| Revision as of 03:00, 13 August 2011 editRigley (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users10,242 edits Undid revision 444555912 by Kuebie (talk) Not synthesis. International marriage and Korean admixture are mentioned in discussions of PBTheory like Myers' book.← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 12:11, 28 September 2024 edit undoPiotrus (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Event coordinators, Extended confirmed users, File movers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers285,867 edits Undid revision 1248239180 by Piotrus (talk)Tags: New redirect Undo | ||
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| {{POV-title|date=October 2010}} | |||
| {{Original research|date=May 2011}} | |||
| {{movenotice}} | |||
| The '''pure blood theory''' or '''pure blood hypothesis in Korea''' refers to a notion that ] are the cleanest and purest race, descendants<ref name=myers>B.R.Myers. The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters. Melville House, January 2010, ISBN 1933633913</ref> of a single ancestor.<ref name=ucb>, UC Berkeley News, 19 February 2010</ref> Koreans call this concept as "''tanil minjok''" (단일민족; 單一民族) "pure race"<ref>{{cite book|title=Constructing "Korean" origins: a critical review of archaeology, historiography, and racial myth in Korean state-formation theories|url=http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=QxztLeLoVkQC&pg=PA256&dq=%22tanil+minjok%22&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22tanil%20minjok%22&f=false|first= Hyung Il|last= Pai |publisher= Harvard University Asia Center|year= 2000|page=256|isbn=067400244X |quote=''The idea of racial unity and continuity is embodied in the concept of tanil minjok (pure race), which holds that all Koreans have successfully maintained their "Korean-ness" by fighting off foreign invaders since the formation of the nation in prehistoric times.''}}</ref> or "the single ethnic nation".<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=tQcCKxiSEMsC&pg=PA24&dq=%22tanil+minjok%22&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22tanil%20minjok%22&f=false|title= Imperial citizens: Koreans and race from Seoul to LA |first= Nadia Y. |last=Kim |publisher= Stanford University Press|year= 2008 |isbn= 0804758875|quote=Koreans' beloved trope of tanil minjok—“the single ethnic nation”— would soon come into its own (see Shin 1998). The centrality of blood has been revived in more current times as well.''|page=24}}</ref> | |||
| The ideology of purest race began in the early 20th century<ref name=ucb /> when the Japanese<ref name=myers /> annexed Korea in and launched a ] campaign to persuade them that they were of the same pure racial stock as the Japanese themselves.<ref name=myers /><ref name=ucb /> After independence in the late 1940s, neither ] or ] disputed the ethnic homogeneity of the Korean nation based on a single bloodline of the ''Great Han''<ref name=stanford /> as a divine race.<ref name=myers /> | |||
| Despite contrary evidence proven by history and genetic records, this ideology has given Koreans an impetus to national pride,<ref name=lp >South Korea Guidebook, 7th Edition, Lonely Planet, April 2007, page 46</ref> {{Verify source|date=May 2011}} racial supremacy, strong sense of ethnic homogeneity, nationalism<ref name=stanford /> and continues to function as an influence in Korean politics and foreign relations.<ref name=stanford /> | |||
| ==Background== | |||
| ===Early use=== | |||
| Contrary to popular belief in Korea, the Korean ideology of purest race began only in the early 20th century when the Japanese annexed Korea<ref name=myers /> and launched a campaign to persuade them that they were of the same pure racial stock as the Japanese themselves.<ref name=ucb /> The ideology of pure race is ascribed to the Western hypothesis of ] in the late 19th century and later adopted as Nazi ideology that motivated racism, ] and ] in Nazi doctrine.<ref>'''' New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1907 In Two Volumes: Volume One--''The Old World'' Volume Two--''The New World'' ISBN B000859S6O See Chapter II—"Original Homeland of the Aryan Peoples" Pages 9-25—the term “Proto-Aryan” is used to describe the people today called ]</ref> | |||
| In the colonial period, the Japanese assimilation policy claimed that Koreans and Japanese were of common origin but the former always subordinate. The pure blood theory was used to justify colonialist policies to replace Korean cultural traditions with Japanese ones in order to supposedly get rid of all distinctions and achieve equality between Koreans and inlanders.<ref name=stanford>, Gi-Wook Shin, Asia-Pacific Research Center of Stanford University, 2 August 2006</ref> The policy included changing Korean names into Japanese, exclusive use of Japanese language, school instruction in the Japanese ethical system, and Shinto worship.<ref name=stanford /> | |||
