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{{Short description|Antisocial personalities in Scientology}}
{{ScientologySeries}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
'''Suppressive Person''' is a term used in ], often abbreviated '''SP''', coined by ] to refer to perceived "enemies" of the ], whose "suppressive acts" are said to impede the progress of Scientology.. Those classified as Suppressive Persons were once automatically specified as ] (FG), which is a Scientology classification in its own right . Often, this declaration is the result of alleged public criticism of Scientology, but in practice, it may result from negative comments made in private. Other times, it is based on the recommendation of a ], or imposed on those who leave the employ of a Scientology organization without permission.
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Scientology sidebar}}
'''''Suppressive person''''', often abbreviated '''SP''', is a term used in ] to describe the "antisocial personalities" who, according to Scientology's founder ], make up about 2.5% of the population. A statement on a ] website describes this group as including notorious historic figures such as ].<ref name=reitman-rs>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/inside-scientology-103288/ |title=Inside Scientology |date=February 23, 2006 |first=Janet |last=Reitman |author-link=Janet Reitman |magazine=] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430200426/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/9363363/inside_scientology/print |archive-date=April 30, 2009}}</ref>


The term is often applied to those whom the Church perceives as its enemies, such as those whose "disastrous" and "suppressive" acts are said to impede the progress of individual Scientologists or the Scientology movement.<ref>Paulick, James "Scientology Wins Court Battle in Germany",Deutsche Welle, 28 April 2008 – According to Hubbard, "a Suppressive Person or Group is one that actively seeks to suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive Acts….A Suppressive Person or Group becomes 'fair game.'" – http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1567596,00.html Retrieved 7 October 2008</ref>
The Suppressive Person doctrine is connected to several of ]. These include "]," in which Scientologists connected to the person declared an S.P. are ordered to cease all communication with the declared "suppressive", even if they are immediate family members, and are designated as "]", which authorizes harassment against those declared "SP." Typically, this entails making nuisance telephone calls to, overtly taking photographs of, or going through the garbage of the S.P. because the law restrains criminal activities.{{dubious}}


One of the reasons Scientology doctrines portray suppressive persons as such a danger is that they are supposed to make people around them become ''']''' (abbreviated '''PTS'''). Scientology defines a PTS as "a person who is in some way connected to and being adversely affected by a suppressive person. Such a person is called a potential trouble source because he can be a lot of trouble to himself and to others."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientology.org/feature/glossary/index.html#p |title=Glossary of Terms |publisher=Scientology |access-date=2009-11-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703090534/http://www.scientology.org/feature/glossary/index.html#p |archive-date=July 3, 2008}}</ref> Hubbard suggested that the effects of suppressive persons is amplified to cause 20% of the population to be predisposed against Scientology<!--(2.5% SP, 17.5% PTS)-->.<ref>Sommer, Mark "Breaking In, Breaking Out", Buffalo News, 31 January 2005 – "A PTS is someone from among the 20 percent of the population that Hubbard declared was predisposed against Scientology."</ref>
An S.P. Declare is issued as a church "Ethics Order". All Scientologists are expected to disconnect from a person so labelled, and if any refuse, they can also face being declared S.P. This has lead to the break-up of business relationships and families, where spouses are instructed to file for divorce and move away with their children as a means of disconnection. Family members who are ordered to disconnect are often coached to lie to the labeled family member about the reason for the disconnection. A commonly suggested excuse is to tell the declared family member that the disconnection was not ordered by Scientology, but was done because of something that occurred before the S.P. declaration. The disconnection order is peculiar even for Scientology in that it contradicts a famous quote of L. Ron Hubbard: "Exclusion of others is the basic cause of war, crime and insanity."


