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] of ] with the ]. Greek inscription reads ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ {{Lit| of Ptolemy}}]]
The name '''Ptolemy''' or '''Ptolemaeus''' comes from the Greek ''Ptolemaios'', which means warlike. There have been many people named Ptolemy or Ptolemaeus, the most famous of which are the Greek-Egyptian astronomer ] and the Egyptian ruler ]. The following sections summarise some of the people named Ptolemy, and some of the other uses of this name.
'''Ptolemy''' ({{langx|grc|Πτολεμαῖος}}, ''Ptolemaios'') is a male given name, derived from ] and meaning 'warlike'.<ref>{{OEtymD|Ptolemy}}</ref> It is formed from the ] ] ''ptolemos'' meaning 'war'.<ref>{{LSJ|pto/lemos|πτόλεμος|ref}}.</ref> The name was used throughout the ], but was particularly popular in ] and its nobility. During the ] period, ], a general of ], founded the ] which ruled their ] in ]. All male rulers of the dynasty bore the name 'Ptolemy', the last being ], father of ]. Common variants include '''Ptolemaeus''' (Latin), '''Tolomeo''' (Italian) and ] (Hebrew).


==Etymology==
==Variant spellings==
''Ptolemy'' is the English form of the ] name ] (''Ptolemaios''), a derivative of ], an ] form of ] 'war'<ref>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref group="note">The change from ''polemos'' to ''ptolemos'' is an example of a type of linguistic compounding called ]. The ''pt-'' in ''ptolemos'' (vs. earlier ''polemos'') "war" is thought to arise from a re-analysis of the compound word ''*phere-t-polemos'', metathesised to ''phere-ptolemos''. '''George Dunkel''', "Two old problems in Greek: πτόλεμος and τερψίμβροτος", ''Glotta'' '''70''':3/4:197-225 (1992) {{JSTOR|40266932}}.</ref> and the suffix ] ''-aios'' meaning 'pertaining' or 'belonging to'. A nephew of ] was called ''Polemaeus'',<ref>Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great by Waldemar Heckel</ref> the normal form of the adjective. ''Ptolemaios'' is first attested in ]'s ] and is the name of an ] warrior, son of Piraeus, father of Eurymedon.<ref>, on Perseus</ref>
The spelling of the name Ptolemy can vary with the language and period, though the most common spellings used in English are '''Ptolemy''' and '''Ptolemaeus'''. Some of the variant spellings and transliterations of the name are listed here.


The name ''Ptolemaios'' varied over the years from its roots in ], appearing in different languages in various forms and spellings:
*]: {{polytonic|Πτολεμαος}}
{|
*]: Tolomeo
|-
*]: Ptolemy
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" | {{langx|grc|Πτολεμαῖος}} ''Ptolemaîos''
|-
|-
|}


* {{langx|la|Ptolemaeus}}
==Early Greek Ptolemies==
* {{langx|de|Ptolemäus, Ptolemaios}}
* {{langx|it|Tolomeo}}
* {{langx|en|Ptolemy}}
* {{langx|egy|ptwꜣrwmys<hiero align="top">p:t-wA-l:M-i-i-s</hiero>}}
* {{langx|cop|ⲡⲧⲟⲗⲉⲙⲁⲓⲟⲥ}} ''Ptolemaios''
* ]: 𐤐𐤕𐤋𐤌𐤉𐤎 (ptlmys) or 𐤐𐤕𐤋𐤌𐤉𐤔 (ptlmyš)
* ] and ]: תלמי (tlmy) '']''
* ] 𐭯𐭲𐭫𐭬𐭥𐭱 (ptlmywš) ''Patlamyōš''
* {{langx|fa|بَطلَمیوس، پتُلِمَیوس}} ''Baṭlamīūs/ Ptolemaios''
* {{langx|ar|بَطُلِيمُوس }} ''Baṭulīmūs''
The name ''Ptolemy'' spread from its Greek origins to enter other languages in ] during the ] that followed the conquest of the known world by ].
The Aramaic name ''Bar-]'' 'son of Talmai' (Greek ''Bartolomaios'', English ]) may be related (] is thus thought to have been the son of a Ptolemy.)³


] is formed from this name by the Greek feminine adjectival ending ''-i(d)s''.
*] (12th century BC) - mythical ruler of the ancient Greek city of Thebes.
*] (died 333 BC) - Macedonian bodyguard and general of Alexander the Great.
*] (died 309 BC) - Macedonian general and nephew of Antigonus I Monophthalmus.
*] (died 235 BC) - King of the Greek frontier kingdom of Epirus.


