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{{Short description|1862 Union capture of Tucson during the American Civil War}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
{{Infobox event
|conflict=Capture of Tucson
|partof=the ] | partof = the ] of the<br>]
| image = Flagraise.gif
|image=
| image_size = 300px
|caption=''Tucson in 1864, after becoming the capital of the Union ].''
⚫ | caption = ''Raising the Confederate flag in Tucson, March 1, 1862''
|date=May 20, 1862
| date = {{start date and age|1862|05|20}}
|place=], ], ]<br/>Modern Day: ]
| place = ], ], ] (present-day Tucson, ], United States)
|result=] victory
| coordinates = {{Coord|32|13|18|N|110|55|35|W|region:US-AZ_type:event|display=inline,title}}
|combatant1= {{flagicon|USA|1859}} ]
| participants = {{flagdeco|United States|1862}} Company B, 1st California Cavalry Regiment
|combatant2= {{flagicon|CSA|1861b}} ]
| casualties1 = ''None''
|commander1={{flagicon|USA|1859}} ]
| result = ] occupation of Tucson, 1862-65
|commander2={{flagicon|CSA|1861b}} ]
|strength1=2,000
|strength2=10
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
}} }}
{{Campaignbox Battles of the California Column}} {{Campaignbox Battles of the California Column}}
{{Campaignbox Battles in Confederate Arizona}} {{Campaignbox Battles in Confederate Arizona}}

The '''Capture of Tucson''' was a ] attack on ] in ] on May 20, 1862. A ] force of 2,000 took the city from ten Tucson ]men without a shot fired.
Union forces entered ] on May 20, 1862, with a force of 2,000 men without firing a shot.


==Background== ==Background==
⚫ Just prior to the ] in the late 1850s, the cities of Tucson and ] in southern ] petitioned the United States government to create a separate Territory of ]. The proposal was defeated after representatives from the Northern "free" states and the Southern "slave" states could not agree on how to divide New Mexico Territory. Southerners wanted an east–west division, whereas Northerners favored a north–south division of the territory. After the war began, the ] established the Arizona Territory in February 1862 using the east–west boundary. Subsequently, the United States created Arizona Territory in 1863 using the current state boundary. Anglo-Arizonans had hoped the creation of a new territory would strengthen their communications with the east and allow for more military aid. ]s had been fighting a bloody war in the region, leaving Tucson surrounded by occupied Apache land. Only Tucson's old ] walls protected the population from harm. When Union troops left Arizona to fight in the South and the ] stations were abandoned, the residents of the region were left with no military support for protection against the Apache.


⚫ After the arrival of a Confederate force from Texas in mid-1861, the Confederates established small militia garrisons in Tucson, Mesilla, ] and other towns in Confederate Arizona. Although these militiamen would ] the Apache successfully in several different ], more military strength was needed to hold on to the territory. In early 1862, just before the first Confederate capture of ] in New Mexico Territory, ] ] ordered ] ] of ] to proceed to Tucson with a small company of Confederate ] from ] (New Mexico) and ] cavalry. ] was a member of the Tucson reinforcement; he would go on to found the future state capital of ] in 1867.<ref>]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2015}} The force consisted of about seventy-five men. Captain Hunter's orders were to establish a military alliance with the ] (Akimel O'odham) and to watch for the advance of the ]. This Union force would begin its march from ], California, and eventually capture ] and Franklin (El Paso), Texas. ] ] accompanied Captain Hunter when he left for Tucson. Colonel Reily commanded an escort of twenty men of the Pinos Altos ], another Confederate Arizona militia company. The Arizona Guards were composed primarily of men who left their homes around Tubac and Tucson following the ] in August 1861. About 100 Confederates arrived in Tucson on February 28, 1862, where they joined with the small Tucson militia, numbering about twenty-five men. Other than this force of approximately 100 cavalrymen, additional military support from the South never arrived. The formal flag-raising occurred on March 1, after which Colonel Reily and his escort went south to ], ] for a mission of diplomacy. In early May, the garrison of Tucson fought two battles with the Apache while foraging for supplies in the ]. The ] engagement was a defeat for the rebels and the ] was a victory. After the skirmish at ], the ], and the capture of a Union squad in the ], ] ] and his army of over 2,000 Californians occupied abandoned ] to the northeast of Tucson. On May 14, the Californians began their march to Tucson from the ]. That same day, Sherrod Hunter ordered the evacuation of Tucson. He left ten of his militia behind under the command of ] ]. Their orders were to observe the Union approach.
⚫ Before the ] in the 1850s, the cities of Tucson and ] in southern ] had petitioned the United States government for permission to separate themselves into their own territory which they called ]. These requests were denied by the United States government and accepted by the ]. The Arizonans hoped the creation of a new territory would strengthen their communications with the east and allow for more military aid. ]s had been fighting a bloody war in the region, leaving Tucson surrounded by occupied Apache land. Only Tucson's old ] walls protected the population from harm. When Union troops left Arizona to fight in the South and when the ] stations closed, the residents of the region were abandoned and had no military support for protection against the Apache.
⚫ ]
⚫ Small militia garrisons were established in Tucson, Mesilla, ] and other towns in Confederate Arizona. Though these militiamen ] the Apache successfully in several different ], more military strength was needed to hold on to the territory. By joining the states in rebellion, military support was sure to arrive from the South. In early 1862, just before the first Confederate capture of ] in New Mexico Territory, ] ] ordered ] ] of ] to proceed to Tucson with a small company of ] from ] and ] cavalry. ] was a member of the Tucson reinforcement, by this time he had founded Arizona's future state capital of ]. The force composed of about seventy-five men. Captain Hunter's orders were to establish a military alliance with the ] natives in the area and to watch for a suspected Union advance from ] which began with the capture of ] and ended with the fall of ]. ] ] accompanied Captain Hunter when he left for Tucson. Colonel Reily commanded an escort of twenty men of the Pinos Altos ], another Arizona militia company. The Arizona Guards were composed primarily of men who left their homes around Tubac and Tucson following the ] in August 1861.