== Origins and definitions ==
Presently, a S.P. Declare can only be authorized by the Authorization, Verification, and Correction Unit of the ], International Extension Unit located in the Hollywood Guarantee Building in ], ]. In the absence of this person, the Authorization, Verification, and Correction International, Issue Authority in the ] can authorize a S.P. Declare. Ethics Orders no longer list this approval line for legal liability reasons.
As with most Scientology terminology, "suppressive person" was coined by ]. Ruth A. Tucker writes in her book '']'' that the concept appears to have first been introduced into Scientology in the 1960s "as membership grew and as authoritarian control increased". Tucker notes that many of those who joined Scientology during this period were "well-educated people who prided themselves in independent thinking struggled with the idea of allowing any other individual to completely dominate their opinions."<ref>{{cite book|last=Tucker |first=Ruth A. |title=Another Gospel: Cults, Alternative Religions, and the New Age Movement|page= 313|publisher=Zondervan|date= 2004|title-link=Another Gospel}}</ref> Many of Hubbard's early writings on suppressive persons focus on their alleged responsibility for poor management within the Church of Scientology.<ref>{{cite news|author=Hubbard, L. Ron|title=HCO Policy Letter |date= August 7, 1965|work=Suppressive Persons, Main Characteristics Of}}</ref><ref>Urban, Hugh B. "Fair Game: Secrecy, Security, and the Church of Scientology in Cold War America." ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'' 74.2 (2006): 356-389.</ref>


The church's official glossary defines a suppressive person as being:<blockquote>a person who possesses a distinct set of characteristics and mental attitudes that cause him to suppress other people in his vicinity. This is the person whose behavior is calculated to be disastrous. Also called '']''.<ref>{{cite web | title = Scientology Glossary | publisher = Church of Scientology International | url = http://www.scientology.org/en_US/feature/glossary/index.html#s | access-date = 2006-07-08 }}</ref></blockquote>
== Actions that indicate a person might be declared a S.P. ==
# A Scientology ethics officer or master at arms advising a spouse to file for divorce from the targeted person.{{fact}}
# A Scientology ethics officer or master at arms advising a business associate to conclude a business relationship with the targeted person.{{fact}}
# An ] collaborator provoking a conversation with the person on the subject of explosives, firearms or some other emotionally charged topic, which can be twisted to negatively portray the target in an affidavit or court deposition.{{fact}}
# A Scientology church book seller falsely excusing why they cannot sell or deliver certain items to the targeted person.{{fact}}
# Sudden withdrawal by other Scientologists who were friends with the targeted person, for no apparent reason.{{fact}}
# Sudden hostility or suspicion directed against the targeted person by church staff and collaborators, for no apparent reason.{{fact}}


The church regards these "antisocial personalities" as being those "who possess characteristics and mental attitudes that cause them to violently oppose any betterment activity or group".<ref name="The ASP"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616081621/http://scientologyethics.org/page06.htm |date=2006-06-16 }}. Website accessed 2006-06-04.</ref> This concern with "groups" continues in the official '']'', which states the corollary: "The antisocial personality supports only destructive groups."<ref>{{cite web | author=CSI | title=The Antisocial Personality | work=How Can Scientology Help Me With...? | url=http://www.scientologyhandbook.org/sh11_1.htm | access-date=2006-06-11}}</ref>


== Policies and practices ==
== Misuse of S.P. label within the Church of Scientology ==
According to the Hubbard textbook ''Introduction to Scientology Ethics'' ("the Ethics book"), when an individual is found to be under the influence of a suppressive person, it is believed that this will affect their general well-being. An individual with an SP in their vicinity is likely to be under stress or frequently upset, and this would potentially jeopardize the stability of any treatment or education. Therefore, a parishioner who is found to have such suppressive connections is not permitted to participate in certain Scientology classes and counseling until the situation has been adequately resolved.


The Ethics book provides a guideline for use in sorting out such a condition. A first step is always to educate the person about the phenomenon of the suppressive person and the effects this is believed to have on the individuals close to the SP. Once the education step is completed, the person can further follow the guidelines to sort out the situation so that the parishioner is no longer negatively affected.
S.P. declares are commonly issued in the Church on those who are otherwise good citizens who contribute to civil society. ] cautioned about misuse of this label in a lecture he made on 19 June 1966:


] are also common for SP and PTS situations. If reasonable attempts have been made to "handle" the situation to no avail, the parishioner may take the option of "]" from the SP. In ''Introduction to Scientology Ethics'', "disconnection" is defined as a self-determined decision made by an individual that he is not going to be connected to another. It is a severing of communication by one individual against the other.
"You should upgrade your idea of what an SP is. Man, meet one sometime! A real one! A real monster."
....
"Well, in all the time we've been around here we only had one SP that I know of. One real SP that was on staff. "
....
"And I don't know of another single SP that we've ever had on staff. Isn't that interesting. You see all these SP orders and so on,,,,"
.....
"Don't throw it around carelessly, because this is an--a very exaggerated condition, SP."
-From pages 223-224 of the Saint Hill Special Briefing Course tape transcripts, Lecture Set 421-434.