==Claudius Ptolemaeus==
==Egyptian Ptolemaic dynasty (rulers)==
] commonly refers to Claudius Ptolemaeus (ca. 90 AD–ca. 168 AD), a writer, geographer, mathematician, astronomer and astrologer who lived in the Alexandrine Greek culture of Roman Egypt.


==Ptolemaic dynasty==
The ], of Macedonian origin, ruled Hellenistic Egypt for nearly 300 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC. The kings of this dynasty were all named Ptolemy. See ] for details of their reigns and other ruling members of the dynasty. See also: ].
{{Hiero|Ptolemy|<hiero>< p:t-wA-l:M-i-i-s ></hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}
* ] (367 BC-283 BC) - Macedonian general of Alexander the Great
{{main|Ptolemaic dynasty}}
Ptolemy was the name of several pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty who ruled ] for nearly 300 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC. The ] pharaonic dynasty of ] origin was established by ] (303–282 BC), and the male dynastic successors were all also named Ptolemy. Dynasty members who ruled Egypt include:

* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] (47 BC-30 BC) - last Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt * ]

==Egyptian Ptolemaic dynasty (descendents)==
There were several members of the ] that did not become rulers of Egypt. Some of them became rulers of other kingdoms. Many of the dates and other details about these Ptolemies are uncertain.

*] (died 279 BC) - eldest son of ]. Eventually became king of Macedon.
*] (3rd century BC) - probable illegitimate son of ].
*] (3rd or 2nd century BC) - grandson of ].
*] (died 96 BC) - son of ]. Made king of Cyrenaica. Bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome.
*] (died 58 BC) - son of ]. Became king of Cyprus.
*] (born 36 BC) - son of the Roman general Mark Antony and the Egyptian Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra VII.
*] (reigned 21-40 AD) - grandson of Cleopatra VII. King of Mauretania and an ally of Rome.

==Other Ptolemies==
*] (circa 66 BC) - soldier in the Seleucid Empire under ].
*] (rule ended circa 40 BC) - governor of ], a district of the disputed region of Coele-Syria.
*] (circa 90 AD-circa 168 AD) - also known as Ptolemy, he was an author, geographer, mathematician, astronomer and astrologer who lived in the Greek culture of Roman Egypt. See also: ].
*] (2nd century AD) - grammarian who lived in the Greek culture of Roman Egypt.
*] (circa 180 AD) - a religious philosopher who was active in Roman Italy and Gaul.

==Variant epithets==
Several Ptolemies, particularly the obscurer members of the ], were recorded by a variety of epithets, not all of which can be assigned with certainty to any one Ptolemy. Some of these variant epithets are listed here, along with some of the identifications suggested by scholars. Some of these identifications remain a matter of controversy.

*Ptolemy the Son
*Ptolemy son of Lysimachus
*Ptolemy of Telmessos
*Ptolemy "the Brother"


Several dynasty members ruled other territories not in Egypt:
==Legacy of Claudius Ptolemaeus==
* ], King of Cyrene (150–145 BC)
* ] (36 BC – 29 BC), King of Syria, Phoenicia, and Cilicia (34-30 BC)
* ], client king of Mauretania (20–40 AD) for Rome


==Early Greek rulers and generals named Ptolemy==
*] - astronomical worldview as described by Claudius Ptolemaeus.
*] - map of the ancient world as described by Claudius Ptolemaeus. *] (12th century BC) – mythical ruler of the ancient Greek city of Thebes
*] - mathematical theorem described by Claudius Ptolemaeus. *] (ruled 368 to 365 BC) – Regent of Macedon
*] (died 334 BC) – Macedonian bodyguard and general of Alexander the Great
*] - star cluster described by Claudius Ptolemaeus.
*] (died 333 BC) – Macedonian bodyguard and general of Alexander the Great
*] (4th century BC) – Macedonian officer of ]
*] (died 309 BC) – Macedonian general
*] (295–272 BC) – a son of king ]
*] – King of the Greek frontier kingdom of Epirus c. 237 BC – 234 ВС


