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| ], one of the pioneers of historiometry |
], one of the pioneers of historiometry]] | ||
| '''Historiometry''' is the historical study of human progress or individual personal characteristics, using statistics to analyze ]s to ]<ref name=Simonton2008/> |
'''Historiometry''' is the historical study of human progress or individual personal characteristics, using statistics to analyze ]s to ]es,<ref name=Simonton2008/> their statements, behavior and discoveries in relatively neutral texts. Historiometry combines techniques from ], which studies economic history and from ], the ] study of an individual's ] and abilities. | ||
| ==Origins== | ==Origins== | ||
| Historiometry started in the early 19th century with studies on the relationship between age and achievement by ] ] ] in the careers of prominent French and English playwrights <ref>{{cite news |
Historiometry started in the early 19th century with studies on the relationship between age and achievement by ] ] ] in the careers of prominent French and English playwrights <ref>{{cite news | ||
| |first = Emily | |first = Emily | ||
| |last = Eakin | |last = Eakin | ||
| |title = A Cultural Scorecard Says West Is Ahead |
|title = A Cultural Scorecard Says West Is Ahead | ||
| |url = |
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/25/books/a-cultural-scorecard-says-west-is-ahead.html | ||
| | |
|work = New York Times | ||
| |page = 9 | |page = 9 | ||
| |date = 2003-10-25 | |date = 2003-10-25 | ||
| | |
|access-date = 2006-09-13 | ||
| }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | ||
| |first = David |
|first = David | ||
| |last = Neiwert | |last = Neiwert | ||
| |title = Evading reality | |title = Evading reality | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
| |format = blog | |format = blog | ||
| |date = 2003-10-26 | |date = 2003-10-26 | ||
| | |
|access-date = 2006-09-13 | ||
| }}</ref> but it was ], |
}}</ref> but it was ], an English ] who popularized historiometry in his 1869 work, '']''.<ref>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Galton | | last = Galton | ||
| | first = Francis |
| first = Francis | ||
| | title = Hereditary Genius | | title = Hereditary Genius | ||
| | url = http://galton.org/books/hereditary-genius/ | | url = http://galton.org/books/hereditary-genius/ | ||
| | |
| access-date = 2006-09-13 | ||
| | publisher = MacMillan & Co | | publisher = MacMillan & Co | ||
| | location = London | | location = London | ||
| | year = 1869 | | year = 1869 | ||
| | isbn = |
| isbn = 978-0-312-36989-7 | ||
| }}</ref> It was further developed by Frederick Adams Woods (who coined the term ''historiometry''<ref>{{cite journal | }}</ref> It was further developed by Frederick Adams Woods (who coined the term ''historiometry''<ref>{{cite journal | ||
| | last = Simonton | | last = Simonton | ||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
| | year = 2003 | | year = 2003 | ||
| | title = Qualitative and quantitative analyses of historical data | | title = Qualitative and quantitative analyses of historical data | ||
| | journal = |
| journal = Annu. Rev. Psychol. | ||
| | volume = 54 | | volume = 54 | ||
| | pmid = 12171999 | | pmid = 12171999 | ||
| | pages = 617–640 | | pages = 617–640 | ||
| | url = http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145034?journalCode=psych | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-09-13 | |||
| | doi = 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145034 | | doi = 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145034 | ||
| | s2cid = 33595250 | |||
| }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | ||
| | last = Woods | | last = Woods | ||
| Line 50: | Line 49: | ||
| | volume = 30 | | volume = 30 | ||
| | pages = 697–736 | | pages = 697–736 | ||
| | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol30/issue777/ | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-09-13 | |||
| | doi = 10.1126/science.30.777.703 | | doi = 10.1126/science.30.777.703 | ||
| | pmid = 17792096 | | pmid = 17792096 | ||
| | issue = 777 | | issue = 777 | ||
| | bibcode = 1909Sci....30..703A | |||
| | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1448032 | |||
| }}</ref>) in the beginning of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal | }}</ref>) in the beginning of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal | ||
| | last = Woods | | last = Woods | ||
