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			{{Short description\|1660 peace treaty to end the Second Northern War}}
	]
			{{more footnotes\|date=April 2011}}
			{{Infobox Treaty
			\| name = Treaty of Oliva
			\| image = Treaty of Oliwa 1660 - first page of the document.jpg
			\| caption = Treaty of Oliwa, first page of the document
			\| type = ]
			\| date_drafted = 1659–1660
			\| date_signed = {{OldStyleDate\|3 May\|1660\|23 April}}
			\| location_signed = ], ]
			\| parties = ] ]<hr />] ]<hr />] ]<hr />] ]
			}}

			The '''Treaty''' or '''Peace of Oliva''' ({{langx\|pl\|Pokój Oliwski}}; {{langx\|sv\|Freden i Oliva}}; {{langx\|de\|Vertrag von Oliva}}) was one of the peace treaties ending the ] (1655–1660).<ref name=Frost183>Frost (2000), p. 183</ref> It was signed on {{OldStyleDate\|3 May\|1660\|23 April}}.<ref name=Evans55>Evans (2008), p. 55</ref> The Treaty of Oliva, the ] in the same year, and the ] in the following year marked the high point of the ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/freden-i-koebenhavn-1660/ \|title= Freden i København, 27. maj 1660\|publisher= danmarkshistorien.dk \|access-date=June 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url= https://historiesajten.se/freder2.asp?id=11\|title= Freden i Kardis 1661\|publisher= Historiesajten \|author= Nina Ringbom
	The '''Treaty of Oliwa''', (or '''Peace of Oliwa''', ]: ''Vertrag von Oliva'', ]: ''Pokój oliwski'', ]: ''Freden i Oliva'') was a treaty signed in Oliwa near ] (Danzig) in ] on ] ]. The signatories were ] ], ] ] of ], King ] of ], and King ] of ]. The commemoration plaque stated ''PACIS OLIVIENSIS AD GEDANUM IN PRVSSIA''.
			\|access-date=June 1, 2019}}</ref>

			At ] (Oliva), ], peace was made between ], the ], the ] and ]. Sweden was accepted as sovereign in ], Brandenburg was accepted as sovereign in ] and ] withdrew his claims to the Swedish throne but was to retain the title of a hereditary Swedish king for life.<ref name=Frost183/> All occupied territories were restored to their prewar sovereigns.<ref name=Frost183/> Catholics in Livonia and Prussia were granted religious freedom.<ref name=Evans55/><ref name=Frost183/><ref>{{cite web\|url= http://www.monarchieliga.de/index.php?title=Friede_von_Oliva\|title= Friede von Oliva\|publisher= Monarchieliga \| access-date=June 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
⚫	~~In the~~ treaty John II Casimir ~~renounced~~ his claims to the Swedish crown, which his father ] had lost in ]. ~~Poland~~ also formally ceded to Sweden ] and the city of ], which had been under Swedish control since the ]. The treaty settled conflicts between Sweden and ~~Poland~~ left standing since the ] (~~1598-1599~~), the ] (~~1600-1629~~), and the ] (~~1655-1660~~).
			\|url= https://historiesajten.se/freder2.asp?id=9 \|title= Freden i Oliva 1660\|publisher=Historiesajten \|author= Nina Ringbom
			\|access-date=June 1, 2019}}</ref>

			The signatories were the Habsburg ] ], ] and King ] of Poland. ], the head of the Swedish delegation and the minor regency, signed on behalf of his nephew, King ], who was still a minor.<ref>Bély (2000), p. 511</ref>
	The ] dynasty of ] was also confirmed as independent and sovereign over ]; previously they had held the territory as as a ] of Poland. In case of an end to the Hohenzollern dynasty in Prussia, the territory was to revert to the Polish crown, this clause expired by 1700. The treaty was achieved by Brandenburg's diplomat, ], on the first diplomatic mission of his career.