Overall about 100 men arrived in Tucson on February 28, 1862, there is also reason to believe that the arrival of Hunter's company prevented a massive Apache assault on the settlement. There they joined with the small Tucson militia, numbering about twenty-five men. The formal flag raising occurred on March 1, after which Colonel Reily and his escort went south to ], ] for a mission of diplomacy. In early May, the garrison of Tucson fought two battles with the Apache while foraging for supplies in the ]. The ] engagement was a defeat for the rebels and the ] was a victory. After the skirmish at ], the ], and the capture of a Union squad in the ], ] ] and his army of over 2,000 Californians captured the undefended ] to the northeast of Tucson. On May 14, the Californians left for Tucson from the ], that same day, Sherrod Hunter ordered the evacuation of Tucson. He left ten of his militia behind under the command of ] ]. Their orders were to observe the Union attack.


==Capture== ==Capture==
On May 20, 1862, Captain Emil Fritz with his Company B, 1st California Cavalry Regiment, entered Tucson, not approaching from the west as the Confederates had expected, but from the north and east via the Cañada del Oro. Captain Fritz with part of his company entered from the east side of the town, while Lieutenant Juan F. Guirado with the remainder of the company entered from the north. Lieutenant Tevis, who had been watching the western approach, was completely surprised by Lieutenant Guirado's sudden appearance from the Cañada del Oro, and narrowly avoided capture by the Union forces. Lieutenant Tevis beat a hasty retreat to the south and then east along the old Overland Mail Route in the direction of Mesilla. The California Volunteers secured Tucson without firing a single shot and returned the Stars-and-Stripes to the city after a Confederate occupation that had lasted only 80 days.

On May 20, 1862, Colonel Carelton's army of ], ] and ] launched their assault on Tucson from the northeast. The Union bugles played ] as they swarmed the buildings, outside of the presidio walls. Lieutenant Tevis intended to hold ] but was persuaded not to by the cities inhabitants who knew resisting meant suicide. Tevis ordered the withdrawal of his squad and after the war he briefly described his escape from the presidio. ''"They got too close for my health and I left."'' Tevis and his men escaped, without losing any men to Union forces. The Tucson militia eventually headed east to Mesilla to rejoin Captain Sherrod Hunter. Tucson fell peacefully and the Union army was met only by uncomfortable Tucson civilians.
]


==Aftermath== ==Aftermath==

When Captain Hunter arrived in Mesilla on May 27, his company, along with the Arizona Rangers and the Arizona Guards, were formed into ] ]'s battalion of ]. The Arizonans ceased being militia and officially became Confederate soldiers under General Henry Sibley. After the ] and the retreat of General Sibley's army, the Arizona Cavalry battalion was ordered to remain behind to hold on to Mesilla and the surrounding valley. Men under Sherod Hunter ] with New Mexican militia near Mesilla on June 1, 1862. The skirmish ended with no known casualties on either side and reports indicate a Union victory due to the loss of Confederate horses and equipment at the battle, the rebels retreated from Mesilla a few days later. When Captain Hunter arrived in Mesilla on May 27, his company, along with the Arizona Rangers and the Arizona Guards, were formed into ] ]'s battalion of ]. The Arizonans ceased being militia and officially became Confederate soldiers under General Henry Sibley. After the ] and the retreat of General Sibley's army, the Arizona Cavalry battalion was ordered to remain behind to hold on to Mesilla and the surrounding valley. Men under Sherod Hunter ] with New Mexican militia near Mesilla on June 1, 1862. The skirmish ended with no known casualties on either side and reports indicate a Union victory due to the loss of Confederate horses and equipment at the battle, the rebels retreated from Mesilla a few days later.


