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{{Short description|American nutritionist (1931–2014)}}
{{Multiple issues| BLP sources = March 2011|pov=March 2011}}
{{For|ENIG gold plating|Electroless nickel immersion gold}}
{{Infobox scientist {{Infobox scientist
|box_width = | name = Mary G. Enig
|name = Mary G. Enig | image = Dr Enig.jpg
| image_size = 157
|image = Dr Enig.jpg
|image_size = 157 | alt =
|alt = | caption = <!-- Circa 2000 -->
| birth_name = Mary Gertrude Dracon
|caption = <!-- Circa 2000 -->
|birth_date = 1931 | birth_date = July 13, 1931
|birth_place = | birth_place = ]
|death_date = | death_date = September 8, 2014 (aged 83)
|death_place = | death_place =
| nationality =
|residence = ], ]
|nationality = | fields = Nutrition
⚫ | workplaces = ]
|fields = ]
| alma_mater = ]
⚫ |workplaces = ]
|alma_mater = ] | awards = Master of the American College of Nutrition
|known_for =
|influences =
|influenced =
⚫ |awards = Master of the American College of Nutrition
}} }}
'''Mary Gertrude Enig''', PhD (born 1931) is a ] and researcher known for her unconventional positions on the role ]s play in diet and health. Enig was an early opposer of ], years before their dangers were widely accepted. She has continued to promote skepticism towards the scientific consensus that high saturated fat diets lead to heart disease, while she advocates for a diet based in ] and rich in certain ], such as those found in ] and ].


'''Mary Gertrude Enig''' (née '''Dracon'''; July 13, 1931 – September 8, 2014)<ref>, Legacy.com, September 9, 2014.</ref> was a nutritionist and researcher known for her unconventional positions on the role ]s play in diet and health.<ref>{{cite web|last=Maloof|first=Rich|title=Coconut Oil|url=http://health.msn.com/health-topics/cholesterol/coconut-oil|publisher=MSN Health|access-date=June 9, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518143744/http://health.msn.com/health-topics/cholesterol/coconut-oil|archive-date=May 18, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> She disputed the medical consensus that diets high in saturated fats contribute to development of heart disease,<ref>{{cite book|page=257|title=The European Society of Cardiology Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine|last1=Camm|first1=John|last2=Luscher|first2=Thomas|last3=Serruys|first3=Patrick|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-957285-4}}</ref> while she advocated for a ] high-fat diet, rich in animal fats and ].<ref name=Black>{{cite news|last=Black|first=Jane|title=The Great Divide|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/05/AR2008080501000_pf.html|access-date=June 9, 2011|newspaper=Washington Post|date=August 6, 2008}}</ref><ref name="nytimes">. nytimes.com. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</ref><ref name="publishersweekly">. publishersweekly.com. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</ref>
== Academic and professional history ==
Enig attended the ] (UMCP), receiving an ], and later a ] in Nutritional Sciences in 1984. She was a faculty research associate at UMCP with the Lipids Research Group in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry from 1984 through 1991. While in graduate school and later as a research associate, Enig participated in biochemical research on lipids. She has published scientific papers on food fats and oils and is a former editor of the '']''.<ref>Bowden, Jonny. (2007). ''The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth – The Surprising, Unbiased Truth About What You Should Eat and Why''. Gloucester, MA: Fair Winds Press. pp. 108, 167, 177, 301, 311. ISBN 1592332285.</ref><ref name=NYT>Burros, Marian. (October 7, 1992). . ''The New York Times''. Retrieved March 10, 2011.</ref>


