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| {{Other uses}} | |||
| : ''] is also a place in ], ].'' | |||
| {{Infobox river | |||
| | name = Cetina | |||
| '''Cetina''' is a ] in central ], ]. It has a total length of 105 km, drains an area of 3,700 km², and descends from an altitude of 385 m at its source to the sea level when it flows into the ]. | |||
| | image = Cetina river.jpg | |||
| | image_caption = Cetina flows through rocky, ] terrain. | |||
| | map = {{infobox mapframe | zoom = 8 | stroke-color = #0000ff | stroke-width = 3 }} | |||
| | source1_location = ] | |||
| | mouth_location = ] | |||
| | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|43.4398|16.6864|type:river_region:HR|display=it}} | |||
| | subdivision_type1 = Country | |||
| | subdivision_name1 = ] | |||
| | length = {{convert|101|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="yearbook"/> | |||
| | source1_elevation = | |||
| | discharge1_avg = | |||
| | basin_size = {{convert|1463|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="yearbook"/> | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''Cetina''' ({{IPA|sh|tsětina|pron}}) is a ] in southern ]. It has a length of {{convert|101|km|mi|abbr=on}} and its basin covers an area of {{convert|1463|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="yearbook">{{Croatia Yearbook 2017|page=47}}</ref> From its source, Cetina descends from an elevation of {{convert|385|m|ft}} above sea level to the ]. It is the most water-rich river in ].<ref name ="Naprijed">Naklada Naprijed, ''The Croatian Adriatic Tourist Guide'', pg. 258, Zagreb (1999), {{ISBN|953-178-097-8}}</ref> | |||
| == Geography and geology == | == Geography and geology == | ||
| Cetina has its source in the northwestern slopes of ] |
Cetina has its source in the northwestern slopes of ]. Rising from a spring at ] near a small village called ], {{convert|7|km|mi}} north of ], it flows {{convert|101|km|mi}} to the ].<ref name="yearbook" /><ref name="Smith">{{cite journal|vauthors=Smith D, Gaffney V, Grossman D, Howard AJ, Milošević A, Ostir K, Podobnikar T, Smith W, Tetlow E, Tingle M, Tinsley H |year=2006|title=Assessing the later prehistoric environmental archaeology and landscape development of the Cetina Valley, Croatia|journal=Environmental Archaeology|volume=11|issue=2|pages=171–186|doi=10.1179/174963106x123197|s2cid=58925017 }}</ref> A large artificial lake begins near Vrlika, the ], which was created by a ] some {{convert|25|km|mi}} downstream. Cetina then passes into the lower portion of the ], through the city of ]. After that it runs eastward, through the city of Trilj and then back westward around the ] mountain, before flowing into the Adriatic in the city of ]. | ||
| Apart from its visible basin, the Cetina also receives a lot of water from the west Bosnian karst field via underground routes. Its lower course begins from the ], at {{convert|49|m|ft}} above sea level, near the village of ], {{convert|20|km|mi}} from Omiš. Here it leaves its canyon and flows into a valley which has nevertheless retained something of the appearance of a canyon.<ref name ="Naprijed"/> | |||
| The latter portion of Cetina and its relatively large drop in elevation was used to build several substantial ] power plants.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Analiza rada termoelektrane i hidroelektrane na Peruči|url=https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:235:015652|publisher=University of Zagreb. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture|date=2019-09-25|degree=bachelor|language=hr|first=Domagoj|last=Mrla|pages=14–22}}</ref> Its water is also bottled as ''Cetina''. | |||
| The total drainage area of the catchment is around 12,000 km<sup>2</sup>, and the annual discharge is around 105 m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>−1</sup> as a consequence of a mean annual rainfall of 1380 mm.<ref name="Smith"/> | |||
| Bounded to the east by the ], which rise to an elevation of {{convert|2000|m|ft}}, and to the northwest by mountain ], the majority of the catchment drains ] rocks of ] age, predominantly ]. Rocks of ] and ] age also crop out in the catchment and include ] limestone and ]. The underlying ] geology controls relief with a series of structurally aligned ]s separated by high ]s.<ref name="Smith"/> | |||
| {{Multiple image | |||
| | align = center | |||
