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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Madagascar Fish Eagle
| name = Madagascar fish eagle
| status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1
| image = Madagascar Fish Eagle, Lake Ravelobe, Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar.jpg
| trend = down
| image_caption = Two at Lake Ravelobe, ]
| image = Madagascarfisheagle.jpg
| image_width = 250px | status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| regnum = ]ia
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International. |year=2018 |amends=2016 |title=''Haliaeetus vociferoides'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22695121A125395004 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695121A125395004.en |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref>
| phylum = ]
| classis = ] | status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| ordo = ]<br>(or ], q.v.)
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| familia = ]
| genus = '']'' | genus = Icthyophaga
| species = '''''H. vociferoides''''' | species = vociferoides
| authority = (], 1845)
| binomial = ''Haliaeetus vociferoides''
| binomial_authority = ], 1845
| range_map = Madagascar Fish Eagle.png | range_map = Madagascar Fish Eagle.png
| range_map_upright = 0.6
| range_map_caption = The Distribution of the Madagascar Fish Eagle
| range_map_caption = Range
}} }}


The '''Madagascar fish eagle''' ('''''Icthyophaga vociferoides''''') or '''Madagascar sea-eagle''' (to distinguish it from the ''Ichthyophaga'' fishing-eagles), is a large ] in the family ] which also includes many other diurnal ]s such as ]s, ]s and ]s. It is ] to the coastal strip in the northwest of Madagascar. It is about {{convert|63|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long and has a pale brown head, dark brown body and white tail. The Madagascar fish eagle has been suffering from a declining population and is threatened by ] and persecution, and the ] has rated its conservation status as being "]".
The '''Madagascar Fish Eagle''' ('''''Haliaeetus vociferoides'''''<ref>
''']''': ''Haliaeetus'', ] for "sea-eagle". ''vociferoides'', from ] ''vocifer'', the ] of the African Fish-eagle + ''-oides'', "likeness of". This is in allusion to the conspicuous yelping calls which, when sitting, are given with the head fully thrown to the back, a peculiarity found among sea-eagles only in this and the African species.</ref>) or '''Madagascar Sea-eagle''' (to distinguish it from the ''Ichthyophaga'' fishing-eagles), is a large ] in the family ] which also includes many other diurnal ]s such as ]s, ]s and ]s. The range of this eagle is within the ]. It is a medium-sized sea-eagle, 70–80&nbsp;cm (28–32&nbsp;in) long and with a wingspan of 200&nbsp;cm (79&nbsp;in). The body and wings are dark brown, with a pale brown head and a white tail; the bill is blackish with a paler base, and the legs are pale grey.<ref name=hbw>del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World'' Vol. 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona ISBN 84-87334-15-6.</ref> Males weigh 2.2&ndash;2.6&nbsp;kg (4.8&ndash;5.7&nbsp;lbs), while the slightly larger females weigh 2.8&ndash;3.5&nbsp;kg (6.2&ndash;7.7&nbsp;lbs).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Haliaeetus_vociferoides/more_info.html?section=factsAndStatus |title=Madagascar fish-eagle - Haliaeetus vociferoides |publisher=ARKive |date= |accessdate=2010-03-22}}</ref>


==Description==
Its closest relative is the ], ''Haliaeetus vocifer''. Together, they form a distinct ] lineage of sea-eagles, which separated soon after the divergence of the genus; they retain the ancestral dark beak, talon, and eye, but unlike other ''Haliaeetus'' species, they always have at least partially white tails, even while juvenile. As in other sea-eagle species pairs, one species (the Madagascar Fish Eagle in this case) has a tan head, while the other has a white one.<ref name=hbw/>
The Madagascar fish eagle is a medium-sized ], {{convert|60|–|66|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} long and with a wingspan of {{convert|165|–|180|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}}.<ref>Raptors of the World by Ferguson–Lees, Christies, Franklin, Mead & Burton. Houghton Mifflin (2001), {{ISBN|0-618-12762-3}}</ref> The body and wings are dark brown, with a pale brown head and a white tail; the bill is blackish with a paler base, and the legs are pale grey.{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2011}} Males weigh {{convert|2.2|-|2.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, while the slightly larger females weigh {{convert|2.8|-|3.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Haliaeetus_vociferoides/more_info.html?section=factsAndStatus | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120529125242/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Haliaeetus_vociferoides/more_info.html?section=factsAndStatus | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-05-29 | title = Madagascan Fish Eagle - Haliaeetus vociferoides | publisher = ARKive | accessdate = 2010-03-22 }}</ref>