The Arizona Cavalry headed for Texas and were some of the last Confederate soldiers to leave Arizona. Though the Confederates, due to lack of man power, failed to hold on to Arizona, the Arizonans themselves achieved the goal they fought a war for. That goal was the creation of a territory separate from that of New Mexico Territory. In 1863 the Union established ] with Tucson as the capital. The towns of Mesilla, Pinos Altos and others were not included in the new Arizona Territory, instead they remained part of New Mexico Territory and are now within the present day state of ]. By rebelling against the government, Union troops were obligated to invade the territory and reassert control, thus meaning Arizona once again had the support necessary for protection against Apaches. When the Arizona Cavalry withdrew into Texas, they were some of the last Confederate soldiers to leave Confederate Arizona. Though the Confederates, due to lack of manpower, failed to hold Arizona, the Arizonans themselves achieved their main goal: the creation of a territory separate from that of New Mexico Territory. As mentioned previously, the United States established ] with Tucson as the capital in 1863, using a north–south boundary. The towns of Mesilla, Pinos Altos and others were not included in the new Arizona Territory, instead they remained part of New Mexico Territory and are now within the present-day state of ]. The Confederate occupation of Arizona prompted a return of Union forces to the region in order to reassert Federal government control, thus providing Arizona the military support necessary for protection against Apaches. Indeed, the California Column remained on guard in Arizona until relieved by the Regular Army of the United States in the spring of 1866, making them the last volunteer forces to be mustered out of Federal service in the American Civil War.


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|American Civil War|Arizona}}
*]
*] *]
*]
*]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|last=Flaherty|first=Robert|title=The California Column and the March to Tucson, 1862|url=http://www.militarymuseum.org/CaliforniaColumn.html|work=California and the Civil War|publisher=The California State Military Museum|accessdate=20 December 2011}}

==External links==
*, Col. Sherrod Hunter Camp 1525, SCV, Phoenix, Arizona. *, Col. Sherrod Hunter Camp 1525, SCV, Phoenix, Arizona.


{{authority control}}
{{coord missing|Arizona}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Capture Of Tucson (1862)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tucson, Capture Of}}
] ]
] ]
⚫ ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
⚫ ]

Latest revision as of 04:37, 7 March 2024

1862 Union capture of Tucson during the American Civil War
Capture of Tucson
Part of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the
American Civil War
Raising the Confederate flag in Tucson, March 1, 1862
DateMay 20, 1862; 162 years ago (1862-05-20)
LocationTucson, Arizona Territory, Confederate States (present-day Tucson, Arizona, United States)
Coordinates32°13′18″N 110°55′35″W / 32.22167°N 110.92639°W / 32.22167; -110.92639
Participants Company B, 1st California Cavalry Regiment
OutcomeUnion occupation of Tucson, 1862-65
Casualties
None
California Column
Engagements in Confederate Arizona

Union forces entered Tucson on May 20, 1862, with a force of 2,000 men without firing a shot.

Background

Just prior to the American Civil War in the late 1850s, the cities of Tucson and Mesilla in southern New Mexico Territory petitioned the United States government to create a separate Territory of Arizona. The proposal was defeated after representatives from the Northern "free" states and the Southern "slave" states could not agree on how to divide New Mexico Territory. Southerners wanted an east–west division, whereas Northerners favored a north–south division of the territory. After the war began, the Confederacy established the Arizona Territory in February 1862 using the east–west boundary. Subsequently, the United States created Arizona Territory in 1863 using the current state boundary. Anglo-Arizonans had hoped the creation of a new territory would strengthen their communications with the east and allow for more military aid. Apaches had been fighting a bloody war in the region, leaving Tucson surrounded by occupied Apache land. Only Tucson's old presidio walls protected the population from harm. When Union troops left Arizona to fight in the South and the Butterfield Overland Mail stations were abandoned, the residents of the region were left with no military support for protection against the Apache.