| | total_width = 540 | |||
| | perrow = 3/3 | |||
| | image1 = The Eye of Cetina - cropped.jpg | |||
| | image2 = SeeP1030003.JPG | |||
| | image3 = Cetina river near Sinj - location Despotuša - Croatia IMG 20210819 182955.jpg | |||
| | image4 = Rijeka Cetina.jpg | |||
| | image5 = Cetina kod Šestanovca (Croatia).jpg | |||
| | image6 = Cetina river view2.jpg | |||
| | footer = Top row: The source is a ]. ]. Cetina at ]. <br /> Bottom row: Near ]. ] near ]. Mouth of the river at ]. | |||
| }} | |||
| ⚫ | == History and archaeology == | ||
| ] | |||
| The Cetina Valley and the narrow passage at ] have always functioned as a principal trade route between the Croatian coast and hinterland. Strategically, it has been pivotal to the development, not only of the Balkans, but also of significant parts of Europe.<ref name="Smith"/> | |||
| The earliest evidence for agricultural activity is from the Early ] in the upper part of the valley. In the Early ] the ], a geographically pervasive group with contacts throughout the Adriatic basin, became dominant. Extensive ''mound fields'' are recorded on the lower valley slopes at several locations around Cetina, ] and ].<ref name="Smith"/> As in other parts of Europe, the river appears to have been the focus of the intentional deposition of artifacts throughout prehistory. This is particularly true at the confluence of the Cetina and ] rivers at ].<ref name="Smith"/> | |||
| The area is intimately associated with the heartland of the ] and the area's strategic importance is emphasised by the citing of the ] ] at ] (]), just above today's city of ], which guards the entrance to the valley from the south and the approach to the provincial capital at ].<ref name="Smith"/> | |||
| During the early ] period, ] evidence suggests that the Cetina Valley and perhaps the river itself became a frontier between Slavic and Late Roman power. The area around ] eventually emerged as a centre of Slavic power and ultimately established itself as a heartland of the Early Croatian State,<ref name="Smith"/> especially in the areas of its upper flow. | |||
| During later periods the area was highly contested and passed between a number of regional and local powers before conquest by the ] during the early 16th century. After this it retained a frontier role between Ottoman Empire and ] until the reconquest of the area 150 years later.<ref name="Smith"/> | |||
| Today canyon of the river Cetina is very popular among tourists looking for adventure activities like rafting, canyoning, zip-line, rock climbing, kayaking and other outdoor activities. | |||
| == References == | |||
| The latter portion of Cetina and its relatively large drop in altitude was used to build several substantial ] power plants. Its water is also bottled as ''Cetina''. | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| {{Commons category|Cetina (river)}} | |||
| ⚫ | == History == | ||
| The river was a border between the Principalities of ] and ] since the first half of the ], later on between the ] (since ]; ] since ]) and ]. After the Byzantines restored control over those principalities, the river became a natural border between the Croatian Kingdom and the ''theme of Serbia'' of the ]. After ]'s uniting of several principalities in the second half of the ], the river became the border between the ] (since ]) and the ] ] of ] (since ], ] since ]). | |||
| {{Croatia |
{{Hydrology of Croatia}} | ||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
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| ] | ] | ||
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Latest revision as of 18:34, 15 October 2024
For other uses, see Cetina (disambiguation). River in Croatia| Cetina | |
|---|---|
 Cetina flows through rocky, karst terrain. | |
| Location | |
| Country | Croatia |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Dinara |
| Mouth | |
| • location | Adriatic Sea |
| • coordinates | 43°26′23″N 16°41′11″E / 43.4398°N 16.6864°E / 43.4398; 16.6864 |
| Length | 101 km (63 mi) |
| Basin size | 1,463 km (565 sq mi) |
The Cetina (pronounced [tsětina]) is a river in southern Croatia. It has a length of 101 km (63 mi) and its basin covers an area of 1,463 km (565 sq mi). From its source, Cetina descends from an elevation of 385 metres (1,263 ft) above sea level to the Adriatic Sea. It is the most water-rich river in Dalmatia.
