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{{Short description|Paramilitary member}}
⚫ {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{otheruses|Volunteer (disambiguation)}} {{Other uses|Volunteer (disambiguation)}}
⚫ {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
'''Volunteer''', often abbreviated '''Vol.''', is a term used by a number of ] ] organisations to describe their members. Among these have been ] (IRA) and the ] (INLA). '''Óglach''' is the equivalent title used in the ].<ref> See for example from a ] website</ref> The United Irishmen who have come to be regarded as the forerunners of modern physical-force nationalism, in a line that extended to the Young Ireland revolutionaries of 1848, to the Fenians of 1867, and onto the Irish Republican Brotherhood of 1916, up to the Irish Republican Army of today.<ref name="Nancy J. Curtin">{{cite book| last =Curtin | first =Nancy J. | title =The United Irishmen: Popular Politics in Ulster and Dublin, 1791-1798 | publisher =Oxford University Press | year =1998 | pages =9 | isbn =9780198207368 }}</ref>


A '''volunteer''' is a member of various ] ] organisations. Among these have been ] (IRA), the ] (INLA),<ref>See for example (from a ] website): {{Cite web |title=Cumann Mac Curtáin / Mac Suibhne, Corcaigh: Belfast Brigade 25th Anniversary of H-Block Hunger Strike 1981–2006 |url=http://www.rsfcork.com/hungerstrikes.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230045927/http://www.rsfcork.com/hungerstrikes.htm |publisher=Republican SINN FÉIN Poblachtach |archive-date=30 December 2006 |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref> and the ] (IPLO).{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} ''{{Lang|ga|Óglach}}'' is the equivalent title in the ].<ref> https://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/ei/volunteer#volunteer__4 </ref>
==Original usage of the term Volunteer==
{{Content|date=September 2011}}
The first usage of the term "Volunteer" can be traced back to the name of the 18th century ], of which an institution of it is described as combining republicanism along with chilvalry, intolerance, and patriotism amongst other ideals.<ref name="Richard R. Madded">{{cite book| last =Madden | first =Richard R. | title =The United Irishmen: Their Lives and Times | publisher =James Duffy | year =1842 | pages =147 | isbn = |quote=Quote:“The origin of the Irish Volunteers, which, as an organized national military association, may be dated from 1777, ceased to exist as such in 1793…It is not inconsistent with truth, though it may be with the military glory of this institution of the Volunteers, to say that it combined in one great national phalanx the talent, the intolerance, the chivalry, the extravagance, the prodigality, the embarrassment, the republicanism, and patriotism, for one brief epoch, of all ranks and classes.”}}</ref> The origins of ] lay with the both the ] and ] revolutions.<ref name="Morgan Llwelyn">{{cite book | last = Llwelyn| first = Morgan| title = Irish Rebels| publisher = O'Brien Press| year = 2001| pages = 29| isbn = 0 86278 857 9}}</ref><ref name="]">{{cite book | last = Cronin| first = Sean| title = Irish Nationalism: A History of its Roots and Ideology| publisher = The Continuum Publishing Company| year = 1980| pages = 1-2| isbn = 0 8264 0062 0}}</ref> The almost unanimous sympathies of Irishmen during the ] were on the side of the Americans, whose grievances were very similar. When the Irish Parliament voted money to raise regiments for service against the Americans, it resulted in a 'hailstorm of indignation about its ears.'<ref name="T.A. Jackson">{{cite book| last = Jackson| first = T.A.| title = Ireland Her Own| publisher = Cobbett Press| year = 1946| pages = 87| isbn = }}</ref>