Its closest relative is the ], ''Icthyophaga vocifer''. Together, they form a distinct ] lineage of sea-eagles, which separated soon after the divergence of the genus; they retain the ancestral dark beak, talon, and eye, but unlike ''Haliaeetus'' species, they always have at least partially white tails, even while juvenile. As in other sea-eagle species pairs, one species (the Madagascan fish eagle in this case) has a tan head, while the other has a white one.{{sfn|del Hoyo|Elliott|Sargatal|1994|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2011}}
This ] is endemic to ], where it survives in low numbers along the west coast. The main threats to its breeding habitat are ], ] and the development of wetland areas for rice-paddies. It is also in direct competition with humans for fish stocks.


==Distribution== == Distribution ==
This species is considered confined to the northwest coast of Madagascar north of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/species/data/species_sheets/fisheagl.htm |title=United Nations Environment Programme: Madagascar Fish Eagle |publisher=Unep-wcmc.org |date=2007-05-22 |accessdate=2010-03-22}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>: The principal locus of population according to the United Nations Environmental Programme is in the ] region; 20 to 25 breeding pairs were there as of the 1980s. A more recent survey by Garbutt and Hogan report a smaller concentration of at least three breeding pairs in the ] along the ], where several streams discharge north of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luminatechnologies.org/luminawws.html |title=Nick Garbutt, C. Michael Hogan, Hilton Hastings, Wendy Pollecutt, Tahiana Andriaharimalala, '&#39;Anjajavy, the village and the forest'&#39;, Lumina Technologies, May 12, 2006 |publisher=Luminatechnologies.org |date= |accessdate=2010-03-22}}</ref> Total population estimates from the United Nations and from Grambo <ref>Rebecca L. Grambo, "Eagles" (1.000.000.00bc) Published by Voyageur Press, Inc.</ref> place the world population of this species at about 40 breeding pairs; according to Grambo this bird may be one of the rarest birds on Earth. Other surveys between 1991 and 1995 recorded at least 222 adults from 105 sites, with an estimated 98 breeding pairs. This ] is endemic to ], where it survives in low numbers along the northwest coast north of ]. The range of this eagle is within the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/species/data/species_sheets/fisheagl.htm |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080510211751/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/species/data/species_sheets/fisheagl.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-05-10 |title=United Nations Environment Programme: Madagascar Fish Eagle |publisher=unep-wcmc.org |date=2007-05-22 |accessdate=2010-03-22 }}</ref> The principal locus of population according to the United Nations Environmental Programme is in the ] region; 20 to 25 breeding pairs were there as of the 1980s. A more recent survey by Garbutt and Hogan report a smaller concentration of at least three breeding pairs in the ] along the ], where several streams discharge north of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luminatechnologies.org/luminawws.html |author1=Nick Garbutt |author2=C. Michael Hogan |author3=Hilton Hastings |author4=Wendy Pollecutt |author5=Tahiana Andriaharimalala |title=Anjajavy, the village and the forest |publisher=Lumina Technologies |work=LuminaTechnologies.org |date=2006-05-12 |accessdate=2010-03-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528121347/http://www.luminatechnologies.org/luminawws.html |archivedate=2010-05-28 }}</ref>


==References== ==Status==
Total population estimates from the United Nations and from Grambo <ref>Rebecca L. Grambo, "Eagles" (1.000.000.00bc) Published by Voyageur Press, Inc.</ref> place the world population of this species at about 40 breeding pairs; according to Grambo this bird may be one of the rarest birds on Earth. Other surveys between 1991 and 1995 recorded at least 222 adults from 105 sites, with an estimated 98 breeding pairs.
<references/>
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=9653|title=Haliaeetus vociferoides|downloaded=06 May 2006}} Database entry includes a range map, a brief justification of why this species is critically endangered, and the criteria used
*


The main threats to its breeding habitat are ], ] and the development of wetland areas for ]. It is also in direct competition with humans for fish stocks. Because of its decline in numbers and the threats it faces, the ] has assessed the bird's conservation status as being "]".
{{Buteoninae}}


==Gallery==
]
<gallery mode="packed">
]
Image:Madagascarfisheagle.jpg|At Tsimbazaza Zoo, ]
]
Image:Madagascar fish-eagle haliaeetus vociferoides.jpg|''Haliaeetus vociferoides'' in the ]
</gallery>


== Footnotes ==
]
{{Commons category|Haliaeetus vociferoides}}
]
] {{Wikispecies|Haliaeetus vociferoides}}
{{Reflist
]
| refs =
]