| ===Independence=== | |||
| ] (백두산; 白頭山) where Hwan Woong (환웅; 桓雄), ]'s father, is said to have descended from heaven, constitutes a foundation for the legend of blood purity in Korean]] | |||
| In resistance to the Japanese ] policy, Koreans came forward to assert their unique national heritage. ] (신채호; 申采浩; 1880–1936), the founder of the nationalistic historiography of modern Korea and a ] activist, published his influential book of reconstructed history '']'' (조선상고사; 朝鮮上古史; ''The Early History of Joseon'') in 1924-25, proclaiming that Koreans are descendants of ] (단군; 檀君), the legendary ancestor of Korean people, who merged with Buyo of ] to form the ] (고구려; 高句麗) people.<ref name=gries> The Koguryo Controversy, | |||
| National Identity, and Sino-Korean Relations Today , Peter Hays Gries, Institute for US-China Issues, The University of Oklahoma</ref> | |||
| Borrowing from the Japanese theory of nation and race,<ref name=gries /> Shin Chaeho located the martial roots of the Korean in Goguryeo,<ref name=gries /> which he depicted as ], expansionist which turned out to inspire pride and confidence in the resistance against the Japanese.<ref name=gries /> In order to establish Korean uniqueness, he also replaced the story of ] (기자, 箕子) whose founder was the paternal uncle or brother of the Chinese ] emperor ] with the Dangun legend <ref>Andre Schmid, "Rediscovering Manchuria: Som Cj’aeho and the Politics of Territorial History in Korea," in The Journal of Asian Studies, 56, no. 1 February 1997</ref> and asserted that it is the important ways to establish Korea’s uniqueness.<ref name=gries /> | |||
| After the independence in the late 1940s, despite the split between North and South Korea, neither side disputed the ethnic homogeneity of the Korean nation based on a firm conviction that they are purest descendant of a legendary genitor and half-god figure called Dangun who founded ] in 2333 BCE based on the description of the '']'' (1485).<ref name=stanford /><ref>, Kim Jung-bae</ref> | |||
| ===Reception=== | |||
| In Korea, pure blood theory is a common belief justified as "defensive nationalism".<ref name=soksoo /> The debates on this topic can be found sporadic in the South, whereas the public opinion in the North is hard to access. In a nationalistic view, to impugn the theory would have been tantamount to betraying Koreanness in the face of the challenge of an alien ethnic nation.<ref name=stanford /> | |||
| Some Korean scholars observed that the pure blood theory served as a useful tool for the South Korean government to make its people obedient and easy to govern when the country was embroiled in ideological turmoil.<ref name=soksoo>, quoted from Kim Sok-soo, a professor at Kyungpook National University, The Korea Times, August 14, 2006</ref> It was especially true in the dictatorial leaderships by former presidents ] and ] when nationalism was incorporated into anti-Communism.<ref name=soksoo /> | |||
| The ideology also maintains a conviction amongst Koreans that both South and North Koreans are all brothers and sisters of the same blood-family and reunification is the ultimate goal. A poll in April 2008 found that 34% of South Korean army cadets believed the U.S. was South Korea’s main enemy, as opposed to 33% who considered North Korea their enemy.<ref name=kt>, Korea Times, 4 June 2008</ref>{{Syn|date=October 2010}} The South Korea government reportedly forced the researchers not to notify the public of the result. Similar sentiment can also be observed in North Korea that labels the U.S. as "mortal enemy" and Japan "longstanding enemy", but there has been no document or official commentaries describing South Korea as the main enemy.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} | |||
| == Evidences against the pure blood theory == | |||
| === Historical analysis === | |||
| After the ] dynasty had become a ] of ] in 1259, four Koryo kings married Mongolian princesses between 1274 and 1349. | |||
| The ] and ] (1627, 1637) further compromised Korean pure blood system. After the Manchurian invasion, the women raped by Mancurian invaders were called 'Hwan Hyang Neyo' (환향녀(還鄕女); women who came back) and alienated from Korean society. A derivative word, 'Hwan Yang Neyon' (화냥년) remains one of most offensive Korean swear word toward a woman today.<ref></ref> | |||
| === Genetic analysis === | |||
| Contrary to the pure blood myth, a genetic study conducted in 2008 suggested otherwise.<ref name=gene>{{cite journal |author=Jin H-J, Tyler-Smith C, Kim W |title=The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004210 |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=e4210 |year=2009|pmid=19148289|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0004210}}, studies by the Department of Biological Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea and The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton and Cambridge, United Kingdom.</ref> In the analysis on the FST distances of ] ], Koreans have a close relationship with ]rians, ], ] and northern ] but not with southern Asians.<ref name=gene /> However, surveys of ] ] further revealed that Koreans appeared to have affinities with ], Manchurian, and southern Chinese.<ref name=gene /> | |||