After the arrival of a Confederate force from Texas in mid-1861, the Confederates established small militia garrisons in Tucson, Mesilla, Pinos Altos and other towns in Confederate Arizona. Although these militiamen would fight the Apache successfully in several different engagements, more military strength was needed to hold on to the territory. In early 1862, just before the first Confederate capture of Albuquerque in New Mexico Territory, General Henry Hopkins Sibley ordered Captain Sherod Hunter of Tennessee to proceed to Tucson with a small company of Confederate Arizona Rangers from Dona Ana (New Mexico) and Texas cavalry. Jack Swilling was a member of the Tucson reinforcement; he would go on to found the future state capital of Phoenix in 1867. The force consisted of about seventy-five men. Captain Hunter's orders were to establish a military alliance with the Pima (Akimel O'odham) and to watch for the advance of the California Volunteers. This Union force would begin its march from Fort Yuma, California, and eventually capture Mesilla and Franklin (El Paso), Texas. Colonel James Reily accompanied Captain Hunter when he left for Tucson. Colonel Reily commanded an escort of twenty men of the Pinos Altos Arizona Guards, another Confederate Arizona militia company. The Arizona Guards were composed primarily of men who left their homes around Tubac and Tucson following the Siege of Tubac in August 1861. About 100 Confederates arrived in Tucson on February 28, 1862, where they joined with the small Tucson militia, numbering about twenty-five men. Other than this force of approximately 100 cavalrymen, additional military support from the South never arrived. The formal flag-raising occurred on March 1, after which Colonel Reily and his escort went south to Sonora, Mexico for a mission of diplomacy. In early May, the garrison of Tucson fought two battles with the Apache while foraging for supplies in the Dragoon Mountains. The first engagement was a defeat for the rebels and the second was a victory. After the skirmish at Stanwix Station, the Battle of Picacho Peak, and the capture of a Union squad in the Pima villages, Colonel James Henry Carleton and his army of over 2,000 Californians occupied abandoned Fort Breckinridge to the northeast of Tucson. On May 14, the Californians began their march to Tucson from the fort. That same day, Sherrod Hunter ordered the evacuation of Tucson. He left ten of his militia behind under the command of Lieutenant James Henry Tevis. Their orders were to observe the Union approach.

Capture

On May 20, 1862, Captain Emil Fritz with his Company B, 1st California Cavalry Regiment, entered Tucson, not approaching from the west as the Confederates had expected, but from the north and east via the Cañada del Oro. Captain Fritz with part of his company entered from the east side of the town, while Lieutenant Juan F. Guirado with the remainder of the company entered from the north. Lieutenant Tevis, who had been watching the western approach, was completely surprised by Lieutenant Guirado's sudden appearance from the Cañada del Oro, and narrowly avoided capture by the Union forces. Lieutenant Tevis beat a hasty retreat to the south and then east along the old Overland Mail Route in the direction of Mesilla. The California Volunteers secured Tucson without firing a single shot and returned the Stars-and-Stripes to the city after a Confederate occupation that had lasted only 80 days.

Aftermath

When Captain Hunter arrived in Mesilla on May 27, his company, along with the Arizona Rangers and the Arizona Guards, were formed into Lieutenant Colonel Philemon Herbert's battalion of Arizona Cavalry. The Arizonans ceased being militia and officially became Confederate soldiers under General Henry Sibley. After the Battle of Glorieta Pass and the retreat of General Sibley's army, the Arizona Cavalry battalion was ordered to remain behind to hold on to Mesilla and the surrounding valley. Men under Sherod Hunter fought with New Mexican militia near Mesilla on June 1, 1862. The skirmish ended with no known casualties on either side and reports indicate a Union victory due to the loss of Confederate horses and equipment at the battle, the rebels retreated from Mesilla a few days later.

When the Arizona Cavalry withdrew into Texas, they were some of the last Confederate soldiers to leave Confederate Arizona. Though the Confederates, due to lack of manpower, failed to hold Arizona, the Arizonans themselves achieved their main goal: the creation of a territory separate from that of New Mexico Territory. As mentioned previously, the United States established Arizona Territory with Tucson as the capital in 1863, using a north–south boundary. The towns of Mesilla, Pinos Altos and others were not included in the new Arizona Territory, instead they remained part of New Mexico Territory and are now within the present-day state of New Mexico. The Confederate occupation of Arizona prompted a return of Union forces to the region in order to reassert Federal government control, thus providing Arizona the military support necessary for protection against Apaches. Indeed, the California Column remained on guard in Arizona until relieved by the Regular Army of the United States in the spring of 1866, making them the last volunteer forces to be mustered out of Federal service in the American Civil War.

See also

References

  1. Jack Swilling

Further reading

External links

Categories: