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			{{Short description\|Non-government organisation founded 1988}}
	], ]]]
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2022}}
	The '''HALO Trust''' is a non-political, non-religious registered British charity and American ] whose purpose is to remove the debris left behind by war, in particular, ] and ] (UXO) that might present a danger to civilians. Founded in 1988 it was the first humanitarian demining organisation. HALO has remained faithful to its mission statement, "getting mines out of the ground - now" and has cleared more mines than any other comparable organisation.
			{{Infobox organization
			\| name = The HALO Trust
			\| image = File:Halo trust.jpg
			\| image_size =
			\| alt =
			\| caption = The stone installed by HALO Trust after checking the territory for mines, ], ]
			\| logo = File:HaloLogoBlue.jpg
			\| logo_size =
			\| logo_alt = The HALO Trust logo
			\| logo_caption =
			\| type = ], ]
			\| founded_date = {{start date and age\|1988}}
			\| founder = Guy Willoughby, ] and Sue Mitchell
			\| headquarters = ], ], ], ], ]
			\| origins =
			\| key_people =
			\| area_served = Worldwide
			\| product =
			\| focus = ]
			\| method = ]
			\| revenue =
			\| endowment =
			\| num_employees = 10,000
			\| owner =
			\| dissolved =
			\| website = {{URL\|https://www.halotrust.org/}}
			\| footnotes =
			}}
			'''The HALO Trust''' ('''Hazardous Area Life-support Organization''') is a humanitarian ] which primarily works to clear landmines and other explosive devices left behind by conflicts. With over 10,000 staff worldwide,<ref>{{cite web\|title=THE HALO TRUST - Charity 1001813\|url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/-/charity-details/1001813\|access-date=11 February 2022\|website=register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk}}</ref> HALO has operations in 28 countries. Its largest operation is in ],<ref>{{cite news \|title=Attack in Afghanistan Kills 10 From Charity That Clears Land Mines (Published 2021) \|work=The New York Times \|date=9 June 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413070639/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/world/asia/afghanistan-land-mines-halo-trust.html \|archive-date=2023-04-13 \|url-status=live \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/09/world/asia/afghanistan-land-mines-halo-trust.html \|last1=Rahim \|first1=Najim \|last2=Ives \|first2=Mike }}</ref> where the organization continues to operate under the ] regime that took power in August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Anthony\|first=Lloyd\|date=13 September 2021\|title=As UK support dwindles, mine clearers in Afghanistan find help where they can\|work=The Times\|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/halo-trust-s-afghanistan-mine-clearers-get-back-to-work-despite-uk-funding-cuts-nfp0cn3d3}}</ref>

			HALO's global headquarters are located in ], Dumfries and Galloway, United Kingdom. HALO has offices in ], UK, Washington, D.C., and ], Netherlands.
	HALO operates in ten countries and has nearly 8,000 mine-clearers. HALO's largest operation is in ] where the organization operates as an implementing partner of the Mine Action Programme for Afghanistan (MAPA).
			{{TOC limit\|3}}

			== History ==
	The organization was founded by Guy Willoughby, its current chief executive, and the late ], a ] and former ] in the ].
			The organisation was founded in 1988 by Guy Willoughby, former junior officer in the ] and ], a ], former ] in the ], and his wife Sue Mitchell. Willoughby won the ] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/may/17/land-mines-halo-trust-award\|title=Landmines hero honoured in Burns' name\|first=Lorna\|last=Martin\|date=16 May 2009\|website=the Guardian\|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> HALO's first programme began operations in Afghanistan, clearing landmines left by the departing Soviet military.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=HALO website history page \|url=https://www.halotrust.org/about-us/who-we-are/our-history/ \|access-date=21 September 2022 \|website=HALO website}}</ref> The next major programme to open, in 1991, was in Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=HALO Cambodia news \|url=https://www.halotrust.org/latest/halo-updates/news/30-years-of-making-people-safe-in-cambodia/ \|access-date=21 September 2022 \|website=HALO website}}</ref> HALO attracted global coverage in January 1997 when ] visited a minefield being cleared by HALO employees in ], ].<ref>{{Cite news \|date=11 March 2018 \|title=Princess Diana's iconic minefield walk \|work=BBC World Service \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/stories-43331879 \|access-date=21 September 2022}}</ref>

			== Leadership ==
	By 2010, twenty-two years after founding HALO, they have reached some important milestones that include:
			In February 2015, ] was appointed HALO's chief executive officer. Cowan was a British Army ] who commanded the ] during a 33-year army career.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.halotrust.org/media-centre/news-press-releases/halo-appoints-new-chief-executive\|title=HALO appoints new Chief Executive\|website=The HALO Trust\|access-date=16 May 2018\|archive-date=24 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024743/http://www.halotrust.org/media-centre/news-press-releases/halo-appoints-new-chief-executive\|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	* over 1.3 million landmines destroyed
	* over twelve million items of larger calibre ordnance destroyed
	* over fifty million bullets destroyed
	* over 2,800 heavy weapon systems immobilized
	* over 128,000 assault rifles destroyed
	* over 6,800 minefields cleared
	* 25,241 hectares (62,373 acres) made safe from landmines
	* 125,192 hectares (309,357 acres) made safe from unexploded and abandoned ordnance
	* 12,068 kilometres (7,498 miles) of roads cleared

			Cowan replaced Guy Willoughby who resigned from his role as chief executive of the trust on 11 August 2014.<ref>{{cite press release \|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> \|title=Guy Willoughby, HALO CEO resigns \|url=https://www.halotrust.org/media-centre/news/guy-willoughby-halo-ceo-resigns/ \|access-date=16 May 2019 \|publisher=The HALO Trust \|date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>
	==Central Asia==
	===Afghanistan===
	Afghanistan is one of the most mined countries in the world,<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Afghanistan:Scope of the Problem:Contamination), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref> with HALO estimates of up to 640,000 mines ''laid in the ground'' since 1979.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/afghanistan.html</ref>

			==Support and financing==
	During the several periods of conflict over the last three decades, millions of Afghans fled their homes and made their way to Pakistan and Iran in order to escape the conflict that was ravaging their country. With prolonged periods of conflict in which front lines were shifting and there was extensive mine-laying, residential areas and agricultural land soon became so dangerous that Afghan families felt that the safest place to be was outside Afghanistan. Upwards of 6.2 million Afghans were reported as having left Afghanistan for Pakistan and Iran alone during the various phases of conflict.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/afghanistan.html</ref> However, since the fall of the Taliban over five million refugees have returned to their homes.<ref>http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e486eb6</ref>
			HALO's income in 2021-22 was £93.5 million up from £25.63 million in 2015-16.<ref>{{cite web \|title=THE HALO TRUST - Charity 1001813 \|url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/-/charity-details/1001813 \|access-date=4 January 2023 \|website=register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk}}</ref> It receives support from the US, UK and other governments around the world including Finland, Norway, Germany, Netherlands, Ireland and New Zealand. In April 2017, the UK announced it would provide £100 million in funding for global landmine programmes for the next three years.<ref>{{cite news\|last=Davies\|first=Caroline\|date=4 April 2017\|title=UK pledges £100m to Prince Harry's campaign against landmines\|work=The Guardian\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/04/uk-government-pledges-100m-help-prince-harry-banish-landmines\|access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> In 2021 the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office announced plans to cut funding for landmine clearance from £100 million to £25 million.<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Davies\|first=Lizzy\|date=8 October 2021\|title=Zimbabwean who cleared Falklands mines urges rethink on 75% cut to clearance programmes\|work=The Guardian\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/08/zimbabwean-mine-clearance-expert-uk-aid-cut-falklands-funding\|access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>

			==Achievements==
	Since 1988, HALO Afghanistan has destroyed over 692,000 mines (156,000 emplaced mines and 536,000 stockpiled mines), nine million items of large calibre ammunition and 45.4 million bullets.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/afghanistan.html</ref>
			The HALO Trust has destroyed over 1.5 million landmines, over 11 million pieces of large calibre ordnance and over 200,000 cluster munitions. Around 10,800 minefields have been cleared and {{Convert\|87316\|acre\|km2\|abbr=on}} have been made safe from landmines, with another {{Convert\|361956\|acre\|km2\|abbr=on}} made safe from unexploded and abandoned ordnance.{{when\|date=April 2020}}