| === Recent trends towards international marriage === | |||
| According to 2009 statistics published by Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare, there are 144,385 couples of international marriage in South Korea as of May, 2008. 88.4% of immigrants was female, and 61.9% was from China. <ref> </ref> Recently it has been argued that South Korean society had already become a multicultural society. As of 2011, 10 ministries and agencies of South Korean government are supporting international couples and foreign workers in South Korea toward the cultural plurality. <ref> </ref> | |||
| ==Social Issues== | |||
| ===Xenophobia=== | |||
| ]'s visit in Korea has stirred debate if the society should accept ''mixed blood'']] | |||
| {{Undue|section|date=November 2010}}The notion of the pure blood theory comes at the cost of discrimination on people of both ''foreign-blood'' and ''mixed blood'.<ref name=myth>, The Korea Times, 14 August 2006</ref> | |||
| In 2006, ] who was born to a Korean mother and an ] father became the first Korean American to win the Super Bowl MVP award. This achievement threw him into the media spotlight in South Korea.<ref name=finder>{{cite news| url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06099/680735-195.stm| title=Hines Ward scores big for social change| author=Chuck Finder| work=]| date=2006-04-09}}</ref> When he travelled to Korea for the first time, he raised unprecedented attention to the acceptance of "mixed blood" children. He also donated ] 1 million to establish the "Hines Ward Helping Hands Foundation", which the media called "a foundation to help mixed-race children like himself in South Korea, where they have suffered discrimination."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06150/694237-66.stm| title=Ward kicks off his new charity| author=]| work=]| date=2006-05-30}}</ref> | |||
| However, while Koreans are fascinated by the bi-racial sport hero, the majority of ordinary mixed-race people and migrant workers face various forms of discrimination and prejudice.<ref name=myth /> In 2007, the Korean pure blood theory became an international issue when the U.N. Committee on the International Convention Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination urged better education on the pure blood theory is needed especially for judicial workers such as police officers, lawyers, prosecutors and judges.<ref name=kbs>, KBS, August 19, 2007</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2007/09/117_9419.html|title= Koreans Reassess Concept of Blood Purity|publisher=The Korea Times|date= 2007-09-02}}</ref> The suggestion got mixed reception in South Korea in which some raised a xenophobic concern that foreigners will invade the Korean culture and challenged the sovereignty of Korea.<ref name=gv> Global Voices, 2007</ref> Others also claimed that the embrace of multi-ethnicism is at the cost of reunification.<ref name=gv /> | |||
| The Korea nationality law is based on ]<ref name=stanford /><ref name=gv /> instead of the territorial principle which takes into account the place of birth. In this context, most Koreans have stronger attachment to "ethnic Koreans living in foreign countries" than to "ethnic non-Koreans living in Korea."<ref name=stanford /><ref name=gv /> | |||
| In 2005, the opposition ] suggested a revision of the current nationality law to allow Korean nationality to people who are born in South Korea regardless of the nationalities of their parents but it was discarded due to unfavorable public opinion.<ref name=myth /> | |||
| Racism is an ongoing problem and there has been a great deal of awareness in South Korea. Hines Ward was granted "honorary" Korean citizenship.<ref>http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=283952&rel_no=1</ref> ] (also known as Natasha Shanta Reid, Korean name is Yoon Mi-rae (윤미래)) is a famous mixed race singer in Korea.<ref>http://search.naver.com/search.naver?where=nexearch&sm=tab_txc&ie=utf8&query=%EC%9C%A4%EB%AF%B8%EB%9E%98&os=158484</ref> Middle school access has been expanded to children of illegal immigrants.<ref>http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=shm&sid1=102&oid=001&aid=0004608957</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
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| ==References== | |||
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| {{Ethnicity}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Pure Blood Theory In Korea}} | |||
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