==Legacy of Ptolemy I Soter== ==Other people named Ptolemy or Ptolemaeus ==
===Born before 20th century===
*] (fl. 2nd century BC), governor of Coele-Syria and Phoenicia.
*] (201 BC - 130 BC), satrap and then first King of Commagene
*], governor of ] (ca. 130 BC) in the First Book of the Maccabees; instigated the death of Simon Maccabees; and for whom Dante named the section of Hell reserved for traitors to guests ('Ptolemaea')
*] (rule ended ca. 40 BC), governor of biblical Abilene, a district of the disputed region of Coele-Syria
*] (d.40 AD)
*] (2nd century AD), a grammarian who lived in the Alexandrine Greek culture of Roman Egypt
*] (d. c. 165 AD), Christian martyrs
*] (c. 180 AD), a religious philosopher who was active in Roman Italy and Gaul
*] (fl. c. 300 AD), a Peripatetic pinacographer whose ''Life of Aristotle''
*] (d.1126), a count of Tusculum who asserted his family's descent from the Roman ]
*] (d.1153), a count of Tusculum who married Bertha, daughter of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
*] (1882–1958), a Greek Army officer


===Born in 20th century or later===
*] - period of Egyptian history during the Ptolemaic dynasty.
*] (born 1962) – American author
*] - Egyptian ruling dynasty founded by Ptolemy I Soter.
*] (born 1968) – British architect, author, and TV presenter
*] - towns and cities named after members of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
*] (born 1975) – American actor
*] (born 1969) – American film director and producer


==People named Tolomeo or Tolomei==
==Other==
*] or Bartholomew of Lucca (Bartolomeo Fiadoni c. 1236 – c. 1327), a medieval Italian historian
*] (1272–1348), founder of the Olivetan Roman
*] (1527–1607), an Italian cardinal
*] (1905–1970), an Italian sculptor
*] (1941-2014), a Zambian football goalkeeper
*] (1653–1726), Italian Jesuit priest, theologian, and cardinal


==Uses in arts and entertainment==
A non-exhaustive list of later uses of the name Ptolemy includes:
*''The Ptolemy'' (1934) is a large reed organ built ], the American composer, named in tribute to ]
*'']'' is an opera by Handel composed in 1728, a fictionalisation of some events in the life of Ptolemy IX Lathyros, king of Egypt
*Alderman Ptolemy Tortoise is a character in '']'' by ]
*''Ptolemaios'' and ''Ptolemaios 2'' are fictional spacecraft in the anime television series '']'' and film '']''
*'']'', published 2005, is the third book in ''The Bartimaeus Trilogy'', a fantasy series by the English author Jonathan Stroud. The series includes a character called Ptolemy, from 2nd century BC Ptolemaic Egypt, who is nephew to ] and cousin to ]
*'']'' is a magazine founded in 1989. The name was inspired by "Ptolemy the turtle, who lives at Terrascope Towers". Various artworks and logos feature an astronomer peering through a 'terrascope', so Ptolemaic may here refer to ]
*''The Last Days of Ptolemy Grey'' is a novel by ], later adapted into ], whose titular character is a lonely 93-year-old man with dementia.
* ''Ptolemy'', a track by Aphex Twin from the 1992 album '']''
* ''Ptolemaea'', a song by ] from her debut album ]


==See also==
*] on the Moon - named for ].
*]
*] on Mars - named for ].
*] - an asteroid named for ]. *]
*]
*'''' - based at the University of California, Berkeley, USA. This project concerns the modeling, simulation, and design of concurrent, real-time, embedded systems. Three generations of software have been produced: Gabriel (1986-1991); Ptolemy Classic (1990-1997); and Ptolemy II (started 1996). The project is named for ].
*'''' - a project to allow surgeons in Africa to access medical texts in the online library of the University of Toronto, Canada. It started in 2001, and was inspired by the medical library of Alexandria, founded by ].
*'']'' (the Italian spelling of Ptolemy) - an iconic desk lamp design produced for the Italian company Artimide in 1986.
*'']'' - magazine (founded 1989). The name was inspired by "Ptolemy the turtle, who lives at Terrascope Towers". Various artworks and logos feature an astronomer peering through a 'terrascope', so Ptolemaic may here refer to ].
*'']'' (published 2005) is the third book in ''The Bartimaeus Trilogy'', a fantasy series by the English author Jonathan Stroud. The series includes a character called Ptolemy, from 2nd century BC Ptolemaic Egypt, who is nephew to ] and cousin to ].
*] is featured, as a wizard called Ptolemy, on a magical collectible card in the fictional Harry Potter universe.
*''The Ptolemy'' (1934) - a large reed organ built by the American composer ]. This may have been named in tribute to ], who summarized the musical work of philosophers like Pythagorus.
*] (the Italian spelling of Ptolemy) - an opera by Handel, composed in 1728. It is set in Egypt around 108 BC, when ] deposed his mother and joint ruler of Egypt, Cleopatra III, for his younger brother, who reigned as ].