			===Awards===
	HALO Afghanistan currently has an operational capacity employing over 3,500 Afghans, and runs a mixture of manual, mechanical, survey, battle area clearance (BAC), explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) and weapon and ammunition disposal (WAD) teams. HALO’s current area of mineclearance operations is in nine provinces of the Northern and Central regions and Herat Province in the west of the country. The organisation operates by building a local capacity: Afghan staff are managed by Afghans, with assistance from 10 expatriate staff.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/afghanistan.html</ref> HALO is the largest implementing agency of the Mine Action Programme for Afghanistan (MAPA).<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Afghanistan:Scope of the Problem:Contamination), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref>
			In 2012, HALO was named the Overall Winner in the Charity Awards by Civil Society Media.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Mason \|first1=Tania \|title=How the Halo Trust won Overall Winner of the Charity Awards 2012 \|url=https://www.civilsociety.co.uk/news/how-the-halo-trust-won-overall-winner-of-the-charity-awards-2012.html \|access-date=15 May 2019 \|publisher=Civil Society Media \|date=3 December 2012}}</ref>

	Since 2003 HALO has also had an independent Weapons & Ammunition Disposal (WAD) project, which has worked in every region of Afghanistan. Initially the WAD teams concentrated on the disposal of the significant quantities of degraded and unstable ammunition that were amassed across the country after the formation of the present government. After destroying those stocks HALO’s focus became the location and destruction of ammunition stocks that lie outside of direct government control. Invariably these are small caches of buried munitions that are often degraded and unsuitable to be used for conventional warfare but can still pose a threat to communities. In total the HALO Afghanistan WAD teams have destroyed 23,000 tonnes of ammunition.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/afghanistan.html</ref>

	==Southeast Asia==
	===Cambodia===
	Over 63,500 landmine and ERW casualties have been recorded in Cambodia since 1979,<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Cambodia:Scope of the Problem:Casualties), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref> and with over 25,000 amputees Cambodia has the highest ratio per capita in the world.<ref>Statistics care of the Cambodia Mine/ERW Victim Information System (CMVIS), contact Mr. CHHIV Lim, CMVIS Project Manager, c.lim@cmaa.gov.kh</ref> Despite a considerable reduction in casualty numbers over recent years, down from 875 in 2005<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2006 (Cambodia:Landmine/UXO Casualties), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref> to 269 in 2008,<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Cambodia:Scope of the Problem:Casualties), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref> Cambodia’s mine and ERW problem still represents a major impediment to the social and economic development of the country. However, given more than 18 years of humanitarian demining, the landmine threat is now largely concentrated in just 21 north-west border districts.<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Cambodia:Scope of the Problem:Contamination), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref>

	In these rural districts the landmine problem continues to negatively affect much-needed development by hindering access to:
	* Land for agriculture and resettlement
	* Infrastructure and basic social services
	* Irrigation and safe drinking water
	* Secondary and tertiary roads
	* Land for cattle raising and foraging for forest products;

	as well as:
	* Placing financial and emotional hardship on families needing to care for a landmine survivor
	* Causing psychological trauma for those forced to live alongside such a threat<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/cambodia.html</ref>

	HALO Cambodia currently has over 1,150 national staff working in the provinces of Battambang, Banteay Meanchey, Otdar Meanchey and Pailin. Recruiting, training and then deploying female and male deminers from the mine affected districts means that the landmine contaminated communities remain an integral component in the clearance process. Living and working in these communities, deminers are methodically ridding Cambodia of the landmine menace.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/cambodia.html</ref>

	Between 1991 and May 2010, HALO Cambodia cleared over 6,115 hectares (15,100 acres) of landmine contaminated land whilst destroying over 229,000 landmines, 139,200 items of large calibre ammunition and 1.28 million bullets.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/cambodia.html</ref>

	Alongside clearance work HALO’s survey teams have continued to systematically clarify the nature and magnitude of landmine contamination in Cambodia. The current focus of HALO’s survey teams is the Baseline Survey of Cambodia, a Cambodian Mine Action and Victim Assistance Authority (CMAA) led process to quantify the true nature of the remaining mine threat in Cambodia.<ref>According to the Royal Government of Cambodia's Mine Ban Treaty Extension Request, the Baseline Survey ‘aims to supersede previous L1S contamination and to define remaining contamination through a national land classification system’. Page 5, Kingdom of Cambodia, Extension Request to the President of the Ninth Meeting of the States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty.</ref>

	===Sri Lanka===
	In May 2009, the Sri Lankan Government declared an end to two decades of armed conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE),<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ce.html</ref> who had been seeking a separate homeland, or ‘Eelam’, for Tamils in the north and east of the country.

	Landmines were used to varying degrees by both sides at different stages of the conflict.<ref>http://maic.jmu.edu/journal/13.3/feature/rush/rush.htm</ref> Most mines are of the anti-personnel type, laid to protect bases or defensive areas, and to contain troop movements. Some nuisance mine-laying also took place, which included the use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), though this was largely a tactic of the LTTE.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/srilanka.html</ref>

	The vast majority of mines in Sri Lanka were laid on the Jaffna peninsula during the 1990s. Most of these were laid in dense well-structured belts by government forces, in the course of successive advances. However, mines were also laid on the peninsula by the LTTE; generally in ‘nuisance minefields’, where the mines were laid at random, and scattered over wide areas.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/srilanka.html</ref>

	During this same period extensive minefields were also laid by forces garrisoning ‘Elephant Pass’, the strategically important access-way linking the mainland and Kilinochchi District to the Jaffna Peninsula. Permanent Forward Defence Lines (FDLs) were later established by both sides in the lead up to the 2002 cease-fire agreement, and further fortified thereafter. The northern FDL stretches (in depth) down the neck of Jaffna isthmus. Meanwhile on the southern FDL, extensive mine-panels run the breadth of the island - from the Mannar ‘rice-bowl’, across Vavuniya, and on to the coast of Mulaittivu.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/srilanka.html</ref>

	Mineclearance in Sri Lanka has been shaped by the war with the LTTE. Soon after demining started in 1999, it was halted by the fighting. When it resumed in 2002, the creation of the National Steering Committee for Mine Action (NSCMA) paved the way for a more concerted demining effort involving international NGOs, such as HALO. The collapse of the (2002) ceasefire agreement in 2006 and escalating fighting severely constrained the pace of humanitarian aid and demining. The LTTE’s defeat in May 2009 led to a new government focus on demining as a prerequisite for resettlement of people displaced by the conflict.<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Sri Lanka:Ten-Year Summary), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref>

	HALO has been working in Sri Lanka since 2002, with 600 demining staff currently in the provinces of Jaffna, Kilinochchi and Mulaittivu. HALO teams conduct manual and mechanical mineclearance alongside survey and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD).<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/srilanka.html</ref>

	==Africa==		==Africa==
			{{see also\|Land mines in North Africa}}
	===Mozambique===
	In the northern half of Mozambique all known minefields have been cleared<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Mozambique:Ten-Year Summary), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref> - a total of 552 minefields containing 100,843 mines. HALO concluded 14 years of mineclearance with a survey of every community in order to confirm that there are no known minefields remaining.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/mozambique.html</ref>

	In the central and southern half of Mozambique a mines problem still exists. In 2007, HALO was asked to conduct a Baseline Assessment of the situation. This was completed in October 2007.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/mozambique.html</ref> The findings show that there are 541 confirmed minefields<ref>From Mozambique’s request for an extension of its mineclearance deadline under the Ottawa Mine Ban Treaty, 2009</ref> remaining and large minefields in the Cahora Bassa Dam area and on the border with Zimbabwe. These minefields are a danger to the lives of ordinary people and inhibit their ability to use the land and develop their livelihoods.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/mozambique.html</ref>

	HALO estimates that to reach the same state as the North will require 400 deminers and 4 mechanical assets deployed over five to six years, with a concurrent, final phase of community survey to confirm all known threats have been removed.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/mozambique.html</ref> The Government of Mozambique’s National Mine Action Plan aims to clear all known minefields before the Mine Ban Treaty deadline of March 2014.<ref>For country-by-country treaty-imposed mineclearance deadlines, see http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/content/view/full/23567</ref> A capacity within the Mozambican armed forces has been developed to deal with any residual problem thereafter, likely to be limited to ammunition finds.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/mozambique.html</ref>

	===Angola===		===Angola===
			For more than 40 years, the population of Angola has been severely impacted by landmines and other ] (ERW), and is believed to still be one of the most mined countries in the world.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://landminesinafrica.wordpress.com/2016/02/26/angola-avante-onwards-angola/\|title=Angola Avante – Onwards Angola\|date=26 February 2016\|publisher=\|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> Between 1962 and 1972, it is believed that there were a total of 2,571 landmine incidents in Angola.<ref>Alex Vines, 1997, Still Killing. Landmines in Southern Africa, New York, Human Rights Watch</ref> Estimates for the total number of ERW casualties in Angola vary hugely, from 23,000 to 80,000.<ref>http://www.the-monitor.org/en-gb/reports/2015/angola/casualties-and-casualty-assistance.aspx, accessed December 2015</ref>
	Even though Angola is a huge country with wide open spaces, the vast majority of mines were laid in or around towns and villages that are now growing economically and in population.