Along with Sally Fallon, Enig co-founded the ] (WAPF) in 1999. Enig died of a ] at the age of 83.<ref>, drkaayladaniel.com; accessed May 16, 2016.</ref>
Enig is a Fellow of the ].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Eauclaire |first=Sally. |month=July 1996 |title=Soy backlash |work=Vegetarian Times |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0820/is_n227/ai_18432895/}}</ref> She was a Licensed Nutritionist in Maryland from May 1988 to October 2008.<ref>{{cite web| title = Verification Page | publisher = Maryland Board of Dietetic Practice | url = https://mdbnc.dhmh.md.gov/dietVerification/Details.aspx?ID=6878 | accessdate = }}</ref>{{better source}}
==Career==
Enig attended the ] (UMD) where she received a MS and later a PhD in Nutritional Sciences in 1984.<ref name=Passwater>Passwater, Richard A. (November 1993 – January 1994). . Interview with Dr. Mary Enig. ''Whole Foods Magazine''.</ref> From 1984 through 1991 she was a faculty research associate at UMD with the Lipids Research Group in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry where she participated in biochemical research on lipids.<ref name=Passwater/>


Enig was a Licensed Nutritionist in Maryland from May 1988 to October 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Verification Page|publisher=Maryland Board of Dietetic Practice|url=https://mdbnc.dhmh.md.gov/dietVerification/Details.aspx?ID=6878|access-date=June 8, 2011}}</ref> She was a Master of the ].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Eauclaire|first=Sally|date=July 1996|title=Soy backlash|journal=Vegetarian Times|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0820/is_n227/ai_18432895|access-date=May 16, 2016}}</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807151711/http://www.americancollegeofnutrition.org/Default.aspx?tabid=121 |date=August 7, 2011 }}, americancollegeofnutrition.org; retrieved June 17, 2011.</ref> and was a former editor of the '']'' where she published articles on food fats and oils.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bowden|first=Jonny|title=The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth: The Surprising, Unbiased Truth About What You Should Eat and Why|url=https://archive.org/details/150healthiestfoo0000bowd|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=Fair Winds Press|location=Gloucester, MA|isbn=978-1-59233-228-1|pages=, 167, 177, 301, 311}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news|last=Burros|first=Marian|title=Now What? U.S. Study Says Margarine May Be Harmful|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/07/garden/now-what-us-study-says-margarine-may-be-harmful.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|access-date=June 9, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 7, 1992}}</ref>
⚫ Enig is the co-founder, vice president, and board-member of the ] (WAPF), started in 1999 to promote nutrition and health advice based on the work of 20th century dentist and researcher ].<ref>{{cite web

| title = Weston A Price Foundation Board of Directors
⚫ Enig was a board member and vice-president of the Weston A. Price Foundation (WAPF) which she co-founded with Sally Fallon in 1999 to promote nutrition and health advice based on the work of early 20th century ] and researcher ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=http://www.westonaprice.org/board-of-directors|publisher=Weston A. Price Foundation|access-date=June 9, 2011}}</ref>
| url = http://www.westonaprice.org/board-of-directors.html
| accessdate = }}</ref>


==Dietary views== ==Dietary views==
{{further|Lipid hypothesis#THINCS}}
Enig, a member of The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics (THINCS),<ref></ref> disputed the widely accepted view in the scientific community that consumption of saturated fats contributes to heart disease.<ref name=Black/><ref name=science>{{cite journal|author=Ravnskov, U.|title=Studies of dietary fat and heart disease|journal=Science|volume=295|issue=5559|pages=1464–66|date=February 2002|pmid=11859893|doi=10.1126/science.295.5559.1464c|author2=Allen C.|author3=Atrens D.|display-authors=3|last4=Enig|first4=MG|last5=Groves|first5=B.|last6=Kauffman|first6=J.M.|last7=Kroneld|first7=R.|last8=Rosch|first8=P.J.|last9=Rosenman|first9=R.|s2cid=31990802}}</ref> Her chapter in the book ''Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An evaluation by scientists'' was reviewed in the '']'', which noted that while she provided an appropriate discussion of ]s in diet, she did not accurately depict the medical literature on the connection between diet and coronary disease, and that she wrote with an inflammatory tone that was unjustified.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stone|first1=Neil J.|year=1994|title=Book Review – Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An Evaluation by Scientists|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=330|issue=9|pages=943–44|publisher=Massachusetts Medical Society|doi=10.1056/NEJM199403313301321|pmid=8114883}}</ref> Enig responded in a ] published in the journal.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=8047097|year=1994|last1=Enig|first1=MG|title=More on Coronary heart disease: The dietary sense and nonsense|volume=331|issue=9|pages=615; author reply 615–6|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|doi=10.1056/nejm199409013310914}}</ref>