== Footnotes ==
{{disambig}}
{{reflist|group="note"}}
<references/>


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Latest revision as of 18:36, 17 November 2024

Tetradrachm of Ptolemy II Philadelphus with the Eagle of Zeus. Greek inscription reads ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ lit. ' of Ptolemy'

Ptolemy (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος, Ptolemaios) is a male given name, derived from Ancient Greek and meaning 'warlike'. It is formed from the Epic Greek πτόλεμος ptolemos meaning 'war'. The name was used throughout the Greek world, but was particularly popular in ancient Macedon and its nobility. During the Hellenistic period, Ptolemy I Soter, a general of Alexander the Great, founded the Ptolemaic dynasty which ruled their Kingdom in Ancient Egypt. All male rulers of the dynasty bore the name 'Ptolemy', the last being Ptolemy XII Auletes, father of Cleopatra. Common variants include Ptolemaeus (Latin), Tolomeo (Italian) and Talmai (Hebrew).

Etymology

Ptolemy is the English form of the Ancient Greek name Πτολεμαῖος (Ptolemaios), a derivative of πτόλεμος, an Epic form of πόλεμος 'war' and the suffix -αῖος -aios meaning 'pertaining' or 'belonging to'. A nephew of Antigonus I Monophthalmus was called Polemaeus, the normal form of the adjective. Ptolemaios is first attested in Homer's Iliad and is the name of an Achaean warrior, son of Piraeus, father of Eurymedon.

The name Ptolemaios varied over the years from its roots in ancient Greece, appearing in different languages in various forms and spellings:

Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Ptolemaîos

The name Ptolemy spread from its Greek origins to enter other languages in Western Asia during the Hellenisation that followed the conquest of the known world by Alexander the Great.

The Aramaic name Bar-Talmai 'son of Talmai' (Greek Bartolomaios, English Bartholomew) may be related (Bartholomew the Apostle is thus thought to have been the son of a Ptolemy.)³

Ptolemais is formed from this name by the Greek feminine adjectival ending -i(d)s.

Claudius Ptolemaeus

Ptolemy commonly refers to Claudius Ptolemaeus (ca. 90 AD–ca. 168 AD), a writer, geographer, mathematician, astronomer and astrologer who lived in the Alexandrine Greek culture of Roman Egypt.

Ptolemaic dynasty

<
p
t		 wAl
M		 iis
>
Ptolemy
in hieroglyphs
Main article: Ptolemaic dynasty

Ptolemy was the name of several pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty who ruled Hellenistic Egypt for nearly 300 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC. The Greco-Egyptian pharaonic dynasty of Macedonian origin was established by Ptolemy I Soter (303–282 BC), and the male dynastic successors were all also named Ptolemy. Dynasty members who ruled Egypt include:

Several dynasty members ruled other territories not in Egypt:

Early Greek rulers and generals named Ptolemy

Other people named Ptolemy or Ptolemaeus

Born before 20th century

Born in 20th century or later

People named Tolomeo or Tolomei

Uses in arts and entertainment

See also

Footnotes

  1. The change from polemos to ptolemos is an example of a type of linguistic compounding called terpsimbrotos. The pt- in ptolemos (vs. earlier polemos) "war" is thought to arise from a re-analysis of the compound word *phere-t-polemos, metathesised to phere-ptolemos. George Dunkel, "Two old problems in Greek: πτόλεμος and τερψίμβροτος", Glotta 70:3/4:197-225 (1992) JSTOR 40266932.
  1. Harper, Douglas. "Ptolemy". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  2. πτόλεμος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  3. πόλεμος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  4. Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great by Waldemar Heckel
  5. Homer, Iliad, 4.228, on Perseus
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