolkien: A Biography'', Humphrey Carpenter{{page needed|date=January 2011}}</ref></blockquote>


] notes Sam's courage, which among other things takes the form of "be 'cheerful' without any hope at all". Shippey comments that this may hardly appear sensible, but it "rings true", appearing in old soldiers' recollections of the ]. He notes the etymology of "cheer", from ] ''chair'', meaning "face", commenting that "a stout pretence" is better than "sincere despair". Further, in the grimness of the Stairs of ], he and Frodo imagine people "laughing at grief", something that Shippey calls Tolkien's "]".{{sfn|Shippey|2005|pp=180–181}}
After publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien traced the origin of the name back to Gamgee and eventually the earlier English surname 'de Gamaches'.


=== Psychological journey ===
==Adaptations==
]'s animated version of '']''.]]
In ]'s 1978 ] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Sam was voiced by Michael Scholes. ] was the model for Sam, as well as Frodo and Bilbo, in the live-action recordings Bakshi used for ].


{{further|Psychological journeys of Middle-earth}}
In the 1980 animated version of '']'', made for television, the character was voiced by ].


The ] clinical psychologist Robin Robertson describes Sam's quest as ] of love (for Frodo), where Frodo's quest is one of transcendence.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Robertson |first=Robin |title=Seven Paths of the Hero in ''Lord of the Rings'': Introduction |journal=Psychological Perspectives |volume=50 |issue=1 |date=30 May 2007 |doi=10.1080/00332920701319491 |pages=79–94 |s2cid=143849565 }}</ref> Robertson writes that "Sam's is the simplest yet the most touching of all paths: his simple loyalty and love for Frodo make him the single person who never wavers in his task throughout the book."<ref name="Robertson 2009">{{cite journal |last=Robertson |first=Robin |title=Seven Paths of the Hero in ''Lord of the Rings'': The Path of Love |journal=Psychological Perspectives |volume=52 |issue=2 |date=27 May 2009 |doi=10.1080/00332920902880846 |pages=225–242 |s2cid=144447881 }}</ref> In his view, Sam always stays grounded in simple things like meals and the glory of a sunrise, while Sam ends as the happiest of the Fellowship, having seen the Elves, served as Frodo's companion on the quest, and back in the Shire that he loves, marries Rosie and is blessed with many children.<ref name="Robertson 2009"/>
In the 1981 ] radio ], Sam was played by ].


The Jungian analyst Pia Skogemann views Sam as standing for one of the ], namely feeling, with the other three assigned to the other hobbits in the Fellowship: Frodo stands for thinking, Pippin for intuition, and Merry for sensation.{{sfn|Skogemann|2009|p=14}}
] as Sam in ]'s live-action version of '']''.]]
In the ] movies '']'' (2001), '']'' (2002) and '']'' (2003), Sam was played by ].


=== Relationship with Frodo ===
On stage, Sam was portrayed by ] in the 3-hour long ], Canada stage production of ''The Lord of the Rings'', which opened in 2006. In the United States, Sam was portrayed by ] in the ] productions of '']'' (2001), '']'' (2002), and '']'' (2003) for ]. In ], ] played Sam in the ] production of "Fellowship of the Ring" in 1997 and '']'' in 1999.


{{further|Same-sex relations in The Lord of the Rings}}
==Reception==
According to '']'' he is one of the "greatest sidekicks."<ref>Ben Schott, ''Schott's Miscellany Calendar 2009'' (New York: Workman Publishing, 2008), March 21.</ref> ] also named Sam as one of their top heroes in entertainment.<ref name="UGO Heroes">{{cite web |url=http://www.ugo.com/games/best-heroes-of-all-time?page=5 |title=Best Heroes of All Time |author=UGO Team |date=January 21, 2010 |work=] |accessdate=April 3, 2011}}</ref>


] during the ].<ref name="Carpenter 1977 p89" group=T/>]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}