Enig criticized ] and low-fat diets.<ref name="nytimes"/> She argued against medical consensus by stating, "heart disease has been correlated most consistently with consumption of sugar and an excess in polyunsaturated oils".<ref name="nytimes"/> She denied studies linking heart disease to ] consumption. She opposed the use of ]s such as ], sugar, vegetables oils and white flour.<ref name="nytimes"/>
===Saturated fats===
Enig disputes the ], which postulates that consumption of saturated fats contributes to heart disease.<ref name=science>Ravnskov U, Allen C, Atrens D, Enig MG, Groves B, Kauffman JM, Kroneld R, Rosch PJ, Rosenman R, Werkö L, Nielsen JV, Wilske J, Worm N. (February 22, 2002). . ''Science'' '''295''' (5559): 1464-6. {{DOI| 10.1126/science.295.5559.1464c}} {{PMID|11859893}}.</ref>


Enig claimed ] and ] are good for heart health. She published articles on the properties of coconut oil and was a vocal advocate for its consumption.<ref name=star>{{cite news|last=Webb|first=Densie|title=Processed oils rival butter in raising cholesterol|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BaUsAAAAIBAJ&pg=2981,2080798&dq=mary-enig&hl=en|access-date=June 9, 2011|newspaper=Wilmington Morning Star|date=September 5, 1990}}</ref><ref>"Trimming the Fats", ''The Washington Post'', December 10, 2003.</ref> Citing the work of Jon J. Kabara, she claimed that unprocessed coconut oil could be effective in the treatment of ] including ].<ref name="Know">{{cite book|last=Enig|first=Mary G.|title=Know Your Fats|publisher=Bethesda Press|date=May 2000|page=114|isbn=978-0-9678126-0-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Enig |first=Mary G. |title=Health and nutritional benefits from coconut oil and its advantages over competing oils |date=September 1995 |journal=Indian Coconut Journal |url=https://www.coconutboard.in/images/Articles/English-Article-MaryEnig.pdf|access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=611111&publicationSubCategoryId=77|title=Garin: Claims on health benefits of VCO need proof|date=September 12, 2010|publisher=The Philippine Star|access-date=June 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jJkkAAAAIBAJ&pg=6447,3991868&dq=mary+enig&hl=en|title=Research on coconuts for Aids urged|date=December 29, 1997|publisher=The Nation|access-date=June 9, 2011}}</ref>
Her chapter in the book ''Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An evaluation by scientists'', was reviewed in the '']'' which noted that while she provided an appropriate discussion of trans fats in diet, she misrepresented the medical literature on the connection between diet and coronary disease, and that she wrote with an inflammatory tone that was unjustified.<ref>Stone, Neil J. (March 31, 1994). . ''New England Journal of Medicine'' '''330''' (9): 943–944.</ref> Enig disputed the review in a ] to the journal.<ref>Enig MG. (September 1, 1994). . ''New England Journal of Medicine'' '''331''' (9): 615. {{PMID|8047097}}.</ref>


Enig was an early researcher of ],<ref name=NYT/> warning of their dangers before they were widely accepted.<ref name=star/><ref>]. (2008). ''In Defense of Food – An Eater's Manifesto''. Penguin. p. 45; {{ISBN|1-59420-145-5}}.</ref> She believed that trans fats lower the beneficial type of cholesterol-carrying particles (])<ref name=star/> and pushed for improved labeling of trans fats on products, which is now mandatory on food products in the U.S. and in Europe.<ref name=enignews3>{{cite news|title=Companies pull trans fats before label rules|author=Joe Milicia|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kMBOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6717,1758291&dq=mary+enig&hl=en|newspaper=The Bryan Times|date=January 19, 2005|access-date=June 16, 2011}}</ref>
===Coconut oil===
Enig has conducted and published original research into the properties of ] and is a vocal advocate for its consumption,<ref>Trimming the Fats. (December 10, 2003). ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=star>Webb, Densie. (September 5, 1990). . ''Wilmington Morning Star''. N.Y. Times News Service.</ref> going against the widely held consensus that due to coconut oil's high saturated fat content, its use should be minimized or avoided.