			==Negotiations==
	The Treaty of Oliwa and the ] the same year marked the high point of the ].
			]]]
			During the ], Poland–Lithuania and Sweden had been engaged in a ravaging war since 1655 and both wanted peace, in order to attend to their remaining enemies, ] and ], respectively. In addition, the politically ambitious Polish queen ], who had great influence over both the King of Poland and ], wanted a peace with Sweden because she wanted a son of her close relative, the French ], to be elected as successor to the Polish throne.<ref name="Berättelser ur svenska historien">Starbäck (1885/86), p. 363</ref> This could only be achieved with the consent of the ] and its ally Sweden.<ref>{{cite web\|url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-II-de-Bourbon-4e-prince-de-Conde
			\|title= Louis II de Bourbon, prince de Condé\|publisher= britannica.com \|author= Georges Mongrédien
			\|access-date=June 1, 2019}}</ref>

			On the other hand, the Danish and Dutch envoys, as well as those of the ] and Brandenburg, did what they could to derail the proceedings.<ref name="Berättelser ur svenska historien" /> Their goal was assisted by the drawn-out formalities which always took place at negotiations of this age. Several months elapsed before the actual peace negotiations could begin, on 7 January 1660 (OS). Even then, so many hostile words were written in the documents being exchanged by the two parties that the head negotiator, French ambassador {{Interlanguage link\|Antoine de Lumbres\|fr}}, found himself having to expurgate long sections which otherwise would have caused offense.
			]]
			A Polish–Lithuanian contingent headed by the ] wanted the war to continue in order to expel the exhausted Swedish forces in ]. The Danish delegates demanded Poland–Lithuania conclude a treaty together with Denmark; however, the Commonwealth did not want to tie themselves to the outcome of the poor Danish fortunes of war against Sweden. The Habsburgs, which wished to drive Sweden out of Germany through continued warfare, promised Poland–Lithuania reinforcements, but Habsburg intentions were treated with suspicion and the ] demurred. Even ] offered assistance to Poland–Lithuania to continue the war, with the hope of conquering ].<ref>{{cite web\|url = https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-William-elector-of-Brandenburg\|title= Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg\|publisher= britannica.com \|author= Stephan Skalweit\|access-date=June 1, 2019}}</ref>

			France, in practice governed by ], wanted a continued Swedish presence in Germany to counterbalance Austria and ], which were France's traditional enemies. France also feared that a continued war would increase Austria's influence in Germany and Poland–Lithuania. The Austrian and Brandenburgian intrusion into Swedish Pomerania was considered a breach of the ], which France was under the obligation to prosecute. France therefore threatened to contribute an army of 30,000 soldiers to the Swedish cause unless a treaty between Sweden and Brandenburg was concluded before February 1660.

			Negotiations had begun in ] (Thorn) in autumn of 1659. The Polish delegation later moved to ], and the Swedish delegation made the ] town of ] (Zoppot) its base.

			When news of the death of King ] arrived, Poland–Lithuania, Austria, and Brandenburg began to increase their demands. A new French threat of assistance to Sweden, however, finally made Poland–Lithuania give in. The treaty was signed in the ] on 23 April 1660.<ref>{{cite web\|url =https://whattodoingdansk.com/highlights/top_attractions/oliwa_cathedral/\|title =Oliwa Cathedral\|publisher =whattodoingdansk.com/\|access-date =June 1, 2019\|archive-date =August 25, 2019\|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190825132425/https://whattodoingdansk.com/highlights/top_attractions/oliwa_cathedral/\|url-status =dead}}</ref>
			]]]

			==Terms==
		⚫	The treaty had John II Casimir renounce his claims to the Swedish crown, which his father ] had lost in 1599. Poland–Lithuania also formally ceded to Sweden Livonia and the city of ], which had been under Swedish control since the 1620s. The treaty settled conflicts between Sweden and Poland–Lithuania left standing since the ] (1598–1599), the ] and the ] (1655–1660). The treaty also secured Swedish dominance over the Baltic.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Kamen \|first=H. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_DdfkLYPawC&pg=PA229 \|title=Who's who in Europe, 1450-1750 \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2000 \|isbn=978-0-415-14728-6 \|series=Who's who series \|page=229 \|access-date=2024-11-09}}</ref>

			]'s ] was also confirmed as independent and sovereign in the ]. It had previously held the territory as a ] of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. If the Hohenzollern dynasty became extinct in the male line in Prussia, the territory was to revert to the Commonwealth.