| | first = Frederick Adams | | first = Frederick Adams | ||
| | year = 1911 | | year = 1911 | ||
| | title = Historiometry as an exact science |
| title = Historiometry as an exact science | ||
| | journal = Science | | journal = Science | ||
| | volume = 33 | | volume = 33 | ||
| | pages = 568–574 | | pages = 568–574 | ||
| | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol33/issue850/ | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-09-13 | |||
| | doi = 10.1126/science.33.850.568 | | doi = 10.1126/science.33.850.568 | ||
| | pmid = 17790108 | | pmid = 17790108 | ||
| | issue = 850 | | issue = 850 | ||
| | bibcode = 1911Sci....33..568A | |||
| | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1448056 | |||
| }}</ref> Also ] ] published several papers on historiometry later in his career, mainly in the area of medical history, although it is usually referred to as ''cliometric metatheory'' by him.<ref>{{cite journal | }}</ref> Also ] ] published several papers on historiometry later in his career, mainly in the area of medical history, although it is usually referred to as ''cliometric metatheory'' by him.<ref>{{cite journal | ||
| | author = Faust, D., & Meehl, P. E. | | author = Faust, D., & Meehl, P. E. | ||
| | year = 2002 | | year = 2002 | ||
| | title = Using meta-scientific studies to clarify or resolve questions in the philosophy and history of science |
| title = Using meta-scientific studies to clarify or resolve questions in the philosophy and history of science | ||
| | journal = Philosophy of Science | | journal = Philosophy of Science | ||
| | volume = 69 | | volume = 69 | ||
| | pages = S185–S196 | | pages = S185–S196 | ||
| | accessdate = 2006-09-13 | |||
| | doi = 10.1086/341845 | | doi = 10.1086/341845 | ||
| | citeseerx = 10.1.1.560.5762 | |||
| }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | |||
| | s2cid = 62602513 | |||
| }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | |||
| | author = Meehl, P. E. | | author = Meehl, P. E. | ||
| | year = 1992 | | year = 1992 | ||
| | title = Cliometric metatheory: The actuarial approach to empirical, history-based philosophy of science |
| title = Cliometric metatheory: The actuarial approach to empirical, history-based philosophy of science | ||
| | journal = Psychological Reports | | journal = Psychological Reports | ||
| | volume = 71 | | volume = 71 | ||
| | pages = 339–467 | | pages = 339–467 | ||
| | url = https://meehl.umn.edu/sites/meehl.umn.edu/files/files/154cliometricmetatheory.pdf | |||
| }}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| Historiometry was the first field studying genius by using scientific methods.<ref name=Simonton2008>A Reflective Conversation with Dean Keith Simonton |
Historiometry was the first field studying genius by using scientific methods.<ref name=Simonton2008>{{cite journal | year = 2008 | title = A Reflective Conversation with Dean Keith Simonton | journal = North American Journal of Psychology | volume = 10 | issue = 3| pages = 595–602 }}</ref> | ||
| ==Current research== | ==Current research== | ||
| Prominent current historiometry researchers include Dean Keith Simonton and ].{{ |
Prominent current historiometry researchers include ] and ].<ref name="Human Accomplishment">{{cite book | ||
| ⚫ | | last = Murray | ||
| ⚫ | | first = Charles | ||
| ⚫ | | title = Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences 800 B.C to 1950 | ||
| ⚫ | | orig-year = 2003 | ||
| ⚫ | | publisher = HarperCollins | ||
| ⚫ | | isbn = 978-0-06-019247-1 | ||
| ⚫ | | year = 2003 | ||
| | url-access = registration | |||
| | url = https://archive.org/details/humanaccomplishm00murr | |||
| ⚫ | }}</ref> | ||
| Historiometry is defined by Dean Keith Simonton as: a quantitative method of statistical analysis for ] data. In Simonton's work the ] comes from ] assessment of famous personalities, often already deceased, in an attempt to assess ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite book | Historiometry is defined by Dean Keith Simonton as: a quantitative method of statistical analysis for ] data. In Simonton's work the ] comes from ] assessment of famous personalities, often already deceased, in an attempt to assess ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite book | ||
| | last = Simonton |
| last = Simonton | ||
| | first = Dean Keith | | first = Dean Keith | ||
| | title = Genius Creativity and Leadership: Historiometric Inquiries | | title = Genius Creativity and Leadership: Historiometric Inquiries | ||