In 1989, Sally Fallon, an advocate for the nutritional theories of Weston A. Price, recruited Enig to utilize her nutritional training to co-write a book to promote Price's work, ''Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook That Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats.'' It has sold more than 400,000 copies as of 2011.<ref name=chicagotribune>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/03/17/sally-fallon-is-not-afraid-of-fat/|title=Sally Fallon is not afraid of fat|publisher=Articles.chicagotribune.com|date=March 17, 2011|access-date=June 10, 2011}}</ref>
Enig's theory is that ], the main acid in coconut oil is the precursor to ], a lipid with ] properties,<ref name=Know>{{cite book
| last = Enig | first = Mary | title = Know Your Fats | publisher = Bethesda Press
|date = May 2000| pages = 114 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-96781-260-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Enig | first = Mary
| title = Health and nutritional benefits from coconut oil and its advantages over competing oils | date = September 1995
| journal = Indian Coconut Journal
| url = http://coconutboard.gov.in/English-Article-MaryEnig.pdf | accessdate = March 11, 2011}}</ref> and that unprocessed coconut oil could be effective in the treatment of viral infections, including ].<ref> The Philippine Star. 12 Sept 2010.</ref><ref>, The Nation, 29 Dec 29 1997.</ref>


Enig co-wrote another book with Fallon called ''Eat Fat, Lose Fat'' which promotes what Enig considered "good" fats, and argued that many who follow ]s feel low on energy because they are "fat deficient".<ref name=newsday>{{cite web|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/774046851.html?dids=774046851:774046851&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+05%2C+2005&author=Sylvia+Carter&pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&desc=A+LA+CARTER%2C+Chewing+the+fat+to+lose+weight&pqatl=google|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106121745/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/774046851.html?dids=774046851:774046851&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+05,+2005&author=Sylvia+Carter&pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&desc=A+LA+CARTER,+Chewing+the+fat+to+lose+weight&pqatl=google|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 6, 2012|title=A LA CARTER, Chewing the fat to lose weight|publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com|access-date=June 10, 2011}}</ref>


⚫ ==Selected publications==


⚫ *''Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats'' (1999, with Sally Fallon)
⚫ == Selected works ==
*''Eat Fat, Lose Fat: Lose Weight and Feel Great with Three Delicious, Science-Based Coconut Diets'' (2004, with Sally Fallon) {{ISBN|978-1-59463-005-7}}<ref name="publishersweekly"/>
=== Books ===
* Mary Enig, ''Trans fatty acids in the food supply: A comprehensive report covering 60 years of research'', (Enig Associates, 1993).
⚫ * Sally Fallon, with Dr Mary Enig (contributing editor), ''Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats'', (NewTrends Publishing, October 1999). ISBN 0-96708-973-5, ISBN 978-0967089737.
* Mary Enig, ''Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol'', (Bethesda Press, May 2000). ISBN 0-96781-260-7, ISBN 978-0967812601.
* Mary Enig and Sally Fallon, ''Eat Fat Lose Fat – The Healthy Alternative to Trans Fats'', (Plume, March 28, 2006). ISBN 0452285666, ISBN 978-0452285668.


====Chapter==== ==References==
* Mary Enig, "Diet, serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease", in Mann GV (ed): ''Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An evaluation by scientists''. (Janus Publishing, London, 1993). pp 36-60. ISBN 1857560728.