			The treaty was achieved by Brandenburg's diplomat, ], on the first diplomatic mission of his career.

	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]
	* ]		* ]

			==Sources==
			{{commonscat\|Treaty of Oliwa}}
			===References===
			{{reflist}}

			===Bibliography===
	{{Germany-hist-stub}}
			*{{cite book\|last=Bély\|first=Lucien\|author2=Isabelle Richefort \|title=L'Europe des traités de Westphalie: esprit de la diplomatie et diplomatie de l'esprit\|editor=Lucien Bély\|publisher=Presses universitaires de France\|year=2000\|isbn=2-13-049964-3}}
	{{Poland-hist-stub}}
			*{{cite book\|last=Evans\|first=Malcolm\|title=Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=2008\|series=Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law\|volume=6\|isbn=978-0-521-04761-6}}
	{{Sweden-hist-stub}}
			*{{cite book\|title=The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721\|first=Robert I.\|last=Frost\|publisher=Longman\|year=2000\|isbn=978-0-582-06429-4}}
			*{{cite book\|title=Berättelser ur svenska historien\|volume=6\|author1=Starbäck, Carl Georg \|author2=Bäckström, Per Olof \|year=1885–1886\|url=https://runeberg.org/sverhist/6/0379.html}} (Stockholm: F. & G. Beijers Förlag)

			==External links==
⚫	{{Polish peace treaties}}
			*

			{{Second Northern War treaties}}
		⚫	{{Polish peace treaties}}
			{{Pomeranian history\|tre}}

			{{Authority control}}
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			{{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty Of Oliva}}
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Latest revision as of 21:28, 20 November 2024

1660 peace treaty to end the Second Northern War

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Treaty of Oliva
Treaty of Oliwa, first page of the document
Type	Peace treaty
Drafted	1659–1660
Signed	3 May [O.S. 23 April] 1660
Location	Oliva, Poland
Parties	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Swedish Empire Brandenburg-Prussia Holy Roman Empire

The Treaty or Peace of Oliva (Polish: Pokój Oliwski; Swedish: Freden i Oliva; German: Vertrag von Oliva) was one of the peace treaties ending the Second Northern War (1655–1660). It was signed on 3 May [O.S. 23 April] 1660. The Treaty of Oliva, the Treaty of Copenhagen in the same year, and the Treaty of Cardis in the following year marked the high point of the Swedish Empire.

At Oliwa (Oliva), Poland, peace was made between Sweden, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburgs and Brandenburg-Prussia. Sweden was accepted as sovereign in Swedish Livonia, Brandenburg was accepted as sovereign in Ducal Prussia and John II Casimir Vasa withdrew his claims to the Swedish throne but was to retain the title of a hereditary Swedish king for life. All occupied territories were restored to their prewar sovereigns. Catholics in Livonia and Prussia were granted religious freedom.

The signatories were the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, Elector Frederick William I of Brandenburg and King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland. Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, the head of the Swedish delegation and the minor regency, signed on behalf of his nephew, King Charles XI of Sweden, who was still a minor.

Negotiations

During the Second Northern War, Poland–Lithuania and Sweden had been engaged in a ravaging war since 1655 and both wanted peace, in order to attend to their remaining enemies, Russia and Denmark, respectively. In addition, the politically ambitious Polish queen Marie Louise Gonzaga, who had great influence over both the King of Poland and Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, wanted a peace with Sweden because she wanted a son of her close relative, the French Louis, Grand Condé, to be elected as successor to the Polish throne. This could only be achieved with the consent of the Kingdom of France and its ally Sweden.

On the other hand, the Danish and Dutch envoys, as well as those of the Holy Roman Empire and Brandenburg, did what they could to derail the proceedings. Their goal was assisted by the drawn-out formalities which always took place at negotiations of this age. Several months elapsed before the actual peace negotiations could begin, on 7 January 1660 (OS). Even then, so many hostile words were written in the documents being exchanged by the two parties that the head negotiator, French ambassador Antoine de Lumbres [fr], found himself having to expurgate long sections which otherwise would have caused offense.

