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{{Short description|Species of Old World monkey}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Celebes Crested macaque<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=163|id=12100553}}</ref> |name = Celebes crested macaque<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Primates|pages=163|id=12100553}}</ref>
⚫ | status = CR
|image = Kuifmakaak (8721744168).jpg
| trend = unknown
|image_caption = Celebes crested macaque at ] in Rotterdam, Netherlands
⚫ | status_system = iucn3.1
⚫ |status = CR
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Supriatna, J. & Andayana, N.|year=2008|id=12556|title=Macaca nigra|downloaded=4 January 2009}}</ref>
⚫ |status_system = IUCN3.1
| image = Macaca_nigra_Kaldari_01.jpg
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{Cite iucn|last1=Lee|first1=R|last2=Riley|first2=E|last3=Sangermano|first3=F|last4=Cannon|first4=C|last5=Shekelle|first5=M|date=2020|title=''Macaca nigra''|volume=2020|page=e.T12556A17950422|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12556A17950422.en|access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| regnum = ]ia
|genus = Macaca
| phylum = ]
⚫ |species = nigra
| classis = ]ia
⚫ |authority = (], 1822)
| ordo = ]s
⚫ |range_map = Celebes Crested Macaque area.png
| familia = ]
⚫ |range_map_caption= Celebes crested macaque range<br/>(blue—native, red—introduced)
| genus = '']''
⚫ | species = '''''M. nigra'''''
| binomial = ''Macaca nigra''
⚫ | binomial_authority = (], 1822)
⚫ | range_map = Celebes Crested Macaque area.png
⚫ | range_map_caption = Celebes Crested Macaque range<br/>(blue — native, red — introduced)
}} }}
⚫ The '''Celebes crested macaque''' ('''''Macaca nigra'''''), also known as the '''crested black macaque''', '''Sulawesi crested macaque''', or the '''black ape''', is an ] that lives in the ] in the north-eastern tip of the ]n island of ] (Celebes), as well as on smaller neighbouring islands.


==Description==
⚫ The '''Celebes crested macaque''' (''Macaca nigra''), also known as the '''crested black macaque''', '''Sulawesi crested macaque''', or the '''black ape''', is an ] that lives in the northeast of the ]n island of ] (Celebes) as well as on smaller neighboring islands.
⚫ Locally known as ''yaki'' or ''wolai'',{{fact|date=September 2024}} its skin and hairless face is, with the exception of some white hair in the shoulder range, entirely jet black. Unusual for a ], it has striking reddish-brown eyes. It has a long muzzle with high cheeks, and a long hair tuft, or crest, at the top of the head. It has an ape-like appearance due to its almost non-existent, non-visible, vestigial tail stub of only approximately {{Convert|2|cm|abbr=off}}. With a total body length of {{Convert|44|to|60|cm|0|abbr=off}}, and a weight of {{Convert|3.6|to|10.4|kg|0|abbr=off}}, it is one of the smaller ] species. Its life expectancy is estimated at 15 to 20 years in the wild.{{fact|date=September 2024}}


==Ecology==
⚫ Its skin and hairless face is, with the exception of some white hair in the shoulder range, entirely jet black. The long muzzle with high cheeks and the long hair tuft, or crest, at the top side of the head are remarkable. The tail is only approximately {{convert|2|cm|0|abbr=on}} of stub. With a total body length of {{convert|45|cm|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|60|cm|0|abbr=on}} and a weight of 7 to 10&nbsp;kg, it is one of the smaller ] species.
⚫ The Celebes crested macaque is a ] ] dweller. This macaque is primarily ], spending more than 60% of its day on the ground foraging for food and socialising, while sleeping and searching for food in the trees.


⚫ The Celebes crested macaque is ], with 70% of its diet consisting of ]s. It also consumes ], ]s, ]s, ], small ]s and bird ], ]s (such as ] and ]s) ]s, ], ] and the occasional small ] or ].
]
]
⚫ The Celebes crested macaque is a ] ] dweller. This ] is primarily ], spending more than 60% of its day on the ground foraging for food and socializing, while sleeping and searching for food in the trees.