			HALO has worked in Angola since 1994. Considerable progress is being made; even so, HALO estimates that there is still in the region of 10 years' work to rid Angola of all landmines.
	Thus there are concentrations of mines where there are concentrations of people. HALO has conducted extensive survey of the five provinces in which it operates and there are 778 confirmed minefields remaining that require clearance.

			To tackle the threat from ]s on roads, HALO developed the Road Threat Reduction (RTR) system. RTR is a two part process: first, systematic sweeps are made with a large detector to find metal-cased AT mines; this is followed by heavy detonation trailers designed to detonate any minimum metal mine still capable of operating. HALO also fields Weapons & Ammunition Disposal teams working in support of the Angolan Army, Navy, Air Force and Police to manage the considerable stocks of weapons and ammunition that were amassed during the ].
	HALO has worked in Angola since 1994. Since 2002, it has expanded its programme to over 800 Angolan staff with ten full time expatriates in support. Considerable progress is being made; even so, HALO estimates that there is still in the region of 10 years’ work to rid Angola of all landmines.

			By 2015 HALO had cleared more than 780 minefields ({{convert\|21500\|hectare\|disp=sqbr}} of land) and destroyed more than 90,000 landmines and 160,000 items of unexploded ordnance. The majority of munitions destroyed is made up of ]s but also includes ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.halotrust.org/operational_areas/southern_africa/angola.aspx \|title=The HALO Trust - A charity specialising in the removal of the debris of war :: Angola \|access-date=20 January 2012 \|archive-date=17 February 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217105221/http://www.halotrust.org/operational_areas/southern_africa/angola.aspx \|url-status=dead }}</ref> More than a decade after the end of the war, accidents continue to occur and communities continue to be impacted by the threat of mines.
	To tackle the threat from AT mines on roads, HALO developed the Road Threat Reduction (RTR) system. RTR is a two part process: first, systematic sweeps are made with a large detector to find metal cased AT mines; this is followed by heavy detonation trailers designed to detonate any minimum metal mine still capable of operating. It is not classed as clearance but provides a significant reduction in threat at a practical speed where there are thousands of kilometres of suspect road.

			===Mozambique===
	HALO also fields Weapons & Ammunition Disposal teams working in support of the Angolan Army, Navy, Air Force and Police to destroy the considerable stocks of weapons and ammunition that were amassed during the Civil War. By June 2010 HALO’s teams had destroyed more than 1,000 tonnes of ammunition and over 70,000 Small Arms and Light Weapons. The majority of ammunition destroyed is made up of aircraft bombs but includes guided missiles and cluster bomb sub-munitions.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/angola.html</ref>
			The Government of Mozambique announced that the country was free of all known landmines in September 2015.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-34272572\|title=Mozambique leads way on tackling mines\|first=Karen\|last=Allen\|work=BBC News\|date=23 September 2015\|publisher=\|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref>

			In September 2015, when Mozambique declared itself free of all known landmines,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201509171836.html\|title=Mozambique: Nation Declared Free of Land Mines\|date=17 September 2015\|publisher=\|access-date=16 May 2018\|via=AllAfrica}}</ref> HALO announced that it had cleared 171,000 of the country's landmines and employed 1,600 Mozambican men and women over the course of 22 years.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/17/last-known-landmine-mozambique-destroyed\|title=Flash and a bang as Mozambique is declared free of landmines\|first=David\|last=Smith\|date=17 September 2015\|website=the Guardian\|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref>
	===Somaliland===
	]
	Somaliland is an unrecognised de facto independent state located in northwest Somalia in the Horn of Africa.<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html</ref>

			===Somalia===
	Minelaying occurred during the 1964 and 1977-78 border wars with Ethiopia, when minefields were laid predominantly along the Ethiopian border. This border and important access routes were heavily mined.<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Somaliland:Scope of the Problem:Contamination), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref> Between 1981 and 1991, the Somali National Movement (SNM), a rebel army of mostly northern Somali followers, waged an armed insurrection against the regime of Mohamed Said Barre, which saw use of landmines against the civilian population, their homes and farmlands. The civil war caused large scale population displacement from the principal cities of Hargeisa, Burco and Berbera. The conflict, which had its roots in grievances over power sharing and the state control of economic assets, was portrayed by the government as a struggle between SNM nationalists (defending Somaliland’s independence) and government federalists advocating a relationship with Somalia.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/somaliland.html</ref>
			{{Missing information\|section\|the involvement of HALO\|date=June 2021}}

			]
	The most recent use of landmines in Somaliland took place between 1994 and 1995,<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Somaliland:Scope of the Problem:Contamination), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref> when militias opposed to the regime of Somaliland President Mohamed Ibrahim Egal and loyalist forces fought fierce battles south and east of Hargeisa (the capital).<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/somaliland.html</ref> In 2009 the House of Representatives approved legislation banning the use of anti-personnel (AP) mines.<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Somaliland:Ten-Year Summary), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref>

			] is an unrecognised de facto independent state located in northwest Somalia in the Horn of Africa.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/\|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency\|website=www.cia.gov\|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref>
	HALO’s programme in Somaliland was established in 1999 and employs over 500 national staff members. HALO operates 41 manual clearance sections, two battle area clearance (BAC) sections, four survey / explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) teams, six mechanical teams and one mines risk education (MRE) team. These are deployed across Somaliland from ] region in the north-west to the regions of ] and ] in the east.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/somaliland.html</ref>

			Minelaying occurred during the ] and 1977-78 ] with Ethiopia, when minefields were laid predominantly along the Ethiopian border. This border and important access routes were heavily mined.<ref name="the-monitor3">{{Cite web \|title=Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor {{!}} Monitor \|url=http://www.the-monitor.org/en-gb/home.aspx \|access-date=2022-11-08 \|website=www.the-monitor.org}}</ref>
	Besides conducting clearance for humanitarian benefits, HALO is also addressing the problem of explosive security. A pilot Weapons and Ammunition Disposal (WAD) programme has been established to work with both the police and the military on this issue.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/somaliland.html</ref>

			==Asia==
	Since the start of 2007, HALO has been conducting a re-assessment to identify the remaining mines problem and the assets required to clear the remaining mine and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) problem in a reasonable time frame.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/somaliland.html</ref>
			===Caucasus===
			] during the "Landsmine Free Caucasus" campaign organized by the ]]]

			==== Soviet Legacy minefields ====
	==Caucasus and Balkans==
			In 2009, a national survey of minefields remaining in Georgia found a total of 15 contaminated sites. Of these 15, ten are identified as having a direct humanitarian impact. The clearance of minefields surrounding former Soviet military installations in Georgia is often complicated by significant quantities of waste and rubble. HALO have mechanical mineclearance techniques to clear such sites using adapted civil engineering plant such as armoured excavators and front-loading shovels.<ref name="halotrust6">{{cite web \|url=http://www.halotrust.org/georgia.html \|title= The HALO Trust - A charity specialising in the removal of the debris of war\|website=www.halotrust.org \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505031457/http://www.halotrust.org/georgia.html \|archive-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>
	===Georgia===
	HALO fields demining staff both in Georgia proper and in the breakaway region of Abkhazia.