Geography and geology
Cetina has its source in the northwestern slopes of Dinara. Rising from a spring at Milasevo near a small village called Cetina, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of Vrlika, it flows 101 kilometres (63 mi) to the Adriatic Sea. A large artificial lake begins near Vrlika, the Peruća Lake, which was created by a dam some 25 kilometres (16 mi) downstream. Cetina then passes into the lower portion of the Sinj karst field, through the city of Sinj. After that it runs eastward, through the city of Trilj and then back westward around the Mosor mountain, before flowing into the Adriatic in the city of Omiš.
Apart from its visible basin, the Cetina also receives a lot of water from the west Bosnian karst field via underground routes. Its lower course begins from the Gubavica Falls, at 49 metres (161 ft) above sea level, near the village of Zadvarje, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Omiš. Here it leaves its canyon and flows into a valley which has nevertheless retained something of the appearance of a canyon.
The latter portion of Cetina and its relatively large drop in elevation was used to build several substantial hydroelectric power plants. Its water is also bottled as Cetina.
The total drainage area of the catchment is around 12,000 km, and the annual discharge is around 105 ms as a consequence of a mean annual rainfall of 1380 mm.
Bounded to the east by the Dinaric Alps, which rise to an elevation of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), and to the northwest by mountain Svilaja, the majority of the catchment drains calcareous rocks of Cretaceous age, predominantly limestone. Rocks of Triassic and Jurassic age also crop out in the catchment and include dolomitic limestone and flysch. The underlying karst geology controls relief with a series of structurally aligned basins separated by high ridges.
.jpg)
Top row: The source is a karst spring. Peruća Lake. Cetina at Sinjsko polje. Bottom row: Near Trilj. Canyon near Šestanovac. Mouth of the river at Omiš.
History and archaeology
The Cetina Valley and the narrow passage at Klis have always functioned as a principal trade route between the Croatian coast and hinterland. Strategically, it has been pivotal to the development, not only of the Balkans, but also of significant parts of Europe. The earliest evidence for agricultural activity is from the Early Neolithic in the upper part of the valley. In the Early Bronze Age the Cetina culture, a geographically pervasive group with contacts throughout the Adriatic basin, became dominant. Extensive mound fields are recorded on the lower valley slopes at several locations around Cetina, Vrlika and Bajagić. As in other parts of Europe, the river appears to have been the focus of the intentional deposition of artifacts throughout prehistory. This is particularly true at the confluence of the Cetina and Ruda rivers at Trilj.
The area is intimately associated with the heartland of the Delmatae and the area's strategic importance is emphasised by the citing of the legionary fortress at Tilurium (Gardun), just above today's city of Trilj, which guards the entrance to the valley from the south and the approach to the provincial capital at Salona.
During the early medieval period, toponymic evidence suggests that the Cetina Valley and perhaps the river itself became a frontier between Slavic and Late Roman power. The area around Sinj eventually emerged as a centre of Slavic power and ultimately established itself as a heartland of the Early Croatian State, especially in the areas of its upper flow.
During later periods the area was highly contested and passed between a number of regional and local powers before conquest by the Ottoman Empire during the early 16th century. After this it retained a frontier role between Ottoman Empire and Republic of Venice until the reconquest of the area 150 years later.
Today canyon of the river Cetina is very popular among tourists looking for adventure activities like rafting, canyoning, zip-line, rock climbing, kayaking and other outdoor activities.
References
- ^ Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2017 (PDF) (in Croatian and English). Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2017. p. 47. ISSN 1333-3305. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Naklada Naprijed, The Croatian Adriatic Tourist Guide, pg. 258, Zagreb (1999), ISBN 953-178-097-8
- ^ Smith D, Gaffney V, Grossman D, Howard AJ, Milošević A, Ostir K, Podobnikar T, Smith W, Tetlow E, Tingle M, Tinsley H (2006). "Assessing the later prehistoric environmental archaeology and landscape development of the Cetina Valley, Croatia". Environmental Archaeology. 11 (2): 171–186. doi:10.1179/174963106x123197. S2CID 58925017.
- Mrla, Domagoj (2019-09-25). Analiza rada termoelektrane i hidroelektrane na Peruči (bachelor thesis) (in Croatian). University of Zagreb. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture. pp. 14–22.
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