==Group behaviour==
It lives in groups of 5 to 25 animals. Smaller groups have only a single male, while larger groups have up to four males. The females, however, always outnumber the males by about 4:1. Since young males must leave their birth group upon maturity, they sometimes form ] groups before they look for a connection to an existing mixed group. Communication consists of various sounds and gestures; such as the presentation of the long ] while grimacing a clear threatening gesture. It lives typically in groups of five to twenty-five animals, and occasionally in groups of up to seventy-five animals. Smaller groups have only a single adult male, while larger groups have up to four adult males. However, adult females always outnumber adult males by about 4:1. Young adult males are forced to leave their birth group upon maturity, sometimes forming ] groups, before seeking a connection to an existing adult mixed-sex group. Communication consists of various sounds and gestures; such as the presentation of the long ] while grimacing, a clearly threatening gesture.


⚫ The Celebes crested macaque is ], with both males and females mating multiple times with multiple partners. The receptivity of the females is clearly indicated by an extreme ] (swelling) and redness of their ] which, in contrast to the black skin colour, is particularly noticeable. The ] time is 174 days, and the birth of the usually single offspring happens in the spring when food is more plentiful. Young animals are nursed for approximately one year, becoming fully mature in three to four years, females somewhat sooner than males.
⚫ The Celebes crested macaque is ], with 70% of its diet consisting of ]s. It also consumes ], ]s, ]s, ], ]s and bird ], ]s (such as ]s), and the occasional small ] or ].


==Human interactions==
⚫ The Celebes crested macaque is ], with both males and females mating multiple times with multiple partners. The receptivity of the females is clearly indicated by an extreme ] (swelling) and redness of their ] which, in contrast to the black skin color, is particularly remarkable. The gestation time is 174 days, and the birth of the usually single offspring happens in the spring when food is more plentiful. Young animals are nursed approximately one year and become fully mature in 3 to 4 years, females somewhat sooner than males. Its life expectancy is estimated at approximately 20 years.
] (the 2011 ']')|alt=]]
⚫ Because it devastates crops and fields, the Celebes crested macaque is hunted as a pest. It is also hunted to provide ]. Clearing the rain forests further threatens its survival. Its situation on the small neighbouring islands of Sulawesi (such as ]) is somewhat better, since these have a low human population. The total population of the macaque on Sulawesi is estimated at 4,000–6,000, while a booming population of up to 100,000 monkeys is found on ].


⚫ A series of survey trips to Sulawesi and the ] forest area were made in 2004–2009 by Vicki Melfi, who is ] (EEP) ] holder for these macaques, based at ] / the ]. She has been monitoring population density, which has declined from over 300 individuals per square kilometre in 1980, to 20 to 60 individuals today. A conservation programme called ''Selamatkan Yaki'', or Save the ''Yaki'', as this macaque is known in the local language, was launched with local partners and other conservation groups from Thailand, Germany, and the ] (based in the United States). Both ] and ] are among a number of mostly European zoos which hold '']'' breeding populations of this animal.<ref>Selamatkan Yaki! article in Zoo News (Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust newsletter), Issue 69, Autumn 2009, p. 16.</ref>
⚫ Because it devastates crops and fields, the Celebes crested macaque is hunted as a pest. It is also hunted to provide ]. Clearing the rain forests further threatens its survival. Its situation on the small neighbouring islands of Sulawesi (such as Bacan) is somewhat better, since these have a low human population. The total population of the macaque on Sulawesi is estimated at 4,000-6,000, while a booming population of up to 100,000 monkeys is found on Bacan.


⚫ Since 2006, the Macaca Nigra Project has been studying the biology and promoting the conservation of this species. The project, a collaboration between the ] and the ], is run by Antje Engelhardt, and located in the ], home of the biggest crested macaque population remaining in the species' original distribution range.
⚫ A recent series of survey trips to Sulawesi and the Minehasa forest area have been made in 2004-2009 by Vicki Melfi, who is ] ] holder for these macaques, based at ] / the ]. She has been monitoring population density which has declined from over 300 individuals per square kilometre in 1980 to 20 to 60 individuals today. A conservation programme '''Selamatkan Yaki''' - or 'Save the Yaki' as this macaque is known in the local language - has been launched with local partners and other conservation groups from Thailand, Germany and the ] (based in USA). Both ] and ] are among a number of mostly European zoos which hold ] breeding populations of this animal.<ref>Selamatkan Yaki! article in Zoo News (Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust newsletter), Issue 69, Autumn 2009, p. 16.</ref>