	==== ~~Abkhazia~~ ====		==== Cluster munitions and other UXO ====
			The American NGO CNFA partnered with HALO to target the delivery of agricultural assistance to the farmers of Shida Kartli; this resulted in the region's largest ever apple and wheat harvests.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.cnfa.org/our-work/our-programs/24-georgia-agriculture-risk-reduction-program-garrp \|title=Georgia: Georgia Agricultural Risk Reduction Program \|access-date=15 June 2010 \|archive-date=20 June 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620203428/http://cnfa.org/our-work/our-programs/24-georgia-agriculture-risk-reduction-program-garrp \|url-status=dead }}</ref>
	Both Georgian and Abkhaz forces used landmines extensively during the war of 1992-93. Mines were also used in varying degrees between the May 1994 cease-fire and the late 1990s by individuals and small groups, primarily in relation to criminal activities.<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Abkhazia:Scope of the Problem:Contamination), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref>

			HALO completed work in this region in December 2009 having cleared {{convert\|3,402\|ha}} of land across 22 communities. 1,706 cluster munitions and 2,031 other items of ordnance were located and destroyed.<ref name="halotrust6"/>
	The landmines laid during the war were concentrated along well defined lines of conflict and key terrain. The Gumista and Inguri rivers, the Gali Canal, the Kodori Valley and the main road were all heavily mined areas of tactical importance. Post conflict these mined areas prevented the safe resumption of agricultural activities and light industry. They also denied safe transit to the population of Abkhazia. HALO conducted extensive landmine survey of Abkhazia between 1997 and 2000 in cooperation with both sides from the conflict.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/georgia.html</ref>

			====Nagorno Karabakh====
	Since the short conflict in Georgia in August 2008 The HALO Trust has had access to the upper Kodori region and has been clearing the remaining minefields there and also ammunition stores which were struck in bombing raids, throwing out explosive items over wide areas.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/georgia.html</ref>
			{{See also\|Land mine situation in Nagorno-Karabakh}}
			] educating children on mines and UXO]]

			Since 2000 HALO has provided the only large-scale mine clearance capacity in Nagorno Karabakh and over the last 10 years HALO has cleared over 236 square kilometres of contaminated land and returned it to previously impacted communities. By mid-2010, HALO had found and destroyed in Nagorno Karabakh over 10,000 landmines, 10,000 cluster munitions and 45,000 other explosive items.<ref name="asbarez1">{{cite news \|author=<!--Staff writer--> \|url=http://asbarez.com/81778/karabakh-president-praises-halo-demining-efforts-at-10th-anniversary-event/\|title=Karabakh President Praises HALO Demining Efforts at 10th Anniversary Event \|newspaper=Asbarez \|date=8 June 2010 \|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref>
	Since 1999 HALO has completed the clearance of 306 minefields and battle areas, covering an area of over 14.5 square kilometres. By the middle of 2010 9,526 mines and 46,751 items of explosive ordnance had been found and destroyed. HALO currently operates with 150 national staff and expects to complete the clearance of the 30 remaining minefields in Abkhazia, which are mostly in upper Kodori, by the end of March 2011.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/georgia.html</ref>

			In July 2011 Azerbaijani government blacklisted and banned the organization from Azerbaijan in protest for its mine clearing operation in disputed territory of Nagorno Karabakh. Mine removal equipment that was headed to Afghanistan was impounded and sent to Georgia.<ref name="Azerbaijan blacklists British mine-clearance charity">{{cite news\|title=Azerbaijan blacklists British mine-clearance charity\|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011\07\09\story_9-7-2011_pg14_2\|access-date=9 July 2011\|newspaper=dailytimes.com.pk\|date=9 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Baku Confiscates Afghanistan-Bound Mine Clearance Equipment">{{cite news\|last=Lomsadze\|first=Giorgi\|title=Baku Confiscates Afghanistan-Bound Mine Clearance Equipment\|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/63830\|access-date=8 July 2011\|newspaper=eurasianet.org\|date=9 July 2011}}</ref>
	==== Soviet Legacy minefields ====
	The bulk of the remaining mines problem in Georgia comes from minefields laid around former Soviet military bases. There are several areas outside Georgia’s conflict zones where mines and unexploded ordnance continue to cause casualties. These include former military bases, remote border areas and training areas which have returned to civilian use.<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Georgia:Scope of the Problem:Contamination), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref>

			Representative of the leader of Nagorno-Karabakh on special assignments Boris Avagyan claimed that HALO Trust handed over minefield maps to Turkish special services, which, according to him, helped Azerbaijan’s successful military operations during the second Karabakh war in the fall of 2020. Ayvagyan claimed that under the pretext of studying dangerous areas, this organization carried out reconnaissance work throughout the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. Opposition MP ] supported these claims. The spokesperson for the ''de facto'' president of the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh said that Ayvagyan's accusations do not represent the opinion of the government and that he was acting unilaterally.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Kucera \|first=Joshua \|date=2021-03-12 \|title=In post-war Armenia, spy mania running amok \|work=Eurasianet \|url=https://eurasianet.org/in-post-war-armenia-spy-mania-running-amok}}</ref> HALO Trust said the accusation was "an absolute lie".<ref>{{cite web \|date=12 March 2021 \|title=Karabakh official accuses HALO Trust of spying for Turkey - JAMnews \|url=https://jam-news.net/karabakh-official-accuses-halo-trust-of-spying-for-turkey/ \|access-date=25 June 2022 \|website=English Jamnews }}</ref>
	In 2009, a national survey of minefields remaining in Georgia found a total of 15 contaminated sites. Of these 15, ten are identified as having a direct humanitarian impact. HALO is currently working on two of these minefields and hope to clear a further seven by the end of 2011.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/georgia.html</ref>

			====Chechnya====
	The clearance of minefields surrounding former Soviet military installations in Georgia is often complicated by significant quantities of waste and rubble. HALO have mechanical mineclearance techniques to clear such sites using adapted civil engineering plant such as armoured excavators and front-loading shovels.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/georgia.html</ref>
			{{See also\|Land mine situation in Chechnya}}
			In 1997, HALO began working in ], training Chechens to remove landmines placed in the ]. It was forced to stop after a ] broke out and four deminers were killed by rocket artillery. Russia accused HALO of providing rebels with military training, but HALO representatives denied the charge, stating that they only provided their standard training in demining.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Tyler \|first1=Patrick E. \|title=Russians Say Anti-Mine Group Aids Rebels \|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/europe/081100russia-chechnya.html \|access-date=14 May 2019 \|work=The New York Times \|date=11 August 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Charlton \|first1=Angela \|title=Russia accuses British mine-clearing charity of aiding Chechens \|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-accuses-british-mine-clearing-charity-of-aiding-chechens-711627.html \|access-date=14 May 2019 \|work=The Independent \|date=10 August 2000 }}</ref>

			===Middle East===
	HALO currently employs over 100 staff in Georgia, the majority of whom come from within the mine-affected communities.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/georgia.html</ref>
			====Jesus' baptism site====
			In May 2016 HALO announced that it had secured approval from the Israeli and Palestinian authorities as well as eight religious denominations to clear landmines from the site of the ] at ] (West Bank) / ] (Jordan).<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/15/british-land-mine-charity-made-famous-by-princess-diana-wants-to/\|url-access=subscription\|title=British land mine charity made famous by Princess Diana wants to clear explosives from the site of Jesus Christ's baptism\|first=Raf\|last=Sanchez\|newspaper=The Telegraph\|date=15 May 2016\|publisher=\|access-date=16 May 2018\|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>

			===Southeast Asia===
	==== Cluster munitions and other UXO ====
			====Cambodia====
	'''Shida Kartli region (August 2008 conflict)'''
			{{See also\|Land mines in Cambodia}}
			Over 63,500 landmine and ] casualties have been recorded in Cambodia since 1979,<ref name="the-monitor2">Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Cambodia:Scope of the Problem:Casualties), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref> with over 25,000 amputees Cambodia has the highest ratio per capita in the world.<ref>Statistics care of the Cambodia Mine/ERW Victim Information System (CMVIS), contact Mr. CHHIV Lim, CMVIS Project Manager, c.lim@cmaa.gov.kh</ref> Despite a considerable reduction in casualty numbers over recent years, down from 875 in 2005<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2006 (Cambodia:Landmine/UXO Casualties), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref> to 269 in 2008,<ref name="the-monitor2"/> Cambodia's mine and ERW problem still represents a major impediment to the social and economic development of the country. However, given more than 18 years of humanitarian demining, the landmine threat is now largely concentrated in just 21 north-west border districts.<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Cambodia:Scope of the Problem:Contamination), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref>