| | |
| orig-year = 1999 | ||
| | publisher = iUniverse.com |
| publisher = iUniverse.com | ||
| | isbn = 1-58348-438-8 | | isbn = 978-1-58348-438-8 | ||
| | year = 1999 |
| year = 1999 | ||
| }}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| Charles Murray's '']'' is |
Charles Murray's '']'' is one example of this approach to quantify the impact of individuals on ], science and the arts. This work tracks many famous innovators in these areas, and quantifies how much attention to them has been paid by past historians, in terms of the number of references and the number of pages of reference material devoted to each subject. However, this work has been criticized for manipulating its data to derive conclusions that would not follow from unmanipulated data.<ref>{{citation|title=Book Review: Human Accomplishment, by Charles Murray|journal=Tech Law Journal|date=November 20, 2003}}.</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | | last = Murray |
||
| ⚫ | | first = Charles |
||
| ⚫ | | title = Human Accomplishment: |
||
| | origyear = 2003 | |||
| ⚫ | | publisher = HarperCollins |
||
| ⚫ | | isbn = 0-06-019247- |
||
| ⚫ | | year = 2003 | ||
| ⚫ | }}</ref> | ||
| ==Examples of research== | ==Examples of research== | ||
| Since |
Since historiometry deals with subjective personal traits as ], ] or ] most studies deal with the comparison of scientists, artists or politicians. The study ('']'') by Charles Murray classifies, for example, ] and ] as the most important ]s and ] as the top ranking western artist.<ref name="Human Accomplishment"/> As another example, several studies have compared charisma and even the IQ of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States.<ref>{{cite journal | ||
| | |
|author = Deluga, R.J. | ||
| | |
|year = 1997 | ||
| | |
|title = Relationship among American presidential charismatic leadership, narcissism, and rated performance | ||
| | |
|journal = Leadership Quarterly | ||
| | |
|volume = 8 | ||
| | |
|pages = 49–65 | ||
| | |
|doi = 10.1016/S1048-9843(97)90030-8 | ||
| | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/10489843/1997/00000008/00000001/art90030;jsessionid=bffe3p0grojse.alice | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-09-13 | |||
| }}</ref><ref name="Presidential IQ">{{cite journal | }}</ref><ref name="Presidential IQ">{{cite journal | ||
| | author = Dean Keith Simonton | | author = Dean Keith Simonton | ||
| | |
|date= August 2006 | ||
| ⚫ | | year = |
||
| | month = August | |||
| | title = Presidential IQ, Openness, Intellectual Brilliance, and Leadership: Estimates and Correlations for 42 U.S. Chief Executives | | title = Presidential IQ, Openness, Intellectual Brilliance, and Leadership: Estimates and Correlations for 42 U.S. Chief Executives | ||
| | journal = Political Psychology | | journal = Political Psychology | ||
| | volume = 27 |
| volume = 27 | ||
| | pages = 511–526 | | pages = 511–526 | ||
| | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00524.x | | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00524.x | ||
| | issue = 4 | |||
| | url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00524.x | |||
| |s2cid= 6540294 | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-09-11 | |||
| }}</ref> The latter study classifies ] as the |
}}</ref> The latter study classifies ] as the most clever US president, with an estimated IQ between 165 and 175.<ref name="Times"/> | ||
| A historiometric analysis has also been applied successfully in the field of ]. In one groundbreaking study,<ref>{{cite journal | |||
| | last1 = Kopiez | |||
| | first1 = Reinhard | |||
| | last2 = Lehmann | |||
| | first2 = Andreas C. | |||
| | last3 = Klassen | |||
| | first3= Janina | |||
| | year = 2009 | |||
| | title = Clara Schumann's collection of playbills: A historiometric analysis of life-span development, mobility, and repertoire canonization | |||
| | journal = Poetics | |||
| | volume = 37 | |||
| | pages = 50–73 | |||
| | doi = 10.1016/j.poetic.2008.09.001 | |||
| | issue = 1 | |||
| }}</ref> researchers analyzed statistically a collection of over 1,300 printed program leaflets (playbills) of concerts given by ] (1819–1896) throughout her lifetime. The resulting analysis revealed Clara Schumann's influential role in the canonization of classical piano music repertoire. Her strategy of repertoire selection was guided by extremely traditionalistic tendencies. | |||
| ==Critique== | ==Critique== | ||