During the journey to destroy the Ring, Sam's ] exemplifies that of a military servant or ] to his assigned officer in the ], in particular in the ] in which Tolkien had served as an officer, with different batmen at different times.<ref name="Carpenter 1977 p89" group=T>{{harvnb|Carpenter|1977|p=89}}</ref> His ] ] stated:<ref name="Garth 2014"/>
==External links==
* {{imdb character|0000142}}
{{Tgw|Samwise Gamgee}}
* at The Thain's Book
* at TheOneRing.net


{{quote|The relationship between Frodo and Sam closely reflects the hierarchy of an officer and his servant . Officers had a university education and a middle-class background. Working-class men stayed at the rank of private or at best sergeant. A social gulf divides the literate, leisured Frodo from his former gardener, now responsible for wake-up calls, cooking and packing... Tolkien maps the gradual breakdown of restraint until Sam can take Frodo in his arms and call him "Mr Frodo, my dear."<ref name="Garth 2014">{{cite web |last=Garth |first=John |author-link=John Garth (author) |url=https://johngarth.wordpress.com/2014/02/13/sam-gamgee-and-tolkiens-batmen/ |title=Sam Gamgee and Tolkien's batmen |date=13 February 2014 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Fellowship}}

{{lotr}}
Tolkien wrote in a private letter: "My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflexion of the English soldier, of the privates and ] I knew in ], and recognised as so far superior to myself."<ref name="Carpenter 1977 p89" group=T/> and elsewhere: "Sam was cocksure, and deep down a little conceited; but his conceit had been transformed by his devotion to Frodo. He did not think of himself as heroic or even brave, or in any way admirable – except in his service and loyalty to his master."<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=letter 246 to Eileen Elgar, September 1963 }}</ref>

Although Tolkien does not explicitly say so, Sam is in effect Frodo's self-appointed ], carrying out more mundane chores thus relieving his "master" of the necessity to do so, the term being used in (for example) Ishay Landa's essay "Slaves of the Ring: Tolkien's Political Unconscious".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Landa |first=Ishay |title=Slaves of the Ring: Tolkien's Political Unconscious |journal=Historical Materialism |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=113–133 |year=2002 |doi=10.1163/15692060260474396 }}</ref> Tolkien himself gets closest to this terminology, possibly inadvertently, when in the account "Of The Rings of Power" in ''The Simarillion'' he writes: "For Frodo the Halfling, it is said, at the bidding of Mithrandir took on himself the burden , and alone with his servant he passed through peril and darkness and came at last in Sauron's despite even to Mount Doom; and there into the Fire where it was wrought he cast the Great Ring of Power, and so at last it was unmade and its evil consumed."<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1977|p=365 (paperback edition, 1999)}}</ref>

=== Name ===

{{see also|Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings}}

], a Birmingham doctor who invented a surgical dressing; as a child, Tolkien knew the word "gamgee" as a name for cotton wool.{{sfn|Lobdell|1975|p=166 "Gamgee"}}<ref group=T name="Letter 257"/>]]

Tolkien states in his "]" for ] that he took the name "Gamgee" from a colloquial word in ] for ]. This came from ], a surgical dressing invented by the 19th-century Birmingham surgeon ].{{sfn|Lobdell|1975|p=166 "Gamgee"}}<ref name="Letter 257" group=T>{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=letter 257 to Christopher Bretherton, 16 July 1964}}</ref> He claimed to have been genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied politely<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=letter 184 to Sam Gamgee, 18 March 1956}}</ref> and sent Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. He recorded in his journal "For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with."<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Carpenter|1977|pp=224–225}}</ref>{{efn|Tolkien later traced the origin of the English surname Gamgee to the ] surname "de Gamaches".<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=letter 324 to Graham Tayar, 4-5 June 1971}}</ref>}}

] from the ] ''Banazîr Galbasi''. The forename comes from elements meaning "halfwise" or "simple", exactly matching the ] ''Samwís''. ''Galbasi'' comes from the name of the village ''{{Visible anchor|Galabas}}''. This uses the elements ''galab-'', meaning "game", and ''bas-'', roughly matching the ] endings "-wich" or "-wick" (meaning in Old English a dwelling or specialised farm{{sfn|Mills|1993|p=358}}). In ] of the '']'', Tolkien devised a strict English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', which develops into ''Samwise Gammidgy'' and eventually comes to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1955|loc=Appendix F, II "On Translation"}}</ref>