The concept of the suppressive person in Scientology has been the source of some controversy, due in some part to aversion to the idea of "disconnecting" from close family members and friends.
Indeed, the anti-social personality has specific attributes, according to Hubbard:


Another source of controversy related to the suppressive person policies is the administrative judgment that formally ''labels'' an individual a "suppressive person". This "suppressive person declaration" is known as an "SP declare". Declares are issued as an "ethics order" on ] paper with blue ink and are approved through the executive over the ethics department as well as the office of the ]" (IJC).{{r|hubbard-admindict|page=181}}
"1. He or she speaks only in very broad generalites."


Non-Scientologists as well as Scientologists can be and have been labelled suppressive persons. A suppressive person is anyone who has been responsible for "suppressive acts", defined by Hubbard as being "the overt or covert actions or omissions knowingly and willfully undertaken to suppress, reduce, prevent or destroy case gains, and/or the influence of Scn on activities, and/or the continued Scn success and actions on the part of organizations actions and Scientologists."{{r|hubbard-admindict|page=509}} Similarly, entire groups can be declared suppressive; suppressive groups, in Hubbard's view, are "those which seek to destroy Scn or which specialize in injuring or killing persons or damaging their cases or which advocate suppression of mankind."{{r|hubbard-admindict|page=509}} Under this broader definition, suppressiveness included more than just publicly opposing Scientology; it also included any group supporting activities to which Hubbard was strongly opposed, especially ]. Specifically, Hubbard considered reporters and government agents to be members of suppressive groups: "There are no good reporters. There are no good government or SP group agents. The longer you try to be nice, the worse off you will be. And the sooner one learns this, the happier he will be."<ref>HCOPL 26 December 1966 "PTS Sections, Personnel and Execs", p. 3.</ref>
"2. Such a person deals mainly in bad news, critical or hostile remarks, invalidation, and general suppression."


The Church of Scientology maintains a central list of ex-members and splinter groups formally declared to be suppressive. In an executive directive of 1992, the Church's "]" lists over 400 groups and over 2,300 individuals considered to be suppressive.<ref>Flag Executive Directive 2830RB of 25 July 1992, "Suppressive Persons and Suppressive Groups" list, exhibited in ''Church of Scientology International v. Fishman and Geertz'', No. CV 91-6426 HLH (Tx), April 4, 1994</ref> The list includes individual ex-Scientologists and breakaway groups regarded as hostile or heretical, such as ] (EST).
"3. The antisocial personality alters, to worsen, comunication when he or she relays a message or news. Good news is stopped and only bad news, often embellished, is passed along."


=== Abuse of the label ===
"4. A characteristic, and one of the sad things about an antisocial personality, is that it does not respond to treatment or reform or psychotherapy."
In a lecture he made on 19 July 1966, L. Ron Hubbard expressed concern about the possible abuse of the "suppressive person" label in respect of those who are otherwise good citizens and contribute to civil society:


<blockquote>You should upgrade your idea of what an SP is. Man, meet one sometime! A real one! A real monster....Well, in all the time we've been around here we only had one SP that I know of. One real SP that was on staff.... And I don't know of another single SP that we've ever had on staff. Isn't that interesting. You see all these SP orders and so on...Don't throw it around carelessly, because this is an—a very exaggerated condition, SP.<ref>Hubbard, "About Rhodesia", lecture, 19 July 1966, Saint Hill Special Briefing Course tape transcripts, Lecture Set 421–434, pp. 223–224</ref></blockquote>
"5. Surounding such a personality we find cowed or ill associates or friends who, when not driven actually insane, are yet behaving in a crippled manner in life, failing, not succeeding."