| Since historiometry is based on indirect information like historic documents and relies heavily on statistics, the results of these studies are questioned by some researchers, mainly because of concerns about ''over-interpretation'' of the estimated results.<ref>{{ |
Since historiometry is based on indirect information like historic documents and relies heavily on statistics, the results of these studies are questioned by some researchers, mainly because of concerns about ''over-interpretation'' of the estimated results.<ref>{{Cite book | ||
| | url = http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED451235&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&objectId=0900000b8013877a&accno=ED451235 | | url = http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED451235&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&objectId=0900000b8013877a&accno=ED451235 | ||
| | title = Historiometrics of Creativity: A Philosophical Critique. | | title = Historiometrics of Creativity: A Philosophical Critique. | ||
| | |
| access-date = 2006-09-13 | ||
| | last = Bastick | | last = Bastick | ||
| | first = Tony |
| first = Tony | ||
| | year = 1999 | | year = 1999 | ||
| | publisher = Education Resources Information Center |
| publisher = Education Resources Information Center | ||
| }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | ||
| | author = Mackenzie, B. | | author = Mackenzie, B. | ||
| | date = January 1, 1986 | title = Genius, creativity, and leadership. Historiometric inquiries | | date = January 1, 1986 | title = Genius, creativity, and leadership. Historiometric inquiries | ||
| | journal = Med Hist. | | journal = Med. Hist. | ||
| | volume = 30 | | volume = 30 | ||
| | pages = 109–110 | | pages = 109–110 | ||
| | accessdate = 2006-09-13 | |||
| | issue = 1 | | issue = 1 | ||
| | pmc=1139602 |
| pmc=1139602 | ||
| | doi=10.1017/s0025727300045245}}</ref> | |||
| The previously mentioned study of the intellectual capacity of US presidents, a study by '' Dean Keith Simonton'', attracted a lot of media attention and critique mainly because it classified the former US president, ], as second to last of all US presidents since 1900.<ref name="Times">{{cite web | The previously mentioned study of the intellectual capacity of US presidents, a study by '' ]'', attracted a lot of media attention and critique mainly because it classified the former US president, ], as second to last of all US presidents since 1900.<ref name="Times">{{cite web | ||
| | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2350564,00.html | | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2350564,00.html | ||
| | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725161114/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2350564,00.html | |||
| | url-status = dead | |||
| | archive-date = July 25, 2008 | |||
| | title = Bush IQ low on presidential league | | title = Bush IQ low on presidential league | ||
| | |
| access-date = 2006-09-10 | ||
| | last = Dobson | | last = Dobson | ||
| | first = Roger | | first = Roger | ||
| Line 168: | Line 185: | ||
| |title = Rating American presidents' IQ's | |title = Rating American presidents' IQ's | ||
| |date = July 13, 2006 | |date = July 13, 2006 | ||
| | |
|access-date = 2007-03-12}}</ref> The IQ of G.W. Bush was estimated as between 111.1 and 138.5, with an average of 125,<ref name="Presidential IQ"/> exceeding only that of president ], who is regarded as a failed president,<ref name="Times"/> with an average IQ of 124. Although controversial and imprecise (due to gaps in available data), the approach used by Simonton to generate his results was regarded "reasonable" by fellow researchers.<ref>{{cite journal | ||
| |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol313/issue5786/r-samples.dtl | |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol313/issue5786/r-samples.dtl | ||
| |journal=Science | |journal=Science | ||
| Line 176: | Line 193: | ||
| |title=Presidential Smarts | |title=Presidential Smarts | ||
| |author=Editorial | |author=Editorial | ||
| |doi=10.1126/science.313.5786.419c |
|doi=10.1126/science.313.5786.419c | ||
| |page=419 | |page=419 | ||
| |s2cid=220092356 | |||
| | |
|access-date=2007-03-12}}</ref> | ||
| In the media, the study was sometimes compared with the '']'', a ] that circulated via email in mid-2001, which suggested that G.W. Bush had the lowest IQ of all US presidents.<ref>{{cite web | In the media, the study was sometimes compared with the '']'', a ] that circulated via email in mid-2001, which suggested that G.W. Bush had the lowest IQ of all US presidents.<ref>{{cite web | ||