<!--The "Guide to the Names in ''The Lord of the Rings''" also mentions that the surname of Sam's girlfriend, Rosie Cotton, is from an English placename ("cot" meaning cottage, and "tūn" meaning village in ]), so that the heard connection with ] fabric is of "no importance" for translations.{{sfn|Lobdell|1975|p=166 "Cotton"}} -->Tolkien states in a letter <!--to ]--> that "Since Sam was close friends of the family of Cotton (another village-name), I was led astray into the Hobbit-like joke of spelling Gamwichy Gamgee, though I do not think that in actual Hobbit-dialect the joke really arose", i.e. ] on the connected meanings in English of the Gamgee and Cotton family names, "cotton wool" and "cotton ".<ref name="Letter 144" group=T>{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=letter 144 to ], 25 April 1954}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==

]'s animated version of '']'']]

In the 1971 ] radio adaptation, Sam was voiced by ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Raggett |first=Ned |title=The Trouble With Ralph Bakshi's The Lord Of The Rings & Other Tolkien Misadventures |url=https://thequietus.com/articles/25681-ralph-bakshi-the-lord-of-the-rings-animation-review-anniversary |publisher=] |access-date=6 May 2020 |date=19 November 2018}}</ref>
In ]'s 1978 ] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Sam was voiced by Michael Scholes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sam |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/movies/The-Lord-of-the-Rings/Sam/ |website=Behind the Voice Actors |access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>
In the 1980 animated version of '']'', made for television, the character was voiced by ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Compare: Sam |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/voice-compare/Lord-of-the-Rings/Sam/ |website=Behind the Voice Actors |access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>
In the 1981 ] radio ], Sam was played by ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=Willow |title=Lord of the Radio |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/lord-radio/ |publisher=Empire (Cinemas) |access-date=6 May 2020 |date=29 November 2001}}</ref>
In the 1993 Finnish television ] '']'', Sam is portrayed by Pertti Sveholm.<ref name=Kajava>{{cite news |last=Kajava |first=Jukka |title=Tolkienin taruista on tehty tv-sarja: Hobitien ilme syntyi jo Ryhmäteatterin Suomenlinnan tulkinnassa |language=fi |trans-title=Tolkien's tales have been turned into a TV series: The Hobbits have been brought to life in the Ryhmäteatteri theatre |work=] |date=29 March 1993 |url=http://www.hs.fi/paivanlehti/arkisto/?haku=Klonkku&ref=arkisto%2F&page=4}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>

] as Sam in ]'s '']'']]

In the ] movies '']'' (2001), '']'' (2002) and '']'' (2003), Sam was played by ].{{sfn|Jackson|2006|p=9 "Dramatis Personae"}} The ] relationship and class differences between Sam and Frodo are somewhat subdued, though Sam still refers to Frodo as "Mr." (but not "Master").<ref>See ''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' dir. Peter Jackson, 2001</ref> '']'' called Sam Gamgee one of the "greatest sidekicks."<ref>Schott, Ben. ''Schott's Miscellany Calendar 2009'' (New York: Workman Publishing, 2008), March 21.</ref> ] named Sam as one of their top heroes in entertainment.<ref name="UGO Heroes">{{cite web |url=http://www.ugo.com/games/best-heroes-of-all-time?page=5 |title=Best Heroes of All Time |author=UGO Team |date=21 January 2010 |work=] |access-date=3 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825220429/http://www.ugo.com/games/best-heroes-of-all-time?page=5 |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref>