]
}}
]

]
; References
]

]
* {{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Haliaeetus vociferoides'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22695121A125395004 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695121A125395004.en |access-date=12 November 2021 |ref={{harvid|IUCN redlist}}}}
* {{cite web
| title = Madagascar Fish Eagle (''Haliaeetus vociferoides'')&nbsp;— BirdLife species factsheet
| publisher = ]
| work = BirdLife.org
| url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3362
| accessdate = 2011-05-31
}}

; Cited works

* {{cite book
| editor-last = del Hoyo
| editor-first = J.
| editor2-last = Elliott
| editor2-first = A.
| editor3-last = Sargatal
| editor3-first = J.
| year = 1994
| title = ]
| volume = 2
| publisher = Lynx Edicions
| location = Barcelona
| isbn = 84-87334-15-6

}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q648490}}
{{Authority control}}

]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 10:22, 5 January 2024

Species of bird

Madagascar fish eagle
Two at Lake Ravelobe, Ankarafantsika National Park
Conservation status

Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)
CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Icthyophaga
Species: I. vociferoides
Binomial name
Icthyophaga vociferoides
(des Murs, 1845)
Range

The Madagascar fish eagle (Icthyophaga vociferoides) or Madagascar sea-eagle (to distinguish it from the Ichthyophaga fishing-eagles), is a large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as kites, buzzards and harriers. It is endemic to the coastal strip in the northwest of Madagascar. It is about 63 cm (25 in) long and has a pale brown head, dark brown body and white tail. The Madagascar fish eagle has been suffering from a declining population and is threatened by habitat destruction and persecution, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being "critically endangered".

Description

The Madagascar fish eagle is a medium-sized sea eagle, 60–66 cm (23.5–26 in) long and with a wingspan of 165–180 cm (65–71 in). The body and wings are dark brown, with a pale brown head and a white tail; the bill is blackish with a paler base, and the legs are pale grey. Males weigh 2.2–2.6 kg (4.9–5.7 lb), while the slightly larger females weigh 2.8–3.5 kg (6.2–7.7 lb).

Its closest relative is the African fish eagle, Icthyophaga vocifer. Together, they form a distinct species pair lineage of sea-eagles, which separated soon after the divergence of the genus; they retain the ancestral dark beak, talon, and eye, but unlike Haliaeetus species, they always have at least partially white tails, even while juvenile. As in other sea-eagle species pairs, one species (the Madagascan fish eagle in this case) has a tan head, while the other has a white one.

Distribution

This species is endemic to Madagascar, where it survives in low numbers along the northwest coast north of Morondava. The range of this eagle is within the Madagascar dry deciduous forests. The principal locus of population according to the United Nations Environmental Programme is in the Analova region; 20 to 25 breeding pairs were there as of the 1980s. A more recent survey by Garbutt and Hogan report a smaller concentration of at least three breeding pairs in the Anjajavy Forest along the Indian Ocean, where several streams discharge north of Anjajavy Village.

Status

Total population estimates from the United Nations and from Grambo place the world population of this species at about 40 breeding pairs; according to Grambo this bird may be one of the rarest birds on Earth. Other surveys between 1991 and 1995 recorded at least 222 adults from 105 sites, with an estimated 98 breeding pairs.

The main threats to its breeding habitat are deforestation, soil erosion and the development of wetland areas for rice paddies. It is also in direct competition with humans for fish stocks. Because of its decline in numbers and the threats it faces, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the bird's conservation status as being "critically endangered".

Gallery

Footnotes

  1. BirdLife International. (2018) . "Haliaeetus vociferoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22695121A125395004. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695121A125395004.en. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. Raptors of the World by Ferguson–Lees, Christies, Franklin, Mead & Burton. Houghton Mifflin (2001), ISBN 0-618-12762-3
  4. ^ del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1994.
  5. "Madagascan Fish Eagle - Haliaeetus vociferoides". ARKive. Archived from the original on 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  6. "United Nations Environment Programme: Madagascar Fish Eagle". unep-wcmc.org. 2007-05-22. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  7. Nick Garbutt; C. Michael Hogan; Hilton Hastings; Wendy Pollecutt; Tahiana Andriaharimalala (2006-05-12). "Anjajavy, the village and the forest". LuminaTechnologies.org. Lumina Technologies. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  8. Rebecca L. Grambo, "Eagles" (1.000.000.00bc) Published by Voyageur Press, Inc.
References
Cited works
Taxon identifiers
Haliaeetus vociferoides
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