Some former Scientologists have alleged that there has indeed been such abuse. For example, ] describes seeing Scientology franchise holder Gary Smith declared suppressive on the spot during the October 1982 Mission Holders' Conference, simply for not obeying a shouted order to change his seat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Corydon |first=Bent |author-link=Bent Corydon |title=L. Ron Hubbard: Messiah or Madman? |author2=L. Ron Hubbard Jr. |author-link2=Ronald DeWolf |publisher=Lyle Stuart |year=1987 |isbn=0-8184-0444-2 |location=Secaucus, New Jersey}}, pp. 204–205. An online edition of the book is at .</ref><!--p. 204-5-->
"6. The antisocial personality habitually selects the wrong target."
There are also instances where SP declarations have disrupted families and businesses.<ref name="unperson">{{cite news |first = Robert|last=Farley |url = http://www.sptimes.com/2006/06/24/Tampabay/The_unperson.shtml |title = The unperson |publisher = ] |date = 2006-06-24 |pages = 1A, 14A|access-date = 2006-06-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060704214646/http://www.sptimes.com/2006/06/25/Tampabay/The_unperson.shtml |archive-date=July 4, 2006}}</ref>


According to a 2006 article in the '']'' titled "SP profiles", one Scientologist found himself declared an SP after he repeatedly challenged the validity of a "patter drill" in which he was instructed to read passages of a course to a wall. He insisted the drill was not based on Hubbard teachings and stated that he had been previously threatened with an SP declaration after a run-in with a Scientology attorney on an unrelated issue.<ref>{{cite news |first = Robert|last=Farley |url = http://www.sptimes.com/2006/06/25/Tampabay/Church_spokesman_says.shtml |title = Church spokesman says Times report is unfair |publisher = ] |date = 2006-06-25 |access-date = 2006-06-26}}</ref>
"7. The antisocial personality cannot finish a cycle of action."


== Views by religious scholars on disconnection ==
"8. Many antisocial persons will freely confess to the most alarming crimes when forced to do so, but will have no faintest sense of responsibility for them."
{{Main|Disconnection (Scientology)}}
Those who communicate with suppressive persons can face being branded SPs as well. Associates of the branded SP are ordered to disconnect from that person. Religious scholars have taken a negative view of Scientology's disconnection policies, which includes many who have previously testified on behalf of Scientology. For example, religious scholar ] stated, "I just think it would be better for all concerned if they just let them go ahead and get out and everyone goes their own way, and not make such a big deal of it. The policy hurts everybody."<ref name="unperson"/>


== See also ==
"9. The antisocial personality supports only destructive groups and rages against and attacks any constructive or betterment group."
* ]


== References ==
"10. This type of personality approves only of destructive actions and fights against constructive or helpful actions or activities."
{{Reflist|30em|refs=


<ref name="hubbard-admindict">{{cite book |title=Modern Management Technology Defined: Hubbard dictionary of administration and management |first=L. Ron |last=Hubbard |author-link=L. Ron Hubbard |publisher=] |isbn=0884040402 |ol=8192738M |year=1976}}</ref>
"11. Helping others is an activity which drives the antisocial personality nearly beserk. Activities, however, which destroy in the name of help are closely supported."


}}
"12. The antisocial personality has a bad sense of property and conceives that the idea that anyone owns anything is a pretense, made up to fool people. Nothing is ever really owned."


⚫ == External links ==
-From HCO Policy Letter of 27 September 1966 Issue II, The Antisocial Personality The Anti-Scientologist, pages 2 and 3.
*

*
⚫ ==External links==
* *
*
*
* {{cite news |first = Robert|last=Farley |url = http://www.sptimes.com/2006/06/25/Tampabay/SP_profiles.shtml |title = SP profiles |work = ] |date = 2006-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814053431/http://www.sptimes.com/2006/06/25/Tampabay/SP_profiles.shtml |access-date = 2006-06-26|archive-date=August 14, 2006 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Lord|first=Phil|title=Scientology's Legal System |year=2019 |volume=21 |issue=1 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3232113 |ssrn=3232113|url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/articles/9z9034375 |journal=]}}


{{Scientology}}
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 23:14, 20 September 2024

Antisocial personalities in Scientology

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Suppressive person, often abbreviated SP, is a term used in Scientology to describe the "antisocial personalities" who, according to Scientology's founder L. Ron Hubbard, make up about 2.5% of the population. A statement on a Church of Scientology website describes this group as including notorious historic figures such as Adolf Hitler.

The term is often applied to those whom the Church perceives as its enemies, such as those whose "disastrous" and "suppressive" acts are said to impede the progress of individual Scientologists or the Scientology movement.