===Journal articles===
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Munn |first2=RJ |last3=Keeney |first3=M. |title=Dietary fat and cancer trends--a critique |journal=Federation proceedings |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=2215–20 |year=1978 |pmid=566221}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Pallansch |first2=LA |last3=Sampugna |first3=J |last4=Keeney |first4=M. |title=Fatty acid composition of the fat in selected food items with emphasis on trans components |journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society |volume=60 |pages=1788 |year=1983 |doi=10.1007/BF02680357}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Budowski |first2=P |last3=Blondheim |first3=SH |title=Trans-unsaturated fatty acids in margarines and human subcutaneous fat in Israel |journal=Human nutrition. Clinical nutrition |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=223–30 |year=1984 |pmid=6086551}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Enig |first1=MG |last2=Atal |first2=S |last3=Keeney |first3=M |last4=Sampugna |first4=J |title=Isomeric trans fatty acids in the U.S. diet |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=471–86 |year=1990 |pmid=2258534}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Lieberman | first1 = Shari | last2 = Enig | first2 = Mary G. | last3 = Preuss | first3 = Harry G. | year = 2006 | title = A Review of Monolaurin and Lauric Acid: Natural Virucidal and Bactericidal Agents | url = | journal = Alternative and Complementary Therapies | volume = 12 | issue = 6| pages = 310–314 | doi = 10.1089/act.2006.12.310 }}

== See also ==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist|2}}
⚫ {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}


{{Low-carbohydrate diets}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. -->
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Enig, Mary G.}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Enig, Mary G.}}
⚫ {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}

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Latest revision as of 03:50, 28 October 2024

American nutritionist (1931–2014)
Mary G. Enig
BornMary Gertrude Dracon
July 13, 1931
Indianapolis, Indiana
DiedSeptember 8, 2014 (aged 83)
Alma materUniversity of Maryland, College Park
AwardsMaster of the American College of Nutrition
Scientific career
FieldsNutrition
InstitutionsWeston A. Price Foundation

Mary Gertrude Enig (née Dracon; July 13, 1931 – September 8, 2014) was a nutritionist and researcher known for her unconventional positions on the role saturated fats play in diet and health. She disputed the medical consensus that diets high in saturated fats contribute to development of heart disease, while she advocated for a low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, rich in animal fats and coconut oil.

Along with Sally Fallon, Enig co-founded the Weston A. Price Foundation (WAPF) in 1999. Enig died of a stroke at the age of 83.

Career

Enig attended the University of Maryland, College Park (UMD) where she received a MS and later a PhD in Nutritional Sciences in 1984. From 1984 through 1991 she was a faculty research associate at UMD with the Lipids Research Group in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry where she participated in biochemical research on lipids.

Enig was a Licensed Nutritionist in Maryland from May 1988 to October 2008. She was a Master of the American College of Nutrition. and was a former editor of the Journal of the American College of Nutrition where she published articles on food fats and oils.

Enig was a board member and vice-president of the Weston A. Price Foundation (WAPF) which she co-founded with Sally Fallon in 1999 to promote nutrition and health advice based on the work of early 20th century dentist and researcher Weston A. Price.

Dietary views

Further information: Lipid hypothesis § THINCS

Enig, a member of The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics (THINCS), disputed the widely accepted view in the scientific community that consumption of saturated fats contributes to heart disease. Her chapter in the book Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An evaluation by scientists was reviewed in the New England Journal of Medicine, which noted that while she provided an appropriate discussion of trans fats in diet, she did not accurately depict the medical literature on the connection between diet and coronary disease, and that she wrote with an inflammatory tone that was unjustified. Enig responded in a letter published in the journal.

Enig criticized vegetarianism and low-fat diets. She argued against medical consensus by stating, "heart disease has been correlated most consistently with consumption of sugar and an excess in polyunsaturated oils". She denied studies linking heart disease to red meat consumption. She opposed the use of processed foods such as pasteurized milk, sugar, vegetables oils and white flour.

Enig claimed butter and coconut oil are good for heart health. She published articles on the properties of coconut oil and was a vocal advocate for its consumption. Citing the work of Jon J. Kabara, she claimed that unprocessed coconut oil could be effective in the treatment of viral infections including HIV/AIDS.

Enig was an early researcher of trans fatty acids, warning of their dangers before they were widely accepted. She believed that trans fats lower the beneficial type of cholesterol-carrying particles (HDL) and pushed for improved labeling of trans fats on products, which is now mandatory on food products in the U.S. and in Europe.