A Polish–Lithuanian contingent headed by the archbishop of Gniezno wanted the war to continue in order to expel the exhausted Swedish forces in Livonia. The Danish delegates demanded Poland–Lithuania conclude a treaty together with Denmark; however, the Commonwealth did not want to tie themselves to the outcome of the poor Danish fortunes of war against Sweden. The Habsburgs, which wished to drive Sweden out of Germany through continued warfare, promised Poland–Lithuania reinforcements, but Habsburg intentions were treated with suspicion and the Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth demurred. Even Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg offered assistance to Poland–Lithuania to continue the war, with the hope of conquering Swedish Pomerania.

France, in practice governed by Cardinal Mazarin, wanted a continued Swedish presence in Germany to counterbalance Austria and Spain, which were France's traditional enemies. France also feared that a continued war would increase Austria's influence in Germany and Poland–Lithuania. The Austrian and Brandenburgian intrusion into Swedish Pomerania was considered a breach of the Peace of Westphalia, which France was under the obligation to prosecute. France therefore threatened to contribute an army of 30,000 soldiers to the Swedish cause unless a treaty between Sweden and Brandenburg was concluded before February 1660.

Negotiations had begun in Toruń (Thorn) in autumn of 1659. The Polish delegation later moved to Gdańsk, and the Swedish delegation made the Baltic town of Sopot (Zoppot) its base.

When news of the death of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden arrived, Poland–Lithuania, Austria, and Brandenburg began to increase their demands. A new French threat of assistance to Sweden, however, finally made Poland–Lithuania give in. The treaty was signed in the monastery of Oliwa on 23 April 1660.

Terms

The treaty had John II Casimir renounce his claims to the Swedish crown, which his father Sigismund III Vasa had lost in 1599. Poland–Lithuania also formally ceded to Sweden Livonia and the city of Riga, which had been under Swedish control since the 1620s. The treaty settled conflicts between Sweden and Poland–Lithuania left standing since the War against Sigismund (1598–1599), the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629) and the Northern Wars (1655–1660). The treaty also secured Swedish dominance over the Baltic.

Brandenburg's House of Hohenzollern was also confirmed as independent and sovereign in the Duchy of Prussia. It had previously held the territory as a fief of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. If the Hohenzollern dynasty became extinct in the male line in Prussia, the territory was to revert to the Commonwealth.

The treaty was achieved by Brandenburg's diplomat, Christoph Caspar von Blumenthal, on the first diplomatic mission of his career.

Sources

References

^ Frost (2000), p. 183
^ Evans (2008), p. 55
"Freden i København, 27. maj 1660". danmarkshistorien.dk. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
Nina Ringbom. "Freden i Kardis 1661". Historiesajten. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
"Friede von Oliva". Monarchieliga. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
Nina Ringbom. "Freden i Oliva 1660". Historiesajten. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
Bély (2000), p. 511
^ Starbäck (1885/86), p. 363
Georges Mongrédien. "Louis II de Bourbon, prince de Condé". britannica.com. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
Stephan Skalweit. "Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg". britannica.com. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
"Oliwa Cathedral". whattodoingdansk.com/. Archived from the original on August 25, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
Kamen, H. (2000). Who's who in Europe, 1450-1750. Who's who series. Routledge. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-415-14728-6. Retrieved 2024-11-09.

Bibliography

Bély, Lucien; Isabelle Richefort (2000). Lucien Bély (ed.). L'Europe des traités de Westphalie: esprit de la diplomatie et diplomatie de l'esprit. Presses universitaires de France. ISBN 2-13-049964-3.
Evans, Malcolm (2008). Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe. Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-04761-6.
Frost, Robert I. (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
Starbäck, Carl Georg; Bäckström, Per Olof (1885–1886). Berättelser ur svenska historien. Vol. 6. (Stockholm: F. & G. Beijers Förlag)

External links

Annotated edition of the Peace of Oliva at ieg-mainz.de (Institut für Europäische Geschichte Mainz)

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