==Background==
In late 1778, alarmed by the activities of French and Spanish privateers and the prospect of a French invasion, ''the inhabitants of ] were left to their own defence'' according to ], the Lord Lieutenant of ] who said that they had been ''abandoned by Government in the hour of danger''.<ref name="A T Q Stewart1">{{cite book | last = Stewart| first = A.T.Q.| title = A Deeper Silence: The Hidden Origins of the United Irishmen| publisher = Blackstaff Press| year = 1998| pages = 3-4| isbn = 0 85640 642 2}}</ref> The date of the original muster-roll of the Belfast First Volunteer Company was 17 March 1778. It later adopted nationalist colours and called itself the Green Company.<ref name="A T Q Stewart2">{{cite book | last = Stewart| first = A.T.Q.| title = A Deeper Silence: The Hidden Origins of the United Irishmen| publisher = Blackstaff Press| year = 1998| pages = 4| isbn = 0 85640 642 2}}</ref> While the Chief Secretary in ] ] said that he very much approved their formation, in reality according to A.T.Q. Stewart there was few things he approved of less, but dared not say so in public. The war with the American colonists having drastically reduced the number of troops in Ireland a matter of some importance for the stability in Irish society with the landed gentry reacting nervously.<ref name="A T Q Stewart3">{{cite book | last = Stewart| first = A.T.Q.| title = A Deeper Silence: The Hidden Origins of the United Irishmen| publisher = Blackstaff Press| year = 1998| pages = 4-5| isbn = 0 85640 642 2}}</ref>
The ] were formed in 1913, in reaction to the formation of the ] earlier that year, to protect the interests of ] during the ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Foy|first1=Michael|last2=Barton|first2=Brian|title=The Easter Rising|date=2004|publisher=Sutton Publishing|isbn=0750934336|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/easterrising0000foym/page/7}}</ref> The Volunteers took part in the 1916 ] and—as the ] (IRA)—in the ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coogan|first1=Tim Pat|title=Ireland in the 20th Century|date=2004|publisher=Arrow Books|isbn=1407097210|pages=52–3, 73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWgfwHuOCHYC&pg=PA52}}</ref> The title "Volunteer" or "Vol." was used for members of the Volunteers who were involved in the 1916 Rising,<ref>{{cite news|last1=McGreevy|first1=Ronan|title=Stories of the Revolution: Dan Breen's battle with bureaucracy|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/stories-of-the-revolution-dan-breen-s-battle-with-bureaucracy-1.2462077|access-date=19 December 2016|work=Irish Times|date=11 December 2015|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310003939/http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/stories-of-the-revolution-dan-breen-s-battle-with-bureaucracy-1.2462077|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Milltown20>{{cite web|last1=Melaugh|first1=Martin|title=The County Antrim Memorial (Milltown Cemetery): Photograph M584P20/28|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/AHRC/photos.pl?id=1004&mon=584|website=CAIN: Conflict Archive on the Internet|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-date=2 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402200128/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/AHRC/photos.pl?id=1004&mon=584|url-status=live}}</ref> and in the War of Independence. A number of witness statements given to the ] make frequent use of "Volunteer" as a title for members of the Volunteers and IRA during that period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Witness Statement 1007 (Daniel Ryan)|url=https://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1007.pdf|publisher=Bureau of Military History|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-date=2 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402170523/http://bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1007.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WS 1064 (Michael Healy)|url=https://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1064.pdf|publisher=BMH|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716234831/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1064.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WS 1131 (Patrick Mahony)|url=https://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1311.pdf|publisher=BMH|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226164306/https://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1311.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WS 1381 (William King)|url=https://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1381.pdf|publisher=BMH|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509001254/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/reels/bmh/BMH.WS1381.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The County Antrim Memorial in ] in Belfast lists IRA members who died at various times between 1916 and the period of the ] in the late 20th century. "Volunteer" is used for those members who were not officers.<ref name=Milltown20/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Melaugh|first1=Martin|title=The County Antrim Memorial: Photograph M584P8/28|url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/AHRC/photos.pl?id=992&mon=584|website=CAIN|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-date=2 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402200026/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/cgi-bin/AHRC/photos.pl?id=992&mon=584|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Use==
According to Liz Curtis the English regime in Ireland was vulnerable, and the Volunteers used this to press for concessions from England using their new found strength. In 1779 the Volunteers paraded through Dublin with cannons with placards attached reading 'Free Trade or this'.<ref name="Liz Curtis1">{{cite book | last = Curtis| first = Liz| title = The Cause of Ireland: From the United Irishmen to Partition| publisher = Beyond the Pale Publications| year = 1994| pages = 4| isbn = 0 9514229 6 0}}</ref> The Government attempted to start a scare by saying that Catholics were securing arms under cover of Volunteering, however the Patriot Opposition countered this by requesting that Catholics refrain from Volunteering. The Catholics complying raising large sums of money in which buy equipment for the Protestant Volunteers, leaving the Government who had tried to divide Protestants and Catholics actually promoted their Union.<ref name="T.A. Jackson"/>
The term ''volunteer'' can refer to any member of an Irish republican paramilitary organisation,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Gun in Politics: An Analysis of Irish Political Conflict, 1916-1986 |first=J. Bowyer |last=Bell |year=1987 |publisher=Transaction Books |author-link=J. Bowyer Bell |isbn=0-88738-126-X}}</ref> to a "rank and file" member, similar to a '']'', or to a member that is not a senior officer such as ] or ].<ref>{{cite book |title=A Secret History of the IRA |first=Ed |last=Moloney |year=2002 |isbn=0-7139-9665-X |page=571|publisher=Allen Lane }}</ref> ], an ] member killed in 1972, was referred to in commemorations as a "Staff Captain" but also as a "Volunteer".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/viggiani/south_plaque.html |title=South Belfast - Plaques |publisher=] |access-date=11 February 2007 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608074623/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/viggiani/south_plaque.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, ], the commander of the ] in 1971, said in a press conference after ] that year, that British forces had only succeeded in arresting two officers of the ]. "The rest are volunteers, or as they say in the ], privates".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1iwueLGHfM |title=YouTube - The Ulster Troubles (Part 17 of 24)<!-- Bot generated title --> |website=] |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611173530/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1iwueLGHfM |url-status=live }}</ref> The 'v' in "volunteer" may or may not be capitalized.