| | url = http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/hoaxes/presiq.htm | | url = http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/hoaxes/presiq.htm | ||
| | title = President Bush Has Lowest IQ of all Presidents of past 50 Years | | title = President Bush Has Lowest IQ of all Presidents of past 50 Years | ||
| | |
| access-date = 2006-09-11 | ||
| | date = 2004-07-15 | | date = 2004-07-15 | ||
| | publisher = snopes.com | | publisher = snopes.com | ||
| Line 189: | Line 207: | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| ⚫ | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| ⚫ | {{Reflist|30em}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{Reflist}} | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| * | * | ||
| {{Historiography}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:12, 26 September 2024
Historiometry is the historical study of human progress or individual personal characteristics, using statistics to analyze references to geniuses, their statements, behavior and discoveries in relatively neutral texts. Historiometry combines techniques from cliometrics, which studies economic history and from psychometrics, the psychological study of an individual's personality and abilities.
Origins
Historiometry started in the early 19th century with studies on the relationship between age and achievement by Belgian mathematician Adolphe Quetelet in the careers of prominent French and English playwrights but it was Sir Francis Galton, an English polymath who popularized historiometry in his 1869 work, Hereditary Genius. It was further developed by Frederick Adams Woods (who coined the term historiometry) in the beginning of the 20th century. Also psychologist Paul E. Meehl published several papers on historiometry later in his career, mainly in the area of medical history, although it is usually referred to as cliometric metatheory by him.
Historiometry was the first field studying genius by using scientific methods.
Current research
Prominent current historiometry researchers include Dean Keith Simonton and Charles Murray.
Historiometry is defined by Dean Keith Simonton as: a quantitative method of statistical analysis for retrospective data. In Simonton's work the raw data comes from psychometric assessment of famous personalities, often already deceased, in an attempt to assess creativity, genius and talent development.
Charles Murray's Human Accomplishment is one example of this approach to quantify the impact of individuals on technology, science and the arts. This work tracks many famous innovators in these areas, and quantifies how much attention to them has been paid by past historians, in terms of the number of references and the number of pages of reference material devoted to each subject. However, this work has been criticized for manipulating its data to derive conclusions that would not follow from unmanipulated data.
Examples of research
Since historiometry deals with subjective personal traits as creativity, charisma or openness most studies deal with the comparison of scientists, artists or politicians. The study (Human Accomplishment) by Charles Murray classifies, for example, Einstein and Newton as the most important physicists and Michelangelo as the top ranking western artist. As another example, several studies have compared charisma and even the IQ of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States. The latter study classifies John Quincy Adams as the most clever US president, with an estimated IQ between 165 and 175. A historiometric analysis has also been applied successfully in the field of musicology. In one groundbreaking study, researchers analyzed statistically a collection of over 1,300 printed program leaflets (playbills) of concerts given by Clara Schumann (1819–1896) throughout her lifetime. The resulting analysis revealed Clara Schumann's influential role in the canonization of classical piano music repertoire. Her strategy of repertoire selection was guided by extremely traditionalistic tendencies.
Critique
Since historiometry is based on indirect information like historic documents and relies heavily on statistics, the results of these studies are questioned by some researchers, mainly because of concerns about over-interpretation of the estimated results.