			IN 2010 HALO Cambodia had over 1,150 national staff working in the provinces of Battambang, Banteay Meanchey, Otdar Meanchey and Pailin. Recruiting, training and then deploying female and male deminers from the mine affected districts means that the landmine contaminated communities remain an integral component in the clearance process. Living and working in these communities, deminers are methodically ridding Cambodia of the landmine menace.<ref name="halotrust2">{{cite web \|url=http://www.halotrust.org/cambodia.html \|title= Cambodia\|website=www.halotrust.org \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420023958/http://www.halotrust.org/cambodia.html \|archive-date=20 April 2010}}</ref>
	South Ossetian, Georgian and Russian forces clashed over a four day period around the South Ossetian “capital” city of Tskhinvali in August 2008. Although minefields were not laid during this conflict, the heavy use of aircraft bombing, artillery and mortars resulted in widespread Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) and cluster munition contamination of this area. This contamination spread with the retreat of Georgian forces from Tskhinvali to the town of Gori in Georgia.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/georgia.html</ref>

			Between 1991 and May 2010, HALO Cambodia cleared over {{convert\|6,115\|ha}} of landmine ] whilst destroying over 229,000 landmines, 139,200 items of large calibre ammunition and 1.28 million bullets.<ref name="halotrust2"/>
	Concurrent to the conflict centred on South Ossetia, targets were bombed elsewhere in Georgia, including the Upper Kodori region of Abkhazia. This contamination was largely limited to individual airbomb and rocket strikes, which were quickly addressed and cleared. The majority of remaining contamination was limited to a 20 km wide corridor between Gori and Tskhinvali where the high-intensity conflict took place. The main threat to these villages was from the extensive use of cluster munitions, but rocket strikes and abandoned ammunition also posed a threat.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/georgia.html</ref> The American NGO CNFA partnered with HALO to target the delivery of agricultural assistance to the farmers of Shida Kartli; this resulted in the region’s largest ever apple and wheat harvests.<ref>http://www.cnfa.org/our-work/our-programs/24-georgia-agriculture-risk-reduction-program-garrp</ref>

			Alongside clearance work HALO's survey teams have continued to systematically clarify the nature and magnitude of landmine contamination in Cambodia. The current focus of HALO's survey teams is the Baseline Survey of Cambodia, a Cambodian Mine Action and Victim Assistance Authority (CMAA) led process to quantify the true nature of the remaining mine threat in Cambodia.<ref>According to the Royal Government of Cambodia's Mine Ban Treaty Extension Request, the Baseline Survey 'aims to supersede previous L1S contamination and to define remaining contamination through a national land classification system'. Page 5, Kingdom of Cambodia, Extension Request to the President of the Ninth Meeting of the States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty.</ref>
	HALO completed work in this region in December 2009 having cleared 3,402 hectares of land across 22 communities. 1,706 cluster munitions and 2,031 other items of ordnance were located and destroyed.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/georgia.html</ref>

	===~~Nagorno Karabakh~~===		====Laos====
			One of the results of the ] (1964 to 1973) is the magnitude of the ] problem remaining in ]. During the conflict, the country was subject to heavy aerial bombardment, resulting in the world's largest contamination from unexploded submunitions. The US estimates that it dropped over 2 million tons of bombs, including 270 million ]s (known locally as "bombies"), during this period. During the same period, an unknown number of anti-personnel and anti-tank mines were laid along the country's borders and around military bases and airfields.<ref name=Monitor_Laos>{{cite web \|title=Lao PDR \|url=http://www.the-monitor.org/en-gb/reports/2019/lao-pdr/mine-action.aspx#ftn9 \|website=Landmine & Cluster Munition Monitor \|publisher=ICBL - CMC \|access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref>
	] educating children on mines and UXO]]
	] is a disputed region in the ]. Internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan, it is populated primarily by ethnic ], who declared independence in 1988. This resulted in ] from 1992 to 1994, which ended with a ceasefire that left Nagorno Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani provinces controlled by Armenians.<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/aj.html</ref>

			While the number of mine and UXO related accidents continue to decrease from over 200 per year in the 1990s to about 50 in 2018,<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Convery \|first1=Padraic \|title=US bombs continue to kill in Laos 50 years after Vietnam War \|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/laotians-killed-50-years-bombing-campaign-181121000620903.html \|access-date=15 May 2019 \|work=www.aljazeera.com \|date=21 November 2018}}</ref> over 25% of all villages in Laos still remain contaminated, primarily with UXO.<ref>{{cite web \|title=History and War \|url=http://www.nra.gov.la/uxoproblem.html \|website=UXO Problem \|publisher=National Regulatory Authority for the UXO/Mine Action Sector in the Lao PDR \|access-date=15 May 2019 \|archive-date=19 February 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219152257/http://nra.gov.la/uxoproblem.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref>
	Landmines were used extensively during the 1992-1994 war, as were large amounts of cluster munitions and other explosive ordnance. Since the war ended in 1994, 328 people have been killed or maimed by landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO). The minefields and cluster bomb contamination continue to inhibit development and infrastructure projects, leaving farmers unable to cultivate large areas of fertile agricultural land.<ref>http://asbarez.com/81778/karabakh-president-praises-halo-demining-efforts-at-10th-anniversary-event/</ref>

			HALO's survey, ] (EOD) and UXO clearance program is focused on the four most contaminated districts in ]. As of 2017, its staff numbered 303 (45% women), forming 10 clearance teams and 14 survey teams. For 2018 it had permission to expand the efforts to 14 districts for a total of 538 villages.<ref name=Monitor_Laos/>
	Since 2000 HALO has provided the only large-scale mine clearance capacity in Nagorno Karabakh and over the last 10 years HALO has cleared over 236 square kilometres of contaminated land and returned it to previously impacted communities. By mid-2010, HALO had found and destroyed in Nagorno Karabakh over 10,000 landmines, 10,000 cluster munitions and 45,000 other explosive items.<ref>http://asbarez.com/81778/karabakh-president-praises-halo-demining-efforts-at-10th-anniversary-event/</ref>

			=== South and Central Asia ===
	HALO conducts both manual and mechanical clearance of minefields in Nagorno Karabakh. Cluster bomb strikes are cleared by HALO’s Battle Area Clearance (BAC) teams whilst other items of UXO are cleared by HALO’s Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) teams. HALO’s programme is complemented by Survey and Mines Risk Education teams. 210 local staff are currently employed, managed by a single expatriate, while all other senior management positions are filled by locally recruited and trained staff.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/nagornokarabakh.html</ref>

			==== Afghanistan ====
	HALO has reported as cleared nearly 80% of minefields and about 70% of the area contaminated by cluster munitions in Nagorno Karabakh. The NGO believes the remaining areas can be cleared within the next five years but this timeframe depends on the continued availability of donor funds, which are on a downward slump. Without funding, HALO warns, the removal of all the minefields and cluster munitions will take longer, leaving impoverished rural communities blighted by mines and cluster munitions for years to come.<ref>http://asbarez.com/81778/karabakh-president-praises-halo-demining-efforts-at-10th-anniversary-event/</ref>
			On 9 June 2021, a HALO Trust De-Mining Team was reportedly attacked in Afghanistan, with 10 team members killed and more than a dozen wounded. The Afghanistan government blamed the ] for the attack. The militant group denied any responsibility. HALO Trust stated that the Taliban actually came to their aid and scared off the assailants. ] claimed credit for the attack.<ref>{{cite news\|date=9 June 2021\|title=Halo Trust: Afghanistan mine clearance workers shot dead 'in cold blood'\|work=BBC News\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57410265\|access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref>

			====Sri Lanka====
	In July 2011 Azerbaijani government blacklisted and banned the organization from Azerbaijan in protest for its mine clearing operation in Nagorno Karabakh. Mine removal equipment that was headed to Afghanistan was impounded and sent to Georgia. <ref name="Azerbaijan blacklists British mine-clearance charity">{{cite news\|title=Azerbaijan blacklists British mine-clearance charity\|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011\07\09\story_9-7-2011_pg14_2\|accessdate=9 July 2011\|newspaper=dailytimes.com.pk\|date=9 July 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Baku Confiscates Afghanistan-Bound Mine Clearance Equipment">{{cite news\|last=Lomsadze\|first=Giorgi\|title=Baku Confiscates Afghanistan-Bound Mine Clearance Equipment\|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/63830\|accessdate=8 July 2011\|newspaper=eurasianet.org\|date=9 July 2011}}</ref>
			HALO has been working in Sri Lanka since 2002, with 1,045 demining staff currently in the provinces of Jaffna, Kilinochchi and Mulaittivu. HALO teams conduct manual and mechanical mine clearance alongside survey and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD).<ref name="halotrust3">{{cite web \|url=http://www.halotrust.org/srilanka.html \|title= The HALO Trust - A charity specialising in the removal of the debris of war\|website=www.halotrust.org \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413165653/http://www.halotrust.org/srilanka.html \|archive-date=13 April 2010}}</ref> In December 2015 The HALO Trust announced that it had cleared 200,000 landmines in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-35070384\|title=Scots charity in landmine milestone\|work=BBC News\|date=11 December 2015\|publisher=\|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref>