⚫ Most modern IRA memorials refer to the dead only as "Volunteer", "Vol." or "''{{lang|ga|Óglach}}''" rather than giving a specific rank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/viggiani/west_memorial.html |title=West Belfast - Memorials |publisher=CAIN |access-date=11 February 2007 |archive-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922132557/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/viggiani/west_memorial.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/viggiani/west_mural.html |title=West Belfast - Murals |publisher=CAIN |access-date=11 February 2007 |archive-date=8 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608074718/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/viggiani/west_mural.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In February 1782 at a Volunteer convention held in ], delegates from a number of Ulster Volunteer corps would pledge their support for resolutions advocating legislative independence for Ireland.<ref name="Moody and Martin">{{cite book| last = F.X. Martin| first = T.W. Moody| title = The Course of Irish History| publisher = Mercier Press| year = 1994| pages = 233| isbn = 1 85635 108 4}}</ref> Despite proclaiming their loyalty to the British Crown,<ref name="Sean Duffy">{{cite book |title=A Concise History of Ireland |last=Duffy |first=Sean |isbn=0717138100 |year=2005 |page=133-134 |quote=Quote: ''We know our duty to our Sovereign, and are loyal. We know our duty to ourselves, and are resolved to be free. We seek for our rights and no more than our rights''}}</ref> many of its membership were just as concerned with securing Irish free trade and opposing English governmental interference in Ireland as they were in repelling the French.<ref name="Sean Duffy2">{{cite book| last = Duffy| first = Sean| title = A Concise History of Ireland| publisher = | year = 2005| pages = 132-133|isbn = 0717138100}}</ref>


The grave of ], who was adjutant (second in command) of the ] of the IRA in the early 1970s and who subsequently became ] in the ], a post he held until just before his death in 2017, calls him "{{lang|ga|Óglach}} Martin McGuinness".<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Neill|first1=Leona|title=Martin McGuinness IRA volunteer headstone inscription angers unionists|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/martin-mcguinness-ira-volunteer-headstone-inscription-angers-unionists-35627574.html|access-date=18 April 2017|work=Belfast Telegraph|date=17 April 2017|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419003123/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/martin-mcguinness-ira-volunteer-headstone-inscription-angers-unionists-35627574.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Irish Volunteers also played a part in influencing the United Irishmen’s organisation.<ref name="Peter Gibbon">{{cite book| last =Gibbon | first =Peter | title =The Origins of Ulster Unionism: The Formation of Popular Protestant Politics and Ideology in Nineteenth-century Ireland | publisher =Manchester University Press | year =1975 | pages =35 | isbn =9780719006135}}</ref> The Belfast Volunteers protesting against the discrimination endured by Scots Presbyterians in Ulster, attracted disaffected Protestants and Catholics alike throughout Ireland. ] decrying the disunity of the Irish would later say 'I made speedily what was to me a great discovery: that the influence of England was the radical vice of our Government, and consequently, that Ireland would never be either free, prosperous, of happy until she was independent, and that independence was unattainable whilst the connection with England existed.'<ref name="Morgan Llwelyn"/>


