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{{short description|Visual artist who makes cartoons}}
] in his studio]]
{{for|people who make animated cartoons|Animator}}
A '''cartoonist''' is a person who specializes in drawing ]s. Much of this work is humorous, usually created for entertainment, political commentary or advertising. Throughout the 20th century, cartoons were widely published in ] of various kinds, featured in magazines such as '']'' and '']'' and distributed to ] through such organizations as ]. Today, both original cartoons and vintage cartoons can be found online.
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox occupation
|name = Cartoonist
|image = Jack Elrod.jpg
|caption = Cartoonist ] at work on a ] of the '']'' ]
| type = Art ]
| employment_field = ]
| related_occupation = ]<br />]
}}
A '''cartoonist''' is a ] who specializes in both drawing and writing<ref name="Guide"/> ]s (individual images) or ] (sequential images). Cartoonists differ from ]s or '''comics illustrators'''/'''artists'''<!--'Comics artist', 'Comic artist', 'Comic book artist', 'Comic strip artist', 'Comics illustrator', 'Comic illustrator', 'Comic book illustrator', and 'Comic strip illustrator' redirect here--> in that they produce both the literary and graphic components of the work as part of their practice.


Cartoonists may work in many different formats: single-panel ]s, ], ]s, ]s, ]s, ], ]s, ]s or ]. A cartoonist traditionally developed rough sketches into finished pencil drawings and then, for reproduction purposes, completed the artwork in black ], using either a brush or a metal-nibbed ]. Many favored a ] #3, Series 7 brush used in combination with a ]. Cartoonists may work in a variety of formats, including ]lets, ]s, ]s, ], ]s, ], ]s, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]s, and ].


==Terminology==
Today, cartoonists increasingly work in digital media. To illustrate the '']'' comic strip, the cartoonist ] works directly on a ] tablet connected to his Macintosh computer.
<!--'Cartooning' redirects here-->
{{see also|Comics creator}}
A cartoonist's discipline encompasses both authorial and drafting disciplines<ref name="Guide">{{cite book
|last1 = Lyga
|first1 = Allyson A. W.
|author2-link = Barry Lyga
|last2 = Lyga
|first2 = Barry
|year = 2004
|title = Graphic Novels in your Media Center: A Definitive Guide
|edition = 1st
|publisher = Libraries Unlimited
|page = 161
|isbn = 1-59158-142-7
|url = https://archive.org/details/graphicnovelsiny00lyga
}}</ref> (see ]). The terms "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or "comic book artist" refer to the picture-making portion of the discipline of '''cartooning'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--><ref>{{cite web
|last = Rojahn
|first = Margaret
|date = May 4, 2022
|title = 10 Reactions To Neal Adams's Passing From The Comics' Community
|url = https://screenrant.com/twitter-reactions-neal-adams-passing-comic-book-community/
|publisher = ]
|website = screenrant.com
}}</ref> (see ]). While every "cartoonist" might be considered a "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or a "comic book artist", not every "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or a "comic book artist" is a "cartoonist".

Ambiguity might arise when illustrators and writers share each other's duties in authoring a work.<ref>''Contemporary Literary Criticism'', Volume 195, Gale, 2005, p. 167: "(Full name ]) English ]".</ref>


==History== ==History==
The English ] and editorial cartoonist ], who emerged In the 18th century, has been credited with pioneering Western ]. His work ranged from ] portraiture to ]-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects". Much of his work poked fun at contemporary politics and customs; illustrations in such style are often referred to as "Hogarthian".<ref> Retrieved 11 April 2010.</ref>


===Editorial cartoons===
During the 20th century, numerous magazines carried single-panel gag cartoons by such freelance cartoonists as ], ], ], ] and ]. These were almost always published in black and white, although '']'' often carried cartoons in color. The debut of '']'' introduced full-page color cartoons by ], ] and others. Single-panel cartoonists syndicated to newspapers included ], ], ], ], ] and ].
{{main|Editorial cartoon}}
The English ] and ] ], who emerged in the 18th century, poked fun at contemporary politics and customs; illustrations in such style are often referred to as "Hogarthian".<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303011009/http://www.britishmuseumshoponline.org/invt/brimus068?stylecat=art_prints |date=3 March 2010 }} Retrieved 11 April 2010.</ref> Following the work of Hogarth, ] began to develop in England in the latter part of the 18th century under the direction of its great exponents, ] and ], both from London. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and ], calling the king (]), prime ministers and generals to account, and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Satire, sewers and statesmen: why James Gillray was king of the cartoon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/mar/21/satire-sewers-and-statesmen-james-gillray-king-of-cartoon|agency=]|date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
]'s '']'' (May 9, 1754), credited as the first cartoon published in an American newspaper]]