The previously mentioned study of the intellectual capacity of US presidents, a study by Dean Keith Simonton, attracted a lot of media attention and critique mainly because it classified the former US president, George W. Bush, as second to last of all US presidents since 1900. The IQ of G.W. Bush was estimated as between 111.1 and 138.5, with an average of 125, exceeding only that of president Warren Harding, who is regarded as a failed president, with an average IQ of 124. Although controversial and imprecise (due to gaps in available data), the approach used by Simonton to generate his results was regarded "reasonable" by fellow researchers. In the media, the study was sometimes compared with the U.S. Presidents IQ hoax, a hoax that circulated via email in mid-2001, which suggested that G.W. Bush had the lowest IQ of all US presidents.
See also
References
- ^ "A Reflective Conversation with Dean Keith Simonton". North American Journal of Psychology. 10 (3): 595–602. 2008.
- Eakin, Emily (2003-10-25). "A Cultural Scorecard Says West Is Ahead". New York Times. p. 9. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- Neiwert, David (2003-10-26). "Evading reality" (blog). Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- Galton, Francis (1869). Hereditary Genius. London: MacMillan & Co. ISBN 978-0-312-36989-7. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- Simonton, Dean Keith (2003). "Qualitative and quantitative analyses of historical data". Annu. Rev. Psychol. 54: 617–640. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145034. PMID 12171999. S2CID 33595250.
- Woods, Frederick Adams (1909). "A new name for a new science". Science. 30 (777): 697–736. Bibcode:1909Sci....30..703A. doi:10.1126/science.30.777.703. PMID 17792096.
- Woods, Frederick Adams (1911). "Historiometry as an exact science". Science. 33 (850): 568–574. Bibcode:1911Sci....33..568A. doi:10.1126/science.33.850.568. PMID 17790108.
- Faust, D., & Meehl, P. E. (2002). "Using meta-scientific studies to clarify or resolve questions in the philosophy and history of science". Philosophy of Science. 69: S185–S196. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.560.5762. doi:10.1086/341845. S2CID 62602513.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Meehl, P. E. (1992). "Cliometric metatheory: The actuarial approach to empirical, history-based philosophy of science" (PDF). Psychological Reports. 71: 339–467.
- ^ Murray, Charles (2003) . Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences 800 B.C to 1950. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019247-1.
- Simonton, Dean Keith (1999) . Genius Creativity and Leadership: Historiometric Inquiries. iUniverse.com. ISBN 978-1-58348-438-8.
- "Book Review: Human Accomplishment, by Charles Murray", Tech Law Journal, November 20, 2003.
- Deluga, R.J. (1997). "Relationship among American presidential charismatic leadership, narcissism, and rated performance". Leadership Quarterly. 8: 49–65. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(97)90030-8.
- ^ Dean Keith Simonton (August 2006). "Presidential IQ, Openness, Intellectual Brilliance, and Leadership: Estimates and Correlations for 42 U.S. Chief Executives". Political Psychology. 27 (4): 511–526. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00524.x. S2CID 6540294.
- ^ Dobson, Roger (2006-09-10). "Bush IQ low on presidential league". London: Times Online. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
- Kopiez, Reinhard; Lehmann, Andreas C.; Klassen, Janina (2009). "Clara Schumann's collection of playbills: A historiometric analysis of life-span development, mobility, and repertoire canonization". Poetics. 37 (1): 50–73. doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2008.09.001.
- Bastick, Tony (1999). Historiometrics of Creativity: A Philosophical Critique. Education Resources Information Center. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- Mackenzie, B. (January 1, 1986). "Genius, creativity, and leadership. Historiometric inquiries". Med. Hist. 30 (1): 109–110. doi:10.1017/s0025727300045245. PMC 1139602.
- "Rating American presidents' IQ's". History News Network. July 13, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
- Editorial (July 28, 2006). "Presidential Smarts". Science. 313 (5786): 419. doi:10.1126/science.313.5786.419c. S2CID 220092356. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
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