==20th century Irish Volunteers== == See also ==
*]
]<br>"Óglaigh na hÉireann" and "Fianna Fáil" (FF) are alternative translations of "Irish Volunteers"]]
In 1913, in response to the formation of the ], Irish nationalists founded the ], with the intentions "to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland".<ref>Foy, Michael; Barton, Brian (2004). The Easter Rising. Sutton Publishing. pp. 7–8. ISBN 0 750 93433 6.</ref> Their name in ] was ], literally translatable as "Warriors of Ireland".<ref>{{cite book |title=Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla / Irish-English Dictionary |last=Ó Dónaill |first=Niall |isbn=1857910389 |year=1977 |publisher=] |location=] |quote='''óglach:''' 1. (lit.) a young man (a) (young) warrior 2. Lit. Attendant, servant or vassal. 3. Mil: Volunteer; Óglaigh na hÉireann, the Irish Volunteers.}}</ref> The original IRA, and subsequent organisations of the same name, all of which see themselves as inheritors of these Irish Volunteers, continue to use ''Óglaigh na hÉireann'' as their Irish name. An alternative name, ''Fianna Fáil'', also translatable as "Warriors of Ireland", is sometimes used, as in the Irish national anthem, '']'', and as the name of the ] political party, founded in 1926. The initials "FF" were incorporated into the Volunteer badge, and later the badge of the ].<ref>The Earl of Longford and Thomas P. O’Neill, ''Eamon de Valera'', Dublin 1970, ISBN 978-0-09-104660-6, chapter 21</ref>

The regular Irish Defence Forces also trace their descent back to the Irish Volunteers and the original IRA. Their Irish title is also ''Óglaigh na hÉireann''. However, a new member is described as "recruit"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.ie/careers/army_recruits.htm |title=The Army Recruit |accessdate=11 February 2007 |publisher=Irish Defence Forces}}</ref> ({{lang-ga|earcach}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.ie/irish/careers/army_recruits.htm |title= Earcach an Airm |accessdate=11 February 2007 |publisher=Irish Defence Forces |language=Irish}} (Irish-language version of the preceding page)</ref>) or "cadet" ({{lang-ga|dalta}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.ie/careers/cadetships.htm |title=Defence Forces Cadetships |accessdate=11 February 2007 |publisher=Irish Defence Forces}}</ref> rather than a "Volunteer" or ''Óglach''. The ] uses ''Saighdiúr Singil'' ("single soldier") as Irish for ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.ie/irish/introduction/ranks.htm |title=Óglaigh na hÉireann: An Struchtúr Céime |accessdate=11 February 2007 |publisher=Irish Defence Forces}}{{ga icon}} (Defence Forces ranks in Irish) </ref>

==Definition==
The term ''volunteer'' can be used to describe the entire membership of an Irish republican paramilitary organisation.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Gun in Politics: An Analysis of Irish Political Conflict, 1916-1986 |first=J. Bowyer |last=Bell |authorlink=J. Bowyer Bell |isbn=088738126X}}</ref>, but can be used to describe a "rank and file" member, similar to that of a ] or a member that does not hold the role of an officer such as ] or ].<ref>{{cite book |title=A Secret History of the IRA |first=Ed |last=Moloney |year=2002 |isbn=0-71-399665-X |page=571}}</ref> Use of the term is quite elastic, not only in its application to describe either all members or specifically lower ranks, but also over whether the 'v' is capitalised or not.

Sometimes the term volunteer is used specifically to refer to a low-ranking IRA member. For instance, ] stated in a press conference, after ] in 1971, that the British forces had arrested two "officers" in the ], "the rest are volunteers, or as they say in the ], privates".<ref></ref>

However, in other cases, the term is used to refer to all IRA members. For example, ] member ], killed in 1972 was referred to in commemorations by his rank "Staff Captain" but also as a "Volunteer". <ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/viggiani/south_plaque.html |title=South Belfast - Plaques |publisher=] |accessdate=11 February 2007 }}</ref>

⚫ Most modern IRA memorials refer to the dead only as "Volunteer", "Vol." or "Óglach" rather than giving a specific rank.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/viggiani/west_memorial.html |title=West Belfast - Memorials |publisher=CAIN |accessdate=11 February 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/viggiani/west_mural.html |title= West Belfast - Murals |publisher=CAIN |accessdate=11 February 2007 }}</ref>

==The role of a volunteer==
] defines the role of a new volunteer as follows:
*General Order number 1: "The duties of a Volunteer shall be at the discretion of a unit commander ... A Volunteer who for any reason, ceases to maintain contact with his or her unit for a period of three months shall automatically cease to be a member of the army."

