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{{Other uses|Sames (disambiguation)}} {{Other uses|Sames (disambiguation)}}
⚫ {{Infobox royalty

⚫ | name = Sames I
⚫ {{Infobox monarch
| name = Sames I | succession = King of ] and ]
| title = Satrap of ] | image = Sames coin 260 BC.png
| image = | caption = Coin of Sames I
| caption = | reign = {{circa|260 BC}}
| reign = circa 260 BC
| coronation = | coronation =
| othertitles = | predecessor = ]
⚫ | full name = Sames
| native_lang1 = Persian
| native_lang1_name1 =
| native_lang2 = Greek
| native_lang2_name1 =
| native_lang8 = Armenian
| native_lang8_name1 =
| predecessor =
| successor = ] | successor = ]
| suc-type = | spouse =
| heir = | issue = ]
| queen =
| consort =
| spouse 1 =
| spouse 2 =
| spouse 3 =
| spouse 4 =
| spouse 5 =
| spouse 6 =
| spouse 7 =
| spouse 8 =
| spouse 9 =
| spouse 10 =
| offspring = ]
| royal house = | royal house =
| dynasty = ] | dynasty = ]
| royal anthem = | father =
| father = ]
| mother = | mother =
| birth_date = | birth_date =
Line 43: Line 20:
| death_place = | death_place =
| date of burial = | date of burial =
| place of burial = ] | place of burial =
}} }}
'''Sames I''' (also spelled '''Samos I'''), was the ] king of ], Armenia and ], ruling around 260 BC.


⚫ == Name ==
'''Sames''' (]: Շամուշ, Greek: Σαμωσ) was ] of ].
The name of "Samos" is possibly derived from the ] name ''Sāma'', the father of the Avestan hero ], which would indicate some sort of custom of Iranian religious or ] lore amongst the ].{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=109}}


== Biography ==
War between the ] and the ] seems to have allowed Sames an opportunity of independence. What side he took in the ] is unknown as most of the records of that era have been lost, though it would make sense that he would have supported the Ptolemaic Kingdom against his large and powerful neighbour, the Seleucid Empire.
The Kingdom of Sophene was ruled by the Orontid dynasty of ] origin, which was descended from ], a ]n nobleman who was the son-in-law of the ] ] ] ({{reign|404|358|era=BC}}).{{sfn|Facella|2021}} According to the Greek writer ] (died 24 AD) in his '']'', Sophene first emerged as a distinct kingdom under ] ({{floruit|190 BC}}), who was installed as its ruler by the Seleucid king ] ({{reign|222|187|era=BC}}). He further adds that following the defeat of Antiochus III against the ], Zariadres declared independence.{{sfn|Marciak|2017|pp=113, 117}} However this report is strongly contradicted by epigraphic and numismatic evidence.{{sfn|Facella|2021}}{{sfn|Marciak|2017|p=123}} Sophene most likely emerged as a distinct kingdom in the 3rd-century BC, during the gradual decline of Seleucid influence in the Near East and the split of the Orontid dynasty into several branches. Three rulers belonging to a different Orontid branch, Sames I, ] and ] ruled the western part of ], perhaps from ] to ].{{sfn|Marciak|2017|p=157}}


== Building activity ==
Most sources give ] as his father.
Sometime before 245 BC, Sames I refounded the city of Samosata on the previous ] site of Kummuh.{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=109}} He may have refounded the city in order to assert his claim over the area, a common practice amongst Iranian and ] dynasties, such as ], ], ] and ].{{sfn|Michels|2021|pp=478–479}} The city was built in a "sub-]" Persian ], similar to the rest of Orontid buildings in Greater Armenia.<ref>{{harvnb|Canepa|2021|p=84}}; see also {{harvnb|Canepa|2018|p=110}}</ref> Naming cities such as Samosata (] ''*Sāmašād''; ] ''*Sāmašiyāti-'') the "joy of" or "happiness of" was an Orontid (and later ]) practice that recalled the Achaemenid royal discourse.{{sfn|Canepa|2021|p=82}} Samosata served as one of the most important royal residences of the Orontid kings of Sophene.{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=110}}
After Orontes III died in 260 BC, there is no record for when Sames began his rule, only his year of death, in 260 BC as well.
This seems to be blundered, chronogically. It may be that Sames was meant to succeed Orontes IV, but died the same year.
That they both died in the same year looks suspicious, and may have been a Seleucid plot to take control, however it seems Arsames I took control of Commagene, Sophene and Armenia after 260 AD, and even that makes him look suspect.


== Coinage ==
Commagene was outside the boundary of historic ], yet the ] Satraps remained in occupation of many regions of Anatolia, such as ] and ]. It may have been that the son and heir to the ] would rule another region, just as the son or heir to the ] had always ruled an outlying region, such as ] or ].
Similar to the early ] of ] and ] of ], the Orontids of Sophene experimented with images of Iranian royal power. On his coins, Sames I is shown as clean-shaven and wearing the '']'',{{sfn|Canepa|2017|p=207}} a type of headgear originally worn by the satraps of the Achaemenid Empire.{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=252}} The tip of Sames I's ''kyrbasia'' is more prominent, similar to that of the headgear worn by the early ] of Cappadocia.{{sfn|Canepa|2017|p=207}}
Viewing it from this perspective it would make sense, as his father Orontes III was of the ] family.

Sames founded the city of ], which has been submerged by the ] since 1989.

] was a ] god, equivalent to ], it was a dramatic break from a seemingly continuous tradition of Satraps with ] and Persian names.
The neighbouring region of ] maintained a strong ] culture that the Armenian and Persian occupiers never replaced.
Although Sames had a very Babylonian (Aramaic) name, his name might have been "Mihrdat" which many of his successors had, but replaced it with the Babylonian equivalent for cultural reasons on taking control of Commagene.