One of the reasons Scientology doctrines portray suppressive persons as such a danger is that they are supposed to make people around them become potential trouble sources (abbreviated PTS). Scientology defines a PTS as "a person who is in some way connected to and being adversely affected by a suppressive person. Such a person is called a potential trouble source because he can be a lot of trouble to himself and to others." Hubbard suggested that the effects of suppressive persons is amplified to cause 20% of the population to be predisposed against Scientology.

Origins and definitions

As with most Scientology terminology, "suppressive person" was coined by L. Ron Hubbard. Ruth A. Tucker writes in her book Another Gospel: Cults, Alternative Religions, and the New Age Movement that the concept appears to have first been introduced into Scientology in the 1960s "as membership grew and as authoritarian control increased". Tucker notes that many of those who joined Scientology during this period were "well-educated people who prided themselves in independent thinking struggled with the idea of allowing any other individual to completely dominate their opinions." Many of Hubbard's early writings on suppressive persons focus on their alleged responsibility for poor management within the Church of Scientology.

The church's official glossary defines a suppressive person as being:

a person who possesses a distinct set of characteristics and mental attitudes that cause him to suppress other people in his vicinity. This is the person whose behavior is calculated to be disastrous. Also called antisocial personality.

The church regards these "antisocial personalities" as being those "who possess characteristics and mental attitudes that cause them to violently oppose any betterment activity or group". This concern with "groups" continues in the official Scientology Handbook, which states the corollary: "The antisocial personality supports only destructive groups."

Policies and practices

According to the Hubbard textbook Introduction to Scientology Ethics ("the Ethics book"), when an individual is found to be under the influence of a suppressive person, it is believed that this will affect their general well-being. An individual with an SP in their vicinity is likely to be under stress or frequently upset, and this would potentially jeopardize the stability of any treatment or education. Therefore, a parishioner who is found to have such suppressive connections is not permitted to participate in certain Scientology classes and counseling until the situation has been adequately resolved.

The Ethics book provides a guideline for use in sorting out such a condition. A first step is always to educate the person about the phenomenon of the suppressive person and the effects this is believed to have on the individuals close to the SP. Once the education step is completed, the person can further follow the guidelines to sort out the situation so that the parishioner is no longer negatively affected.

Scientology Security checks are also common for SP and PTS situations. If reasonable attempts have been made to "handle" the situation to no avail, the parishioner may take the option of "disconnecting" from the SP. In Introduction to Scientology Ethics, "disconnection" is defined as a self-determined decision made by an individual that he is not going to be connected to another. It is a severing of communication by one individual against the other.

The concept of the suppressive person in Scientology has been the source of some controversy, due in some part to aversion to the idea of "disconnecting" from close family members and friends.

Another source of controversy related to the suppressive person policies is the administrative judgment that formally labels an individual a "suppressive person". This "suppressive person declaration" is known as an "SP declare". Declares are issued as an "ethics order" on goldenrod-colored paper with blue ink and are approved through the executive over the ethics department as well as the office of the International Justice Chief" (IJC).

Non-Scientologists as well as Scientologists can be and have been labelled suppressive persons. A suppressive person is anyone who has been responsible for "suppressive acts", defined by Hubbard as being "the overt or covert actions or omissions knowingly and willfully undertaken to suppress, reduce, prevent or destroy case gains, and/or the influence of Scn on activities, and/or the continued Scn success and actions on the part of organizations actions and Scientologists." Similarly, entire groups can be declared suppressive; suppressive groups, in Hubbard's view, are "those which seek to destroy Scn or which specialize in injuring or killing persons or damaging their cases or which advocate suppression of mankind." Under this broader definition, suppressiveness included more than just publicly opposing Scientology; it also included any group supporting activities to which Hubbard was strongly opposed, especially psychiatry. Specifically, Hubbard considered reporters and government agents to be members of suppressive groups: "There are no good reporters. There are no good government or SP group agents. The longer you try to be nice, the worse off you will be. And the sooner one learns this, the happier he will be."

The Church of Scientology maintains a central list of ex-members and splinter groups formally declared to be suppressive. In an executive directive of 1992, the Church's "International Justice Chief" lists over 400 groups and over 2,300 individuals considered to be suppressive. The list includes individual ex-Scientologists and breakaway groups regarded as hostile or heretical, such as Erhard Seminars Training (EST).