On stage, Sam was portrayed by Peter Howe in the ] ], which opened in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brantley |first=Ben |title=Tolkien's 'Lord of the Rings,' Staged by Matthew Warchus in Toronto |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/24/theater/24ring.html |work=] |date=24 March 2006}}</ref> In the United States, Sam was portrayed by Blake Bowden in the ] productions of ''The Fellowship of the Ring'' (2001), ''The Two Towers'' (2002), and ''The Return of the King'' (2003) for ].<ref>{{cite news |last=McDonough |first=Joseph |title=Fellowship of the Ring |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/102561488/ |work=] |date=25 September 2001 |page=24 |quote=Faring the best are Mr. Bowden as sidekick Sam Gamgee |via=newspapers.com}}</ref>
<!--
Please do not add anything here without citing a reliable source, it will be removed.
-->

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

=== Primary ===

{{reflist|group=T|26em}}

=== Secondary ===

{{reflist|26em}}

=== Sources ===

* {{ME-ref|Biography}} <!--Carpenter 1997-->
* {{ME-ref|Letters}} <!--Carpenter 2023-->
* {{cite book |last=Flieger |first=Verlyn |author-link=Verlyn Flieger |title=Interrupted Music: The Making Of Tolkien's Mythology |title-link=Interrupted Music |year=2005 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-87338-824-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson |title=From Hobbits to Hollywood: Essays on Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TvsF3vxvEswC&pg=PR9 |year=2006 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=90-420-1682-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Lobdell |first=Jared |author-link=Jared Lobdell |chapter=] |title=] |publisher=] |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois |date=1975 |isbn=0-87548-303-8 |pages=153–201}}
* {{cite book |last=Mills |first=A. D. |title=A Dictionary of English Place-Names |year=1993 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-19-283131-6 |page=358}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Pearce |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Pearce |editor-last=Drout |editor-first=Michael D. C. |editor-link=Michael D. C. Drout |title=Christ |encyclopedia=] |year=2013 |orig-year=2007 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-415-86511-1 |pages=97–98}}</ref>
* {{ME-ref|ROAD}} <!--Shippey 2005-->
* {{cite book |last=Skogemann |first=Pia |title=Where the Shadows Lie: a Jungian Interpretation of Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings |publisher=Chiron Publications |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-888602-45-6 |oclc=318641399}}
* {{ME-ref|Solopova}}
* {{ME-ref|FOTR}} <!--Tolkien 1954a-->
* {{ME-ref|TT}}
* {{ME-ref|ROTK}}
* {{ME-ref|Silm}}
* {{cite book |last=Wood |first=Ralph C. |author-link=Ralph C. Wood |title=The Gospel According to Tolkien: visions of the kingdom in Middle-Earth |publisher=] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-664-22610-7 |oclc=51937282}}
{{Lord of the Rings}}


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Latest revision as of 07:00, 7 October 2024

Hobbit character in The Lord of the Rings

Fictional character
Samwise Gamgee
J. R. R. Tolkien character
First appearanceThe Lord of the Rings (1954–1955)
In-universe information
RaceHobbit
AffiliationCompany of the Ring
SpouseRosie Cotton

Samwise Gamgee (/ˈsæmˌwaɪz ˈɡæmˌdʒiː/, usually called Sam) is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth. A hobbit, Samwise is the chief supporting character of The Lord of the Rings, serving as the loyal companion (in effect, the manservant) of the protagonist Frodo Baggins. Sam is a member of the Company of the Ring, the group of nine charged with destroying the One Ring to prevent the Dark Lord Sauron from taking over the world.

Sam was Frodo's gardener. He was drawn into Frodo's adventure while eavesdropping on a private conversation Frodo was having with the wizard Gandalf. Sam was Frodo's steadfast companion and servant, portrayed as both physically strong for his size and emotionally strong, often supporting Frodo through difficult parts of the journey and, at times, carrying Frodo when he was too weak to go on. Sam served as Ring-bearer for a short time when Frodo was captured by orcs; his emotional strength was again demonstrated when he willingly gave the Ring back to Frodo. Following the War of the Ring, Sam returned to the Shire and his role as a gardener, helping to replant the trees which had been destroyed while he was away. He was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive terms.