He was succeeded by his son, ].

⚫ == See also ==
* ]
⚫ * ]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}}
]<ref>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 2 vols. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997</ref>
* Wayne G. Sayles, "Ancient Coin Collecting VI: Non-Classical Cultures", Krause Publications, 1999, ISBN 0873417534, p.&nbsp;29 {{Reflist}}

{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. -->
| NAME = Sames Of Commagene
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
⚫ {{DEFAULTSORT:Sames Of Commagene}}
⚫ ]
]
]
]
⚫ ]


==Sources==
* {{cite book|last= Canepa|first= Matthew|author-link= Matthew P. Canepa|title= The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity Through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE|year= 2018|location= Oakland|publisher= ]|isbn= 9780520379206}}
* {{cite book |last=Canepa|first=Matthew |title=Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context |chapter=Commagene Before and Beyond Antiochos I |date=2021 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=71–103 |isbn=978-3515129251 |url=https://www.academia.edu/52655937 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Canepa|first=Matthew P.|title=Persianism in Antiquity |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |year=2017|isbn=978-3515113823 |editor-last1=Strootman|editor-first1=Rolf|editor-last2=Versluys|editor-first2=Miguel John|pages=201–223|chapter=Rival Images of Iranian Kingship and Persian Identity in Post-Achaemenid Western Asia|url=https://www.academia.edu/31635801|url-access=registration}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/orontids-COM_362451|title=Orontids|first=Margherita|last=Facella|year=2021}}
* {{cite book|last=Marciak|first=Michał|authorlink=Michał Marciak|title=Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West|date=2017|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004350724|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwEtDwAAQBAJ&dq=}}
* {{cite book |last=Michels |first=Christoph |title=Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context |chapter='Achaemenid' and 'Hellenistic' Strands of Representation in the Minor Kingdoms of Asia Minor |date=2021 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=475–496|isbn=978-3515129251 |url=https://www.academia.edu/53107747 |url-access=registration}}


{{authority control}}
{{euro-royal-stub}}
{{Kingdom of Sophene}}
{{AncientNearEast-bio-stub}}
{{Armenia-bio-stub}}


⚫ {{DEFAULTSORT:Sames I}}
]
⚫ ]
]
⚫ ]
]
⚫ ]
]

Latest revision as of 20:21, 19 November 2024

For other uses, see Sames (disambiguation). King of Sophene and Commagene
Sames I
Coin of Sames I
King of Sophene and Commagene
Reignc. 260 BC
PredecessorOrontes III
SuccessorArsames I
IssueArsames I
DynastyOrontid dynasty

Sames I (also spelled Samos I), was the Orontid king of Sophene, Armenia and Commagene, ruling around 260 BC.

Name

The name of "Samos" is possibly derived from the Avestan name Sāma, the father of the Avestan hero Garshasp, which would indicate some sort of custom of Iranian religious or epic lore amongst the Orontids.

Biography

The Kingdom of Sophene was ruled by the Orontid dynasty of Iranian origin, which was descended from Orontes I, a Bactrian nobleman who was the son-in-law of the Achaemenid King of Kings Artaxerxes II (r. 404–358 BC). According to the Greek writer Strabo (died 24 AD) in his Geographica, Sophene first emerged as a distinct kingdom under Zariadres (fl. 190 BC), who was installed as its ruler by the Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great (r. 222–187 BC). He further adds that following the defeat of Antiochus III against the Romans, Zariadres declared independence. However this report is strongly contradicted by epigraphic and numismatic evidence. Sophene most likely emerged as a distinct kingdom in the 3rd-century BC, during the gradual decline of Seleucid influence in the Near East and the split of the Orontid dynasty into several branches. Three rulers belonging to a different Orontid branch, Sames I, Arsames I and Xerxes ruled the western part of Greater Armenia, perhaps from Commagene to Arzanene.

Building activity

Sometime before 245 BC, Sames I refounded the city of Samosata on the previous Neo-Hittite site of Kummuh. He may have refounded the city in order to assert his claim over the area, a common practice amongst Iranian and Hellenistic dynasties, such as Cappadocia, Pontus, Parthia and Armenia. The city was built in a "sub-Achaemenid" Persian architectural form, similar to the rest of Orontid buildings in Greater Armenia. Naming cities such as Samosata (Middle Persian *Sāmašād; Old Persian *Sāmašiyāti-) the "joy of" or "happiness of" was an Orontid (and later Artaxiad) practice that recalled the Achaemenid royal discourse. Samosata served as one of the most important royal residences of the Orontid kings of Sophene.

Coinage

Similar to the early Arsacids of Parthia and Frataraka of Persis, the Orontids of Sophene experimented with images of Iranian royal power. On his coins, Sames I is shown as clean-shaven and wearing the kyrbasia, a type of headgear originally worn by the satraps of the Achaemenid Empire. The tip of Sames I's kyrbasia is more prominent, similar to that of the headgear worn by the early Ariarathids of Cappadocia.

References

  1. ^ Canepa 2018, p. 109.
  2. ^ Facella 2021.
  3. Marciak 2017, pp. 113, 117.
  4. Marciak 2017, p. 123.
  5. Marciak 2017, p. 157.
  6. Michels 2021, pp. 478–479.
  7. Canepa 2021, p. 84; see also Canepa 2018, p. 110
  8. Canepa 2021, p. 82.
  9. Canepa 2018, p. 110.
  10. ^ Canepa 2017, p. 207.
  11. Canepa 2018, p. 252.

Sources


Kings of Sophene
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