Nevertheless, despite being critically endangered, crested black macaque are still unprotected outside of Tangkoko reserve, and they are regularly hunted and slaughtered. They are easily caught and killed, as they have no fear of humans. Crested black macaque is considered a delicacy by local residents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://komunitas.rimanews.com/fotovideo/read/20151225/5665/3/Jelang-Natal-Permintaan-Kuliner-Ekstrim-Khas-Tomohon-Meningkat|title=Jelang Natal, Permintaan Kuliner Ekstrim Khas Tomohon Meningkat|trans-title=Demands for Macaca Nigra increases during Christmas - considered a delicacy|website=Komunitas.RimaNews.com|publisher=Rima News|date=25 December 2015|access-date=2015-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225064607/http://komunitas.rimanews.com/fotovideo/read/20151225/5665/3/Jelang-Natal-Permintaan-Kuliner-Ekstrim-Khas-Tomohon-Meningkat|archive-date=2015-12-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫ Since 2006, the '''Macaca Nigra Project''' studies the biology and promotes the conservation of this species. The project, a collaboration between the ] and the ], run by Antje Engelhardt, is located in the Tangkoko reserve, home of the biggest crested macaque population remaining in the species' original distribution range.

In 2013, wildlife cameraman Colin Stafford-Johnson spent time on Sulawesi, filming the monkeys at close quarters for a BBC documentary entitled ''Meet the Monkeys''.<ref name=BBCMMT>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b039w9p0|title=Meet the Monkeys|website=BBC.co.uk|publisher=] ]|access-date=14 September 2015}}</ref>

In 2014, considerable discussion of ] issues was generated by a ].<ref name="bbc-selfie">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-28674167|title=Photographer 'lost £10,000' in Misplaced Pages monkey 'selfie' row|website=BBC.co.uk|publisher=]|date=7 August 2014|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*]


==References== ==References==
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{{Commons category|Macaca nigra}} {{Commons category|Macaca nigra}}
{{Wikispecies|Macaca nigra|Celebes Crested Macaque}} {{Wikispecies|Macaca nigra|Celebes Crested Macaque}}
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* http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2011051/Black-macaque-takes-self-portrait-Monkey-borrows-photographers-camera.html


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Latest revision as of 18:32, 25 December 2024

Species of Old World monkey

Celebes crested macaque
Celebes crested macaque at Diergaarde Blijdorp in Rotterdam, Netherlands
Conservation status

Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cercopithecidae
Genus: Macaca
Species: M. nigra
Binomial name
Macaca nigra
(Desmarest, 1822)
Celebes crested macaque range
(blue—native, red—introduced)

The Celebes crested macaque (Macaca nigra), also known as the crested black macaque, Sulawesi crested macaque, or the black ape, is an Old World monkey that lives in the Tangkoko reserve in the north-eastern tip of the Indonesian island of Sulawesi (Celebes), as well as on smaller neighbouring islands.

Description

Locally known as yaki or wolai, its skin and hairless face is, with the exception of some white hair in the shoulder range, entirely jet black. Unusual for a primate, it has striking reddish-brown eyes. It has a long muzzle with high cheeks, and a long hair tuft, or crest, at the top of the head. It has an ape-like appearance due to its almost non-existent, non-visible, vestigial tail stub of only approximately 2 centimetres (0.79 inches). With a total body length of 44 to 60 centimetres (17 to 24 inches), and a weight of 3.6 to 10.4 kilograms (8 to 23 pounds), it is one of the smaller macaque species. Its life expectancy is estimated at 15 to 20 years in the wild.

Ecology

The Celebes crested macaque is a diurnal rain forest dweller. This macaque is primarily terrestrial, spending more than 60% of its day on the ground foraging for food and socialising, while sleeping and searching for food in the trees.

The Celebes crested macaque is frugivorous, with 70% of its diet consisting of fruits. It also consumes leaves, buds, seeds, mushrooms, small birds and bird eggs, insects (such as beetles and caterpillars) worms, snails, spiders and the occasional small lizard or frog.