The name Gamgee derives from a local name for cotton wool, from a surgical dressing invented by Sampson Gamgee; hence Sam's girlfriend Rosie is from the Cotton family. Scholars have remarked on the symbolism in Sam's story, which carries echoes of Christianity; for instance, his carrying of Frodo is reminiscent of Simon of Cyrene's carrying of Christ's cross. Tolkien considered Sam a hero of the story. Psychologists have seen Sam's quest as a psychological journey of love. Tolkien's biographers have noted the resemblance of Sam's relationship with Frodo to that of military servants to British Army officers in the First World War.

Fictional biography

Further information: Tolkien's Middle-earth poetry

The War of the Ring

Frodo and Sam guided by Gollum through the Dead Marshes. Scraperboard illustration by Alexander Korotich, 1984

As told in The Lord of the Rings, Samwise Gamgee is Frodo Baggins's gardener, having inherited the position from his father, Hamfast "Gaffer" Gamgee, who was Bilbo Baggins's gardener. As "punishment" for eavesdropping on Gandalf's conversation with Frodo about the One Ring, Sam is made Frodo's first companion on his journey to Rivendell. They are joined by Meriadoc Brandybuck and Peregrin Took, Frodo's cousins, travelling together to Rivendell. At the Council of Elrond there, Sam joins the Fellowship of the Ring. In the elvish land of Lothlórien, Galadriel gives Sam a small box of earth from her garden.

When the Fellowship splits up at the Falls of Rauros, Sam insists on accompanying Frodo. Sam protects and cares for Frodo, who is growing weaker under the Ring's influence, as they move through the dangerous lands toward Mordor. Sam distrusts Gollum, who became their guide into Mordor, leading them through the Dead Marshes. His suspicions are confirmed in the mountain pass of Cirith Ungol, where Gollum betrays them to the giant spider Shelob. Shelob stings Frodo, and Sam drives her off. A band of orcs approaches; Sam chooses to leave the apparently dead Frodo and take the Ring himself, and briefly becomes the Ring-bearer. He is momentarily tempted by the Ring's promise of power, but does not succumb to it. Sam then rescues Frodo (who had only been paralysed) from the Orcs who held him captive. Sam returns the ring to Frodo. The two journey through Mordor and into Mount Doom. Sam carries Frodo on his back for some of the way. Gollum attacks Frodo and reclaims the Ring, only to destroy both it and himself by falling into one of the Cracks of Doom.

The Scouring of the Shire

Further information: The Scouring of the Shire

So Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful or beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of the precious dust in the soil at the root of each. He went up and down the Shire in this labour; but if he paid special attention to Hobbiton and Bywater no one blamed him. ...
  Spring surpassed his wildest hopes. His trees began to sprout and grow, as if time was in a hurry and wished to make one year do for twenty. In the Party Field a beautiful young sapling leaped up: it had silver bark and long leaves and burst into golden flowers in April. It was indeed a mallorn, and it was the wonder of the neighbourhood.

The Lord of the Rings, book 6, ch. 9 "The Grey Havens"

The hobbits return home horrified to find the Shire under the control of "Sharkey" (Saruman) and his ruffians who had wantonly felled trees and despoiled the villages; the hobbits defeat them at the Battle of Bywater and scour the Shire of all the ruffians and their works. Sam travels the length and breadth of the Shire replanting trees, using the elf-queen Galadriel's gift of earth from her garden, and one seed of the elvish mallorn tree, which he plants at Hobbiton. The saplings grow at an astonishing rate.

In the Fourth Age

Sam marries Rosie Cotton and moves into Bag End with Frodo. The next year they have a daughter, Elanor, the first of their thirteen children. Frodo tells Sam that he (Frodo) and Bilbo will leave Middle-earth, along with Gandalf and most of the remaining High Elves, for the Undying Lands. Frodo gives Sam the estate of Bag End, and the Red Book of Westmarch for Sam to continue, hinting that Sam may also be allowed to travel into the West eventually. Sam returns to meet his family at Bag End, ending the story with the words "Well, I'm back."

The Appendices note that in the year 1427 of the Shire Reckoning, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for the first of seven consecutive seven-year terms. His descendants took the surname Gardner in his honour.

Analysis

Christianity

Further information: Christianity in Middle-earth
Frodo has been compared to Christ, and Sam, who carried Frodo on the way to Mount Doom, to Simon of Cyrene, who carried Christ's cross to Golgotha.