In 1989, Sally Fallon, an advocate for the nutritional theories of Weston A. Price, recruited Enig to utilize her nutritional training to co-write a book to promote Price's work, Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook That Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats. It has sold more than 400,000 copies as of 2011.

Enig co-wrote another book with Fallon called Eat Fat, Lose Fat which promotes what Enig considered "good" fats, and argued that many who follow low-fat diets feel low on energy because they are "fat deficient".

Selected publications

  • Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats (1999, with Sally Fallon)
  • Eat Fat, Lose Fat: Lose Weight and Feel Great with Three Delicious, Science-Based Coconut Diets (2004, with Sally Fallon) ISBN 978-1-59463-005-7

References

  1. Obituary - Mary G. Enig, Legacy.com, September 9, 2014.
  2. Maloof, Rich. "Coconut Oil". MSN Health. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  3. Camm, John; Luscher, Thomas; Serruys, Patrick (2009). The European Society of Cardiology Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Blackwell Publishing. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-19-957285-4.
  4. ^ Black, Jane (August 6, 2008). "The Great Divide". Washington Post. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  5. ^ "Before You Take the Vegetarian Vow". nytimes.com. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  6. ^ "Eat Fat, Lose Fat: Lose Weight and Feel Great with Three Delicious, Science-Based Coconut Diets". publishersweekly.com. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  7. The Pioneering Spirit of Dr. Mary G. Enig, drkaayladaniel.com; accessed May 16, 2016.
  8. ^ Passwater, Richard A. (November 1993 – January 1994). Health Risks from Processed Foods and Trans Fats. Interview with Dr. Mary Enig. Whole Foods Magazine.
  9. "Verification Page". Maryland Board of Dietetic Practice. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  10. Eauclaire, Sally (July 1996). "Soy backlash". Vegetarian Times. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  11. Awards Information Archived August 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, americancollegeofnutrition.org; retrieved June 17, 2011.
  12. Bowden, Jonny (2007). The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth: The Surprising, Unbiased Truth About What You Should Eat and Why. Gloucester, MA: Fair Winds Press. pp. 108, 167, 177, 301, 311. ISBN 978-1-59233-228-1.
  13. ^ Burros, Marian (October 7, 1992). "Now What? U.S. Study Says Margarine May Be Harmful". The New York Times. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  14. "Board of Directors". Weston A. Price Foundation. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  15. THINCS Membership
  16. Ravnskov, U.; Allen C.; Atrens D.; et al. (February 2002). "Studies of dietary fat and heart disease". Science. 295 (5559): 1464–66. doi:10.1126/science.295.5559.1464c. PMID 11859893. S2CID 31990802.
  17. Stone, Neil J. (1994). "Book Review – Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An Evaluation by Scientists". New England Journal of Medicine. 330 (9). Massachusetts Medical Society: 943–44. doi:10.1056/NEJM199403313301321. PMID 8114883.
  18. Enig, MG (1994). "More on Coronary heart disease: The dietary sense and nonsense". The New England Journal of Medicine. 331 (9): 615, author reply 615–6. doi:10.1056/nejm199409013310914. PMID 8047097.
  19. ^ Webb, Densie (September 5, 1990). "Processed oils rival butter in raising cholesterol". Wilmington Morning Star. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  20. "Trimming the Fats", The Washington Post, December 10, 2003.
  21. Enig, Mary G. (May 2000). Know Your Fats. Bethesda Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-9678126-0-1.
  22. Enig, Mary G. (September 1995). "Health and nutritional benefits from coconut oil and its advantages over competing oils" (PDF). Indian Coconut Journal. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  23. "Garin: Claims on health benefits of VCO need proof". The Philippine Star. September 12, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  24. "Research on coconuts for Aids urged". The Nation. December 29, 1997. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  25. Pollan, Michael. (2008). In Defense of Food – An Eater's Manifesto. Penguin. p. 45; ISBN 1-59420-145-5.
  26. Joe Milicia (January 19, 2005). "Companies pull trans fats before label rules". The Bryan Times. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  27. "Sally Fallon is not afraid of fat". Articles.chicagotribune.com. March 17, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
  28. "A LA CARTER, Chewing the fat to lose weight". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
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