*General Order number 2: "Volunteers when making the Army Declaration promise; to obey all orders and regulations issued by the Army Authority and any superior officers. Where an order issued by a duly accredited officer has been disobeyed, the Volunteer in question must be suspended immediately, pending investigation of the case."<ref>{{cite book | first=Martin | last=Dillon | title=The Dirty War | publisher=] | year=1990 | isbn=0-09-984520-2 | page=468}}</ref>


== References == == References ==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}

] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 10:53, 21 November 2024

Paramilitary member For other uses, see Volunteer (disambiguation).

A volunteer is a member of various Irish republican paramilitary organisations. Among these have been the various forms of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), and the Irish People's Liberation Organization (IPLO). Óglach is the equivalent title in the Irish language.

Background

The Irish Volunteers were formed in 1913, in reaction to the formation of the Ulster Volunteer Force earlier that year, to protect the interests of Irish nationalists during the Home Rule Crisis. The Volunteers took part in the 1916 Easter Rising and—as the Irish Republican Army (IRA)—in the Irish War of Independence. The title "Volunteer" or "Vol." was used for members of the Volunteers who were involved in the 1916 Rising, and in the War of Independence. A number of witness statements given to the Bureau of Military History make frequent use of "Volunteer" as a title for members of the Volunteers and IRA during that period. The County Antrim Memorial in Milltown Cemetery in Belfast lists IRA members who died at various times between 1916 and the period of the Troubles in the late 20th century. "Volunteer" is used for those members who were not officers.

Use

The term volunteer can refer to any member of an Irish republican paramilitary organisation, to a "rank and file" member, similar to a private, or to a member that is not a senior officer such as Chief of Staff or Quartermaster General. Joe McCann, an Official IRA member killed in 1972, was referred to in commemorations as a "Staff Captain" but also as a "Volunteer". On the other hand, Joe Cahill, the commander of the Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade in 1971, said in a press conference after the introduction of internment that year, that British forces had only succeeded in arresting two officers of the Provisional IRA. "The rest are volunteers, or as they say in the British Army, privates". The 'v' in "volunteer" may or may not be capitalized.

Most modern IRA memorials refer to the dead only as "Volunteer", "Vol." or "Óglach" rather than giving a specific rank.

The grave of Martin McGuinness, who was adjutant (second in command) of the Derry Brigade of the IRA in the early 1970s and who subsequently became deputy First Minister in the Northern Ireland Executive, a post he held until just before his death in 2017, calls him "Óglach Martin McGuinness".

See also

References

  1. See for example (from a Republican Sinn Féin website): "Cumann Mac Curtáin / Mac Suibhne, Corcaigh: Belfast Brigade 25th Anniversary of H-Block Hunger Strike 1981–2006". Republican SINN FÉIN Poblachtach. Archived from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  2. https://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/ei/volunteer#volunteer__4
  3. Foy, Michael; Barton, Brian (2004). The Easter Rising. Sutton Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 0750934336.
  4. Coogan, Tim Pat (2004). Ireland in the 20th Century. Arrow Books. pp. 52–3, 73. ISBN 1407097210.
  5. McGreevy, Ronan (11 December 2015). "Stories of the Revolution: Dan Breen's battle with bureaucracy". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  6. ^ Melaugh, Martin. "The County Antrim Memorial (Milltown Cemetery): Photograph M584P20/28". CAIN: Conflict Archive on the Internet. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  7. "Witness Statement 1007 (Daniel Ryan)" (PDF). Bureau of Military History. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  8. "WS 1064 (Michael Healy)" (PDF). BMH. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  9. "WS 1131 (Patrick Mahony)" (PDF). BMH. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  10. "WS 1381 (William King)" (PDF). BMH. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  11. Melaugh, Martin. "The County Antrim Memorial: Photograph M584P8/28". CAIN. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  12. Bell, J. Bowyer (1987). The Gun in Politics: An Analysis of Irish Political Conflict, 1916-1986. Transaction Books. ISBN 0-88738-126-X.
  13. Moloney, Ed (2002). A Secret History of the IRA. Allen Lane. p. 571. ISBN 0-7139-9665-X.
  14. "South Belfast - Plaques". CAIN. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
  15. "YouTube - The Ulster Troubles (Part 17 of 24)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  16. "West Belfast - Memorials". CAIN. Archived from the original on 22 September 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
  17. "West Belfast - Murals". CAIN. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
  18. O'Neill, Leona (17 April 2017). "Martin McGuinness IRA volunteer headstone inscription angers unionists". Belfast Telegraph. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
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