			==Europe==
	===Kosovo===		===Kosovo===
	Mine laying, ~~predominately~~ by the army of the Former Republic of Yugoslavia but also by the Kosovo Liberation Army, took place primarily in 1999. In addition to the many items of UXO resulting from the conflict, the NATO bombing campaign in 1999 left unexploded cluster munitions in many locations across Kosovo.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/kosovo.html</ref>		Mine laying, predominantly by the army of the ] but also by the ], took place primarily in 1999. In addition to the many items of UXO resulting from the conflict, the ] left unexploded cluster munitions in many locations across Kosovo.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web \|url=http://www.halotrust.org/kosovo.html \|title= The HALO Trust - A charity specialising in the removal of the debris of war\|website=www.halotrust.org \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329230611/http://www.halotrust.org/kosovo.html \|archive-date=29 March 2010}}</ref>

			HALO maintained demining and battle area clearance operations between 2004 and 2006 and conducted a country-wide Community Liaison Survey in 2006 and 2007. This survey identified 126 areas still in need of clearance, above and beyond the 46 areas recorded in the national database. HALO commenced a third phase of clearance operations in May 2008.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
	Between 1999 and 2001 the UN managed a large clearance programme in Kosovo<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Kosovo:Ten-Year Summary), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref> (under Security Council resolution 1244 giving the UN governance of the province<ref>Available at http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1999/sc99.htm</ref>).The implementing agencies for clearance, of which HALO was the largest with over 400 staff, destroyed over 50,000 landmines, cluster munitions and other items of UXO.<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2002 (Kosovo), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref> Since 2002 a further 20,500 landmines, cluster munitions and other items of UXO have been cleared by the various implementing agencies.

			In total since 1999, HALO has cleared over {{convert\|38\|ha}} of mine contaminated land and {{convert\|1,263\|ha}} of cluster munition contaminated land. In the process, HALO has destroyed 4,330 mines and 5,377 cluster submunitions and other explosive items.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
	HALO maintained demining and battle area clearance operations between 2004 and 2006 and conducted a country-wide Community Liaison Survey in 2006 and 2007. This survey identified 126 areas still in need of clearance, above and beyond the 46 areas recorded in the national database. HALO commenced a third phase of clearance operations in May 2008.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/kosovo.html</ref>

			Cluster munitions have an impact upon infrastructure projects and HALO has found and destroyed cluster munitions to clear the way for road widening projects. Occasionally clearance cannot keep up with development and at least one cluster munition was uncovered by road construction teams in 2010.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
	In total since 1999, HALO has cleared over 38 hectares of mine contaminated land and 1,263 hectares of cluster munition contaminated land. In the process, HALO has destroyed 4,330 mines and 5,377 cluster submunitions and other explosive items.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/kosovo.html</ref>

			The ]'s Kosovo Poverty Assessment 2007 classifies 45 percent of Kosovo's population as "poor", living on less than €1.42 per day, with a further 18 percent considered to be vulnerable to poverty.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTKOSOVO/Country%20Home/21541686/KosovoPAvol1.pdf\|title=Kosovo Poverty Assessment\|publisher=\|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> 15% of the population is extremely poor, which is defined as "individuals who have difficulty meeting their basic nutritional needs".
	Minefields remain in rural areas in which impoverished communities rely on agriculture and woodcutting as their primary sources of income. Although human casualties due to mines are rare, many mine impacted communities have lost cattle and horses over the last few years, and there is the constant danger that expanding socio economic footprints around such communities will result in individual land users attempting to access some of the many hectares of land currently denied to them by landmines. The picturesque and unspoilt mountainous landscapes in Kosovo’s south and west have the potential for a lucrative tourist industry but these are the areas most affected my mines. Many hectares of the hills in western Kosovo were recently burnt as firefighters were unable to access the area due to landmines detonating.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/kosovo.html</ref>

			HALO currently has three teams and a total of 65 demining staff accredited and deployed clearing minefields and cluster munition strikes.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
	Cluster munitions remain in many areas, both on the surface and buried. Since late 2007 three cluster munition accidents have caused the deaths of two people and severe injuries to a further five adults and children. Similarly to the threat posed by mines, cluster munitions impact most on the financially marginalised elements of society who rely on scrap collecting, woodcutting and cultivation for their livelihood. They also have an impact upon infrastructure projects and HALO has found and destroyed cluster munitions of road widening projects. Occasionally clearance cannot keep up with development and at least one cluster munition was uncovered by road construction teams in 2010.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/kosovo.html</ref>

			===Ukraine===
	The World Bank's Kosovo Poverty Assessment 2007<ref></ref> highlights that 45 percent of Kosovo's population is classified as “poor”, living on less than €1.42 per day, with a further 18 percent considered to be vulnerable to poverty. 15% of the population is extremely poor, which is defined as “individuals who have difficulty meeting their basic nutritional needs” Many of the poorest communities live in proximity to the remaining minefields and cluster strikes, with two thirds of Kosovo’s poor living in rural areas.
			Since 2016 HALO is involved in clearing landmines laid during the ].<ref>{{in lang\|uk}} , ] (10 July 2018)</ref> Since the ] in February 2022, HALO continues to conduct clearance operations across Ukraine, employing over 600 Ukrainian staff. <ref>{{Cite web \|title=Clearing landmines and other debris of war in Ukraine \|url=https://www.halotrust.org/where-we-work/europe-and-caucasus/ukraine/ \|access-date=2023-02-27 \|website=The HALO Trust \|language=en}}</ref>

	HALO currently has three teams and a total of 43 demining staff accredited and deployed clearing minefields and cluster munition strikes.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/kosovo.html</ref>

	==South America==		==South America==
	===Colombia===		===Colombia===
	For the last 40 years left wing Non States Armed Groups (NSAGs) have been in conflict with the Government.<ref>Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Colombia:Ten-Year Summary), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/</ref> This has resulted in the use of locally manufactured mines and Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), collectively described as “mines”. The Colombian military laid defensive mines around 34 of their bases whilst NSAGs and paramilitary organisations have used them in all aspects of their operations. The Colombian military have now completed clearance of 31 of the minefields they laid but an estimated 10,000 suspected NSAG minefields remain. These have largely been the reason why Colombia now has similar landmine casualties to Afghanistan.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/colombia.html</ref>		The Colombian military have now completed clearance of 31 of the minefields they laid but an estimated 10,000 suspected NSAG minefields remain. These have largely been the reason why Colombia now has similar landmine casualties to Afghanistan.<ref name="halotrust7">{{cite web \|url=http://www.halotrust.org/colombia.html \|title= The HALO Trust - A charity specialising in the removal of the debris of war\|website=www.halotrust.org \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501081935/http://www.halotrust.org/colombia.html \|archive-date=1 May 2010}}</ref>

			In 2013, Colombia had between 4.9 and 5.5 million internally displaced people (IDPs), the world's largest number.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Internally displaced people figures \|url=http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c23.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518072653/http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c23.html \|archive-date=18 May 2013 \|publisher=UNHCR \|access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> These populations are now experiencing high casualty and accident rates as they return to their areas of former residence.<ref name="halotrust7"/>
	Colombia ranks second, behind Sudan, with the largest number of internally displaced people (IDPs)<ref>http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c23.html
	</ref> and these populations are now experiencing high casualty and accident rates as they return to their areas of former residence.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/colombia.html</ref>

	Mines laid by NSAGs are found on routes used by government forces and around schools and houses used as bases in rural areas. The Colombian government formally invited HALO Trust in June 2009 to implement a large scale civilian clearance program which is currently in the survey and assessment stages.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/colombia.html</ref>

			The Colombian government formally invited HALO Trust in June 2009 to implement a large-scale civilian clearance program which is currently in the survey and assessment stages.<ref name="halotrust7"/>
	HALO is the first civilian organisation to have a formal agreement and registration with the Colombian government and is currently surveying prioritised mined areas in preparation for humanitarian clearance operations.<ref>http://www.halotrust.org/colombia.html</ref>

