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{{Infobox fossil
{{R printworthy}}
|img = Rhodesian Man.jpg
|catalog number = Broken Hill 1
|common name = Kabwe cranium or Broken Hill man
|species = '']'' or '']''
|age =
|place discovered = ], ]
|date discovered = 1921
|discovered by = Tom Zwiglaar
}}
'''Kabwe skull''' or '''Kabwe cranium''', or '''Broken Hill 1''' is a ] fossil that was frequently classified as belonging to '']''. The ] was found in an ] and ] mine in Broken Hill, ] (now ], ]) in 1921 by Tom Zwiglaar, a Swiss ]. In addition to the cranium, an upper ] from another individual, a ], a ], and two ] fragments were also found. The skull was dubbed '''Rhodesian Man''' at the time of the find, but is now commonly referred to as the '''Broken Hill Skull''' or the '''Kabwe Cranium'''.
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The association between the bones is unclear, but the tibia and femur fossils are usually associated with the skull. Rhodesian Man is dated to be between 125,000 and 300,000 years old. ] of the Broken Hill skull has been estimated at 1,100&nbsp;cm³,<ref>Rightmire, G. Philip. Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 0521449987, 9780521449984.</ref> which, when coupled with the more recent dating, makes any direct link to older skulls unlikely and negates the 1.75 to 2.5 million year earlier erroneous dating. Bada & al (1974) published direct date of 110 ka for this specimen measured by ] ].<ref>Bada, Jeffrey L., Roy A. Schroeder, Reiner Protsch, and Rainer Berger. PNAS abstract URL.</ref><ref></ref> The destruction of the paleoanthropological site has made layered dating impossible.

The skull is from an extremely robust individual, and has the comparatively largest brow-ridges of any known hominid remains. It was described as having a broad face similar to '']'' (i.e. large nose and thick protruding brow ridges), and has been interpreted as an "African Neanderthal". However, when regarding the skulls extreme robustness, recent research has pointed to several features intermediate between modern '']'' and Neanderthal. Most current experts believe Rhodesian Man to be within the group of '']'' though other designations such as Archaic ''Homo sapiens'' and ''Homo sapiens rhodesiensis'' have also been proposed. According to ], it is probable that Rhodesian Man was the ancestor of '']'' (Herto Man), which would be itself at the origin of '']''. No direct linkage of the species can so far be determined.

The skull has cavities in ten of the upper teeth and is considered the oldest occurrence of cavities for a hominid. Pitting indicates significant infection before death and implies a cause of death attributable to dental infection or chronic ear infection.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origin Program|title= Kabwe 1|accessdate=2 November 2010|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/kabwe-1}}</ref>

==See also==
* ] ''(with link directory)''
* ] ''(with images)''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Literature==
*{{cite journal|author=Woodward, Arthur Smith|year=1921|title=A New Cave Man from Rhodesia, South Africa|journal=Nature|volume=108|pages=371–372|doi=10.1038/108371a0|issue=2716}}
*{{cite journal|author=Singer Robert R. and J. Wymer|year=1968|title=Archaeological Investigation at the Saldanha Skull Site in South Africa|journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin|volume=23 (3)|pages=63–73|doi=10.2307/3888485|issue=91|publisher=South African Archaeological Society|jstor=3888485}}
*

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Latest revision as of 08:15, 8 October 2018

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