Tolkien intentionally avoided making Christianity explicit in his Middle-earth writings, choosing instead to allow "the story and the symbolism" to convey his meaning. Frodo finds the Ring a crushing weight, just as the cross was for Jesus. Sam, who carries Frodo up to Mount Doom, parallels Simon of Cyrene, who helps Jesus by carrying his cross to Golgotha. Sam gains prominence as he is willing to be unimportant in doing his duty, echoing the Christian emphasis on the humble. The ordeal of crossing Mordor, too, reflects the Christian theme of redemptive suffering.

Heroism

Further information: Heroism in The Lord of the Rings

Tolkien called Sam the "chief hero" of the saga, adding: "I think the simple 'rustic' love of Sam and his Rosie (nowhere elaborated) is absolutely essential to the study of his (the chief hero's) character, and to the theme of the relation of ordinary life (breathing, eating, working, begetting) and quests, sacrifice, causes, and the 'longing for Elves', and sheer beauty." Tolkien admired heroism out of loyalty and love, but despised arrogance, pride and wilfulness. The courage and loyalty displayed by Samwise Gamgee on his journey with Frodo is the kind of spirit that Tolkien praised in his essays on the Old English poem "The Battle of Maldon". Likewise, Sam's rejection of the Ring is a rejection of power, but also a "desire for renown which the defeat over Sauron will bring".

Tom Shippey notes Sam's courage, which among other things takes the form of "be 'cheerful' without any hope at all". Shippey comments that this may hardly appear sensible, but it "rings true", appearing in old soldiers' recollections of the First World War. He notes the etymology of "cheer", from Old French chair, meaning "face", commenting that "a stout pretence" is better than "sincere despair". Further, in the grimness of the Stairs of Cirith Ungol, he and Frodo imagine people "laughing at grief", something that Shippey calls Tolkien's "new model of courage".

Psychological journey

Further information: Psychological journeys of Middle-earth

The Jungian clinical psychologist Robin Robertson describes Sam's quest as a psychological journey of love (for Frodo), where Frodo's quest is one of transcendence. Robertson writes that "Sam's is the simplest yet the most touching of all paths: his simple loyalty and love for Frodo make him the single person who never wavers in his task throughout the book." In his view, Sam always stays grounded in simple things like meals and the glory of a sunrise, while Sam ends as the happiest of the Fellowship, having seen the Elves, served as Frodo's companion on the quest, and back in the Shire that he loves, marries Rosie and is blessed with many children.

The Jungian analyst Pia Skogemann views Sam as standing for one of the four cognitive functions, namely feeling, with the other three assigned to the other hobbits in the Fellowship: Frodo stands for thinking, Pippin for intuition, and Merry for sensation.

Relationship with Frodo

Further information: Same-sex relations in The Lord of the Rings
Tolkien stated that the relationship of Frodo and Sam reflected that of a British officer and his batman during the First World War.

During the journey to destroy the Ring, Sam's relationship with Frodo exemplifies that of a military servant or batman to his assigned officer in the British Army, in particular in the First World War in which Tolkien had served as an officer, with different batmen at different times. His biographer John Garth stated:

The relationship between Frodo and Sam closely reflects the hierarchy of an officer and his servant . Officers had a university education and a middle-class background. Working-class men stayed at the rank of private or at best sergeant. A social gulf divides the literate, leisured Frodo from his former gardener, now responsible for wake-up calls, cooking and packing... Tolkien maps the gradual breakdown of restraint until Sam can take Frodo in his arms and call him "Mr Frodo, my dear."

Tolkien wrote in a private letter: "My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflexion of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognised as so far superior to myself." and elsewhere: "Sam was cocksure, and deep down a little conceited; but his conceit had been transformed by his devotion to Frodo. He did not think of himself as heroic or even brave, or in any way admirable – except in his service and loyalty to his master."