			HALO is the first civilian organisation to have a formal agreement and registration with the Colombian government and is currently surveying prioritised mined areas in preparation for humanitarian clearance operations.<ref name="halotrust7"/>
	==References==
	{{Reflist\|colwidth=35em}}

	==~~External~~ ~~links~~==		== References ==
	*
	*

	{{~~charity~~}}		{{reflist\|30em}}

			== External links ==
	{{DEFAULTSORT:Halo Trust}}
			* {{Official website}}
	]

			{{charity}}

			]
	]
			]
	]
			]
	]
	]

Latest revision as of 11:44, 1 October 2024

Non-government organisation founded 1988

The HALO Trust

The stone installed by HALO Trust after checking the territory for mines, Ochamchira District, Abkhazia
Founded	1988; 36 years ago (1988)
Founder	Guy Willoughby, Colin Campbell Mitchell and Sue Mitchell
Type	Non-governmental organization, Non-profit organization
Focus	Humanitarianism
Headquarters	Thornhill, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, United Kingdom, Washington, D.C.
Area served	Worldwide
Method	Demining
Employees	10,000
Website	www.halotrust.org

The HALO Trust (Hazardous Area Life-support Organization) is a humanitarian non-government organisation which primarily works to clear landmines and other explosive devices left behind by conflicts. With over 10,000 staff worldwide, HALO has operations in 28 countries. Its largest operation is in Afghanistan, where the organization continues to operate under the Taliban regime that took power in August 2021.

HALO's global headquarters are located in Thornhill, Dumfries and Galloway, United Kingdom. HALO has offices in Salisbury, UK, Washington, D.C., and The Hague, Netherlands.

History

The organisation was founded in 1988 by Guy Willoughby, former junior officer in the Coldstream Guards and Colin Campbell Mitchell, a British member of Parliament, former colonel in the British Army, and his wife Sue Mitchell. Willoughby won the Robert Burns Humanitarian Award in 2009. HALO's first programme began operations in Afghanistan, clearing landmines left by the departing Soviet military. The next major programme to open, in 1991, was in Cambodia. HALO attracted global coverage in January 1997 when Diana Princess of Wales visited a minefield being cleared by HALO employees in Huambo, Angola.

Leadership

In February 2015, James Cowan was appointed HALO's chief executive officer. Cowan was a British Army major-general who commanded the 3rd (United Kingdom) Division during a 33-year army career.

Cowan replaced Guy Willoughby who resigned from his role as chief executive of the trust on 11 August 2014.

Support and financing

HALO's income in 2021-22 was £93.5 million up from £25.63 million in 2015-16. It receives support from the US, UK and other governments around the world including Finland, Norway, Germany, Netherlands, Ireland and New Zealand. In April 2017, the UK announced it would provide £100 million in funding for global landmine programmes for the next three years. In 2021 the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office announced plans to cut funding for landmine clearance from £100 million to £25 million.

Achievements

The HALO Trust has destroyed over 1.5 million landmines, over 11 million pieces of large calibre ordnance and over 200,000 cluster munitions. Around 10,800 minefields have been cleared and 87,316 acres (353.36 km) have been made safe from landmines, with another 361,956 acres (1,464.78 km) made safe from unexploded and abandoned ordnance.

Awards

In 2012, HALO was named the Overall Winner in the Charity Awards by Civil Society Media.

Africa

Angola

For more than 40 years, the population of Angola has been severely impacted by landmines and other explosive remnants of war (ERW), and is believed to still be one of the most mined countries in the world. Between 1962 and 1972, it is believed that there were a total of 2,571 landmine incidents in Angola. Estimates for the total number of ERW casualties in Angola vary hugely, from 23,000 to 80,000.

HALO has worked in Angola since 1994. Considerable progress is being made; even so, HALO estimates that there is still in the region of 10 years' work to rid Angola of all landmines.

To tackle the threat from anti-tank mines on roads, HALO developed the Road Threat Reduction (RTR) system. RTR is a two part process: first, systematic sweeps are made with a large detector to find metal-cased AT mines; this is followed by heavy detonation trailers designed to detonate any minimum metal mine still capable of operating. HALO also fields Weapons & Ammunition Disposal teams working in support of the Angolan Army, Navy, Air Force and Police to manage the considerable stocks of weapons and ammunition that were amassed during the Angolan Civil War.

By 2015 HALO had cleared more than 780 minefields (21,500 hectares of land) and destroyed more than 90,000 landmines and 160,000 items of unexploded ordnance. The majority of munitions destroyed is made up of aircraft bombs but also includes guided missiles and cluster bomb sub-munitions. More than a decade after the end of the war, accidents continue to occur and communities continue to be impacted by the threat of mines.

Mozambique

The Government of Mozambique announced that the country was free of all known landmines in September 2015.

In September 2015, when Mozambique declared itself free of all known landmines, HALO announced that it had cleared 171,000 of the country's landmines and employed 1,600 Mozambican men and women over the course of 22 years.

Somalia

This section is missing information about the involvement of HALO. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (June 2021)

Somaliland is an unrecognised de facto independent state located in northwest Somalia in the Horn of Africa.

Minelaying occurred during the 1964 Ethiopian–Somali Border War and 1977-78 Ogaden War with Ethiopia, when minefields were laid predominantly along the Ethiopian border. This border and important access routes were heavily mined.

Asia

Caucasus

Soviet Legacy minefields

In 2009, a national survey of minefields remaining in Georgia found a total of 15 contaminated sites. Of these 15, ten are identified as having a direct humanitarian impact. The clearance of minefields surrounding former Soviet military installations in Georgia is often complicated by significant quantities of waste and rubble. HALO have mechanical mineclearance techniques to clear such sites using adapted civil engineering plant such as armoured excavators and front-loading shovels.

Cluster munitions and other UXO

The American NGO CNFA partnered with HALO to target the delivery of agricultural assistance to the farmers of Shida Kartli; this resulted in the region's largest ever apple and wheat harvests.

HALO completed work in this region in December 2009 having cleared 3,402 hectares (8,410 acres) of land across 22 communities. 1,706 cluster munitions and 2,031 other items of ordnance were located and destroyed.

Nagorno Karabakh

Since 2000 HALO has provided the only large-scale mine clearance capacity in Nagorno Karabakh and over the last 10 years HALO has cleared over 236 square kilometres of contaminated land and returned it to previously impacted communities. By mid-2010, HALO had found and destroyed in Nagorno Karabakh over 10,000 landmines, 10,000 cluster munitions and 45,000 other explosive items.

In July 2011 Azerbaijani government blacklisted and banned the organization from Azerbaijan in protest for its mine clearing operation in disputed territory of Nagorno Karabakh. Mine removal equipment that was headed to Afghanistan was impounded and sent to Georgia.

Representative of the leader of Nagorno-Karabakh on special assignments Boris Avagyan claimed that HALO Trust handed over minefield maps to Turkish special services, which, according to him, helped Azerbaijan’s successful military operations during the second Karabakh war in the fall of 2020. Ayvagyan claimed that under the pretext of studying dangerous areas, this organization carried out reconnaissance work throughout the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. Opposition MP Naira Zohrabyan supported these claims. The spokesperson for the de facto president of the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh said that Ayvagyan's accusations do not represent the opinion of the government and that he was acting unilaterally. HALO Trust said the accusation was "an absolute lie".

Chechnya

In 1997, HALO began working in Chechnya, training Chechens to remove landmines placed in the 1994–1996 war between Chechnya and Russia. It was forced to stop after a second war broke out and four deminers were killed by rocket artillery. Russia accused HALO of providing rebels with military training, but HALO representatives denied the charge, stating that they only provided their standard training in demining.

Middle East

Jesus' baptism site

In May 2016 HALO announced that it had secured approval from the Israeli and Palestinian authorities as well as eight religious denominations to clear landmines from the site of the Baptism of Christ at Qasr al-Yahud (West Bank) / Al-Maghtas (Jordan).

Southeast Asia

Cambodia

Laos

One of the results of the Vietnam War (1964 to 1973) is the magnitude of the UXO problem remaining in Laos. During the conflict, the country was subject to heavy aerial bombardment, resulting in the world's largest contamination from unexploded submunitions. The US estimates that it dropped over 2 million tons of bombs, including 270 million cluster munitions (known locally as "bombies"), during this period. During the same period, an unknown number of anti-personnel and anti-tank mines were laid along the country's borders and around military bases and airfields.