====Origin in the U.S.====
==Comics==
While never a professional cartoonist, ] is credited with the first cartoon published in '']'' on May 9, 1754: '']'', depicting the American colonies as segments of a snake.{{sfn|Hess|Northrop|2011|p=24}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia {{!}} "Join, or Die," Pennsylvania Gazette, 9 May 1754|url=https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/cartoons-and-cartoonists/15961_ca_object_representations_media_105404_original-2/|access-date=24 October 2021|website=philadelphiaencyclopedia.org}}</ref> In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as ], whose work appeared in '']'', introduced other familiar American political symbols, such as the ].{{sfn|Hess|Northrop|2011|p=24}}
Comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by ]<ref name="www.comicsreporter.com">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = The Comics Reporter | url = http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/all_about_comics/all_about/76/ | publisher = | date = | accessdate = 17 November 2009 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}
such as the ], ] or King Features. ]s go to a ] company such as American Color before they are published.


===Comic strips===
Some comic strip creators publish in the ] or on the ]. Comic strip artists may also sometimes work in book-length form, creating ]s. Both vintage and current strips receive reprints in book collections.
{{main|Comic strip}}
]'s Christmas Eve cartoon for the ''Detroit Free Press'' (December 24, 1997)]]
{{Comics navbar}}
The major comic book publishers (such as ] or ]) utilize teams of cartoonists to produce the art (typically separating pencil work, inking and lettering while the color is added digitally by ]s). When a consistent artistic style is wanted among different cartoonists (such as ]), character ]s may be used as reference.
]s received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by ].<ref name="www.comicsreporter.com">{{Cite web | title = The Comics Reporter | url = http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/all_about_comics/all_about/76/ | access-date = 17 November 2009 }}</ref>


Calum MacKenzie, in his preface to the exhibition catalog, ''The Scottish Cartoonists'' (Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979) defined the selection criteria: Calum MacKenzie, in his preface to the exhibition catalog, ''The Scottish Cartoonists'' (Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979) defined the selection criteria:
:The difference between a cartoonist and an illustrator was the same as the difference between a comedian and a comedy actor&mdash;the former both deliver their own lines and take full responsibility for them, the latter could always hide behind the fact that it was not his entire creation.<ref>MacKenzie, Calum. ''The Scottish Cartoonists''. Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979.</ref> :The difference between a cartoonist and an illustrator was the same as the difference between a comedian and a comedy actor—the former both deliver their own lines and take full responsibility for them, the latter could always hide behind the fact that it was not his entire creation.<ref>MacKenzie, Calum. ''The Scottish Cartoonists''. Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979.{{page needed|date=September 2023}}</ref>


Many strips were the work of two people although only one signature was displayed. Shortly after ] began '']'' in 1923, he hired ] as his assistant. For decades, Johnson received no credit. Willard and Johnson traveled about ], Maine, ], and Mexico, drawing the strip while living in hotels, apartments and farmhouses. At its peak of popularity during the 1940s and 1950s, the strip ran in 350 newspapers. According to Johnson, he had been doing the strip solo for at least a decade before Willard's death in 1958: "They put my name on it then. I had been doing it about 10 years before that because Willard had heart attacks and strokes and all that stuff. The minute my name went on that thing and his name went off, 25 papers dropped the strip. That shows you that, although I had been doing it ten years, the name means a lot."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-28-li-526-story.html|title=Toon Talk : Two Comic-Strip Artists Discuss the Craft They Love|date=28 September 1989|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
==Animation==
Animated cartooning is created for short films, advertising, ]s and television. It is also sometimes used in live-action films for dream sequences or opening titles. An animation artist is commonly referred to as an ] rather than a cartoonist.


==See also==
==Books and exhibitions==
{{portal|Comics|Cartoon}}
There are many books of cartoons in both paperback and hardcover, notably the collections of cartoons from ''The New Yorker''. Prior to the 1960s, cartoons were mostly ignored by museums and art galleries. In 1968, the cartoonist and comedian ] opened the first New York City gallery devoted exclusively to cartoons, mainly work by the leading magazine gag cartoonists. Today, there are several museums devoted to cartoons, notably the ], run by curator Jenny E. Robb at ].
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==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|25em}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book|last1= Hess|first1= Stephen|last2 = Northrop|first2 = Sandy|title= American Political Cartoons: The Evolution of a National Identity, 1754-2010|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=04VY36Q_OxAC|year= 2011|publisher = TransactionPublishers
|isbn= 978-1-4128-1119-4}}

==Further reading==
* Steve Edgell, Tim Pilcher, Brad Brooks, ''The Complete Cartooning Course: Principles, Practices, Techniques'' (London: Barron's, 2001).