Although Tolkien does not explicitly say so, Sam is in effect Frodo's self-appointed manservant, carrying out more mundane chores thus relieving his "master" of the necessity to do so, the term being used in (for example) Ishay Landa's essay "Slaves of the Ring: Tolkien's Political Unconscious". Tolkien himself gets closest to this terminology, possibly inadvertently, when in the account "Of The Rings of Power" in The Simarillion he writes: "For Frodo the Halfling, it is said, at the bidding of Mithrandir took on himself the burden , and alone with his servant he passed through peril and darkness and came at last in Sauron's despite even to Mount Doom; and there into the Fire where it was wrought he cast the Great Ring of Power, and so at last it was unmade and its evil consumed."

Name

See also: Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings
Sam's surname is from Sampson Gamgee, a Birmingham doctor who invented a surgical dressing; as a child, Tolkien knew the word "gamgee" as a name for cotton wool.

Tolkien states in his "Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings" for translators of the book that he took the name "Gamgee" from a colloquial word in Birmingham for cotton wool. This came from Gamgee Tissue, a surgical dressing invented by the 19th-century Birmingham surgeon Sampson Gamgee. He claimed to have been genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in The Lord of the Rings but had not read the book. Tolkien replied politely and sent Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. He recorded in his journal "For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with."

In the fiction, Tolkien pretends that Sam's name is translated from the Westron Banazîr Galbasi. The forename comes from elements meaning "halfwise" or "simple", exactly matching the Old English Samwís. Galbasi comes from the name of the village Galabas. This uses the elements galab-, meaning "game", and bas-, roughly matching the English placename endings "-wich" or "-wick" (meaning in Old English a dwelling or specialised farm). In his frame story role as "translator" of the Red Book of Westmarch, Tolkien devised a strict English translation, Samwís Gamwich, which develops into Samwise Gammidgy and eventually comes to Samwise Gamgee in modern English.

Tolkien states in a letter that "Since Sam was close friends of the family of Cotton (another village-name), I was led astray into the Hobbit-like joke of spelling Gamwichy Gamgee, though I do not think that in actual Hobbit-dialect the joke really arose", i.e. he was punning on the connected meanings in English of the Gamgee and Cotton family names, "cotton wool" and "cotton ".

Adaptations

Sam in Ralph Bakshi's animated version of The Lord of the Rings

In the 1971 Mind's Eye radio adaptation, Sam was voiced by Lou Bliss. In Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version of The Lord of the Rings, Sam was voiced by Michael Scholes. In the 1980 animated version of The Return of the King, made for television, the character was voiced by Roddy McDowall. In the 1981 BBC radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, Sam was played by Bill Nighy. In the 1993 Finnish television miniseries Hobitit, Sam is portrayed by Pertti Sveholm.

Sean Astin as Sam in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers

In the Peter Jackson movies The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003), Sam was played by Sean Astin. The batman relationship and class differences between Sam and Frodo are somewhat subdued, though Sam still refers to Frodo as "Mr." (but not "Master"). Entertainment Weekly called Sam Gamgee one of the "greatest sidekicks." UGO Networks named Sam as one of their top heroes in entertainment.

On stage, Sam was portrayed by Peter Howe in the Toronto stage production of The Lord of the Rings, which opened in 2006. In the United States, Sam was portrayed by Blake Bowden in the Cincinnati productions of The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002), and The Return of the King (2003) for Clear Stage Cincinnati.