Abuse of the label

In a lecture he made on 19 July 1966, L. Ron Hubbard expressed concern about the possible abuse of the "suppressive person" label in respect of those who are otherwise good citizens and contribute to civil society:

You should upgrade your idea of what an SP is. Man, meet one sometime! A real one! A real monster....Well, in all the time we've been around here we only had one SP that I know of. One real SP that was on staff.... And I don't know of another single SP that we've ever had on staff. Isn't that interesting. You see all these SP orders and so on...Don't throw it around carelessly, because this is an—a very exaggerated condition, SP.

Some former Scientologists have alleged that there has indeed been such abuse. For example, Bent Corydon describes seeing Scientology franchise holder Gary Smith declared suppressive on the spot during the October 1982 Mission Holders' Conference, simply for not obeying a shouted order to change his seat. There are also instances where SP declarations have disrupted families and businesses.

According to a 2006 article in the St. Petersburg Times titled "SP profiles", one Scientologist found himself declared an SP after he repeatedly challenged the validity of a "patter drill" in which he was instructed to read passages of a course to a wall. He insisted the drill was not based on Hubbard teachings and stated that he had been previously threatened with an SP declaration after a run-in with a Scientology attorney on an unrelated issue.

Views by religious scholars on disconnection

Main article: Disconnection (Scientology)

Those who communicate with suppressive persons can face being branded SPs as well. Associates of the branded SP are ordered to disconnect from that person. Religious scholars have taken a negative view of Scientology's disconnection policies, which includes many who have previously testified on behalf of Scientology. For example, religious scholar J. Gordon Melton stated, "I just think it would be better for all concerned if they just let them go ahead and get out and everyone goes their own way, and not make such a big deal of it. The policy hurts everybody."

See also

References

  1. Reitman, Janet (February 23, 2006). "Inside Scientology". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009.
  2. Paulick, James "Scientology Wins Court Battle in Germany",Deutsche Welle, 28 April 2008 – According to Hubbard, "a Suppressive Person or Group is one that actively seeks to suppress or damage Scientology or a Scientologist by Suppressive Acts….A Suppressive Person or Group becomes 'fair game.'" – http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1567596,00.html Retrieved 7 October 2008
  3. "Glossary of Terms". Scientology. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
  4. Sommer, Mark "Breaking In, Breaking Out", Buffalo News, 31 January 2005 – "A PTS is someone from among the 20 percent of the population that Hubbard declared was predisposed against Scientology."
  5. Tucker, Ruth A. (2004). Another Gospel: Cults, Alternative Religions, and the New Age Movement. Zondervan. p. 313.
  6. Hubbard, L. Ron (August 7, 1965). "HCO Policy Letter". Suppressive Persons, Main Characteristics Of.
  7. Urban, Hugh B. "Fair Game: Secrecy, Security, and the Church of Scientology in Cold War America." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 74.2 (2006): 356-389.
  8. "Scientology Glossary". Church of Scientology International. Retrieved July 8, 2006.
  9. Scientology Ethics and Judicial Matters: The Antisocial Personality Archived 2006-06-16 at the Wayback Machine. Website accessed 2006-06-04.
  10. CSI. "The Antisocial Personality". How Can Scientology Help Me With...?. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
  11. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron (1976). Modern Management Technology Defined: Hubbard dictionary of administration and management. Church of Scientology. ISBN 0884040402. OL 8192738M.
  12. HCOPL 26 December 1966 "PTS Sections, Personnel and Execs", p. 3.
  13. Flag Executive Directive 2830RB of 25 July 1992, "Suppressive Persons and Suppressive Groups" list, exhibited in Church of Scientology International v. Fishman and Geertz, No. CV 91-6426 HLH (Tx), April 4, 1994
  14. Hubbard, "About Rhodesia", lecture, 19 July 1966, Saint Hill Special Briefing Course tape transcripts, Lecture Set 421–434, pp. 223–224
  15. Corydon, Bent; L. Ron Hubbard Jr. (1987). L. Ron Hubbard: Messiah or Madman?. Secaucus, New Jersey: Lyle Stuart. ISBN 0-8184-0444-2., pp. 204–205. An online edition of the book is at .
  16. ^ Farley, Robert (June 24, 2006). "The unperson". St. Petersburg Times. pp. 1A, 14A. Archived from the original on July 4, 2006. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
  17. Farley, Robert (June 25, 2006). "Church spokesman says Times report is unfair". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved June 26, 2006.

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