==External links==
{{wiktionary|Cartoonist}}
{{commons category|Cartoonists}}


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Latest revision as of 08:44, 30 October 2024

Visual artist who makes cartoons For people who make animated cartoons, see Animator.

Cartoonist
Cartoonist Jack Elrod at work on a Sunday page of the Mark Trail comic strip
Occupation
Occupation typeArt profession
Description
Fields of
employment		Publishing
Related jobsEditorial cartoonist
Comics creator

A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in both drawing and writing cartoons (individual images) or comics (sequential images). Cartoonists differ from comics writers or comics illustrators/artists in that they produce both the literary and graphic components of the work as part of their practice.

Cartoonists may work in a variety of formats, including booklets, comic strips, comic books, editorial cartoons, graphic novels, manuals, gag cartoons, storyboards, posters, shirts, books, advertisements, greeting cards, magazines, newspapers, webcomics, and video game packaging.

Terminology

See also: Comics creator

A cartoonist's discipline encompasses both authorial and drafting disciplines (see interdisciplinary arts). The terms "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or "comic book artist" refer to the picture-making portion of the discipline of cartooning (see illustrator). While every "cartoonist" might be considered a "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or a "comic book artist", not every "comics illustrator", "comics artist", or a "comic book artist" is a "cartoonist".

Ambiguity might arise when illustrators and writers share each other's duties in authoring a work.

History

Editorial cartoons

Main article: Editorial cartoon

The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged in the 18th century, poked fun at contemporary politics and customs; illustrations in such style are often referred to as "Hogarthian". Following the work of Hogarth, editorial/political cartoons began to develop in England in the latter part of the 18th century under the direction of its great exponents, James Gillray and Thomas Rowlandson, both from London. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, calling the king (George III), prime ministers and generals to account, and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon.

Benjamin Franklin's Join, or Die (May 9, 1754), credited as the first cartoon published in an American newspaper

Origin in the U.S.

While never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with the first cartoon published in The Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754: Join, or Die, depicting the American colonies as segments of a snake. In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast, whose work appeared in Harper's Weekly, introduced other familiar American political symbols, such as the Republican elephant.

Comic strips

Main article: Comic strip
Comics
Speech balloon
Comics studies
Methods
Media formats
Comics by country and culture
Community
icon Comics portal

Comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by syndicates.

Calum MacKenzie, in his preface to the exhibition catalog, The Scottish Cartoonists (Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979) defined the selection criteria:

The difference between a cartoonist and an illustrator was the same as the difference between a comedian and a comedy actor—the former both deliver their own lines and take full responsibility for them, the latter could always hide behind the fact that it was not his entire creation.

Many strips were the work of two people although only one signature was displayed. Shortly after Frank Willard began Moon Mullins in 1923, he hired Ferd Johnson as his assistant. For decades, Johnson received no credit. Willard and Johnson traveled about Florida, Maine, Los Angeles, and Mexico, drawing the strip while living in hotels, apartments and farmhouses. At its peak of popularity during the 1940s and 1950s, the strip ran in 350 newspapers. According to Johnson, he had been doing the strip solo for at least a decade before Willard's death in 1958: "They put my name on it then. I had been doing it about 10 years before that because Willard had heart attacks and strokes and all that stuff. The minute my name went on that thing and his name went off, 25 papers dropped the strip. That shows you that, although I had been doing it ten years, the name means a lot."

See also

Societies and organizations

References

Citations

  1. ^ Lyga, Allyson A. W.; Lyga, Barry (2004). Graphic Novels in your Media Center: A Definitive Guide (1st ed.). Libraries Unlimited. p. 161. ISBN 1-59158-142-7.
  2. Rojahn, Margaret (4 May 2022). "10 Reactions To Neal Adams's Passing From The Comics' Community". screenrant.com. Screen Rant.
  3. Contemporary Literary Criticism, Volume 195, Gale, 2005, p. 167: "(Full name Neil Richard Gaiman) English graphic novelist".
  4. The British Museum. Beer Street, William Hogarth - Fine Art Print Archived 3 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  5. "Satire, sewers and statesmen: why James Gillray was king of the cartoon". The Guardian. 16 June 2015.
  6. ^ Hess & Northrop 2011, p. 24.
  7. "Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia | "Join, or Die," Pennsylvania Gazette, 9 May 1754". philadelphiaencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  8. "The Comics Reporter". Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  9. MacKenzie, Calum. The Scottish Cartoonists. Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979.
  10. "Toon Talk : Two Comic-Strip Artists Discuss the Craft They Love". Los Angeles Times. 28 September 1989.

Works cited

Further reading

  • Steve Edgell, Tim Pilcher, Brad Brooks, The Complete Cartooning Course: Principles, Practices, Techniques (London: Barron's, 2001).

External links

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