While the number of mine and UXO related accidents continue to decrease from over 200 per year in the 1990s to about 50 in 2018, over 25% of all villages in Laos still remain contaminated, primarily with UXO.

HALO's survey, explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) and UXO clearance program is focused on the four most contaminated districts in Savannakhet Province. As of 2017, its staff numbered 303 (45% women), forming 10 clearance teams and 14 survey teams. For 2018 it had permission to expand the efforts to 14 districts for a total of 538 villages.

South and Central Asia

Afghanistan

On 9 June 2021, a HALO Trust De-Mining Team was reportedly attacked in Afghanistan, with 10 team members killed and more than a dozen wounded. The Afghanistan government blamed the Taliban for the attack. The militant group denied any responsibility. HALO Trust stated that the Taliban actually came to their aid and scared off the assailants. ISIL-K claimed credit for the attack.

Sri Lanka

HALO has been working in Sri Lanka since 2002, with 1,045 demining staff currently in the provinces of Jaffna, Kilinochchi and Mulaittivu. HALO teams conduct manual and mechanical mine clearance alongside survey and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD). In December 2015 The HALO Trust announced that it had cleared 200,000 landmines in Sri Lanka.

Europe

Kosovo

Mine laying, predominantly by the army of the Former Republic of Yugoslavia but also by the Kosovo Liberation Army, took place primarily in 1999. In addition to the many items of UXO resulting from the conflict, the NATO bombing campaign in 1999 left unexploded cluster munitions in many locations across Kosovo.

HALO maintained demining and battle area clearance operations between 2004 and 2006 and conducted a country-wide Community Liaison Survey in 2006 and 2007. This survey identified 126 areas still in need of clearance, above and beyond the 46 areas recorded in the national database. HALO commenced a third phase of clearance operations in May 2008.

In total since 1999, HALO has cleared over 38 hectares (94 acres) of mine contaminated land and 1,263 hectares (3,120 acres) of cluster munition contaminated land. In the process, HALO has destroyed 4,330 mines and 5,377 cluster submunitions and other explosive items.

Cluster munitions have an impact upon infrastructure projects and HALO has found and destroyed cluster munitions to clear the way for road widening projects. Occasionally clearance cannot keep up with development and at least one cluster munition was uncovered by road construction teams in 2010.

The World Bank's Kosovo Poverty Assessment 2007 classifies 45 percent of Kosovo's population as "poor", living on less than €1.42 per day, with a further 18 percent considered to be vulnerable to poverty. 15% of the population is extremely poor, which is defined as "individuals who have difficulty meeting their basic nutritional needs".

HALO currently has three teams and a total of 65 demining staff accredited and deployed clearing minefields and cluster munition strikes.

Ukraine

Since 2016 HALO is involved in clearing landmines laid during the Russo-Ukrainian War. Since the Russian invasion in February 2022, HALO continues to conduct clearance operations across Ukraine, employing over 600 Ukrainian staff.

South America

Colombia

The Colombian military have now completed clearance of 31 of the minefields they laid but an estimated 10,000 suspected NSAG minefields remain. These have largely been the reason why Colombia now has similar landmine casualties to Afghanistan.

In 2013, Colombia had between 4.9 and 5.5 million internally displaced people (IDPs), the world's largest number. These populations are now experiencing high casualty and accident rates as they return to their areas of former residence.

The Colombian government formally invited HALO Trust in June 2009 to implement a large-scale civilian clearance program which is currently in the survey and assessment stages.

HALO is the first civilian organisation to have a formal agreement and registration with the Colombian government and is currently surveying prioritised mined areas in preparation for humanitarian clearance operations.

References

"THE HALO TRUST - Charity 1001813". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
Rahim, Najim; Ives, Mike (9 June 2021). "Attack in Afghanistan Kills 10 From Charity That Clears Land Mines (Published 2021)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023.
Anthony, Lloyd (13 September 2021). "As UK support dwindles, mine clearers in Afghanistan find help where they can". The Times.
Martin, Lorna (16 May 2009). "Landmines hero honoured in Burns' name". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
"HALO website history page". HALO website. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
"HALO Cambodia news". HALO website. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
"Princess Diana's iconic minefield walk". BBC World Service. 11 March 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
"HALO appoints new Chief Executive". The HALO Trust. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
"Guy Willoughby, HALO CEO resigns" (Press release). The HALO Trust. 11 August 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
"THE HALO TRUST - Charity 1001813". register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
Davies, Caroline (4 April 2017). "UK pledges £100m to Prince Harry's campaign against landmines". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
Davies, Lizzy (8 October 2021). "Zimbabwean who cleared Falklands mines urges rethink on 75% cut to clearance programmes". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
Mason, Tania (3 December 2012). "How the Halo Trust won Overall Winner of the Charity Awards 2012". Civil Society Media. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
"Angola Avante – Onwards Angola". 26 February 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
Alex Vines, 1997, Still Killing. Landmines in Southern Africa, New York, Human Rights Watch
http://www.the-monitor.org/en-gb/reports/2015/angola/casualties-and-casualty-assistance.aspx, accessed December 2015
"The HALO Trust - A charity specialising in the removal of the debris of war :: Angola". Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
Allen, Karen (23 September 2015). "Mozambique leads way on tackling mines". BBC News. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
"Mozambique: Nation Declared Free of Land Mines". 17 September 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2018 – via AllAfrica.
Smith, David (17 September 2015). "Flash and a bang as Mozambique is declared free of landmines". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
"Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor | Monitor". www.the-monitor.org. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^ "The HALO Trust - A charity specialising in the removal of the debris of war". www.halotrust.org. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010.
"Georgia: Georgia Agricultural Risk Reduction Program". Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
"Karabakh President Praises HALO Demining Efforts at 10th Anniversary Event". Asbarez. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
"Azerbaijan blacklists British mine-clearance charity". dailytimes.com.pk. 9 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
Lomsadze, Giorgi (9 July 2011). "Baku Confiscates Afghanistan-Bound Mine Clearance Equipment". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
Kucera, Joshua (12 March 2021). "In post-war Armenia, spy mania running amok". Eurasianet.
"Karabakh official accuses HALO Trust of spying for Turkey - JAMnews". English Jamnews. 12 March 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
Tyler, Patrick E. (11 August 2000). "Russians Say Anti-Mine Group Aids Rebels". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
Charlton, Angela (10 August 2000). "Russia accuses British mine-clearing charity of aiding Chechens". The Independent. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
Sanchez, Raf (15 May 2016). "British land mine charity made famous by Princess Diana wants to clear explosives from the site of Jesus Christ's baptism". The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 May 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
^ Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Cambodia:Scope of the Problem:Casualties), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/
Statistics care of the Cambodia Mine/ERW Victim Information System (CMVIS), contact Mr. CHHIV Lim, CMVIS Project Manager, c.lim@cmaa.gov.kh
Landmine Monitor Report 2006 (Cambodia:Landmine/UXO Casualties), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/
Landmine Monitor Report 2009 (Cambodia:Scope of the Problem:Contamination), online at http://www.the-monitor.org/
^ "Cambodia". www.halotrust.org. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010.
According to the Royal Government of Cambodia's Mine Ban Treaty Extension Request, the Baseline Survey 'aims to supersede previous L1S contamination and to define remaining contamination through a national land classification system'. Page 5, Kingdom of Cambodia, Extension Request to the President of the Ninth Meeting of the States Parties, Mine Ban Treaty.
^ "Lao PDR". Landmine & Cluster Munition Monitor. ICBL - CMC. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
Convery, Padraic (21 November 2018). "US bombs continue to kill in Laos 50 years after Vietnam War". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
"History and War". UXO Problem. National Regulatory Authority for the UXO/Mine Action Sector in the Lao PDR. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
"Halo Trust: Afghanistan mine clearance workers shot dead 'in cold blood'". BBC News. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
"The HALO Trust - A charity specialising in the removal of the debris of war". www.halotrust.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010.
"Scots charity in landmine milestone". BBC News. 11 December 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
^ "The HALO Trust - A charity specialising in the removal of the debris of war". www.halotrust.org. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010.
"Kosovo Poverty Assessment" (PDF). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
(in Ukrainian) Echoes of War. How do the Ukrainians renovate the Donbas, Ukrayinska Pravda (10 July 2018)
"Clearing landmines and other debris of war in Ukraine". The HALO Trust. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^ "The HALO Trust - A charity specialising in the removal of the debris of war". www.halotrust.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010.
"Internally displaced people figures". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2019.

External links

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