Notes

  1. Tolkien later traced the origin of the English surname Gamgee to the Norman French surname "de Gamaches".

References

Primary

  1. Tolkien 1954a, book 1, ch. 2, "The Shadow of the Past"
  2. Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 2, "The Council of Elrond"
  3. Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 8, "Farewell to Lórien"
  4. Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 10, "The Breaking of the Fellowship"
  5. Tolkien 1954, book 4, ch. 1, "The Taming of Sméagol"
  6. Tolkien 1954, book 4, ch. 2, "The Passage of the Marshes"
  7. Tolkien 1954a, book 4, ch. 9, "Shelob's Lair"
  8. Tolkien 1954a, book 4, ch. 10, "The Choices of Master Samwise"
  9. Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 1, "The Tower of Cirith Ungol"
  10. Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 2, "The Land of Shadow"
  11. Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 3, "Mount Doom"
  12. Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 7, "Homeward Bound"
  13. Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 8, "The Scouring of the Shire"
  14. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 9, "The Grey Havens"
  15. Tolkien 1955, Appendix B, "The Tale of Years", "Later Events Concerning the Members of the Fellowship of the Ring"
  16. Tolkien 1955, Appendix C "Family Trees", "The Longfather-Tree of Master Samwise"
  17. Tolkien 1977, p. xii
  18. Carpenter 2023, letter 131 to Milton Waldman, 1951
  19. ^ Carpenter 1977, p. 89
  20. Carpenter 2023, letter 246 to Eileen Elgar, September 1963
  21. Tolkien 1977, p. 365 (paperback edition, 1999)
  22. ^ Carpenter 2023, letter 257 to Christopher Bretherton, 16 July 1964
  23. Carpenter 2023, letter 184 to Sam Gamgee, 18 March 1956
  24. Carpenter 1977, pp. 224–225
  25. Carpenter 2023, letter 324 to Graham Tayar, 4-5 June 1971
  26. Tolkien 1955, Appendix F, II "On Translation"
  27. Carpenter 2023, letter 144 to Naomi Mitchison, 25 April 1954

Secondary

  1. ^ Pearce 2013, pp. 97–98.
  2. Flieger 2005, pp. 36–37.
  3. Wood 2003, p. 165.
  4. Olar, Jared L. (July 2002). "The Gospel According to J.R.R. Tolkien". Grace and Knowledge (12).
  5. Solopova 2009, pp. 40–42.
  6. Solopova 2009, p. 42.
  7. Shippey 2005, pp. 180–181.
  8. Robertson, Robin (30 May 2007). "Seven Paths of the Hero in Lord of the Rings: Introduction". Psychological Perspectives. 50 (1): 79–94. doi:10.1080/00332920701319491. S2CID 143849565.
  9. ^ Robertson, Robin (27 May 2009). "Seven Paths of the Hero in Lord of the Rings: The Path of Love". Psychological Perspectives. 52 (2): 225–242. doi:10.1080/00332920902880846. S2CID 144447881.
  10. Skogemann 2009, p. 14.
  11. ^ Garth, John (13 February 2014). "Sam Gamgee and Tolkien's batmen". Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  12. Landa, Ishay (2002). "Slaves of the Ring: Tolkien's Political Unconscious". Historical Materialism. 10 (4): 113–133. doi:10.1163/15692060260474396.
  13. ^ Lobdell 1975, p. 166 "Gamgee".
  14. Mills 1993, p. 358.
  15. Raggett, Ned (19 November 2018). "The Trouble With Ralph Bakshi's The Lord Of The Rings & Other Tolkien Misadventures". The Quietus. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  16. "Sam". Behind the Voice Actors. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  17. "Compare: Sam". Behind the Voice Actors. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  18. Green, Willow (29 November 2001). "Lord of the Radio". Empire (Cinemas). Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  19. Kajava, Jukka (29 March 1993). "Tolkienin taruista on tehty tv-sarja: Hobitien ilme syntyi jo Ryhmäteatterin Suomenlinnan tulkinnassa" [Tolkien's tales have been turned into a TV series: The Hobbits have been brought to life in the Ryhmäteatteri theatre]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). (subscription required)
  20. Jackson 2006, p. 9 "Dramatis Personae".
  21. See The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring dir. Peter Jackson, 2001
  22. Schott, Ben. Schott's Miscellany Calendar 2009 (New York: Workman Publishing, 2008), March 21.
  23. UGO Team (21 January 2010). "Best Heroes of All Time". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  24. Brantley, Ben (24 March 2006). "Tolkien's 'Lord of the Rings,' Staged by Matthew Warchus in Toronto". The New York Times.
  25. McDonough, Joseph (25 September 2001). "Fellowship of the Ring". The Cincinnati Enquirer. p. 24 – via newspapers.com. Faring the best are Mr. Bowden as sidekick Sam Gamgee

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