Group behaviour

It lives typically in groups of five to twenty-five animals, and occasionally in groups of up to seventy-five animals. Smaller groups have only a single adult male, while larger groups have up to four adult males. However, adult females always outnumber adult males by about 4:1. Young adult males are forced to leave their birth group upon maturity, sometimes forming bachelor groups, before seeking a connection to an existing adult mixed-sex group. Communication consists of various sounds and gestures; such as the presentation of the long canine teeth while grimacing, a clearly threatening gesture.

The Celebes crested macaque is promiscuous, with both males and females mating multiple times with multiple partners. The receptivity of the females is clearly indicated by an extreme tumescence (swelling) and redness of their buttocks which, in contrast to the black skin colour, is particularly noticeable. The gestation time is 174 days, and the birth of the usually single offspring happens in the spring when food is more plentiful. Young animals are nursed for approximately one year, becoming fully mature in three to four years, females somewhat sooner than males.

Human interactions

Self-portrait photograph (the 2011 'monkey selfie')

Because it devastates crops and fields, the Celebes crested macaque is hunted as a pest. It is also hunted to provide bushmeat. Clearing the rain forests further threatens its survival. Its situation on the small neighbouring islands of Sulawesi (such as Bacan) is somewhat better, since these have a low human population. The total population of the macaque on Sulawesi is estimated at 4,000–6,000, while a booming population of up to 100,000 monkeys is found on Bacan.

A series of survey trips to Sulawesi and the Minahasa forest area were made in 2004–2009 by Vicki Melfi, who is European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) studbook holder for these macaques, based at Paignton Zoo / the Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust. She has been monitoring population density, which has declined from over 300 individuals per square kilometre in 1980, to 20 to 60 individuals today. A conservation programme called Selamatkan Yaki, or Save the Yaki, as this macaque is known in the local language, was launched with local partners and other conservation groups from Thailand, Germany, and the Wildlife Conservation Society (based in the United States). Both Newquay Zoo and Paignton Zoo are among a number of mostly European zoos which hold ex-situ breeding populations of this animal.

Since 2006, the Macaca Nigra Project has been studying the biology and promoting the conservation of this species. The project, a collaboration between the German Primate Centre and the Bogor Agricultural Institute, is run by Antje Engelhardt, and located in the Tangkoko reserve, home of the biggest crested macaque population remaining in the species' original distribution range.

Nevertheless, despite being critically endangered, crested black macaque are still unprotected outside of Tangkoko reserve, and they are regularly hunted and slaughtered. They are easily caught and killed, as they have no fear of humans. Crested black macaque is considered a delicacy by local residents.

In 2013, wildlife cameraman Colin Stafford-Johnson spent time on Sulawesi, filming the monkeys at close quarters for a BBC documentary entitled Meet the Monkeys.

In 2014, considerable discussion of copyright issues was generated by a 'selfie' photograph taken by a Celebes crested macaque.

See also

References

  1. Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Primates". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Lee, R; Riley, E; Sangermano, F; Cannon, C; Shekelle, M (2020). "Macaca nigra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T12556A17950422. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12556A17950422.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  3. Selamatkan Yaki! article in Zoo News (Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust newsletter), Issue 69, Autumn 2009, p. 16.
  4. "Jelang Natal, Permintaan Kuliner Ekstrim Khas Tomohon Meningkat" [Demands for Macaca Nigra increases during Christmas - considered a delicacy]. Komunitas.RimaNews.com. Rima News. 25 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  5. "Meet the Monkeys". BBC.co.uk. BBC Two Natural World. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  6. "Photographer 'lost £10,000' in Misplaced Pages monkey 'selfie' row". BBC.co.uk. BBC News. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.

External links

Extant species of family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys) (subfamily Cercopithecinae)
Cercopithecini
Allenopithecus
Miopithecus
(Talapoins)
Erythrocebus
Chlorocebus
(Vervet monkeys)
Allochrocebus
(Terrestrial guenons)
Cercopithecus
(Arboreal guenons)
Papionini
Macaca
(Macaques)
Lophocebus
(Crested mangabeys)
Rungwecebus
Papio
(Baboons)
Theropithecus
Cercocebus
(White-eyelid
mangabeys)
Mandrillus
Category
Regencies and cities of North Sulawesi
Capital: Manado
Regencies Seal of North Sulawesi
Cities
See also: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia
Portal:
Taxon identifiers
Macaca nigra
Cynocephalus niger
Categories: